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{{Short description|Overnight sleeper trains between London and Scotland}}
{{dablink|The Deerstalker redirects here. For information on the hat, see ]}}
{{italic title}}

{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox Rail companies |
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
bgcolor=white|
{{Infobox Rail companies
image_filename=Caledonian90019.jpg|
|name = ''Caledonian Sleeper''
widthpx=300px|
|bgcolor =
franchise= Forms part of the ] franchise<br />(17th October ] - ])|
|logo_filename = ]
logo_filename=Caledonian Sleeper branding.png|
|image_filename = 92038 Wembley Depot to Euston 5S95 (32259639106).jpg
nameforarea=route|
|image_size = 300px
regions=]-]|
|caption = ''Caledonian Sleeper'' with ] in ] midnight teal livery, at ], April 2015
secregions=None|
|franchise = {{Plainlist|
fleet=75 coaches (] and ])|
* Part of ] (31 March 1997 {{ndash}} 30 March 2015)
stations=46|
* Standalone franchise (31 March 2015 {{ndash}} present)
parent_company=]|
}}
website=www.firstgroup.com/scotrail/content/caledoniansleeper/ |
|nameforarea =
|regions = {{Plainlist|
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
}}
|abbr = CS<ref>{{cite web |title = Caledonian Sleeper |url = https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/tocs_maps/tocs/CS.aspx |work = National Rail Enquiries |publisher = ] |access-date = 11 April 2022}}</ref>
|secregions =
|stations = 48
|fleet = 75 ]
|parent_company = ]
|website = {{Official URL}}
|map = {{Caledonian Sleeper maplink}}
}} }}
'''''Caledonian Sleeper''''' is the collective name for overnight ] services between ] and ], in the United Kingdom. It is one of only two currently operating sleeper services on the railway in the United Kingdom – the other being the '']'', which runs between London and ].


A sleeper service has been run along the ] since 24 February 1873. Sleepers were historically run on the rival ] as well; however, all remaining sleeper services that ran on the east coast routes were withdrawn in May 1988. While ] continued to operate what would later become known as the ''Caledonian Sleeper'', it decided to remove all seating accommodation on its remaining sleeper services during the mid-1990s. The Anglo-Scottish sleeper services were transferred to ] on 5 March 1995; as a consequence of the ], on 31 March 1997, the service was privatised as a part of the wider ], initially being operated by ]. Seated ] carriages were re-added to the service alongside the ] sleeping cars, the latter were also refurbished, from January 2000.
]


On 17 October 2004, the ScotRail franchise and thus the Caledonian Sleeper, was transferred to ]. Since April 2015, the Caledonian Sleeper has been structured as a standalone franchise. It was operated by ] under the supervision of the ]. As a part of its successful bid, Serco had pledged to invest £100{{nbsp}}million into the service, which was to be spent on, amongst other things, procuring new rolling stock. During 2019, a new fleet of ] carriages were introduced, replacing the British Rail-era carriages. These are hauled by a combination of {{BRC|92}} ]s (on electrified sections only) and rebuilt {{BRC|73|cs|9}} ]s; prior traction withdrawn in 2019 included {{BRC|67}}, {{BRC|87}} and {{BRC|90}} locomotives.
The '''Caledonian Sleeper''' is a ] ] service operated by ] and one of only two remaining sleeper services running on the railways of ] &ndash; the other being the ].


Two services depart ] each night from Sunday to Friday and travel via the ] to Scotland. The earlier departure divides at ] into portions for ], ] and ]. The later departure serves Edinburgh and ], splitting at ]. Five London-bound portions depart from these destinations each night, combining into two trains at Edinburgh and Carstairs.
It connects ] and five ] termini &ndash; ], ], ], ] and ] &ndash; six times a week (departures are daily except for Saturday nights) and also serves a number of intermediate stations. The service to ] is colloquially known as '''''The Deerstalker'''''


Serco's contract concluded early in June 2023, and the service was taken into public ownership by ]. It is operated on its behalf by ].
The service uses ] and ] coaching stock, hauled by a variety of different locomotive classes, diesel or electric - depending on the route.


==Anglo-Scottish sleepers up to 1996==
''Caledonian'' is an adjective relating to Scotland or the ] and derives from '']'', the ] name for northern ].
In February 1873, the ] revealed the first ] in Britain. It had been built by the Ashbury Carriage Company and was displayed at Glasgow, Edinburgh and {{stnlnk|London King's Cross}}.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title = Sleeping Cars on Railways |url = http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000167/18730215/063/0010 |newspaper = Huddersfield Chronicle |location = England |date = 15 February 1873 |access-date = 31 August 2017 |via = British Newspaper Archive |url-access = subscription }}</ref> It became the first sleeping carriage used on British railways when it made a revenue earning trip on 24 February 1873 attached to a train at Glasgow for King's Cross via the ].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title = Sleeping Carriage |url = http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000395/18730301/121/0005 |newspaper = Derbyshire Courier |location = England |date = 1 March 1873 |access-date = 31 August 2017 |via = British Newspaper Archive |url-access = subscription }}</ref>


On 1 October 1873, the rival ] introduced a ] sleeping car on mail trains three days per week between ] and ] via the ].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title = Caledonian Railway. Sleeping Carriage to London |url = http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000060/18731015/034/0008 |newspaper = Glasgow Herald |location = England |date = 15 October 1873 |access-date = 31 August 2017 |via = British Newspaper Archive |url-access = subscription }}</ref> The service ran from Glasgow on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, and from London on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. An extra charge of ten shillings was made for a sleeping berth.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=18731015&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title = (untitled)| newspaper = The Glasgow Herald |via = Google News Archive |access-date = 25 May 2019}}</ref>
==Route==
Two services leave daily (except Saturday nights) from ] northbound. The ''Highland Caledonian Sleeper'' services leave ] as one train in the early evening (between 2000 to 2115) for ], ] and ]. Later on (around 2300 - 0000) the ''Lowland Caledonian Sleeper'' services leave for ] and ], also as one train.


Sleeping car services were operated on both the west and east coast routes to multiple destinations for over a century, even under the ] railway operator ]. During 1976, services from King's Cross ran to Edinburgh and {{Stnlnk|Aberdeen}}, and from Euston to {{Stnlnk|Glasgow Central}}, {{Stnlnk|Perth|Scotland}}, {{Stnlnk|Inverness}}, {{Stnlnk|Stranraer Harbour}}, and {{Stnlnk|Fort William}}. There was also a service from {{Stnlnk|Bristol Temple Meads}} to Glasgow and Edinburgh via the West Coast route.<ref>Great Britain Time Table, May 1976, tables 26 and 65.</ref> However, sleeper services declined in number during the latter half of the 20th century. During November 1987, it was announced that the last of the sleeper services running on the East Coast routes was to be withdrawn in May 1988.<ref>{{cite magazine |date = November 1987 |title = No sleepers on ECML |magazine = ] |issue = 1039 |page = 690 |editor-last = Slater |editor-first = John |department = News & Notes |location = Cheam |publisher = Prospect Magazines |volume = 133 |issn = 0033-8923 }}</ref>
After leaving London, The Highland Sleeper calls at ] and ] for further boarding. (It is customary for the service to arrive very early and wait at the stations to depart.) At ] (where no alighting is possible) it splits into three separate trains, which continue separately to ], ] and ]. The services call at intermediate stations en route to their final destinations. Travel between station between ] and the ultimate destinations is possible in seated accommodation subject to availability.


