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{{More citations needed|date=January 2013}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox political party {{Infobox political party
|name=Workers' Party of Marxist Unification | name = Workers' Party of Marxist Unification
|native_name=Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista | native_name = Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista
|native_name_lang=es | native_name_lang = es
|lang1=] | lang1 = ]
|name_lang1=Partit Obrer d'Unificació Marxista | name_lang1 = Partit Obrer d'Unificació Marxista
|logo=Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista flag.svg | flag = Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista flag.svg
| logo =
|colorcode=#EE0000
| colorcode = {{party color|POUM}}
|abbreviation=POUM | abbreviation = POUM
|leader=] <small>(1935–1936)</small><br/>] <small>(1936–1937)</small><br/>] <small>(1937–1939)</small><br/>] <small>(1947–1980)</small> | leader = ] <small>(1935–1936)</small><br/>] <small>(1936–1937)</small><br/>] <small>(1937–1939)</small><br/>] <small>(1947–1980)</small>
|founder=]<br/>] | founder = ]<br/>]
|founded=1935 | founded = 1935
|dissolved=1980 (unofficially) | dissolved = 1980 (unofficially)
|merger=]<br/>] | merger = ]<br/>]
|headquarters=Hotel Rivoli Rambla, ] | headquarters = Hotel Rivoli Rambla, ]
|newspaper=''La Batalla'' | newspaper = ''La Batalla''
|student_wing= | student_wing =
|youth_wing=] | youth_wing = ]
|womens_wing= | womens_wing =
|wing1_title= | wing1_title =
|wing1=
| wing1 =
|membership_year=1936 | membership_year = 1936
|membership=~30,000–70,000<ref name="spartacus-educational">{{cite web|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/SPpoum.htm|title=The Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM)|author= John Simkin|access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Homage 60">{{cite book|last=Orwell|first=George|author-link= George Orwell|others=introd. by ]|title=]|publisher=]|location=], ]|year=1980|page=|chapter=V|isbn=978-0-15-642117-1|oclc=9517765|quote=The figure for P.O.U.M. membership are given as: July 1936, 10,000; December 1936, 70,000; June 1937, 40,000.}}</ref> | membership = ~30,000–70,000<ref name="spartacus-educational">{{cite web|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/SPpoum.htm|title=The Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM)|author= John Simkin|access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Homage 60">{{cite book|last=Orwell|first=George|author-link= George Orwell|others=introd. by ]|title=]|publisher=]|location=], ]|year=1980|page=|chapter=V|isbn=978-0-15-642117-1|oclc=9517765|quote=The figure for P.O.U.M. membership are given as: July 1936, 10,000; December 1936, 70,000; June 1937, 40,000.}}</ref>
|ideology=]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>Factions:<br/>]<br/>] | ideology = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>'''Factions:'''<br/>]<br/>]
|position=] | position = ]
|national=]<br/>] | national = ]<br/>]
|international=] | international = ]
|colors=] | colors = ]
|slogan=
| slogan =
|anthem=
| anthem =
|country=Spain}} | country = Spain
⚫ The '''Workers' Party of Marxist Unification''' ({{lang-es|Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista, '''POUM'''}}; {{lang-ca|Partit Obrer d'Unificació Marxista}}) was a Spanish ] formed during the ] and mainly active around the ]. It was formed by the fusion of the ] ] ({{lang-es|Izquierda Comunista de España, ICE|links=no}}) and the ] (BOC, affiliated with the ]) against the will of ], with whom the former broke.
}}

