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{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Short description|American judge}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanford B. Dole
| image = Sanford B. Dole holding newspaper.jpg
| office2 = 1st ]
| predecessor2 = Position established (] as Queen)
| party = ]
| otherparty = ]
| appointer1 = ]
| office1 = 1st ]
| predecessor1 = Position established<br>(Himself as President)
| successor1 = ]
| successor2 = Position abolished<br>(Himself as Governor)
| birth_name = Sanford Ballard Dole
| birth_date = {{birth date|1844|4|23}}
| birth_place = ], ]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1926|6|9|1844|4|23}}
| death_place = ], ], U.S.
| nationality = ]; ]; United States
| alma_mater = ]
| spouse = Anna Prentice Cate Dole
| term_start1 = June 14, 1900
| term_end1 = November 23, 1903
| term_start2 = July 4, 1894
| term_end2 = August 12, 1898
}}


] This is your '''only warning'''; if you insert a ] link to Misplaced Pages again, you may be '''] without further notice'''. Persistent spammers may have their websites ], preventing anyone from linking to them from all ] as well as potentially being penalized by search engines.]<!-- Template:uw-spam4im -->
'''Sanford Ballard Dole''' (April 23, 1844 – June 9, 1926) was a ] and ] from the ]. He lived through the periods when Hawaii was a ], ], ], and ]. A descendant of the American missionary community to Hawaii, Dole advocated the ] of Hawaiian government and culture. After the ], he served as the ] until his government secured Hawaii's ] by the ].<ref>{{Cite web|last=McNamara|first=Robert|date=April 15, 2019|title=Sanford Dole, Lawyer Helped Make Hawaii a US Territory|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/sanford-dole-4628144|access-date=2020-06-10|website=ThoughtCo|language=en}}</ref>

==Early years==
Dole was born April 23, 1844 in ] to ] ] ] from ] in the ]. His father was ] (1808–1878), principal at Oahu College (known as ] after 1934), and his mother was Emily Hoyt Ballard (1808–1844). His mother died from complications within a few days of his birth. Dole was named after his maternal uncle, Sanford K. Ballard, a classmate of his father's at ] who died in 1841.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Nehemiah Cleaveland |author2=Alpheus Spring Packard |title=History of Bowdoin college: With biographical sketches of its graduates, from 1806 to 1879, inclusive |url=https://archive.org/details/historybowdoinc00cleagoog |year=1882 |publisher=J. R. Osgood & Company |page= |access-date=November 22, 2015 }}</ref> He was nursed by a ], and his father married Charlotte Close Knapp in 1846. In 1855 the family moved to ] on the island of ], where they operated another school, which Sanford attended.<ref>{{cite book |title=Portraits of American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii |author=Hawaiian Mission Children's Society |url=https://archive.org/details/portraitsofameri00hawarich |year=1901 |location=Honolulu |publisher=Hawaiian gazette company |page= |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326085455/https://archive.org/details/portraitsofameri00hawarich |archive-date=March 26, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8542tqj/entire_text/|title=Dole Family Papers: Finding Aid|website=oac.cdlib.org|access-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082036/https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8542tqj/entire_text/|archive-date=December 5, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dole attended Oahu College for one year and then ] in 1866–1867. He worked in a law office in ] for another year, at this time in the United States admission to the bar was by reading the law in an
apprenticeship under a lawyer and may have not required an examination,<ref>see, https://en.wikipedia.org/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States</ref> and thirty years later he would receive an honorary ] degree from Williams, in 1897, in recognition of his service as the first and only elected president of Hawaii.<ref>{{cite book |author=Williams College |title=General catalogue of the officers and graduates of Williams college, 1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_YRJBAAAAIAAJ |year=1905 |publisher=The College |page= |access-date=November 22, 2015 }}</ref>

In 1873 he married Anna Prentice Cate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8542tqj/entire_text/|title=Dole Family Papers: Finding Aid|website=oac.cdlib.org|access-date=February 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082036/https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8542tqj/entire_text/|archive-date=February 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 1880 he was commissioned as a ] in ]. Dole won the 1884 and 1886 elections to the ] as a representative from Kaua{{okina}}i,<ref name="off">{{cite web |url= http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASHb5a9/8f7a506f.dir/Dole,%20Sanford%20Ballard.jpg |title= Dole, Sanford Ballard office record |work= state archives digital collections |publisher= state of Hawaii |access-date= September 9, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120306203149/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASHb5a9/8f7a506f.dir/Dole%2C%20Sanford%20Ballard.jpg |archive-date= March 6, 2012 }}</ref> serving from 1884–1887, during which time he was active in securing the constitution of 1887.