At one point, ] was planning to remove all seating accommodation on its remaining sleeper services from May 1992. However, it instead concluded a deal with the British transport conglomerate ] that saw the ] seating carriages retailed beyond this point.<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Stagecoach, InterCity Launch Trend-setting Marketing Deal |magazine = The Railway Magazine |issue = 1093 |date = May 1992 |page = 6}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = Stagecoach Rail Livery Unveiled |magazine = The Railway Magazine |issue = 1094 |date = June 1992 |page = 10}}</ref> This was only a temporary reprieve however, as the Stagecoach carriages were withdrawn after 12 months.<ref>{{cite magazine |title = The Stagecoach Story |magazine = ] |issue = 286 |date = 28 August 1996 |pages = 34–37}}</ref>
The Lowland Sleeper leaves London, and calls at ] to pick up passengers. The service stops to allow passengers to alight at ] and ]. At Carstairs it separates into two separate services, one bound for ] and the other for ], also calling at ].


On 5 March 1995, responsibility for operation of the Anglo-Scottish services was transferred within British Rail from ] to ].<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Inverness depot to remain open |magazine = The Railway Magazine |issue = 1128 |date = April 1995 |page = 31}}</ref> During the mid-1990s, British Rail had proposed to cease operating the {{stnlnk|Fort William}} portion of the service, however, the Highland Regional Council successfully sought a stay pending a formal consultation, after the ] ruled that the correct service closure process had not been followed.<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Sleeper cuts to go ahead |magazine = ] |issue = 23 |date = March 1995 |page = 4}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = Court rules on Fort William Sleeper |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 253 |date = 24 May 1995 |page = 6}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = BR loses appeal over W Highlands sleeper |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 255 |date = 21 June 1995 |page = 8}}</ref> Eventually, British Rail agreed to retain the Fort William portion, albeit with a reduction four sleeping carriages to only one.<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Fort William sleeper reprieved |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 262 |date = 27 September 1995 |page = 6}}</ref> During 1995, the associated ] service was withdrawn without reprieve.<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Thirty years of the Mk 3 sleepers |magazine = ] |issue = 190 |date = March 2012 |pages = 14–21}}</ref>
] at ]|thumb|right|300px]]


==The ''Caledonian Sleeper''==
From London, the train to each city consists of up to 6 Mark 3 ]s, a ] and seated car which are both converted Mark 2F coaches. These are usually hauled by a ] locomotive. After they divide at either ] or ], each service will consist of a number of sleeping cars, a seating car and one ]. Until ], a ] locomotive hauled the Fort William train which is now hauled by a ] locomotive, as are the portions to Aberdeen and Inverness. The locomotives are hired from ]. In ], First ScotRail and EWS came to an agreement that a dedicated set of locomotives would be used for the Caledonian Sleeper, and these would be painted in First ScotRail livery, with a small EWS logo at the cab.<ref>
===ScotRail===
On 4 June 1996, the overnight service was relaunched under the ''Caledonian Sleeper'' brand. Each portion of the service was assigned its own identity, with the ''Night Caledonian'' to Glasgow, ''Night Scotsman'' to Edinburgh, ''Night Aberdonian'' to Aberdeen, ''Royal Highlander'' to Inverness and ''West Highlander'' to Fort William.<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Caledonian Sleepers relaunched |magazine = Rail Privatisation News |issue = 33 |date = 27 June 1996 |page = 4}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = Sleeper service relaunch |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 283 |date = 17 July 1996 |page = 11}}</ref> On 31 March 1997, it became part of the ] which was initially operated by ].<ref>{{cite magazine |title = ScotRail prize goes to National Express |magazine = The Railway Magazine |issue = 1152 |date = April 1997 |page = 9}}</ref> The service continued to be operated using the same ] sleeping cars that had been operated by British Rail, but there were no suitable locomotives immediately available. Accordingly, the short-term hiring of locomotives from the ] operator ] was implemented. The arrangement continued until March 1998, at which point the freight operator ] (EWS) took on the contract.<ref name=TRM1164>{{cite magazine |title = EWS to power ScotRail sleepers |magazine = The Railway Magazine |issue = 1164 |date = April 1998 |page = 60}}</ref><ref name=Rail328>{{cite magazine |title = EWS starts electric Sleeper operations |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 328 |date = 8 April 1998 |page = 59}}</ref><ref name=TRM1219>{{cite magazine |title = EWS and ScotRail agree Class 67s for sleepers |magazine = The Railway Magazine |issue = 1219 |date = November 2002 |page = 71}}</ref>


Starting in January 2000, seated carriages were added to the sleeping cars; these were 11 former Virgin Trains ] carriages that had been refurbished at ], which included the installation of first class-style reclining seats throughout.<ref>{{cite magazine |title = ScotRail sleepers - seats for all at £7m |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 356 |date = 5 May 1999 |page = 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = Scotrail refurbishes day coaches for sleepers |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 371 |date = 1 December 1999 |page = 11}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = Seat back on sleeper trains for ScotRail |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 377 |date = 23 February 2000 |page = 11}}</ref> In parallel with this work, the sleeping cars were also refurbished, during which time they were repainted with ScotRail's purple and blue livery.<ref>{{cite magazine |title = ScotRail's Caledonian Sleepers go purple |magazine = Rail Express |issue = 41 |date = October 1999 |page = 54}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = ScotRail sleeper upgrade |magazine = The Railway Magazine |issue = 1182 |date = October 1999 |page = 63}}</ref>


On 17 October 2004, the ScotRail franchise, including the ''Caledonian Sleeper'' service, was transferred to ].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2887785/FirstGroup-clinches-Scottish-rail-franchise.html |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2887785/FirstGroup-clinches-Scottish-rail-franchise.html |archive-date = 12 January 2022 |url-status = live |url-access = registration |title = FirstGroup clinches Scottish rail franchise |first = Alistair |last = Osborne |website = ] |date = 12 June 2004}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In spite of this transfer, both the rolling stock and locomotive contracts remained fundamentally unchanged, except for the carriages and three of EWS's {{BRC|90}} locomotives being repainted in FirstGroup's corporate blue, pink and white livery.<ref>{{cite press release |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060613021304/http://ews-railway.co.uk/cmsystem/news_article.asp?guid=%7B7EC09DB6-E6E0-4033-B9DA-223618C87FF9%7D |url = http://ews-railway.co.uk/cmsystem/news_article.asp?guid=%7B7EC09DB6-E6E0-4033-B9DA-223618C87FF9%7D |archivedate = 13 June 2006 |title = Operating enhancements for First Scotrail sleeper to be delivered by EWS and Axiom Rail |publisher = English Welsh & Scottish |date = 26 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = Hybrid identity for Scottish Class 90s |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 541 |date = 7 June 2006 |page = 7}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = EWS paints first Class 90 for ScotRail |magazine = ] |issue = 55 |date = July 2006 |page = 51}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = Class 90 gets First Group livery |magazine = The Railway Magazine |issue = 1266 |date = October 2006 |page = 7}}</ref>
{{cite press release
|title= Operating enhancements for First Scotrail Sleeper to be delivered by EWS and Axiom Rail
|publisher= ]
|date= ]
|url= http://www.ews-railway.co.uk/cmsystem/news_article.asp?guid={7EC09DB6-E6E0-4033-B9DA-223618C87FF9
|accessdate= 2007-02-18
|quote=EWS will introduce modern and reliable class 67 locomotives for operation of Sleeper services between Edinburgh and Fort William on the West Highland Line... A striking new livery has been designed to complement the newly refurbished sleeping and lounge compartments.}}
</ref>


===Serco===
Heading south, the Highland Sleeper trains depart from ], ] and ], calling at intermediate stations southwards. They merge into one train at ] before continuing their journey via ] and ] (both alighting only) to ]. The Lowland Sleeper services depart from ] (calling at ]) and ] and merge at Carstairs. The merged service makes a further stop at ] to pick up passengers, and arrives at ] and ] the following morning.
During 2012, the ] announced that as part of the reletting of the ScotRail franchise from April 2015, the ''Caledonian Sleeper'' would be operated by a separate franchise.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-18521032 |title = Scottish rail services plan outlined by government |website = ] |date = 21 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = Scotland to split Sleepers from next ScotRail franchise |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 700 |date = 11 July 2012 |page = 8}}</ref> In June 2013, ] announced ], ] and ] had been shortlisted to bid for the new franchise.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-23105287 |title = Caledonian sleeper train service bidders named |publisher = BBC News |date = 28 June 2013}}</ref> During May 2014, the franchise was awarded to ]; at the time, the company pledged to invest £100{{nbsp}}million in new trains that would include 'en suite' rooms and a new style of club car. Accordingly, the existing Mark 2 and Mark 3 coaching stock was to be replaced, originally set to occur by 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-27599963 |title = Serco wins franchise for Caledonian sleeper train service |website = BBC News |date = 28 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/serco-awarded-contract-to-run-the-famous-caledonian-sleeper-railway-line-9447845.html |title = Serco awarded contract to run the famous Caledonian Sleeper railway line |date = 28 May 2014 |work = The Independent}}</ref> On 31 March 2015, Serco Caledonian Sleepers took over the operation of the service.