⚫ The '''Workers' Party of Marxist Unification''' ({{langx|es|Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista}}, '''POUM'''; {{langx|ca|Partit Obrer d'Unificació Marxista}}, POUM) was a Spanish ] formed during the ] and mainly active around the ]. It was formed by the fusion of the ] ] ({{langx|es|Izquierda Comunista de España, ICE|links=no}}) and the ] (BOC, affiliated with the ]) against the will of ], with whom the former broke.
The writer ] served with the party's militia and witnessed the ] repression of the movement, which would help form his ] ideas in later life,<ref name="Homage P60">{{cite book|last=Orwell|first=George|author-link=George Orwell|others=introd. by ]|title=]|publisher=]|location=], ]|year=1980|page=|chapter=V|isbn=978-0-15-642117-1|oclc=9517765|quote=The figure for P.O.U.M. membership are given as: July 1936, 10,000; December 1936, 70,000; June 1937, 40,000.}}</ref> and motivated him to cooperate with the ] in ].


==Formation== ==Formation==
In 1935, POUM was formed as a communist opposition to the ] form of ] promoted by the ], by the revolutionaries ] and ]. Nin was heavily influenced by the thinking of ], particularly his ] thesis. It resulted from the merging of the Communist Party's ] (the ] ]) and the ] (the ]). This alliance was against the wishes of Trotsky, with whom the Communist Left of Spain broke. In 1935, POUM was formed as a communist opposition to the ] form of ] promoted by the ], by the revolutionaries ] and ]. Nin was heavily influenced by the thinking of ], particularly his ] thesis. It resulted from the merging of the Communist Party's ] (the ] ]) and the ] (the ]). This alliance was against the wishes of Trotsky, with whom the Communist Left of Spain broke. ], Trotsky would elaborate on his overall criticisms of the POUM such as their abandonment of the ] program in favour of reformism to retain tactical advantage among other political tendencies.<ref name="Pathfinder Press">{{cite book |last1=Trotsky |first1=Leon |title=The Spanish Revolution, 1931-39 |date=1973 |publisher=Pathfinder Press |isbn=978-0-87348-273-8 |pages=17–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BocizgEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>


==Position== ==Position==
] ]
]
⚫ The party grew larger than the official ] (PCE) both nationally and in the communist hotbeds of ] and the ], where the ] (PSUC) represented the PCE. The POUM was highly critical of the ] strategy advocated by ] and the ]; nevertheless, it participated in the ] initiated by ], leader of ]. The POUM attempted to implement some of its radical policies as part of the Popular Front government, but they were resisted by the more centrist factions.


⚫ The party grew larger than the official ] (PCE) both nationally and in the communist hotbeds of ] and the ], where the ] (PSUC) represented the PCE. The POUM was highly critical of the ] strategy advocated by ] and the ] (Comintern); nevertheless, it participated in the ] initiated by ], leader of ]. The POUM attempted to implement some of its radical policies as part of the Popular Front government, but they were resisted by the more centrist factions.
⚫ ], who fought alongside the POUM in the civil war, reports that its membership was roughly 10,000 in July 1936, 70,000 in December 1936, and 40,000 in June 1937, although he notes that the numbers are from POUM sources and are probably exaggerated.<ref name="Homage P60"/>

⚫ ], who fought alongside the POUM in the civil war, reports that its membership was roughly 10,000 in July 1936, 70,000 in December 1936, and 40,000 in June 1937, although he notes that the numbers are from POUM sources and are probably exaggerated.<ref name="Homage 60" />


