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| {{Short description|Group of |
{{Short description|Group of clans of North India and Pakistan}} | ||
| {{for|the people of Central Asia|Moghol people}} | {{for|the people of Central Asia|Moghol people}} | ||
| {{Infobox ethnic group | {{Infobox ethnic group | ||
| | group = Mughal | | group = Mughal | ||
| | image = File:Aquil Hussain Barlas.jpg | |||
| | native_name = مُغَل | |||
| | image_caption = ] | |||
| | native_name_lang = ur | |||
| | |
| region1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} ] | ||
| | region2 = {{flagicon|India}} ] | |||
| | image_caption = Portrait of Mughal Emperor ]. | |||
| | region3 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} ] | |||
| | langs = ] (formerly)<br>] (]-]), ], ], ], ]<ref>Munshi Muhammad Din Fauq's Tareekh Aqwam Poonch</ref><ref>A Glossary of the tribes & castes of Punjab bu H. A Rose</ref> | |||
| | langs = ], ], ]<br/>] (formerly) | |||
| | rels = ] | |||
| | |
| rels = Islam | ||
| | related = ], ] and ] | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''Mughals''' |
The '''Mughals''' (also spelled Moghul or Mogul) is a ] ] from modern-day ], ] and ].<ref name=Levin>{{Cite encyclopedia |first=S. F.|last=Levin|title=Mughal|url-access=registration|url=http://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpa0000unse_u8i3 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Pakistan|editor-first1=Hafeez|editor-last1= Malik |editor-last2=Gankovsky|editor-first2=Yuri V.|editor1-link=Hafeez Malik|date=2006 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-19-597735-6}}</ref> They claim to have descended from the various Central Asian ],<ref name=":Genetic Genealogy">{{Cite journal|author = Сабитов Ж. М., Баймуханов Н. Б.|editor= |format= |url= https://www.academia.edu/17004570|title= Y-STR гаплотипы узбеков, уйгуров, таджиков, пуштунов, хазарейцев, моголов из базы данных Family Tree DNA|type= |orig-year= |agency = |journal= The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy|year= 2015|volume= |number= 2|pages = 22–23|series= |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |archive-url = |archive-date = |language= ru|quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Atlas Of World History|author=Liz Wyse and Caroline Lucas|year=1997|publisher=Geddes & Grosset|location=Scotland}}</ref> and ] peoples that had historically settled in the ] and mixed with the native Indian population.<ref name=Levin/> The term ''Mughal'' (or ''Moghul'' in Persian) literally means Mongol.<ref>{{cite book|title=Collins Compact Dictionary|year=2002|publisher=HarperCollins|location=Glasgow|isbn=0-00-710984-9}}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | ==Pakistan== | ||
| ==History and origin== | |||
| ] | |||
| ] at its greatest extent. ]] | |||
| In Pakistan, Mughal people are mostly settled in the provinces of Azad Kashmir, ] and ].<ref name=Levin/>They use surnames like Mirza, Baig, Khan, Chughtai and Sardar. | |||
| During the time of the ] in the 13–14th century, the army of ] swept across ] and into Persia. Over subsequent centuries, descendants of these soldiers inter-married with ] and ] ], converted to ] and adopted the ] and culture. Conflict between ] (modern-day ] and ]) and the ] has been recorded from the time of Genghis Khan to ] to ]. The ] (1206–1526) faced nearly annual ] from 1297 to 1303 when the Doab was sacked and what is now ] was under continual ]. Indian and Indo-Persian sources referred to the invaders as ''Mughals'', derived from the word ''Mongol''. During the 16th century, the ] conqueror ] brought most of northern India under ], establishing an empire that would endure until the mid-19th century. As the ruling class, the Mughals lived mainly in cities along with other Muslims. They were traditionally known for their skill at horsemanship, archery, wrestling and a meat-heavy diet. | |||
| ] at its greatest extent in 1700]] | |||
| The court itself does not now consist, as originally of real ], but a medley of Turks, ]/], ] and ] or descendants of all these classes; known, as said before by the general appellation Mughal by the Muslims of native origin.<ref>Bernier's Travels in the Mogul Empire (Paperback) | |||
| by Francois Bernier Constable 1891</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | ==India== | ||
| As early as the 17th century, the term Mughal covered a large number of groups. Generally, all Central Asian immigrants to ], whether ], ] or Gürkani Türks, further ], ], ], ], ], ], ] or ], were referred to as Mughal. The term was also used for later immigrants from ] and ], such as the famous ] community. | |||