In late December 2015, staff called for a two-day strike because of health and safety concerns with the trains then in use and Serco's alleged failure to address them appropriately.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/22/strike-halts-caledonian-sleeper-train |title = Strike halts Caledonian Sleeper train |date = 22 December 2015 |work = The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://socialistworker.co.uk/news/caledonian-sleeper-rail-workers-stage-a-safety-strike/ |title = Caledonian Sleeper rail workers stage a safety strike |publisher = socialistworker.co.uk |date = 5 January 2016}}</ref> In September 2019, another three-day strike was held after negotiations between the ] and Serco broke down over claims of poor staffing levels and insufficient training.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.irvinetimes.com/news/national-news/17931814.caledonian-sleeper-services-cancelled-staff-walk-strike/ |title = Caledonian Sleeper services cancelled as staff walk out on strike |publisher = irvinetimes.com |date = 27 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/scotland/1849748/caledonian-sleeper-staff-to-stage-three-day-strike-over-intolerable-working-conditions/ |title = Caledonian Sleeper staff to stage three-day strike over 'intolerable' working conditions |publisher = pressandjournal.co.uk |first = James |last = Wyllie |date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>
====Highland Caledonian Sleeper====
'''London Euston''', Crewe, Preston. At Edinburgh Waverley (no alighting possible) the train splits into three:


By mid-2020, the Caledonian Sleeper had considerably curtailed its services in response to the significant decline of passenger travel amid the ].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-rail-franchise-agreements-suspended-to-avoid-company-collapses-11962186 |title = Coronavirus: Rail franchise agreements suspended to avoid company collapses |date = 23 March 2020 |access-date = 23 March 2020 |work = Sky News |archive-date = 27 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200527060301/https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-rail-franchise-agreements-suspended-to-avoid-company-collapses-11962186 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-christmas-travel-disruption-as-omicron-hits-rail-and-airline-staffing-12504644 |title = COVID-19: Christmas travel disruption as Omicron hits rail and airline staffing |publisher = Sky News |first = Samuel |last = Osborne |date = 27 December 2021}}</ref>
*Stations on the Inverness route:


In late 2021, the Caledonian Sleeper was subject to further strikes over allegations of bullying and harassment of staff.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rmt.org.uk/news/rmt-confirms-caledonian-sleeper-strike-action-goes-ahead/ |title=RMT confirms Caledonian Sleeper strike action goes ahead |publisher=rmt.org.uk |date= 9 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/transport/threat-of-more-caledonian-sleeper-strikes-as-rmt-stages-protest-against-operator-3478885 |title=Threat of more Caledonian Sleeper strikes as RMT stages protest at operator Serco's London office |publisher=scotsman.com |first=Alastair |last=Dalton |date=1 December 2021}}</ref> It was also one of many train operators impacted by the ], which were the first national rail strikes in the UK for three decades.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61573206 |title=Rail strike: RMT union votes for national action |work=] |date=24 May 2022 |access-date = 24 May 2022}}</ref> Its workers were among those participating in ] due to a dispute over pay and working conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/strike-dates-this-week-when-train-tube-strikes-start-why-how-travel-affected-1695412 |title=The dates of the train, Tube and bus strikes this week, and how services will be affected |date=20 June 2022 |website=inews.co.uk |access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref> Caledonian Sleeper trains were cancelled on the days of the strikes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trains-running-today-are-rail-strike-disruption-thursday-explained-how-check-journey-1701742 |title=Are trains running today? Rail strike disruption on Thursday explained and how to check your journey |website=inews.co.uk |first=Jaymi |last=McCann |date=23 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/transport/call-for-rmt-members-to-reject-scotrail-pay-deal-as-second-gb-wide-strike-in-separate-dispute-to-go-ahead-on-thursday-3742119 |title=Call for RMT members to reject ScotRail pay deal as second GB-wide strike in separate dispute to go ahead on Thursday |publisher=scotsman.com |first=Alastair |last=Dalton |date=22 June 2022}}</ref>
], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ''']'''


In October 2022, the Scottish Government announced the franchise run by Serco would be terminated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministerial decision on Serco Caledonian Sleeper contract Transport Scotland |url=https://www.transport.gov.scot/news/ministerial-decision-on-serco-caledonian-sleeper-contract/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.transport.gov.scot}}</ref> The service was taken over by ] on 25 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-02 |title=Caledonian Sleeper rail service to be nationalised |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-64802833 |access-date=2023-03-02}}</ref><ref name = ts323 >{{cite web | url = https://www.transport.gov.scot/news/caledonian-sleeper-to-be-delivered-by-the-scottish-government/ | title = Caledonian Sleeper to be delivered by the Scottish Government | date = 2 March 2023 | access-date = 3 March 2023 | publisher = ]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66012488 |title=Caledonian Sleeper goes back into public ownership |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=25 June 2023 |accessdate=25 June 2023}}</ref>
*Stations on the Fort William route:


==Current operations==
], ], ], ], ], '']'', ], ], ], ], '']'', ], '']'', ], ''']'''<br>Note: Stations in ''italics'' are request stops.
{{Caledonian Sleeper}}
] (right) ] ] at ] in 2023]]
Two trains are operated on six days each week (not Saturday night/Sunday morning). The ''Highland Sleeper'' has three portions that serve routes to {{rws|Aberdeen}}, {{rws|Inverness}} and {{rws|Fort William}}. The ''Lowland Sleeper'' has two portions serving routes to {{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}} and {{rws|Glasgow Central}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.scotrail.co.uk/plan-your-journey/travel-connections/caledonian-sleeper |title = Caledonian Sleeper |website = ScotRail}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.seat61.com/CaledonianSleepers.htm |title = London to Scotland by Caledonian Sleeper |website= The Man in Seat 61}}</ref> The trains normally operate at a maximum speed of {{convert|80|mph|abbr=on}}, but are authorised to travel at {{convert|100|mph|abbr=on}} where line speeds permit if the train has been delayed by more than 20 minutes.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}


Trains use the ] between Scotland and London, using {{rws|London Euston}} as their terminus.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sleeper.scot/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/csroutes.pdf |website = Caledonian Sleeper |title = Route Map}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://moovitapp.com/index/en-gb/public_transportation-line-CALEDONIAN_SLEEPER-Scotland-402-898254-481066-5 |title = Caledonian Sleeper |website = Moovit}}</ref> Sunday services are sometimes diverted via the ] when the West Coast route is closed for engineering work. In these cases, they still use London Euston except when the station itself is closed, or there is no possible routing into the station during engineering works, in which case they use nearby {{rws|London King's Cross}} instead.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
*Stations on the Aberdeen route:


Lounges for ''Caledonian Sleeper'' customers are available at {{rws|Dundee}}, {{rws|Fort William}}, {{rws|Inverness}}, {{rws|Leuchars}}, {{rws|Perth|Scotland}} and {{rws|Stirling|Scotland}} stations, and passengers may also use lounges shared with other operators at {{rws|Aberdeen}}, {{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}}, {{rws|Glasgow Central}} and {{rws|London Euston}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sleeper.scot/guest-lounges/ |title = Guest Lounge Facilities |website = Caledonian Sleeper}}</ref>
], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ''']'''