==Conflict with the PCE and PSUC== ==Conflict with the PCE and PSUC==
The POUM's independent communist position, including opposition to Stalin, caused huge ruptures with the PCE, which remained fiercely loyal to the Comintern. Moreover, these divisions, which included accusations of Trotskyism (and even ]) by the Communists, resulted in actual fighting between their supporters; most notably, in 1937, a primarily Communist coalition of government forces attacked the POUM during the ] ]. While the larger ] (National Confederation of Labour, CNT) supported the POUM at first, the moderate leadership of the CNT dropped its support after it joined the government. Radical elements within the anarchist movement however fought side by side in the streets of Barcelona during the May Days and were isolated as well, like the ]. The POUM, along with the purely Trotskyist Seccion Bolshevik-Leninista, became isolated, and both organizations were driven underground. Nin was detained and presumably tortured to death by ] agents in ], Nin and his party were consistently labeled as ] in Stalinist ]. The POUM's independent communist position, including opposition to Stalin, caused huge ruptures with the PCE, which remained fiercely loyal to the Comintern. Moreover, these divisions, which included accusations of Trotskyism (and even ]) by the communists, resulted in actual fighting between their supporters; most notably, in 1937, a primarily communist coalition of government forces attacked the POUM during the ] ]. While the larger ] (National Confederation of Labour, CNT) supported the POUM at first, the moderate leadership of the CNT dropped its support after it joined the government. Radical elements within the anarchist movement however fought side by side in the streets of Barcelona during the May Days and were isolated as well, like the ]. The POUM, along with the purely Trotskyist Seccion Bolshevik-Leninista, became isolated, and both organizations were driven underground. Nin was detained and presumably tortured to death by ] agents in ], Nin and his party were consistently labeled as ] in Stalinist ].


==International links== ==International links==
The POUM was a member of the ] of socialist and ] parties that rejected both the ] of the ] and the pro-Moscow orientation of the ]. Other members included the ] in Britain, the ] (PSOP) in France, and ]. Its youth wing was affiliated to the ], through which it recruited the ] in the Civil War. Foreign supporters of POUM during the Civil War included ]. The POUM was a member of the ] of socialist and ] parties that rejected both the ] of the ] and the pro-Moscow orientation of the Comintern. Other members included the ] in Britain, the ] (PSOP) in France, and ]. Its youth wing was affiliated to the ], through which it recruited the ] in the Civil War. Foreign supporters of POUM during the Civil War included ].


==Transition era== ==Transition era==
During the ], the POUM was legalized in 1977. This led to a split in the party, with one faction opposing formal legalization, calling for a boycott of the ] and demanding the immediate restoration of the republic. The legalized party participated in the election as part of the ] (FUT), a coalition of parties and organisations to the left of the PCE which won 0.22% of the nationwide vote. The election result led to a crisis for the POUM as well as for most parties to the left of the PCE, from which it was not able to recover.<ref>Pelai Pagès, . Retrieved 15 January 2016</ref> During the ], the POUM was legalized in 1977. This led to a split in the party, with one faction opposing formal legalization, calling for a boycott of the ] and demanding the immediate restoration of the republic. The legalized party participated in the election as part of the ] (FUT), a coalition of parties and organisations to the left of the PCE which won 0.22% of the nationwide vote. The election result led to a crisis for the POUM as well as for most parties to the left of the PCE, from which it was not able to recover.<ref>Pelai Pagès, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609170428/http://www.fundanin.org/pelai1.htm|date=2023-06-09}}. Retrieved 15 January 2016</ref>


The POUM continued to exist as a small party with an office in Barcelona and a monthly newspaper, ''La Batalla'', calling for cooperation among the various far-left parties, but an attempted merger with ] and the Collective for Marxist Unification failed during a "Unification Congress" in 1978. After this setback, the POUM decided not to participate in the ]. POUM branches in several cities became part of local coalitions and unification attempts with various far-left groups. In 1980, the POUM made its last electoral efforts, supporting ] in the Basque country and participating in the ] (BEAN - Unitat Popular) coalition in the Catalan parliamentary election, but the party was disintegrating. ''La Batalla'' ceased publication in May 1980, marking the end of the POUM as an organized party, though it was never officially dissolved. As a last remnant, the ] branch remained active until 1981. The POUM continued to exist as a small party with an office in Barcelona and a monthly newspaper, ''La Batalla'', calling for cooperation among the various far-left parties, but an attempted merger with ] and the Collective for Marxist Unification failed during a "Unification Congress" in 1978. After this setback, the POUM decided not to participate in the ]. POUM branches in several cities became part of local coalitions and unification attempts with various far-left groups. In 1980, the POUM made its last electoral efforts, supporting ] in the Basque country and participating in the ] (BEAN - Unitat Popular) coalition in the Catalan parliamentary election, but the party was disintegrating. ''La Batalla'' ceased publication in May 1980, marking the end of the POUM as an organized party, though it was never officially dissolved. As a last remnant, the ] branch remained active until 1981. Former members of the POUM formed the Fundación Andreu Nin (Andreu Nin Foundation) to preserve the heritage of their party and ideological current.
Former members of the POUM formed the Fundación Andreu Nin (Andreu Nin Foundation) to preserve the heritage of their party and ideological current.


