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			{{Short description\|US-based foreign policy think tank}}
	The '''Middle East Forum''' (MEF) is an American ].<ref></ref> It was founded in 1990 by historian and columnist ], who also serves as its director. The MEF describes its aims as " define and promote ] interests in the ]" through research, publications, and educational outreach. MEF became an independent 501(c)3 organization in 1994. It publishes a journal entitled '']''.
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2024}}
			{{Infobox organization
			\|image = Meflogo.gif
			\|formation = 1990
			\|type = ] ]<br/>]
			\|leader_title = President
			\|leader_name = ]
			\|abbreviation = MEF
			\|location = ]
			\|revenue = $4.13 million<ref name=propublica>{{cite web \|title=Middle East Forum - Nonprofit Explorer \|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/237749796 \|website=ProPublica \|language=en \|date=9 May 2013}}</ref>
			\|revenue_year = 2022
			\|expenses = $5.0 million<ref name=propublica/>
			\|expenses_year = 2022
			\|website = {{official URL}}
			\| logo_size = 250px
			}}

			The '''Middle East Forum''' ('''MEF''') is an ]<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/14/washington/14cair.html\|title=Scrutiny Increases for a Group Advocating for Muslims in U.S.\|first=Neil\|last=MacFarquhar\|newspaper=]\|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> ]<ref>{{cite web \|title=Middle East Forum \|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/237749796 \|website=projects.propublica.org \|publisher=] \|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref> ] founded in 1990 by ], who serves as its president.<ref> listed in "Search Results" and "Resource Library" on the website of the ]; cf. organization website for , Middle East Forum, one of , "Daniel Pipes's websites" (incl. its "Mission" statement), all accessed 24 February 2007.</ref> MEF became an independent ] in 1994. It publishes a journal, the ''Middle East Quarterly''.
	The MEF defines "U.S. interests" as "fighting ], whether ] or lawful; working for ] acceptance of ]; improving the management of U.S. democracy efforts; reducing energy dependence on the Middle East; more robustly asserting U.S. interests vis-à-vis ]; and countering the ] threat."<ref name="About"> accessed ], ].</ref> Based on a belief that the ] has vital interests in the region of the ], the organization advocates strong ties with ], ], and other democracies as they emerge; works for human rights throughout the region; seeks a stable supply and a low price of oil; and promotes the peaceful settlement of regional and international disputes.<ref name=Pipes>], ''danielpipes.org'' (personal organization website of Daniel Pipes, n.d., accessed ], ].</ref>

			==History==
	==Mission statement==
			The Middle East Forum was founded in 1990 by ] as an independent non-profit organization with the mission of “promoting American interests”. In 2002, the MEF advocated for strong U.S. ties with Turkey, Israel, and other pro-American governments in the region, a stable price for oil, human rights, and peaceful conflict resolutions.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=10 April 2002 \|title=American Forum Policy, Islam topic of talk tonight \|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/545881022 \|access-date=11 December 2023 \|website=Newspapers.com \|publisher=North Adams Transcript \|page=7 \|language=en}}</ref> It publishes the Middle East Quarterly and runs various advocacy programs.<ref name=CAPmis>{{cite news \|url=https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/08/pdf/islamophobia_chapter2.pdf \|title=The Islamophobia misinformation experts \|publisher=]}}</ref> Pipes said in 2003 that "militant Islam is the problem and moderate Islam is the answer",<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Caruso \|first=David \|date=13 April 2003 \|title=Peace think tank selection stuns Muslim groups \|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/424569130 \|access-date=11 December 2023 \|website=Newspapers.com \|publisher=The Atlanta Constitution \|page=A7 \|language=en}}</ref> but the left-leaning ] and the ] have criticized the MEF for spreading anti-Islamic messages.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pitts \|first=Jonathan \|date=18 January 2018 \|title=Foreign affairs council won't disinvite critic of 'militant Islam' \|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/374930728 \|access-date=11 December 2023 \|website=Newspapers.com \|publisher=The Baltimore Sun \|page=A3 \|language=en}}</ref>
	The mission of the Middle East Forum is defined in "About the Middle East Forum" on the organization's website as follows:
	<blockquote>The Middle East Forum, a think tank, seeks to define and promote American interests in the Middle East. It defines U.S. interests to include fighting radical Islam, whether terroristic or lawful; working for Palestinian acceptance of Israel; improving the management of U.S. democracy efforts; reducing energy dependence on the Middle East; more robustly asserting U.S. interests vis-à-vis Saudi Arabia; and countering the Iranian threat. The Forum also works to improve Middle East studies in North America.<br><br>
	MEF sees the region, with its profusion of dictatorships, radical ideologies, existential conflicts, border disagreements, political violence, and weapons of mass destruction as a major source of problems for the United States. Accordingly, it urges active measures to protect Americans and their allies.<br><br>
	Toward this end, the Forum seeks to help shape the intellectual climate in which U.S. foreign policy is made by addressing key issues in a timely and accessible way for a sophisticated public.<ref name=About> n.d., accessed ], ].</ref><ref name=Pipes/></blockquote>