====Lowland Caledonian Sleeper==== ===''Highland Sleeper''===
]
'''London Euston''', ], ], ]. After Carstairs, the train splits into two:
The northbound ''Highland Sleeper'' leaves {{rws|London Euston}} at 21:15 (20:59 on Sundays), calling at {{rws|Watford Junction}}, {{rws|Crewe}} and {{rws|Preston}} to pick up passengers, and arrives at {{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}} approximately six-and-a-half hours after leaving London.<ref name="TT">{{cite web |url = https://www.sleeper.scot/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/22943_CS_Train-Timetable-Dec-2019-Poster-V3.pdf |title = Train Times |website = Caledonian Sleeper}}</ref> This leg of the journey is formed of 16 carriages<ref name="BT">{{cite web |url = https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2020/02/07/caledonian-sleeper-suffers-major-delays/ |title = Caledonian Sleeper suffers major delays |website = Business Traveller |date = 7 February 2020 |first = Alex |last = McWhirter}}</ref> and is hauled by an electric {{brc|92}} locomotive.<ref name="C92">{{cite news |url = https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2019/07/gbrfs-2m-class-92-locomotive-to-enter-service-with-caledonian-sleeper.html |title = GBRf's £2m Class 92 locomotive to enter service with Caledonian Sleeper |publisher = RailAdvent |first = Michael |last = Holden |date = 15 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="C73">{{cite web |url = https://www.railway-technology.com/uncategorised/newsuks-gbrf-to-provide-train-drivers-and-traction-for-caledonian-sleeper-franchise-4515921/ |title = UK's GBRf to provide train drivers and traction for Caledonian Sleeper franchise |website = Railway Technology |date = 18 February 2015 |access-date = 9 March 2020 |archive-date = 27 July 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200727074619/https://www.railway-technology.com/uncategorised/newsuks-gbrf-to-provide-train-drivers-and-traction-for-caledonian-sleeper-franchise-4515921/ |url-status = dead }}</ref>


At Edinburgh Waverley, the train is ] into three portions; these continue north of Edinburgh to {{rws|Fort William}}, {{rws|Aberdeen}} and {{rws|Inverness}} as separate services. The electric locomotive is uncoupled and replaced by a {{brc|73||9}} diesel locomotive for each of the three northbound sets.<ref name="C73" /> The front portion{{efn|The front set of the train as it leaves London; this becomes the rear set at Edinburgh, since all three portions reverse at the station.}} of the train continues to Fort William, the middle portion is for Aberdeen, and the rear portion{{efn|The rear set of the train as it leaves London; this becomes the front set at Edinburgh, since all three portions reverse at the station.}} runs to Inverness. These services arrive at their respective destinations in the morning of the next day.<ref name="TT" />
*Stations on the Edinburgh route:


Similarly, going southbound, three separate services depart each of Aberdeen, Inverness and Fort William in the evening, hauled by a {{brc|73||9}} locomotive up to Edinburgh.<ref name="C73" /> These services are then combined to form one train at Edinburgh Waverley; the diesel locomotives are detached from each portion and a {{brc|92}} is attached to then take the full-length, 16-car train to London.<ref name="BT" /><ref name="C92" /><ref name="C73" /> The train continues to London Euston with intermediate stops at Preston and Crewe for alighting passengers only (southbound trains do not call at Watford Junction), arriving in London the following morning.<ref name="TT" />
'''Edinburgh Waverley'''


The Inverness portion of the train consists of six sleeper coaches, one seated carriage and one "club car" (lounge car),<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sleeper.scot/club-car/ |title = Our Club Room |website = Caledonian Sleeper}}</ref> all running through to/from London. The Aberdeen set consists of between two and four sleeper coaches (depending on demand) plus one seated carriage and one lounge car, all running throughout. The Fort William set consists only of two to four sleeper coaches between London and Edinburgh; the seated and lounge carriages are attached/detached at Edinburgh Waverley for the Edinburgh{{en dash}}Fort William leg of the journey. This means that any seated passengers travelling between England and stations on the Fort William route are required to use the seated carriages intended for Inverness or Aberdeen, and change carriages at Edinburgh Waverley.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sleeper.scot/comfort-seats/ |title = Our Comfort Seats |website = Caledonian Sleeper|date = 10 March 2018 }}</ref>
*Stations on the Glasgow Route:


{| class="wikitable"
], '''Glasgow Central'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Highland Caledonian Sleeper
|-
! width="200px" | Route !! | Calling at
|-
| {{rws|London Euston}} {{en dash}} {{rws|Fort William}} || {{cslist|{{rws|Watford Junction}} (northbound only), {{rws|Crewe}}, {{rws|Preston}}, {{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}}, {{rws|Glasgow Queen Street}}, {{rws|Dalmuir}}, {{rws|Dumbarton Central}}, {{rws|Helensburgh Upper}}, {{rws|Garelochhead}}, {{rws|Arrochar & Tarbet}}, {{rws|Ardlui}},{{efn|name="RQ"|Request stop}} {{rws|Crianlarich}}, {{rws|Upper Tyndrum}}, {{rws|Bridge of Orchy}}, {{rws|Rannoch}}, {{rws|Corrour}}, {{rws|Tulloch}}, {{rws|Roy Bridge}},{{efn|name="RQ"|Request stop}} {{rws|Spean Bridge}}}}
|-
| London Euston {{en dash}} {{rws|Aberdeen}} || {{cslist|Watford Junction (northbound only), Crewe, Preston, {{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}}, {{rws|Inverkeithing}}, {{rws|Kirkcaldy}}, {{rws|Leuchars}}, {{rws|Dundee}}, {{rws|Carnoustie}}, {{rws|Arbroath}}, {{rws|Montrose}}, {{rws|Stonehaven}}}}
|-
| London Euston {{en dash}} {{stnlnk|Inverness}} || {{cslist|Watford Junction (northbound only), Crewe, Preston, {{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}}, {{rws|Falkirk Grahamston}} (southbound only), {{rws|Stirling|Scotland}}, {{rws|Dunblane}}, {{rws|Gleneagles}}, {{rws|Perth|Scotland}}, {{rws|Dunkeld & Birnam}}, {{rws|Pitlochry}}, {{rws|Blair Atholl}}, {{rws|Dalwhinnie}}, {{rws|Newtonmore}}, {{rws|Kingussie}}, {{rws|Aviemore}}, {{rws|Carrbridge}} (northbound only)}}
|}


===''Lowland Sleeper''===
==Amenities==
Going northbound, the ''Lowland Sleeper'' departs London Euston at 23:50 (23:30 on Sundays), calling at {{rws|Watford Junction}} to pick up passengers. The train then continues with no intermediate calls until {{rws|Carlisle}} before reaching {{rws|Carstairs}}. Here the train ] into two portions: the front eight carriages continue to {{rws|Glasgow Central}} with one intermediate stop at {{rws|Motherwell}}, while the rear eight carriages reverse at Carstairs and continue non-stop to {{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}}, both portions arriving at their respective destinations the following morning.<ref name="TT" /> Carlisle, Carstairs and Motherwell are all served for alighting passengers only.
Three classes of travel are available on the Caledonian Sleeper. These are First Class, Standard Class and Seated Sleeper.


Similarly, in the southbound direction, two separate services depart both Glasgow Central (calling at Motherwell) and Edinburgh Waverley, and combine into one at Carstairs. The train then calls at Carlisle, before running non-stop through to Watford Junction (served for alighting passengers only) and terminating at London Euston the next morning.<ref name="TT" /> Motherwell, Carstairs and Carlisle are all served to pick up passengers only.
First Class and Standard Class both entitle the holder to an ] cabin, with ], shaver point and hand ].