==Cultural references== ==Cultural references==
] author ] fought alongside ] of the ] as part of POUM militias;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/04/18/the-americans-soldiers-of-the-spanish-civil-war|title=The American Soldiers of the Spanish Civil War|last=Crain|first=Caleb|magazine=The New Yorker|date=2016-04-11|access-date=2019-11-27|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> he recounted the experience in his book ''].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/SPrussia.htm|title=Soviet Union and the Spanish Civil War|website=Spartacus Educational|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> Likewise, the film '']'', directed by ], tells of a group of POUM soldiers fighting in the war from the perspective of a member of the ]. In particular, the film deals with his disillusionment with the ]'s policies in the war. ] author ] fought alongside members of the ] as part of POUM militias;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/04/18/the-americans-soldiers-of-the-spanish-civil-war|title=The American Soldiers of the Spanish Civil War|last=Crain|first=Caleb|magazine=The New Yorker|date=2016-04-11|access-date=2019-11-27|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> he recounted the experience in his book ''].''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/SPrussia.htm|title=Soviet Union and the Spanish Civil War|website=Spartacus Educational|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> Likewise, the film '']'', directed by ], tells of a group of POUM soldiers fighting in the war from the perspective of a member of the ] who initially fought for the POUM before he later joined his CPGB comrades in the ]. In particular, the film goes on to deal with his disillusionment with the ]'s policies in the war while he was fighting with the International Brigades, after which he decided to return to his POUM comrades shortly before the POUM's June 1937 suppression.


The POUM is briefly mentioned in ]'s science fiction novel '']'' as a militia where "(y)ou obeyed an order only after it had been explained in detail; you could refuse if it didn't make sense."<ref name="forever_war">{{cite book|last=Haldeman|first=Joe|title=The Forever War|year=1974|publisher=Avon Books|location=New York|isbn=0-380-70821-3|edition=First Avon Books Printing: May, 1991.|page=209}}</ref> The POUM is briefly mentioned in ]'s science fiction novel '']'' as a militia where "(y)ou obeyed an order only after it had been explained in detail; you could refuse if it didn't make sense."<ref name="forever_war">{{cite book|last=Haldeman|first=Joe|title=The Forever War|year=1974|publisher=Avon Books|location=New York|isbn=0-380-70821-3|edition=First Avon Books Printing: May, 1991.|page=209}}</ref>
Line 64: Line 65:
] dedicates ''Midnight in the Century'' to Andreu Nin and other slain leaders of the POUM. ] dedicates ''Midnight in the Century'' to Andreu Nin and other slain leaders of the POUM.


Discussion of POUM in Hemingway's '']'' (Collier edition, p.&nbsp;247). Discussion of POUM in Hemingway's '']'' (Collier edition, p. 247).


In ]'s novel "Hermanos!", the American communist protagonist comes to Spain in order to fight Fascism, but gets diverted into hunting down members of POUM. The POUM activists which the protagonist tortures and executes are depicted very sympathetically, shown bravely defiant and sticking to their positions to the bitter end - eventually causing the protagonist to undergo a crisis of conscience, break with the Party and become a dissident himself.
⚫ Ian Fleming's '']'' (Signet edition, p.&nbsp;50) states that Rosa Klebb infiltrated the POUM and may have murdered Andrés Nin Pérez.