			==Activities==
	==Publications and Projects==
	===~~''Middle~~ ~~East~~ ~~Quarterly''~~===		===Support for Tommy Robinson===
			In 2018, the MEF stated that it had been "heavily involved"<ref name="meforum.org-tommy-robinson-free-mef-heavily-involved">{{cite web \|first1=News from the Middle East Forum \|title=Tommy Robinson Free – MEF Heavily Involved \|url=https://www.meforum.org/7290/tommy-robinson-free-mef-heavily-involved \|website=Middle East Forum \|author=Gregg Roman \|date=1 August 2018 \|access-date=1 June 2019 \|language=en}}</ref> in the release from prison of British ] activist and far-right political operative<ref name="AutoMS-4">*{{cite web\|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ap-uk-far-right-figure-tommy-robinson-jailed-for-contempt-2018-5/?IR=T\|title=UK far-right figure Tommy Robinson jailed for contempt\|work=]\|date=29 May 2018\|access-date=15 June 2018\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180615070645/http://uk.businessinsider.com/ap-uk-far-right-figure-tommy-robinson-jailed-for-contempt-2018-5/?IR=T\|archive-date=15 June 2018\|url-status=live}}
	The '']'' is a quarterly journal devoted to to Middle Eastern affairs founded in 1994 by ] whose current editor is ], a Yale-educated historian who is a resident scholar at the ], a former political advisor to the ] in ], and a former staff advisor on Iran and Iraq in the ].<ref>Current issue of '''' 14.2 (Spring 2007), accessed ], ].</ref>
			*{{cite web\|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/sns-bc-eu--britain-far-right-20190226-story.html\|title=Facebook erases far-right activist's page, Instagram profile\|work=]\|date=26 February 2019\|access-date=8 March 2019}}
			*{{cite web\|url=http://www.theweek.co.uk/94132/morrissey-defends-tommy-robinson-and-new-far-right-party\|title=Morrissey defends Tommy Robinson and new far-right party\|work=]\|date=7 June 2018\|access-date=15 June 2018\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180615071038/http://www.theweek.co.uk/94132/morrissey-defends-tommy-robinson-and-new-far-right-party\|archive-date=15 June 2018\|url-status=live}}
			*{{cite web\|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/far-right-provocateur-tommy-robinson-jailed-over-court-rant-9kgwggssz\|title=Far-right provocateur Tommy Robinson jailed over court rant\|first=Fiona\|last=Hamilton\|work=]\|date=30 May 2018\|access-date=15 June 2018\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180615071936/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/far-right-provocateur-tommy-robinson-jailed-over-court-rant-9kgwggssz\|archive-date=15 June 2018\|url-status=live}}
