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{{Short description|Musical instrument}}
{{Infobox Instrument {{Infobox Instrument
|name=Nevel | name = Nevel
|names= | names =
|image=Nevelancient.png | image = Nevelancient.png
|caption=Ancient Nevel (Harp) | caption = Ancient Nevel (Harp) as imagined in 19th century woodcut
|classification=] | classification = ]
|range= | range =
|related=], ], ] | related = ], ], ]
}} }}
The '''nevel''' or '''nebel''' ({{lang-he|]}} ''nêḇel'') was a ] used by the ]. The Greeks translated the name as ] (νάβλα, "Phoenician harp").<ref name=OED>{{cite OED | nabla}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Rich, Anthony |title=A Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities |url=https://archive.org/details/adictionaryroma01richgoog |location=New York |publisher=D. Appleton & Company |year=1874 |page= }}</ref> The '''nevel''', '''nebel''' ({{langx|he|]}} ''nēḇel''), was a ] used by the ] and the ]. The Greeks translated the name as ] (νάβλα, "Phoenician harp").<ref name="ATH">], '']'' </ref><ref name=OED>{{cite OED | nabla}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Rich, Anthony |title=A Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities |url=https://archive.org/details/adictionaryroma01richgoog |location=New York |publisher=D. Appleton & Company |year=1874 |page= }}</ref>


] showing lyrist, excavated from the same site as the ].]]
]
A number of possibilities have been proposed for what kind of instrument the ''nevel'' was; these include the ] and the ], both of which are strummed instruments like the ], with strings running across the ], like the modern ] and ]. Most scholars believe the ''nevel'' was a ], a plucked instrument with strings rising up from its sound box.<ref name="Braun2002">{{cite book |author=Joachim Braun |title=Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine: Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXrHi31KN9YC&pg=PA24 |year=2002 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-4477-4 |page=23}}</ref> A number of possibilities have been proposed for what kind of instrument the ''nevel'' was; these include the ] and the ], both of which are strummed instruments like the ], with strings running across the ], like the modern ] and ]. Most scholars believe the ''nevel'' was a ], a plucked instrument with strings rising up from its sound box.<ref name="Braun2002">{{cite book |author=Joachim Braun |title=Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine: Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXrHi31KN9YC&pg=PA24 |year=2002 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-4477-4 |page=23}}</ref>


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The word ''nevel'' has been adopted for "harp" in ]. The word ''nevel'' has been adopted for "harp" in ].

== In the Phoenician context ==
The ''nabla'', mentioned by ] in his work "]", is described as "an invention of the Phoenicians". He cites Sopater of Paphos who writes:<ref name="ATH"/>

{{Poemquote|text=Nor is the noise of the ] nablas ,
Which from the throat doth flow, at all impaired.|author=]|title=Pylae}}

Atheneus reports that Mystacus described the nablas as an instrument of harmony, having a lotus fixed to its long sides. The instrument produces lively music that is not soft or sweet but rather merry, similar to singing in a ] style:<ref name="ATH" />

{{Poemquote|text=Among the instruments of harmony
The nablas comes, not over soft or sweet;
By its long sides a lifeless lotus fixed
Sends forth a breathed music; and excites men,
Singing in Bacchic strain a merry song.|title=The Salve by Mystacus|source=in Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 4.174}}

Atheneus also copies Philemon's The Adulterer, where one of the play characters teases another character, Parmenon, for not knowing what a nablas is:<ref name="ATH" />

{{Poemquote|text=(A) There should, O Parmenon, be here among us
A nablas or a female flute-player.
(B) What is a nablas?
(A) Don't you know? you idiot!
(B) Indeed I don't.
(A) What, do not know a nablas?
You know no good; perhaps a sambuca-player
You never have heard of either!|title=The Adulterer by Philemon|source=in Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 4.174}}


==See also== ==See also==
* ] * ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
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] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 20:29, 31 October 2024

Musical instrument
Nevel
Ancient Nevel (Harp) as imagined in 19th century woodcut
Classification String instrument
Related instruments
Lyre, Kinnor, Kithara

The nevel, nebel (Hebrew: נֵבֶל nēḇel), was a stringed instrument used by the Phoenicians and the Israelites. The Greeks translated the name as nabla (νάβλα, "Phoenician harp").

A number of possibilities have been proposed for what kind of instrument the nevel was; these include the psaltery and the kithara, both of which are strummed instruments like the kinnor, with strings running across the sound box, like the modern guitar and zither. Most scholars believe the nevel was a frame harp, a plucked instrument with strings rising up from its sound box.

The King James Version renders the word into English as psaltery or viol, and the Book of Common Prayer renders it lute.

The word nevel has been adopted for "harp" in Modern Hebrew.

In the Phoenician context

The nabla, mentioned by Athenaeus in his work "The Deipnosophists", is described as "an invention of the Phoenicians". He cites Sopater of Paphos who writes:

Nor is the noise of the Sidonian nablas ,
Which from the throat doth flow, at all impaired.

— Sopater of Paphos, Pylae

Atheneus reports that Mystacus described the nablas as an instrument of harmony, having a lotus fixed to its long sides. The instrument produces lively music that is not soft or sweet but rather merry, similar to singing in a Bacchic style:

Among the instruments of harmony
The nablas comes, not over soft or sweet;
By its long sides a lifeless lotus fixed
Sends forth a breathed music; and excites men,
Singing in Bacchic strain a merry song.

— The Salve by Mystacus, in Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 4.174

Atheneus also copies Philemon's The Adulterer, where one of the play characters teases another character, Parmenon, for not knowing what a nablas is:

(A) There should, O Parmenon, be here among us
A nablas or a female flute-player.
(B) What is a nablas?
(A) Don't you know? you idiot!
(B) Indeed I don't.
(A) What, do not know a nablas?
You know no good; perhaps a sambuca-player
You never have heard of either!

— The Adulterer by Philemon, in Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 4.174

See also

References

  1. ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 4.174
  2. "nabla". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  3. Rich, Anthony (1874). A Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities. New York: D. Appleton & Company. p. 439.
  4. Joachim Braun (2002). Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine: Archaeological, Written, and Comparative Sources. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8028-4477-4.
  5. Neil, James (1913). Everyday Life in the Holy Land. London, UK: Cassel & Company, Ltd. p. 218.
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