⚫ Ian Fleming's '']'' (Signet edition, p. 50) states that Rosa Klebb infiltrated the POUM and may have murdered Andrés Nin Pérez.
⚫ In ]'s prize winning novel, '']'', there's a fictional newspaper account detailing the actual battles between the POUM and the Stalin-backed Communists in Barcelona; the title of the newspaper article is ''Red Vendetta in Barcelona'' and mentions the purges against the POUM by Stalinist Communists "well armed by Russia".

⚫ In ]'s prize-winning novel, '']'', a fictional newspaper account details the actual battles between the POUM and the Stalin-backed communists in Barcelona; the title of the newspaper article is ''Red Vendetta in Barcelona'' and mentions the purges against the POUM by Stalinist communists "well armed by Russia".


==See also== ==See also==
*] * ]
* ]
*'']'' - ]'s book about his time with the POUM * '']'' - ]'s book about his time with the POUM
⚫ *]
* ]
⚫ *'']'' - ]'s movie about a story of POUM's militants
⚫ * ]
⚫ *'']'' - ]' novel about Trotsky's murderer
⚫ * '']'' - ]'s movie about a story of POUM's militants
⚫ * '']'' - ]' novel about Trotsky's murderer


==Footnotes== ==Footnotes==
Line 81: Line 86:


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
*J.R. Campbell, ''Spain's 'Left' Critics.'' London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1937. * J. R. Campbell, ''Spain's 'Left' Critics''. London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1937.
*], Excerpt from ''Yo Fui un Ministro de Stalin.'' Mexico City: G. del Toro, Mexico, 1974. * ], . {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108201144/http://www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/Pages/Pamph/NKVD.html|date=2017-11-08}} Excerpt from ''Yo Fui un Ministro de Stalin''. Mexico City: G. del Toro, Mexico, 1974.
*Alan Sennett, ''Revolutionary Marxism in Spain, 1930–1937.'' Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015. * Alan Sennett, ''Revolutionary Marxism in Spain, 1930–1937''. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015.
*], Leeds: Independent Labour Party, 1974. * ], . Leeds: Independent Labour Party, 1974.
*], Stephen Schwarz. ''Spanish Marxism and Soviet Communism, A History of the POUM in the Spanish Civil War'', 2009. * ], Stephen Schwarz. , 2009.


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commonscat|Partit Obrer d'Unificació Marxista}} {{Commonscat|Partit Obrer d'Unificació Marxista}}
*, <small>(Spanish)</small> * , <small>(Spanish)</small>
⚫ * ]. <small>—Collection of more than 13,000 pages of documents from the archives of the British ].</small>
⚫ *
* at ]
⚫ * ]. <small>—Collection of more than 13,000 pages of documents from the archives of the British ].</small>
* at ] * at ]
* at "La Bataille socialiste"
⚫ *

{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:POUM}} {{DEFAULTSORT:POUM}}
] ]

Latest revision as of 15:11, 28 December 2024

Far-left political party in Spain from 1935 to 1980
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Workers' Party of Marxist Unification Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista
Catalan namePartit Obrer d'Unificació Marxista
AbbreviationPOUM
LeaderJoaquín Maurín (1935–1936)
Andreu Nin (1936–1937)
Julián Gorkin (1937–1939)
Wilebaldo Solano (1947–1980)
FounderJoaquín Maurín
Andreu Nin
Founded1935
Dissolved1980 (unofficially)
Merger ofCommunist Left of Spain
Workers and Peasants' Bloc
HeadquartersHotel Rivoli Rambla, Barcelona
NewspaperLa Batalla
Youth wingIberian Communist Youth
Membership (1936)~30,000–70,000
IdeologyCommunism
Socialism
Marxism
Centrist Marxism
Impossibilism
Anti-Stalinism
Factions:
Libertarian socialism
Trotskyism
Political positionFar-left
National affiliationPopular Front
Left Bloc for National Liberation
International affiliationInternational Revolutionary Marxist Centre
ColorsRed
Party flag