{| class="wikitable"
Berths are usually available prior to departure at the originating station and for a short while after arrival at the ].
|-
! colspan="3" | Lowland Caledonian Sleeper
|-
! Route !! Calling at
|-
| {{rws|London Euston}} {{en dash}} {{rws|Glasgow Central}} || {{cslist|{{rws|Watford Junction}}, {{rws|Carlisle}}, {{rws|Carstairs}}, {{rws|Motherwell}}}}
|-
| London Euston {{en dash}} {{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}} || {{cslist|Watford Junction, Carlisle, Carstairs}}
|}


===First Class=== ==Rolling stock==
]
First Class is the most expensive, but most ameniable class offered. This class of ticket entitles the holder to a private cabin consisting of a single ], voucher to spend in the ], morning ], ] and ] and a Zone 1 and 2 ] travel pass. Room service is also available in First Class, and First Class ticketholders are entitled to use the Virgin Trains lounge at Euston to take a shower upon their arrival in London.
The ScotRail franchise inherited the coaches used by British Rail; ] sleeping coaches and ] seated carriages, some of which were fitted out as lounge cars where refreshments could be obtained. During 2019, these were replaced by ] carriages; the new rolling stock was first operated on the Lowland services from April, and subsequently on the Highland services from October.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.serco.com/Images/010_Brand%20new%20Caledonian%20Sleeper%20trains%20from%202018_tcm3-46360.pdf |title = Brand new Caledonian Sleeper trains from 2018 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150504184141/http://serco.com/Images/010_Brand%20new%20Caledonian%20Sleeper%20trains%20from%202018_tcm3-46360.pdf |archivedate = 4 May 2015 |website = Serco |date = 17 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48097890 |title = New £150m Caledonian Sleeper train arrives three hours late |website = BBC News |date = 29 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190429142027/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/caledonian-sleeper-launches-new-caf-coaches.html |url = https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/caledonian-sleeper-launches-new-caf-coaches.html |archivedate = 29 April 2019 |title = Caledonian Sleeper launches new CAF coaches |magazine = ] |date = 29 April 2019}}</ref> Heavy maintenance on the carriage stock was performed at ] until April 2015, when the work was contracted out to ] and transferred to ].<ref>{{cite press release |url = http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2015/2/alstom-to-maintain-sleeper-trains-in-the-uk/ |title = Alstom to maintain sleeper trains in the UK |publisher = Alstom |date = 12 February 2015}}</ref>


Two types of motive power are used for the ''Caledonian Sleeper''. On the ] between Glasgow/Edinburgh and London electric locomotives haul the trains. There were none of these included in the ScotRail franchises, instead they contracted ] to provide {{BRC|87|cs}}. In March 1998, these were replaced by ] (EWS) {{BRC|90|cs}}.<ref name=TRM1164/><ref name=Rail328/>
===Standard Class===
Standard Class is a less costly ticket, even less so if booked more than seven days in advance, and offers a shared room consisting of a bunk bed and wash basin. Included in the price is early morning ], ] and a morning snack before alighting. As these cabins are designed for two people, single travellers are warned that they may have to share with a fellow passenger of the same sex.


{{As of|2015}}, Serco has a contract with GB Railfreight who use {{BRC|92|cs}}.<ref name=GBRF2015>{{cite press release |url = https://www.europorte.com/uploadedFiles/assets-uk/gbrf-2015/150217GBRf-caledonian-sleeper-UK.pdf |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20191223211127/https://www.europorte.com/uploadedFiles/assets-uk/gbrf-2015/150217GBRf-caledonian-sleeper-UK.pdf |archivedate = 23 December 2019 |title = GB Railfreight boosts rail services business with Serco Caledonian Sleeper contract |author = GB Rail Freight |website = Europorte |date = 17 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-31508913 |title = Serco signs GB Railfreight to run Scots sleeper services |work = BBC News |date = 17 February 2015}}</ref> However, due to mechanical problems, a Class 90 locomotive was used, initially hired from ], but later changed to ].<ref>{{cite magazine |title = The Sleepers are stirring |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 756 |date = 3 September 2014 |page = 70}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = Class 90s for Sleepers until 92s prove their reliability |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 783 |date = 16 September 2015 |page = 10}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = Caledonian Sleeper uses Class 86s |magazine = Rail Magazine |issue = 797 |date = 30 March 2016 |page = 28}}</ref> From 2015 until 2019, ] heritage {{BRC|86|cs}} and {{BRC|87|ns}} were used to move empty carriages in London and Glasgow and occasionally operated the overnight passenger services.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.aclocogroup.co.uk/preservation2015.php |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160105223723/http://www.aclocogroup.co.uk/preservation2015.php |archivedate = 5 January 2016 |title = Preservation 2015 |website = AC Locomotive Group |date = 8 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = Repaint into Midnight Teal livery |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 771 |date = 1 April 2015 |page = 29}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title = 86/4 to receive Sleeper livery |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 776 |date = 10 June 2015 |page = 27}}</ref>
===Seated Sleeper===
The cheapest of the classes offered by the Caledonian Sleeper. This ticket entitles the user to an airline-style reclining ] in an ] carriage, shared with up to 31 people, roughly what you would expect from a daytime First Class service. Amenities include ], a ] and footrests.


On the unelectrified routes in Scotland, the trains were hauled by EWS {{BRC|37|cs}} to Fort William and {{BRC|47|ns}} to Aberdeen and Inverness until June 2001 when {{BRC|67|cs}} began to replace the Class 47. The Class 67 units were also used on the Fort William route from June 2006. Four locomotives were fitted with cast iron brakes and restricted to {{convert|80|mph|abbr=on}} for this additional service. When GB Railfreight started to provide the trains and crews for the Serco franchise in 2015, it was planned to use rebuilt {{BRC|73|cs|9}}.<ref name=GBRF2015/> The first of these came into service in February 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Rebuilt 73/9s take over all Caledonian Sleeper work |magazine = Rail Magazine|issue = 805 |date = 20 July 2016 |page = 32}}</ref>
===Lounge Car===
]
Holders of First Class and Standard Class ]s are entitled to use the lounge car; however it is restricted to First Class ticket holders at busier times. There is a ] car service available for all ticket holders, to take snacks away to your seat or ]. The lounge car provides ]s, ] and alcoholic or soft drinks.


===Current fleet===
The lounge car permitted smoking until ], ], being the last place where it was legal to smoke on the British railway network, but it is now banned. It is highly unusual amongst British trains in having chairs which are not secured to the floor.
{|class="wikitable"
|----- bgcolor=#f9f9f9
!rowspan="2"|Class
!rowspan="2"|Image
!rowspan="2"|Type
!colspan="2"|Top speed
!rowspan="2"|Fleet size
!rowspan="2"|Usage
!rowspan="2"|Built
!rowspan="2" |Notes
|----- bgcolor=#f9f9f9
!mph
!km/h
|-
|]
|]
|]
|125
|200
|2
|rowspan="2"|Edinburgh - Aberdeen/Fort William/Inverness <ref>{{cite web |last1=Class 67 back on Caledonian Sleeper |title=Class 67 back on Caledonian Sleeper |url=http://www.wnxx.com/news/archive/2022/20221104.htm |website=WNXX |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GBRf Class 67 workign Caledonain Sleeper |url=http://www.wnxx.com/news/archive/2023/20230103.htm |website=WNXX}}</ref>
|1999-2000
|rowspan="3"|Hired from ].
|-
|]
|]
|]
|90
|145
|6
|1962, 1965–1967<br>(Rebuilt 2014–2017)
|-
|]
|]
|]
|87
|140
|7
|London - Glasgow/Edinburgh
|1993{{ndash}}1996
|-
|]
|]
|]
|100
|161
|75
|Full network
|2016{{ndash}}2018
|
|}


===Luggage=== ===Past fleet===
Former train types operated by Caledonian Sleeper include:
Luggage is generally conveyed on all sleeper services, with large areas available for storing luggage. Bicycles are conveyed on all sleeper services subject to availability, with a necessary booking.