			*{{cite magazine\|url=https://time.com/5294192/tommy-robinson-jailed-trial-roseanne-barr/\|title=Why Tommy Robinson Was Jailed, and Why U.S. Rightwingers Care\|magazine=]\|date=29 May 2018\|first=Siobhan\|last=Morrin\|access-date=15 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615072647/http://time.com/5294192/tommy-robinson-jailed-trial-roseanne-barr/\|archive-date=15 June 2018\|url-status=live}}
			*{{cite web\|url=http://www.newsweek.com/why-was-tommy-robinson-arrested-far-right-activist-jailed-13-months-947525\|title=Why was Tommy Eobinson arrested? Far-right activist jailed for 13 months for 'prejudicing rape trial'\|work=]\|date=29 May 2018\|first=Ewan\|last=Palmer\|access-date=15 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615073021/http://www.newsweek.com/why-was-tommy-robinson-arrested-far-right-activist-jailed-13-months-947525\|archive-date=15 June 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref> ], who is best known as a co-founder, former spokesman and former leader of the ] (EDL) organization, and for his service as a ] to the leader of the ] (UKIP), ].<ref name="AutoMS-5">{{cite web\|url=http://www.radicalism-new-media.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/The_EDL_Britains_New_Far_Right_Social_Movement.pdf\|title=The EDL – Britain's Far Right Social Movement\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121031539/http://www.radicalism-new-media.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/The_EDL_Britains_New_Far_Right_Social_Movement.pdf\|archive-date=21 January 2012\|publisher=Radicalism and New Media Research Group, ], 22 September 2011\|access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref> They revealed that "the full resources of the Middle East Forum were activated to free Mr. Robinson",<ref name="meforum.org-tommy-robinson-free-mef-heavily-involved"/> which included:
			conferring with Robinson's legal team and providing necessary funds; funding, organizing and staffing the "Free Tommy" London rallies on 9 June and 14 July, which was, they claim, reported by '']'', '']'', and '']''; funding travel of the ], Rep. ], Republican from Arizona, to London to address the rallies; and lobbied ], the State Department's ] for ], to raise the issue with the UK's ambassador, which he did.<ref name="meforum.org-tommy-robinson-free-mef-heavily-involved"/><ref name="US-conservative-think-tank">{{cite news\|title=This hardline US conservative think tank says it's funding Tommy Robinson rallies in the UK \|date=14 July 2018 \|work=iNews \|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/free-tommy-robinson-funding/ \|first=Luke \|last=Bailey}}</ref> The MEF has itself been considered a part of the ].<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Donald Trump, the anti-Muslim far right and the new conservative revolution\|first=Ed\|last=Perwee\|year=2020\|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies\|volume=43\|issue=16 \|pages=211–230\|doi=10.1080/01419870.2020.1749688\|s2cid=218843237 \|doi-access=free}}</ref>