| In North India, the term Mughal refers to one of the four social groups that are referred to as the ] in ], a number of tribal groupings such as the ] in ] and the ] and ] in ] claim ] ancestry. Sir Denzil Ibbetson, the eminent British student of Punjabi tribal structures, noted a tendency among many tribes of the ] and Upper ] of Northern Pakistan to claim Barlas Mughal ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|title=India: A History|author=John Keay|year=2000|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New Delhi|isbn=0-00-255717-7}}</ref> | |||
| ==Mughal Tribes== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ⚫ | == |
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| ===In Kashmir=== | |||
| The Mughal tribe in ] include ] and ]. The word Kamangar is derived from two Persian word Kam and Ghar which means Bow makers. As a community, they are in essence village artisans, who are now involved mainly in the manufacture of pots and pans. They were originally bow makers before the arrival of ] in the ].They Live mainly in the ], ] and ] districts of ]. The ] are one of the three major land-owning tribes in the Dhani country of ] in ]. Their lineage is connected with the Mughal Emperor ] in the 8th generation and showed their ancestor Kassar as a distant cousin of ].<ref>1881 census of Punjab </ref> | |||
| === In Hazara === | |||
| ] | |||
| The ] are a ] tribe living mostly in the ] area of ], ]. They form the majority of the population of Lassan Nawab union council.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Shahrukh Rafi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoowAAAAYAAJ&q=Tanoli |title=Initiating Devolution for Service Delivery in Pakistan: Ignoring the Power Structure |last2=Khan |first2=Foqia Sadiq |last3=Akhtar |first3=Aasim Sajjad |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547221-9 |language=en}}</ref> They have two major divisions, namely Palaal (پل آل) and Hindaal (ہند آل). Majority of the Tanolis today speak ]. The Princely states of ] and ] were ruled by the aTanolis for centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allen |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6mLH_rImHYC&pg=PT96 |title=Soldier Sahibs |date=2012-06-21 |publisher=John Murray Press |isbn=978-1-84854-720-9 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | == |
||
| === In North India === | === In North India === | ||
| The Mughals commonly use "Mirza" as their surname.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBOh24IJ9t8C&dq=mughal+caste&pg=PA71 | title= Indian Society, Institutions and Change |author= Rajendra K. Sharma | date= 2004 |page= 71 | publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Dist | isbn= 978-81-7156-665-5 }}</ref> They are also sometimes referred to as Chughtais or Chagatai Türks named after Chagatai Turkic language spoken by the Barlas and other Central Asian tribes. | |||
| In ], the term Mughal refers Gürkani Türk or ]. A single root family origin from Chagatai Türk named after ]. But one of the social groups that are Claim to as the Ashraaf.<ref>Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh (A Study of Culture Contact), Ghaus Ansari, Lucknow, 1960</ref>{{full|date=September 2018}} | |||
| ===In Uttar Pradesh=== | |||
| ] | |||
| In ] (UP), their main clans are the ]s, Gurkānī or ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. The Mughals of Uttar Pradesh belong to the Sunni sects, with the majority belonging to the Sunni Hanafi sect. Sunni Mughals are usually orthodox in their religious outlook. The Mughal of Awadh trace their entry into the region to the year 1750. The Mughal of UP are an endogamous community, marrying within their own community, or in communities of a similar status such as the Syeds, Shaikh (Siddiqui, Farooqui, Usmani, and Nomani etc.), Pathan, Shamsi, Kidwai and Muslim Rajput. Some of these group immigrated to Uttar Pradesh, India as early as 1200 AD during the Delhi Sultanate. The rural Mughals are farmers, and many own orchards, especially mango orchards, while in towns they are engaged in trade, handicrafts. Carpet weaving is an activity particularly associated with the UP Mughals. | |||
| === |
==== In Uttar Pradesh ==== | ||
| The Sambhal, who claim Turkic descent, identify as a Biradari, literally translating to "brotherhood", which is the word used for a social unit based on kinship such as tribe or clan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umNgDwAAQBAJ&dq=biradari+tribe&pg=PT93 |title=Forging the Ideal Educated Girl:The Production of Desirable Subjects in Muslim South Asia |author= Shenila Khoja-Moolji |date=2018 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-97053-3 }}</ref> The chief of the Biradari is the "Sardar", who is usually an elder man annually elected as the greatest man in the Biradari. Decisions on important matters are taken only after consulting the Biradari, and once taken binding on every member.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.25924/page/n573/mode/2up |title=Agriculture and Live Stock In India Vol-viii |author=Khan Amanat |date=1938 |page=485 |publisher=The Imperial Council Agriculture Research}}</ref> | |||