==Bayonet Constitution==
In June 1887 local businessmen, ] planters, and politicians backed by the ] forced the dismissal of the cabinet of controversial ] and forced the adoption of the ]. The new documents limited voting rights to the literate males of Hawaiian, European, and American descent, while imposing income and wealth requirements to be eligible to vote for the House of Nobles. This effectively consolidated power among the elite residents of the island. In addition, the new Constitution minimized the power of the Monarch in favor of more influential governance by the cabinet. Dole and other lawyers of American descent drafted this document, which became known as the "Bayonet Constitution".<ref name="forbes">{{cite book |author=David W. Forbes |title=Hawaiian national bibliography, 1780-1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAuzOipG26YC&pg=PA232 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-2636-9 |pages=232–233 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529090346/https://books.google.com/books?id=jAuzOipG26YC&pg=PA232 |archive-date=May 29, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

King ] appointed Dole a justice of the ] on December 28, 1887, and to a commission to revise judiciary laws on January 24, 1888. After Kalākaua's death, his sister ] appointed him to her ] on August 31, 1891.<ref name="off"/>

==End of the monarchy==
], Dole, ] and ]]]

The monarchy ended on January 17, 1893, after the ] organized by many of the same actors involved in the 1887 revolt. Although Dole declined to officially be part of the ], he helped draft their declaration.<ref name="kingdom3">{{cite book |title= Hawaiian Kingdom 1874-1893, the Kalakaua Dynasty |author= Ralph Simpson Kuykendall |url= http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom3&l=en |volume= 3 |publisher= University of Hawaii Press |year= 1967 |isbn= 978-0-87022-433-1 |author-link= Ralph Simpson Kuykendall |access-date= September 10, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150120003313/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom3&l=en |archive-date= January 20, 2015 |url-status= live }}</ref>{{rp|589}}

Dole was named president of the ] that was formed after the coup and was recognized within 48 hours by all nations with diplomatic ties to the Kingdom of Hawaii, including the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=DIPLOMATIC_RECOGNITION_OF_THE_PROVISIONAL_GOVERNMENT |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106083522/http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=DIPLOMATIC_RECOGNITION_OF_THE_PROVISIONAL_GOVERNMENT |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
His cabinet (called the "executive council") included ] as minister of the interior,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01b6/64ba22f9.dir/King,%20James%20A.jpg |title= King, James A. office record |work= state archives digital collections |publisher= state of Hawaii |access-date= September 10, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120320235831/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01b6/64ba22f9.dir/King,%20James%20A.jpg |archive-date= March 20, 2012}}</ref> ] as ],<ref name="atty">{{cite web |url= http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH477b.dir/doc.pdf |title= Attorney General office record |work= state archives digital collections |publisher= state of Hawaii |access-date= September 10, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100730153134/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH477b.dir/doc.pdf |archive-date= July 30, 2010 }}</ref> and banker ] as minister of finance. Dole acted as Minister of Foreign Affairs himself until February 15, 1894.<ref name="off"/>
Later ] would serve as Minister of Finance.<ref name="finance">{{cite web |url= http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH5cb6.dir/doc.pdf |title= Minister of finance office record |work= state archives digital collections |publisher= state of Hawaii |access-date= September 10, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120403155718/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH5cb6.dir/doc.pdf |archive-date= April 3, 2012 }}</ref>

With ]'s election as President of the United States, the Provisional Government's hopes of annexation were derailed for a time. Indeed, Cleveland tried to directly help reinstate the monarchy, after an investigation led by ]. The ] of July 17, 1893, commissioned by President Cleveland, concluded that the ] conspired with U.S. ambassador ] to land the ], to forcibly remove Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani from power, and declare a Provisional Government of Hawaii consisting of members from the Committee of Safety.