			]'s Bridge Initiative reported in 2018 that the MEF had received millions of dollars from ] ($6,768,000), the ], the Middle Road Foundation, and the Abstraction Fund.<ref name="Bridge">{{cite web \|title=Middle East Forum {{!}} Factsheet: Islamophobia {{!}} The Bridge Initiative \|url=https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-middle-east-forum/ \|website=Bridge Initiative \|publisher=] \|access-date=17 July 2022 \|date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
	According to the description of this journal provided on its website hosted by Middle East Forum, "olicy-makers, opinion-makers, academics, and journalists" consult ''MEQ'' "for in-depth analysis of the rapidly-changing landscape of the world's most volatile region." It also claims to publish "groundbreaking studies, exclusive interviews, insightful commentary, and hard-hitting reviews that tackle the entire range of contemporary concerns – from politics to economics to culture, across a region that stretches from Morocco to Afghanistan."<ref name=MEQ>''''. Publication website hosted by its sponsoring organization, Middle East Forum, accessed ], ].</ref>

	===~~Campus~~ ~~Watch~~===		===''Middle East Quarterly''===
			{{Infobox journal
	In 2002, the Middle East Forum initiated the ] program and its website identifying five problems in the teaching of Middle Eastern studies at American universities: "analytical failures, the mixing of politics with scholarship, intolerance of alternative views, ], and the abuse of power over students."<ref>Qtd. from "Mission Statement," in ''Campus Watch'' (''campus-watch.org'') n.d., accessed ], ].</ref> ] is the current director of ] (2007).<ref> ''Middle East Forum'' (''meforum.org'') n.d., accessed ], ].</ref>
			\|italic title=no
			\| title = Middle East Quarterly
			\| cover = Middle east quarterly.jpg
			\| former_name =
			\| abbreviation = Middle East Q.
			\| discipline = ]
			\| editor = ]
			\| publisher = Middle East Forum
			\| country = United States
			\| history = 1994–present
			\| frequency = Quarterly
			\| openaccess = Yes
			\| license =
			\| impact =
			\| impact-year =
			\| ISSN = 1073-9467
			\| eISSN =
			\| CODEN = MEQUFZ
			\| JSTOR =
			\| LCCN = 94660065
			\| OCLC = 644061932
			\| website = https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/
			\| link1 = https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/current-issue
			\| link1-name = Online access
			\| link2 = http://www.meforum.org/meq/archive.php
			\| link2-name = Online archive
			}}
			{{distinguish\|The Middle East Journal}}

			''Middle East Quarterly'' was founded in 1994 by ] and the current ] is ], research professor and former Director of Middle East and Mediterranean Studies at ].<ref>; Middle East Forum</ref>
	Initially, ] encouraged students to submit reports regarding teachers, books, and curricula, which led some professors to accuse Campus Watch of "McCarthyesque" intimidation; in protest, more than 100 other academics asked to be listed too.<ref name=Schevitz>Tanya Schevitz, '']'' ], ], accessed ],].</ref> Subsequently, Campus Watch removed the list from its website.<ref name=Schevitz2> Tanya Schevitz, '']'' ], ], accessed ], ].</ref><ref name=Ayloush>Hussam Ayloush, '']'' ], ], accessed ], ].</ref>

	===~~Islamist Watch~~===		====Reception====
			In 2002 ], a professor at the ] and a ] target, accused the journal of making "scurrilous attacks on people".<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Goldberg \|first1=Michelle \|title=Mau-mauing the Middle East \|url=http://www.salon.com/2002/09/30/campus_2/ \|website=] \|access-date=3 May 2022 \|date=30 September 2002}}</ref> In 2014, Christopher A. Bail of ] described it as a "pseudo-academic" journal with editorial board members who share an ideological outlook, adding that while it appears to present legitimate academic research, it is regularly criticized "as a channel for ] ]s".<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Bail \|first1=Christopher \|title=Terrified : how anti-Muslim fringe organizations became mainstream \|date=2014 \|publisher=] \|isbn=978-0-691-15942-3 \|pages=29–30}}</ref>
	On April 21, 2006, the Middle East Forum launched ], a project whose goals are to "combat the ideas and institutions of nonviolent, radical Islam in the United States and other Western countries. It exposes the far-reaching goals of Islamists, works to reduce their power, and seeks to strengthen moderate Muslims."
	Islamist Watch claims to educate the government, media, religious institutions, the academy, and the business world about lawful Islamism. It focuses on the political, educational, cultural, and legal activities of Islamists in the United States and, to a lesser degree, in other historically non-Muslim countries, especially Western Europe, Canada, and Australia.<ref name=mefIW> (information page), ''Middle East Forum'' n.d., accessed ], ].</ref>

			====Abstracting and indexing====
	According to the organization's webpage hosted on the Middle East Forum website, Islamist Watch does not focus on counterterrorism and only indirectly concerns Islamism in traditional Muslim countries such as ], ], and ], and its three main "activities" include "research, advocacy, and activism."<ref name=mefIW/>
			The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
			*]<ref name=MIAR>{{cite MIAR \|title=Middle East Quarterly \|issn=1073-9467 \|access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>
			*]<ref name=MIAR/>
			*]<ref name=MIAR/>
			*]<ref name=MIAR/>
			*]<ref name=MIAR/>
			*]<ref name=Scopus>{{cite web \|url=https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/145265 \|title=Source details: Middle East Quarterly \|publisher=] \|work=Scopus Preview \|access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>