{|class="wikitable"
===Pets===
! rowspan="2" |Class
Dogs are allowed on sleeper services, with a conveyance fee. Dogs are only allowed in single-berth cabins or where the ticket holder has exclusive use of a twin-berth cabin.
! rowspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |Type
! colspan="2" |Top speed
! rowspan="2" |Fleet Size
! rowspan="2" |Usage
! rowspan="2" |Built
! rowspan="2" |Left fleet
|----- bgcolor=#f9f9f9
!mph
!km/h
|-
|]
|]
|rowspan="2"|]
|90
|140
|
|Edinburgh - Fort William
|1960{{ndash}}1965
|2006
|-
|]
|]
|125
|200
|
|Edinburgh - Inverness
|1999{{ndash}}2000
|rowspan="7"|2019
|-
|rowspan="2"|]
|]
|rowspan="4" |]
|110
|177
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="3" |London - Edinburgh/Glasgow Sleeper Portions.<br>Empty Coaching Stock (London - Wembley)
|October 1965
|-
|]
|100
|161
|January 1966
|-
|]
|]
|rowspan="2"|110
|rowspan="2"|177
|1
|June 1973
|-
|]
|]
| -
|London - Glasgow/Edinburgh
|1987{{ndash}}1990
|-
|]
|]
|]<br>]
|100
|160
|22
|rowspan="2"|Full Network
|1969{{ndash}}1974
|-
|]
|]
|]
|125
|200
|53
|1975{{ndash}}1988
|}
<gallery>
File:Caledonian Sleeper Single berth.jpg|Sleeping cabin in a Mark 3 sleeper
File:Caledonian Sleeper Seated Compartment.jpg|Saloon of a Mark 2 seated coach
</gallery>


===Showers=== == Incidents ==
During April 2019, new Mark 5 carriages were introduced to service, however, the inaugural journey was more than three hours late arriving at ]. Various other services through 2019 were reported as delayed on account of "technical faults".<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/caledonian-sleeper-delay-train-disruption-preston-london-edinburgh-glasgow-a9047826.html |title = Caledonian Sleeper: Passengers stranded in Preston after train breaks down |work = The Independent |date = 9 August 2019}}</ref>
There are no ]s available on the Caledonian Sleeper. However, there are showers available at ], ], and ] for an extra charge. Only First Class ticket holders are entitled to use the shower facilities at ].<ref>
{{cite web
| title =Station Facilities: London Euston (EUS)
| work =Stations & Destinations
| publisher =]
| url =http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/index.html?a=findStation&station_query=euston&Find+stations.x=0&Find+stations.y=0
| accessdate =2007-02-18}}
</ref>


Services run joined between London and Scotland where they are split into shorter trains to serve multiple destinations. After being split at {{stnlnk|Carstairs}} on 1 August 2019, a brake isolated valve was closed preventing control of the train brakes from the locomotive, resulting in the Edinburgh portion running past the platform at {{stnlnk|Edinburgh Waverley}}.<ref name="raib-20200522">{{cite report |url = https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5ece325b86650c76a551df1a/R052020_200528_Edinburgh.pdf |title = Loss of brake control on a sleeper train approaching Edinburgh |date = 22 May 2020 |access-date = 27 May 2020 |series = Rail Accident Report |publisher = ]}}</ref> The incident was investigated by the ] with two recommendations. One was addressed to the ] to change the wording of the railway rule book to make it clear that the brake continuity test should be undertaken after all coupling-related activities have been completed. The second was addressed to Caledonian Sleeper to review the vulnerability of the isolating cocks on its rolling stock, to prevent inadvertent operation by persons or objects.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.gov.uk/government/news/loss-of-brake-control-on-a-passenger-train-approaching-edinburgh-waverley |title = Loss of brake control on a passenger train approaching Edinburgh Waverley |date = 12 August 2019 |publisher = RAIB}}</ref>
==Booking==
Booking the Caledonian Sleeper services can be tricky, because there is often no differentiation between these and seated services on the ] booking system. ] offers an online booking service which specifically shows its sleeper services, from the syndicated ] database.

Ticket prices vary depending on the demand expected for the train, and time of booking. Standard Class and Seated Class both offer cheaper 'Apex' fares, if booked in advance of the date of travel and subject to availability. First Class does not offer an 'Apex' ticket, but special fares are available for travelling on weekends. Railcard discounts apply at the network standard rate of 33% in Seated Class, and at a lower rate on tickets with berths. This discrepancy is due to railcard discount being available on the travel portion of the ticket, but not redeemable against the berth. Discount rates are typically not available with the cheaper 'Apex' tickets.

Cheap tickets, termed "Bargain Berths", may be booked in advance and are allocated in very limited numbers to each service. They are available from as little as £19 and are available in Standard Class. The process of booking Bargain Berths is entirely web-based and no physical tickets are issued. It is necessary to print off the booking confirmation ] as confirmation.


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]

*]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*
* {{Official website}}
*

*
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Sub-brand of ]
|years=1997–2004}}
{{s-aft|after=]}}
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Sub-brand of ScotRail franchise
|years=2004–2015}}
{{s-aft|after=Caledonian Sleeper<br>Caledonian Sleeper franchise}}
{{s-bef|before=]<br>ScotRail franchise}}
{{s-ttl|title=Operator of Caledonian Sleeper franchise
|years=2015–}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}


{{Railway lines in Scotland}}
{{British TOCs}}
{{UK TOCs|current|state=collapsed}}
{{Rail franchises in Great Britain|state=collapsed}}


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Latest revision as of 19:30, 17 December 2024

Overnight sleeper trains between London and Scotland

Caledonian Sleeper
Caledonian Sleeper with 92038 in Serco midnight teal livery, at Euston, April 2015
Overview
Franchise(s)
  • Part of ScotRail (31 March 1997 – 30 March 2015)
  • Standalone franchise (31 March 2015 – present)
Main region(s)
Fleet75 Mark 5 carriages
Stations called at48
Parent companyScottish Rail Holdings
Reporting markCS
Other
Websitewww.sleeper.scot Edit this at Wikidata
Route map

Caledonian Sleeper is the collective name for overnight sleeper train services between London and Scotland, in the United Kingdom. It is one of only two currently operating sleeper services on the railway in the United Kingdom – the other being the Night Riviera, which runs between London and Penzance.

A sleeper service has been run along the West Coast Main Line since 24 February 1873. Sleepers were historically run on the rival East Coast Main Line as well; however, all remaining sleeper services that ran on the east coast routes were withdrawn in May 1988. While InterCity continued to operate what would later become known as the Caledonian Sleeper, it decided to remove all seating accommodation on its remaining sleeper services during the mid-1990s. The Anglo-Scottish sleeper services were transferred to ScotRail on 5 March 1995; as a consequence of the privatisation of British Rail, on 31 March 1997, the service was privatised as a part of the wider ScotRail franchise, initially being operated by National Express. Seated Mark 2 carriages were re-added to the service alongside the Mark 3 sleeping cars, the latter were also refurbished, from January 2000.

On 17 October 2004, the ScotRail franchise and thus the Caledonian Sleeper, was transferred to FirstGroup. Since April 2015, the Caledonian Sleeper has been structured as a standalone franchise. It was operated by Serco under the supervision of the Scottish Government. As a part of its successful bid, Serco had pledged to invest £100 million into the service, which was to be spent on, amongst other things, procuring new rolling stock. During 2019, a new fleet of Mark 5 carriages were introduced, replacing the British Rail-era carriages. These are hauled by a combination of Class 92 electric locomotives (on electrified sections only) and rebuilt Class 73/9s electro-diesel locomotives; prior traction withdrawn in 2019 included Class 67, Class 87 and Class 90 locomotives.