| The ]s or Gurkanis or Mughals live in northern India, mainly in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] in UP. They also are in ], ], ] and ] in ], ], ] in ].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} | |||
| ====Gujarat==== | |||
| The community had traditionally served as soldiers in the armies of the various |
The community had traditionally served as soldiers in the armies of the various Indo-Muslim dynasties which ruled the ]. They were and still are a community of small to medium-sized farmers. A good many are also traders. Like other ]s, they have a caste association known as the Jamat, which acts both as a welfare organization and an instrument of social control.<ref>People of India Gujarat Volume XXI Part Three edited by R.B Lal, P.B.S.V Padmanabham, G Krishnan & M Azeez Mohideen pages 1394-1399</ref> In North India, the term Mughal refers as Gürkani or ]. | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
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Latest revision as of 21:00, 11 January 2025
Group of clans of North India and Pakistan For the people of Central Asia, see Moghol people. Ethnic group Mirza Aqil Hussain Barlas | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Languages | |
| Urdu, Punjabi, Bangla Persian (formerly) | |
| Religion | |
| Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Pakistani people, Indian people and Bangladeshi people |
The Mughals (also spelled Moghul or Mogul) is a Muslim corporate group from modern-day North India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. They claim to have descended from the various Central Asian Mongolic, and Turkic peoples that had historically settled in the Mughal India and mixed with the native Indian population. The term Mughal (or Moghul in Persian) literally means Mongol.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, Mughal people are mostly settled in the provinces of Azad Kashmir, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.They use surnames like Mirza, Baig, Khan, Chughtai and Sardar.
India
In North India
The Mughals commonly use "Mirza" as their surname. They are also sometimes referred to as Chughtais or Chagatai Türks named after Chagatai Turkic language spoken by the Barlas and other Central Asian tribes.
In Uttar Pradesh
The Sambhal, who claim Turkic descent, identify as a Biradari, literally translating to "brotherhood", which is the word used for a social unit based on kinship such as tribe or clan. The chief of the Biradari is the "Sardar", who is usually an elder man annually elected as the greatest man in the Biradari. Decisions on important matters are taken only after consulting the Biradari, and once taken binding on every member.
Gujarat
The community had traditionally served as soldiers in the armies of the various Indo-Muslim dynasties which ruled the Indian subcontinent. They were and still are a community of small to medium-sized farmers. A good many are also traders. Like other Gujarati Muslims, they have a caste association known as the Jamat, which acts both as a welfare organization and an instrument of social control. In North India, the term Mughal refers as Gürkani or Timurids.
See also
References
- ^ Levin, S. F. (2006). "Mughal". In Malik, Hafeez; Gankovsky, Yuri V. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-597735-6.
- Сабитов Ж. М., Баймуханов Н. Б. (2015). "Y-STR гаплотипы узбеков, уйгуров, таджиков, пуштунов, хазарейцев, моголов из базы данных Family Tree DNA". The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy (in Russian) (2): 22–23.
- Liz Wyse and Caroline Lucas (1997). Atlas Of World History. Scotland: Geddes & Grosset.
- Collins Compact Dictionary. Glasgow: HarperCollins. 2002. ISBN 0-00-710984-9.
- Rajendra K. Sharma (2004). Indian Society, Institutions and Change. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-7156-665-5.
- Shenila Khoja-Moolji (2018). Forging the Ideal Educated Girl:The Production of Desirable Subjects in Muslim South Asia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-97053-3.
- Khan Amanat (1938). Agriculture and Live Stock In India Vol-viii. The Imperial Council Agriculture Research. p. 485.
- People of India Gujarat Volume XXI Part Three edited by R.B Lal, P.B.S.V Padmanabham, G Krishnan & M Azeez Mohideen pages 1394-1399
| Mongolic peoples | |||||||||||
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| History | |||||||||||
| Proto-Mongols | |||||||||||
| Medieval tribes | |||||||||||
| Ethnic groups |
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| See also: Donghu and Xianbei · Turco-Mongol · Modern ethnic groups Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component. | |||||||||||
| Turco-Mongol | |
|---|---|
| States | |
| Related ethnic groups and clans | |
| Culture | |
| Origin is controversial. | |