			===Campus Watch===
	In December 2006 ] became director of Islamist Watch.<ref> press release, ''Middle East Forum'' ], ], accessed ], ].</ref>
			In 2002, the Middle East Forum launched an initiative called ] that it claimed would identify "analytical failures, the mixing of politics with scholarship, intolerance of alternative views, ], and the ] over students" within academia.<ref>Qtd. from "Mission Statement," in , ''Campus Watch'' (''campus-watch.org''), n.d., accessed 17 February 2007.</ref> ] is the director of Campus Watch.<ref>, ''Middle East Forum'' (''meforum.org''), n.d., accessed 15 September 2022.</ref>

			Initially, Campus Watch published the profile of eight university professors and teachers, who, it said, were "hostile" to America and "preaching dangerous rhetoric to students". This led around 100 professors to accuse Campus Watch of "]" intimidation and ask that their names be listed on Campus Watch too.<ref name=Schevitz>Tanya Schevitz, , '']'' 28 September 2002, accessed 17 February 2007.</ref> Subsequently, Campus Watch removed the list from its website.<ref name=Schevitz2>Tanya Schevitz, , '']'' 3 October 2002, accessed 17 February 2007.</ref><ref name=Ayloush>Hussam Ayloush, , '']'' 1 December 2002, accessed 17 February 2007.</ref>
	==Notes==
	<div class="references-small">
	<references/>
	<div/>

			=== Israel Victory Project===
	==Further reading==
			The Israel Victory Project, launched in 2017, is an initiative aimed at securing an end to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by putting pressure on Palestinians to end anti-Israel terrorism and acknowledge Israel's legitimacy as a Jewish state, rather than through bilateral negotiations. Daniel Pipes has stated that "Peace is not made with enemies; peace is made with former enemies."<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Seaman \|first1=Daniel \|title=Missing from the election buzz: How to end the conflict \|url=https://www.jns.org/opinion/missing-from-the-election-buzz-how-to-end-the-conflict/ \|website=JNS.org \|date=7 April 2019 \|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title="Israel Victory Project" launches new round on Israeli campuses \|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/238415 \|access-date=29 May 2019 \|work=Israel National News \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Daniel Pipes and the Israel Victory Project - Arab-Israeli Conflict - Jerusalem Post \|url=https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Daniel-Pipes-and-the-Israel-Victory-Project-584733 \|access-date=29 May 2019 \|work=www.jpost.com}}</ref>
	*]. '']'' ], ]. Accessed ], ].

	==External links ==
	* (incl. Middle East Forum).
	* Organization website
	** at organization website.
	**''''. Publication website hosted by its sponsoring organization Middle East Forum. Contains full text versions of all but current issue of the print edition of ''Middle East Quarterly''. Accessed ], ].
	*''''––Jointly published by the ] (founder and president, ]) and the Middle East Forum.

	==See also==		==See also==
			{{Portal\|Politics\|United States}}
	*] - A financial sponsor of the Middle East Forum
			*]
	*] - An initiative of the Middle East Forum
	*] – Founder of the Middle East Forum
	*'']'' – A book by ] and ]
	*] - A publication of the Middle East Forum

			== References ==
			{{Reflist\|30em}}

			==Further reading==
	{{politics-stub}}
			*], and Judith Colp. ''Hating America: A History''. New York: ], 2004. {{ISBN\|0-19-516773-2}}.

			== External links ==
			*{{Official website\|http://www.meforum.org/}}
			*
			*, the Middle East Forum, founded in 1990

			{{Authority control}}
	]
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Latest revision as of 14:26, 30 December 2024

US-based foreign policy think tank

Middle East Forum

Abbreviation	MEF
Formation	1990
Type	501(c)(3) nonprofit think tank
Location	Philadelphia
President	Daniel Pipes
Revenue	$4.13 million (2022)
Expenses	$5.0 million (2022)
Website	www.meforum.org

The Middle East Forum (MEF) is an American conservative 501(c)(3) think tank founded in 1990 by Daniel Pipes, who serves as its president. MEF became an independent non-profit organization in 1994. It publishes a journal, the Middle East Quarterly.