Two services depart London Euston each night from Sunday to Friday and travel via the West Coast Main Line to Scotland. The earlier departure divides at Edinburgh into portions for Aberdeen, Fort William and Inverness. The later departure serves Edinburgh and Glasgow, splitting at Carstairs. Five London-bound portions depart from these destinations each night, combining into two trains at Edinburgh and Carstairs.

Serco's contract concluded early in June 2023, and the service was taken into public ownership by Transport Scotland. It is operated on its behalf by Scottish Rail Holdings.

Anglo-Scottish sleepers up to 1996

In February 1873, the North British Railway revealed the first sleeping car in Britain. It had been built by the Ashbury Carriage Company and was displayed at Glasgow, Edinburgh and London King's Cross. It became the first sleeping carriage used on British railways when it made a revenue earning trip on 24 February 1873 attached to a train at Glasgow for King's Cross via the East Coast Main Line.

On 1 October 1873, the rival Caledonian Railway introduced a London and North Western Railway sleeping car on mail trains three days per week between Glasgow Buchanan Street and London Euston via the West Coast Main Line. The service ran from Glasgow on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, and from London on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. An extra charge of ten shillings was made for a sleeping berth.

Sleeping car services were operated on both the west and east coast routes to multiple destinations for over a century, even under the nationalised railway operator British Rail. During 1976, services from King's Cross ran to Edinburgh and Aberdeen, and from Euston to Glasgow Central, Perth, Inverness, Stranraer Harbour, and Fort William. There was also a service from Bristol Temple Meads to Glasgow and Edinburgh via the West Coast route. However, sleeper services declined in number during the latter half of the 20th century. During November 1987, it was announced that the last of the sleeper services running on the East Coast routes was to be withdrawn in May 1988.

At one point, InterCity was planning to remove all seating accommodation on its remaining sleeper services from May 1992. However, it instead concluded a deal with the British transport conglomerate Stagecoach that saw the Mark 2 seating carriages retailed beyond this point. This was only a temporary reprieve however, as the Stagecoach carriages were withdrawn after 12 months.

On 5 March 1995, responsibility for operation of the Anglo-Scottish services was transferred within British Rail from InterCity West Coast to ScotRail. During the mid-1990s, British Rail had proposed to cease operating the Fort William portion of the service, however, the Highland Regional Council successfully sought a stay pending a formal consultation, after the Scottish Court of Session ruled that the correct service closure process had not been followed. Eventually, British Rail agreed to retain the Fort William portion, albeit with a reduction four sleeping carriages to only one. During 1995, the associated motorail service was withdrawn without reprieve.

The Caledonian Sleeper

ScotRail

On 4 June 1996, the overnight service was relaunched under the Caledonian Sleeper brand. Each portion of the service was assigned its own identity, with the Night Caledonian to Glasgow, Night Scotsman to Edinburgh, Night Aberdonian to Aberdeen, Royal Highlander to Inverness and West Highlander to Fort William. On 31 March 1997, it became part of the ScotRail franchise which was initially operated by National Express. The service continued to be operated using the same Mark 3 sleeping cars that had been operated by British Rail, but there were no suitable locomotives immediately available. Accordingly, the short-term hiring of locomotives from the West Coast operator Virgin Trains was implemented. The arrangement continued until March 1998, at which point the freight operator English, Welsh and Scottish Railway (EWS) took on the contract.

Starting in January 2000, seated carriages were added to the sleeping cars; these were 11 former Virgin Trains Mark 2 carriages that had been refurbished at Wolverton Works, which included the installation of first class-style reclining seats throughout. In parallel with this work, the sleeping cars were also refurbished, during which time they were repainted with ScotRail's purple and blue livery.

On 17 October 2004, the ScotRail franchise, including the Caledonian Sleeper service, was transferred to FirstGroup. In spite of this transfer, both the rolling stock and locomotive contracts remained fundamentally unchanged, except for the carriages and three of EWS's Class 90 locomotives being repainted in FirstGroup's corporate blue, pink and white livery.

Serco

During 2012, the Scottish Government announced that as part of the reletting of the ScotRail franchise from April 2015, the Caledonian Sleeper would be operated by a separate franchise. In June 2013, Transport Scotland announced Arriva, FirstGroup and Serco had been shortlisted to bid for the new franchise. During May 2014, the franchise was awarded to Serco; at the time, the company pledged to invest £100 million in new trains that would include 'en suite' rooms and a new style of club car. Accordingly, the existing Mark 2 and Mark 3 coaching stock was to be replaced, originally set to occur by 2018. On 31 March 2015, Serco Caledonian Sleepers took over the operation of the service.

In late December 2015, staff called for a two-day strike because of health and safety concerns with the trains then in use and Serco's alleged failure to address them appropriately. In September 2019, another three-day strike was held after negotiations between the RMT and Serco broke down over claims of poor staffing levels and insufficient training.

By mid-2020, the Caledonian Sleeper had considerably curtailed its services in response to the significant decline of passenger travel amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

In late 2021, the Caledonian Sleeper was subject to further strikes over allegations of bullying and harassment of staff. It was also one of many train operators impacted by the 2022–2024 United Kingdom railway strikes, which were the first national rail strikes in the UK for three decades. Its workers were among those participating in industrial action due to a dispute over pay and working conditions. Caledonian Sleeper trains were cancelled on the days of the strikes.

In October 2022, the Scottish Government announced the franchise run by Serco would be terminated. The service was taken over by Scottish Rail Holdings on 25 June 2023.

Current operations

Caledonian Sleeper destinations
Legend
000
Inverness
Carrbridge (northbound only)
Aviemore
Kingussie
Newtonmore
Dalwhinnie
Blair Atholl
Pitlochry
Dunkeld & Birnam
Perth
Gleneagles
Dunblane
718 Stirling
684 Falkirk Grahamston (southbound only)
853
Aberdeen
827 Stonehaven
788 Montrose
766 Arbroath
Carnoustie
738 Dundee
725 Leuchars
685 Kirkcaldy
Inverkeithing
Forth Bridge
000
Fort William
Spean Bridge
Roy Bridge
Tulloch
Corrour
Rannoch
Bridge of Orchy
Upper Tyndrum
Crianlarich
Ardlui
Arrochar & Tarbet
Garelochhead
Helensburgh Upper
Dumbarton Central
Dalmuir
Glasgow Queen Street
000
643 Edinburgh Waverley (split/join)
000
Anglo-Scottish border
336 Preston
254 Crewe
28 Watford Junction London Overground (northbound only)
000 London Euston London Underground London Overground

646
Glasgow Central
625 Motherwell
646 Edinburgh Waverley
600 Carstairs (split/join)
000
Anglo-Scottish border
481 Carlisle
28 Watford Junction London Overground
000 London Euston London Underground London Overground
Caledonian Sleeper class 92 (right) Avanti West Coast class 221(left) at London Euston in 2023
Caledonian Sleeper class 92 (right) Avanti West Coast class 221 at London Euston in 2023

Two trains are operated on six days each week (not Saturday night/Sunday morning). The Highland Sleeper has three portions that serve routes to Aberdeen, Inverness and Fort William. The Lowland Sleeper has two portions serving routes to Edinburgh Waverley and Glasgow Central. The trains normally operate at a maximum speed of 80 mph (130 km/h), but are authorised to travel at 100 mph (160 km/h) where line speeds permit if the train has been delayed by more than 20 minutes.

Trains use the West Coast Main Line between Scotland and London, using London Euston as their terminus. Sunday services are sometimes diverted via the East Coast Main Line when the West Coast route is closed for engineering work. In these cases, they still use London Euston except when the station itself is closed, or there is no possible routing into the station during engineering works, in which case they use nearby London King's Cross instead.

Lounges for Caledonian Sleeper customers are available at Dundee, Fort William, Inverness, Leuchars, Perth and Stirling stations, and passengers may also use lounges shared with other operators at Aberdeen, Edinburgh Waverley, Glasgow Central and London Euston.