The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (Spanish: Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista, POUM; Catalan: Partit Obrer d'Unificació Marxista, POUM) was a Spanish communist party formed during the Second Republic and mainly active around the Spanish Civil War. It was formed by the fusion of the Trotskyist Communist Left of Spain (Spanish: Izquierda Comunista de España, ICE) and the Workers and Peasants' Bloc (BOC, affiliated with the Right Opposition) against the will of Leon Trotsky, with whom the former broke.

Formation

In 1935, POUM was formed as a communist opposition to the Stalinist form of communism promoted by the Soviet Union, by the revolutionaries Andreu Nin and Joaquín Maurín. Nin was heavily influenced by the thinking of Leon Trotsky, particularly his permanent revolution thesis. It resulted from the merging of the Communist Party's Left Opposition (the Trotskyist Communist Left of Spain) and the Right Opposition (the Workers and Peasants' Bloc). This alliance was against the wishes of Trotsky, with whom the Communist Left of Spain broke. In his writings on the Spanish Revolution, Trotsky would elaborate on his overall criticisms of the POUM such as their abandonment of the Left Opposition program in favour of reformism to retain tactical advantage among other political tendencies.

Position

A c. 1936 POUM poster appeals to workers: "Obreros ¡A la victoria!" ("Workers: to Victory!").
A POUM militiaman at rest

The party grew larger than the official Communist Party of Spain (PCE) both nationally and in the communist hotbeds of Catalonia and the Valencian Country, where the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) represented the PCE. The POUM was highly critical of the popular front strategy advocated by Joseph Stalin and the Communist International (Comintern); nevertheless, it participated in the Spanish Popular Front initiated by Manuel Azaña, leader of Acción Republicana. The POUM attempted to implement some of its radical policies as part of the Popular Front government, but they were resisted by the more centrist factions.

George Orwell, who fought alongside the POUM in the civil war, reports that its membership was roughly 10,000 in July 1936, 70,000 in December 1936, and 40,000 in June 1937, although he notes that the numbers are from POUM sources and are probably exaggerated.

Conflict with the PCE and PSUC

The POUM's independent communist position, including opposition to Stalin, caused huge ruptures with the PCE, which remained fiercely loyal to the Comintern. Moreover, these divisions, which included accusations of Trotskyism (and even fascism) by the communists, resulted in actual fighting between their supporters; most notably, in 1937, a primarily communist coalition of government forces attacked the POUM during the Barcelona May Days. While the larger Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour, CNT) supported the POUM at first, the moderate leadership of the CNT dropped its support after it joined the government. Radical elements within the anarchist movement however fought side by side in the streets of Barcelona during the May Days and were isolated as well, like the Friends of Durruti. The POUM, along with the purely Trotskyist Seccion Bolshevik-Leninista, became isolated, and both organizations were driven underground. Nin was detained and presumably tortured to death by NKVD agents in Alcalá de Henares, Nin and his party were consistently labeled as provocateurs in Stalinist propaganda.

International links

The POUM was a member of the London Bureau of socialist and centrist Marxist parties that rejected both the reformism of the Second International and the pro-Moscow orientation of the Comintern. Other members included the Independent Labour Party in Britain, the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party (PSOP) in France, and Poale Zion. Its youth wing was affiliated to the International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations, through which it recruited the ILP Contingent in the Civil War. Foreign supporters of POUM during the Civil War included Lois Orr.

Transition era

During the Spanish transition to democracy, the POUM was legalized in 1977. This led to a split in the party, with one faction opposing formal legalization, calling for a boycott of the 1977 general election and demanding the immediate restoration of the republic. The legalized party participated in the election as part of the Front for Workers' Unity (FUT), a coalition of parties and organisations to the left of the PCE which won 0.22% of the nationwide vote. The election result led to a crisis for the POUM as well as for most parties to the left of the PCE, from which it was not able to recover.