On November 16, 1893, ] presented the Queen with Cleveland's request that she grant amnesty to the revolutionists in return for being restored to the throne. This request she flatly refused, stating that the revolutionists should be punished and should have their lands confiscated. According to Willis, she recommended that they be put to death. Though she later denied ever having recommended any such thing, her alleged attitude lost her the goodwill of the Cleveland administration, which thereupon recognized the Republic of Hawaii on July 4, 1894.<ref>{{cite book|author=Warren Zimmermann|title=First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TPg3gNPWqQC&pg=PA290|year=2004|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|page=290|isbn=9780374528935|access-date=April 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822024136/https://books.google.com/books?id=_TPg3gNPWqQC&pg=PA290|archive-date=August 22, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ] of February 26, 1894 concluded that the overthrow was locally based, that it had its origins in monarchical corruption, and that American troops had not tried to bring about the monarchy's collapse: rather, that the troops had acted merely to protect American property and citizens.<ref>{{cite book |author=Andrade Jr., Ernest |title=Unconquerable Rebel: Robert W. Wilcox and Hawaiian Politics, 1880-1903 |publisher=University Press of Colorado |year=1996 |isbn=0-87081-417-6 }}</ref> Not long afterward, the Provisional Government held a constitutional convention. On July 4, 1894, this convention proclaimed the formal establishment of the ].

==President of the Republic of Hawaii==
]

] declined to run for the presidency of the ], and Dole ran instead, winning election in 1894. Dole would serve as the first and only elected president of the ] from 1894 to 1898. Dole in turn appointed Thurston to lead the lobbying effort in ] to secure Hawai{{okina}}i's ] by the United States.

Dole's government secured diplomatic recognition from every nation that had recognized the Kingdom of Hawaii, and weathered several attempts to restore the monarchy, including a ] led by ]. After being defeated, Wilcox and the other conspirators were captured and sentenced to death, but had their sentences reduced or commuted by Dole. Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani abdicated and, under duress, swore allegiance to the Republic of Hawaii, declaring, "I hereby do fully and unequivocally admit and declare that the Government of the Republic of Hawaii is the only lawful Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and that the late Hawaiian monarchy is finally and forever ended and no longer of any legal or actual validity, force or effect whatsoever."<ref>{{cite book| first=William Adam| last=Russ| title=The Hawaiian Republic (1894-98) And Its Struggle to Win Annexation| publisher=Associated University Presses| year=1992| pages=71–72| isbn=0-945636-52-0}}</ref> She later provided a more detailed accounting of the events from her perspective in her book, ''Hawaii's story by Hawaii's queen, Liliuokalani''.<ref name="story">{{cite book |title=Hawaii's story by Hawaii's queen, Liliuokalani |author=] (Queen of Hawaii) |url=https://archive.org/details/hawaiisstorybyh00goog |publisher=Lee and Shepard, reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, LLC (July 25, 2007) |year=1898 |isbn=978-0-548-22265-2 |access-date=November 22, 2015 }}</ref>

==Governor and federal judge==
] ] (right) accepts the transfer of Hawaiian ] from President Dole, August 12, 1898]]

As president of the republic,{{#tag:ref|{{harv|HRC|2022|p=2}}}} Dole traveled to Washington, D.C. in early 1898 to personally urge annexation of Hawaii by the United States. On July 4, 1898, the U.S. Congress passed a ] to annex the ]. Known as the ] after its sponsor, ] ] (D-Nevada), it came into effect on August 12, 1898.<ref name=stat>{{USStat|30|750}}</ref> A formal ceremony marking the transfer of Hawaiian ] to the United States was held that day on the steps of ] where the ] was lowered and the ] raised in its place.

Under the terms of the Resolution, Dole retained the powers he previously exercised as President of Hawaii while Congress developed a new Hawaiian territorial frame of government. Later, when one was established through the ], President ] appointed Dole as the first ] of the ]. Dole assumed the office on June 14, 1900 but resigned November 23, 1903 to accept an appointment by President ] as judge for the ] after the death of ]. He served in that post until his retirement on December 16, 1915 and was replaced by ].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Elizabeth H. Ryan |title=Reports of causes determined in the United States District court for{{harv|HRC|2022|p=2}}
the district of Hawaii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fw63AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 |year=1918 |publisher=Hawaiian Gazette company |page=iii |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513091859/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fw63AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 |archive-date=May 13, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dole also served on commissions for Honolulu parks and the public archives.<ref name="off"/> He died after a series of strokes on June 9, 1926. His ashes were interred in the cemetery of ].<ref name="cem">{{cite web |title= Mission Houses Cemetery, Honolulu, Hawaii |author= William Disbro |date= November 6, 2001 |url= http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi/honolulu/cemeteries/mission.txt |access-date= September 9, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130302193015/http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi/honolulu/cemeteries/mission.txt |archive-date= March 2, 2013 |url-status= live }}</ref>