History

The Middle East Forum was founded in 1990 by Daniel Pipes as an independent non-profit organization with the mission of “promoting American interests”. In 2002, the MEF advocated for strong U.S. ties with Turkey, Israel, and other pro-American governments in the region, a stable price for oil, human rights, and peaceful conflict resolutions. It publishes the Middle East Quarterly and runs various advocacy programs. Pipes said in 2003 that "militant Islam is the problem and moderate Islam is the answer", but the left-leaning Center for American Progress and the Southern Poverty Law Center have criticized the MEF for spreading anti-Islamic messages.

Activities

Support for Tommy Robinson

In 2018, the MEF stated that it had been "heavily involved" in the release from prison of British anti-Islam activist and far-right political operative Tommy Robinson, who is best known as a co-founder, former spokesman and former leader of the English Defence League (EDL) organization, and for his service as a political adviser to the leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), Gerard Batten. They revealed that "the full resources of the Middle East Forum were activated to free Mr. Robinson", which included: conferring with Robinson's legal team and providing necessary funds; funding, organizing and staffing the "Free Tommy" London rallies on 9 June and 14 July, which was, they claim, reported by The Times, The Guardian, and The Independent; funding travel of the US congressman, Rep. Paul Gosar, Republican from Arizona, to London to address the rallies; and lobbied Sam Brownback, the State Department's ambassador-at-large for International Religious Freedom, to raise the issue with the UK's ambassador, which he did. The MEF has itself been considered a part of the counter-jihad movement.

Georgetown University's Bridge Initiative reported in 2018 that the MEF had received millions of dollars from Donors Capital Fund ($6,768,000), the William Rosenwald Family Fund, the Middle Road Foundation, and the Abstraction Fund.

Middle East Quarterly

*Middle East Quarterly*
Publication details

Discipline	Middle Eastern studies
Language	English
Edited by	Efraim Karsh
History	1994–present
Publisher	Middle East Forum (United States)
Frequency	Quarterly
Open access	Yes
Standard abbreviations ISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt) NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )
ISO 4	Middle East Q.
Indexing CODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt) MIAR · NLM (alt) · Scopus
CODEN	MEQUFZ
ISSN	1073-9467
LCCN	94660065
OCLC no.	644061932
Links
Journal homepage Online access Online archive

Not to be confused with The Middle East Journal.

Middle East Quarterly was founded in 1994 by Daniel Pipes and the current editor-in-chief is Efraim Karsh, research professor and former Director of Middle East and Mediterranean Studies at King's College London.

Reception

In 2002 Juan Cole, a professor at the University of Michigan and a Campus Watch target, accused the journal of making "scurrilous attacks on people". In 2014, Christopher A. Bail of Duke University described it as a "pseudo-academic" journal with editorial board members who share an ideological outlook, adding that while it appears to present legitimate academic research, it is regularly criticized "as a channel for anti-Muslim polemics".

Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

Campus Watch

In 2002, the Middle East Forum launched an initiative called Campus Watch that it claimed would identify "analytical failures, the mixing of politics with scholarship, intolerance of alternative views, apologetics, and the abuse of power over students" within academia. Winfield Myers is the director of Campus Watch.

Initially, Campus Watch published the profile of eight university professors and teachers, who, it said, were "hostile" to America and "preaching dangerous rhetoric to students". This led around 100 professors to accuse Campus Watch of "McCarthyesque" intimidation and ask that their names be listed on Campus Watch too. Subsequently, Campus Watch removed the list from its website.

Israel Victory Project

The Israel Victory Project, launched in 2017, is an initiative aimed at securing an end to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by putting pressure on Palestinians to end anti-Israel terrorism and acknowledge Israel's legitimacy as a Jewish state, rather than through bilateral negotiations. Daniel Pipes has stated that "Peace is not made with enemies; peace is made with former enemies."