The POUM continued to exist as a small party with an office in Barcelona and a monthly newspaper, La Batalla, calling for cooperation among the various far-left parties, but an attempted merger with Communist Action and the Collective for Marxist Unification failed during a "Unification Congress" in 1978. After this setback, the POUM decided not to participate in the 1979 elections. POUM branches in several cities became part of local coalitions and unification attempts with various far-left groups. In 1980, the POUM made its last electoral efforts, supporting Herri Batasuna in the Basque country and participating in the Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN - Unitat Popular) coalition in the Catalan parliamentary election, but the party was disintegrating. La Batalla ceased publication in May 1980, marking the end of the POUM as an organized party, though it was never officially dissolved. As a last remnant, the Valencia branch remained active until 1981. Former members of the POUM formed the Fundación Andreu Nin (Andreu Nin Foundation) to preserve the heritage of their party and ideological current.

Cultural references

British author George Orwell fought alongside members of the Independent Labour Party as part of POUM militias; he recounted the experience in his book Homage to Catalonia. Likewise, the film Land and Freedom, directed by Ken Loach, tells of a group of POUM soldiers fighting in the war from the perspective of a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain who initially fought for the POUM before he later joined his CPGB comrades in the International Brigades. In particular, the film goes on to deal with his disillusionment with the Soviet Union's policies in the war while he was fighting with the International Brigades, after which he decided to return to his POUM comrades shortly before the POUM's June 1937 suppression.

The POUM is briefly mentioned in Joe Haldeman's science fiction novel The Forever War as a militia where "(y)ou obeyed an order only after it had been explained in detail; you could refuse if it didn't make sense."

Victor Serge dedicates Midnight in the Century to Andreu Nin and other slain leaders of the POUM.

Discussion of POUM in Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls (Collier edition, p. 247).

In William Herrick's novel "Hermanos!", the American communist protagonist comes to Spain in order to fight Fascism, but gets diverted into hunting down members of POUM. The POUM activists which the protagonist tortures and executes are depicted very sympathetically, shown bravely defiant and sticking to their positions to the bitter end - eventually causing the protagonist to undergo a crisis of conscience, break with the Party and become a dissident himself.

Ian Fleming's From Russia with Love (Signet edition, p. 50) states that Rosa Klebb infiltrated the POUM and may have murdered Andrés Nin Pérez.

In Margaret Atwood's prize-winning novel, The Blind Assassin, a fictional newspaper account details the actual battles between the POUM and the Stalin-backed communists in Barcelona; the title of the newspaper article is Red Vendetta in Barcelona and mentions the purges against the POUM by Stalinist communists "well armed by Russia".

See also

Footnotes

  1. John Simkin. "The Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM)". Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  2. ^ Orwell, George (1980). "V". Homage to Catalonia. introd. by Lionel Trilling. New York, New York: Harcourt Brace & Company. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-15-642117-1. OCLC 9517765. The figure for P.O.U.M. membership are given as: July 1936, 10,000; December 1936, 70,000; June 1937, 40,000.
  3. Trotsky, Leon (1973). The Spanish Revolution, 1931-39. Pathfinder Press. pp. 17–52. ISBN 978-0-87348-273-8.
  4. Pelai Pagès, El POUM durant la transició democràtica (1974–1981) Archived 2023-06-09 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 January 2016
  5. Crain, Caleb (2016-04-11). "The American Soldiers of the Spanish Civil War". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  6. "Soviet Union and the Spanish Civil War". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  7. Haldeman, Joe (1974). The Forever War (First Avon Books Printing: May, 1991. ed.). New York: Avon Books. p. 209. ISBN 0-380-70821-3.

Further reading

External links

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