==Family and legacy==
]

Dole's cousin, ], came to Hawaii to practice law in 1895, and became ] from 1900 to 1903.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH016e/e1eb7f48.dir/Dole,%20Edmund%20Pearson.jpg |title= Dole, Edmund Pearson office record |work= state archives digital collections |publisher= state of Hawaii |access-date= September 3, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120403155901/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH016e/e1eb7f48.dir/Dole%2C%20Edmund%20Pearson.jpg |archive-date= April 3, 2012 }}</ref> Another cousin, ], came to Hawaii in 1899 and founded the ] on ], which later became the ].<ref>{{cite web |title= James Drummond Dole "The Pineapple King" |date= April 2008 |publisher= Roxbury Latin School |work= Jamaica Plain Historical Society |url= http://www.jphs.org/people/2005/4/14/james-drummond-dole-the-pineapple-king.html |access-date= September 9, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101004191711/http://www.jphs.org/people/2005/4/14/james-drummond-dole-the-pineapple-king.html |archive-date= October 4, 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref> James' father ] also came to Hawaii in 1909.<ref>{{cite news |title= Patriot Dole |newspaper= The Friend |location= Honolulu |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m-HkAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA9-PA3 |date= March 1906 |volume= LXVI |number= 3 |page= 3 |access-date= November 22, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160624103608/https://books.google.com/books?id=m-HkAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA9-PA3 |archive-date= June 24, 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref>

], located in ] on the island of ], was named after him in April 1956, about a century after his father founded the school in Kōloa.<ref>{{cite web |title= Sanford Ballard Dole |date= April 23, 1956 |work= Dole Middle School web site |url= http://www.dolemiddle.k12.hi.us/GDole.html |access-date= September 9, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110307080516/http://www.dolemiddle.k12.hi.us/GDole.html |archive-date= March 7, 2011 }} (Dedication speech)</ref>
In the film '']'', his role was played by ].

In Hawaiian, the pale and hair-like ] is called ''ʻumiʻumi-o-Dole'', meaning "Dole's beard". His wife Anna had the bird species '']'' named after her.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/Q61745977|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Birds|last=Beolens|first=Bo|last2=Watkins|first2=Michael|last3=Grayson|first3=Michael|date=October 1, 2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781472905741|language=en|access-date=February 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081842/https://www.wikidata.org/Q61745977|archive-date=February 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite book |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_4425.pdf |title=Argument transcript for No. 19-1392 |last=|first=|date=May 26, 2022 |website=Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization |publisher=Heritage Reporting Corporation |access-date= | id = {{HRC|2022}} | ref = ID }}

==Further reading==
* William Michael Morgan, ''Pacific Gibraltar: U.S.-Japanese Rivalry Over the Annexation of Hawaii, 1885-1898'' (2011) pp 200-1; see .
* {{cite book|author=Ethel Moseley Damon|title=Sanford Ballard Dole and his Hawaii: With an analysis of Justice Dole's legal opinions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AesuAAAAIAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Published for the Hawaiian Historical Society by Pacific Books}}
* {{cite book |author=Helena G. Allen |title=Sanford Ballard Dole: Hawaii's only president, 1844-1926 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRZzAAAAMAAJ |date=June 1988 |publisher=A. H. Clark Company |isbn=978-0-87062-184-0}}

==External links==
{{left|{{commons category}}}}
{{clear}}
* (full-text, scanned images and additional commentary); supports Dole
* {{cite web |title= Blount Report: Affairs in Hawaii |url= http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/annexation.php |publisher= University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa Library |access-date= June 17, 2010 }} attacks Dole
* {{cite web |title= The Annexation Of Hawaii: A Collection Of Documents |work= Hawaiian Digital Collection |publisher= University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa Library |url= http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/annexation.php }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.angelfire.com/big09a/StatehoodHistUntwistedFull.html |title=Hawaii Statehood -- straightening out the history-twisters. A historical narrative defending the legitimacy of the revolution of 1893, the annexation of 1898, and the statehood vote of 1959. FULL VERSION |work= Hawaiian Sovereignty: Thinking Carefully About It |first=Kenneth R. |last=Conklin |author-link=Kenneth R. Conklin |date= August 2009 }}
}}


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{{s-end}}
{{Hawaiian Ministers of Foreign Affairs}}
{{Governors of Hawaii}}

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