Highland Sleeper

The portion for Fort William at Corrour behind a Class 67 in 2015

The northbound Highland Sleeper leaves London Euston at 21:15 (20:59 on Sundays), calling at Watford Junction, Crewe and Preston to pick up passengers, and arrives at Edinburgh Waverley approximately six-and-a-half hours after leaving London. This leg of the journey is formed of 16 carriages and is hauled by an electric Class 92 locomotive.

At Edinburgh Waverley, the train is divided into three portions; these continue north of Edinburgh to Fort William, Aberdeen and Inverness as separate services. The electric locomotive is uncoupled and replaced by a Class 73/9 diesel locomotive for each of the three northbound sets. The front portion of the train continues to Fort William, the middle portion is for Aberdeen, and the rear portion runs to Inverness. These services arrive at their respective destinations in the morning of the next day.

Similarly, going southbound, three separate services depart each of Aberdeen, Inverness and Fort William in the evening, hauled by a Class 73/9 locomotive up to Edinburgh. These services are then combined to form one train at Edinburgh Waverley; the diesel locomotives are detached from each portion and a Class 92 is attached to then take the full-length, 16-car train to London. The train continues to London Euston with intermediate stops at Preston and Crewe for alighting passengers only (southbound trains do not call at Watford Junction), arriving in London the following morning.

The Inverness portion of the train consists of six sleeper coaches, one seated carriage and one "club car" (lounge car), all running through to/from London. The Aberdeen set consists of between two and four sleeper coaches (depending on demand) plus one seated carriage and one lounge car, all running throughout. The Fort William set consists only of two to four sleeper coaches between London and Edinburgh; the seated and lounge carriages are attached/detached at Edinburgh Waverley for the Edinburgh–Fort William leg of the journey. This means that any seated passengers travelling between England and stations on the Fort William route are required to use the seated carriages intended for Inverness or Aberdeen, and change carriages at Edinburgh Waverley.

Highland Caledonian Sleeper
Route Calling at
London EustonFort William
London Euston – Aberdeen
London Euston – Inverness

Lowland Sleeper

Going northbound, the Lowland Sleeper departs London Euston at 23:50 (23:30 on Sundays), calling at Watford Junction to pick up passengers. The train then continues with no intermediate calls until Carlisle before reaching Carstairs. Here the train divides into two portions: the front eight carriages continue to Glasgow Central with one intermediate stop at Motherwell, while the rear eight carriages reverse at Carstairs and continue non-stop to Edinburgh Waverley, both portions arriving at their respective destinations the following morning. Carlisle, Carstairs and Motherwell are all served for alighting passengers only.

Similarly, in the southbound direction, two separate services depart both Glasgow Central (calling at Motherwell) and Edinburgh Waverley, and combine into one at Carstairs. The train then calls at Carlisle, before running non-stop through to Watford Junction (served for alighting passengers only) and terminating at London Euston the next morning. Motherwell, Carstairs and Carlisle are all served to pick up passengers only.

Lowland Caledonian Sleeper
Route Calling at
London EustonGlasgow Central
London Euston – Edinburgh Waverley
  • Watford Junction, Carlisle, Carstairs

Rolling stock

Suite in a Mark 5 sleeping car.

The ScotRail franchise inherited the coaches used by British Rail; Mark 3 sleeping coaches and Mark 2 seated carriages, some of which were fitted out as lounge cars where refreshments could be obtained. During 2019, these were replaced by Mark 5 carriages; the new rolling stock was first operated on the Lowland services from April, and subsequently on the Highland services from October. Heavy maintenance on the carriage stock was performed at Inverness TMD until April 2015, when the work was contracted out to Alstom and transferred to Polmadie Traction and Rolling Stock Maintenance Depot.

Two types of motive power are used for the Caledonian Sleeper. On the electrified routes between Glasgow/Edinburgh and London electric locomotives haul the trains. There were none of these included in the ScotRail franchises, instead they contracted Virgin Trains to provide Class 87s. In March 1998, these were replaced by English, Welsh and Scottish Railway (EWS) Class 90s.

As of 2015, Serco has a contract with GB Railfreight who use Class 92s. However, due to mechanical problems, a Class 90 locomotive was used, initially hired from DB Cargo UK, but later changed to Freightliner. From 2015 until 2019, AC Locomotive Group heritage Class 86s and 87s were used to move empty carriages in London and Glasgow and occasionally operated the overnight passenger services.

On the unelectrified routes in Scotland, the trains were hauled by EWS Class 37s to Fort William and 47s to Aberdeen and Inverness until June 2001 when Class 67s began to replace the Class 47. The Class 67 units were also used on the Fort William route from June 2006. Four locomotives were fitted with cast iron brakes and restricted to 80 mph (130 km/h) for this additional service. When GB Railfreight started to provide the trains and crews for the Serco franchise in 2015, it was planned to use rebuilt Class 73/9s. The first of these came into service in February 2016.

Current fleet

Class Image Type Top speed Fleet size Usage Built Notes
mph km/h
67 Diesel-electric locomotive 125 200 2 Edinburgh - Aberdeen/Fort William/Inverness 1999-2000 Hired from GB Railfreight.
73/9 Electro-diesel locomotive 90 145 6 1962, 1965–1967
(Rebuilt 2014–2017)
92 Electric locomotive 87 140 7 London - Glasgow/Edinburgh 1993–1996
Mark 5 Passenger carriage 100 161 75 Full network 2016–2018

Past fleet

Former train types operated by Caledonian Sleeper include:

Class Image Type Top speed Fleet Size Usage Built Left fleet
mph km/h
37/4 Diesel-electric locomotive 90 140 Edinburgh - Fort William 1960–1965 2006
67 125 200 Edinburgh - Inverness 1999–2000 2019
86 Electric locomotive 110 177 2 London - Edinburgh/Glasgow Sleeper Portions.
Empty Coaching Stock (London - Wembley)
October 1965
100 161 January 1966
87 110 177 1 June 1973
90 - London - Glasgow/Edinburgh 1987–1990
Mark 2 Lounge car
Seated coach
100 160 22 Full Network 1969–1974
Mark 3 Sleeping car 125 200 53 1975–1988
  • Sleeping cabin in a Mark 3 sleeper Sleeping cabin in a Mark 3 sleeper
  • Saloon of a Mark 2 seated coach Saloon of a Mark 2 seated coach

Incidents

During April 2019, new Mark 5 carriages were introduced to service, however, the inaugural journey was more than three hours late arriving at London Euston. Various other services through 2019 were reported as delayed on account of "technical faults".

Services run joined between London and Scotland where they are split into shorter trains to serve multiple destinations. After being split at Carstairs on 1 August 2019, a brake isolated valve was closed preventing control of the train brakes from the locomotive, resulting in the Edinburgh portion running past the platform at Edinburgh Waverley. The incident was investigated by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch with two recommendations. One was addressed to the Rail Safety and Standards Board to change the wording of the railway rule book to make it clear that the brake continuity test should be undertaken after all coupling-related activities have been completed. The second was addressed to Caledonian Sleeper to review the vulnerability of the isolating cocks on its rolling stock, to prevent inadvertent operation by persons or objects.

See also

Notes

  1. The front set of the train as it leaves London; this becomes the rear set at Edinburgh, since all three portions reverse at the station.
  2. The rear set of the train as it leaves London; this becomes the front set at Edinburgh, since all three portions reverse at the station.
  3. ^ Request stop

References

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External links

Preceded byScotRail (British Rail) Sub-brand of ScotRail franchise
1997–2004
Succeeded byFirst ScotRail
Preceded byScotRail (National Express) Sub-brand of ScotRail franchise
2004–2015
Succeeded byCaledonian Sleeper
Caledonian Sleeper franchise
Preceded byFirst ScotRail
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