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{{short description|Small near-Earth asteroid}} {{Short description|Small near-Earth asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|2023 DZ|2}}}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|2023 DZ|2}}}}
{{Infobox planet {{Infobox planet
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| name = {{mp|2023 DZ|2}} | name = {{mp|2023 DZ|2}}
| background = #FFC2E0 | background = #FFC2E0
| image = 2023 DZ2.jpg | image = Goldstone Radar Images of Asteroid 2023 DZ2.gif
| caption = ] ] images of asteroid {{mp|2023 DZ|2}}<br/>taken 25&nbsp;March 2023.
| image_size = 300
| caption = Stacked image of {{mp|2023 DZ|2}} from 52 60-second photos taken remotely on March 21, 2023, at Abbey Ridge Observatory (Canada).
| discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="MPEC-2023DZ2" /> | discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="MPEC-2023DZ2" />
| discovered = 27 February 2023 | discovered = 27 February 2023
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| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /> | orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| epoch = 25 February 2023 (] 2460000.5) | epoch = 25 February 2023 (] 2460000.5)
| uncertainty = 5 | uncertainty = 1
| observation_arc = 68 days<ref name="jpldata" /> | observation_arc = 72 days (includes highly precise radar observations)<ref name="jpldata" />
| earliest_precovery_date = 14 January 2023 | earliest_precovery_date = 14 January 2023
| aphelion = {{val|3.317|0.0007|ul=AU}} | aphelion = {{val|3.317|0.0002|ul=AU}}
| perihelion = {{val|0.99388|u=AU}} | perihelion = {{val|0.99388|u=AU}}
| time_periastron = 2023-Apr-04<ref name="Perihelion"/> | time_periastron = 2023-Apr-04<ref name="Perihelion"/>
| semimajor = {{val|2.156|0.0005|u=AU}} | semimajor = {{val|2.155|0.0001|u=AU}}
| eccentricity = {{val|0.5389|0.0001}} | eccentricity = {{val|0.5389|0.00003}}
| period = {{val|3.165|0.001}} ]<br/>({{val|1156|0.4|fmt=commas}} days) | period = {{val|3.165|0.0003}} ]<br/>({{val|1156|0.1|fmt=commas}} days)
| mean_anomaly = {{val|348.67|0.004|ul=°}} | mean_anomaly = {{val|348.67|0.001|ul=°}}
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.3106|0.0011|sup=ms}} / day | mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.3106|0.0011|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = {{val|0.08144|0.00001|u=°}} | inclination = {{val|0.08143|u=°}}
| asc_node = {{val|187.91|0.004|u=°}} | asc_node = {{val|187.91|0.0005|u=°}}
| arg_peri = {{val|5.96|0.003|u=°}} | arg_peri = {{val|5.96|0.0005|u=°}}
| moid = {{Convert|0.000048|AU|e3km LD|abbr=unit}} | moid = {{Convert|0.000048|AU|e3km LD|abbr=unit}}
| dimensions = {{Ubl | dimensions = {{Ubl
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| ≈{{convert|54|m|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}<ref name=Sentry65/> | ≈{{convert|54|m|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}<ref name=Sentry65/>
}} }}
| abs_magnitude = {{val|24.1|0.4|u=mag}}<ref name="jpldata" /> | abs_magnitude = {{val|24.2|0.4|u=mag}}<ref name="jpldata" />
| magnitude = 9.9 (at closest approach 2023)<ref name=Observing2023/> | magnitude = 10.1 (at closest approach 2023)<ref name=Observing2023/>
|rotation={{convert|0.105|hours|minutes}}<ref name="Goldstone"/> | rotation = {{convert|0.105|hours|minutes}}<ref name="Goldstone"/>
}} }}


'''{{mp|2023 DZ|2}}''' is an ] roughly 70 meters in diameter, classified as a ] of the ], and originally a Virtual Impactor (VI). It was first observed on 27 February 2023, when it was {{Convert|0.11|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}} from Earth, with the ] by Dr. ], Freya Barwell, and Kiran Jhass (] and ] student support astronomers) within the ] project.<ref name="MPEC-2023DZ2" /> It will pass {{cvt|174641 ± 30|km|mi}} of ] on March 25, 2023.<ref name=jpldata /> This is a little less than half the distance to the ]. This will be the largest asteroid to approach this close since ].<ref name="Goldstone"/> On March 21, 2023 with a 66-day observation arc, it was removed from the ].<ref name=removed/> '''{{mp|2023 DZ|2}}''' is an ] roughly 70 meters in diameter, classified as a ] of the ], and originally a ] (VI). It was first observed on 27 February 2023, when it was {{Convert|0.11|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}} from Earth, with the ] by ], Freya Barwell, and Kiran Jhass (] and ] student support astronomers) within the ] project.<ref name="MPEC-2023DZ2" /> It passed {{cvt|174644 ± 0.9|km|mi}} of ] on March 25, 2023.<ref name=jpldata /> This is a little less than half the distance to the ]. This was the largest asteroid to approach this close since ].<ref name="Goldstone"/> On March 21, 2023 with a 66-day observation arc, it was removed from the ].<ref name=removed/> Due to the highly precise ] on 25 March 2023 we know that the 2004 Earth approach was closer than the 2023 approach.<ref name=jpldata/>


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;" {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;"
|+2023 DZ2 Earth approach on March 25, 2023 |+2023 DZ2 Earth approaches for 2004, 2023, 2026
! Date & time ! Date & time
! ] distance ! ] distance
! uncertainty<br />region<br />(]) ! uncertainty<br />region<br />(])
|- |-
|2023-Mar-25 19:49<ref name=Extreme2023/>{{efn|name=impact2023}} || {{val|174641|u=km}}<ref name=jpldata/> || {{Nowrap|± 30 km}}<ref name=Horizons2023/> |2004-Apr-18 23:57 ± 22 minutes || {{val|129737|u=km}}<ref name=jpldata/> || {{Nowrap|± 3000 km}}<ref name=Horizons2004/>
|-
|2023-Mar-25 19:49<ref name=Extreme2023/>{{efn|name=impact2023}} || {{val|174644|u=km}}<ref name=jpldata/> || {{Nowrap|± 0.9 km}}<ref name=Horizons2023/>
|-
|2026-Apr-04 02:01 ± 2 minutes || {{val|1012259|u=km}}<ref name=jpldata/> || {{Nowrap|± 120 km}}<ref name=Horizons2026CA/>
|} |}


The 2023 approach will be visible to ] with modest telescopes and telescopes equipped with an ]. From 20–24 March 2023 it will be visible in the constellation of ].<ref name=Observing2023/> At about 17:20 UT on the 25th the asteroid will brighten to about ] 9.9<ref name=Observing2023/>{{efn|name=opposition}} while over ], and may be visible in 10×50 ]. But for many locations the asteroid will not get brighter than magnitude 12 before setting and will be out of the reach of binoculars. The 2023 approach was visible to ] with modest telescopes and telescopes equipped with an ]. From 20–24 March 2023 it was visible in the constellation of ].<ref name=Observing2023/> At about 17:20 UT on the 25th the asteroid brightened to about ] 10.1<ref name=Observing2023/>{{efn|name=opposition}} while over ], and might have been visible to advanced observers using 10×50 ].{{efn|name=reality}} But for many locations the asteroid did not get brighter than magnitude 12 before setting and was out of the reach of binoculars.


== Identification == == Identification ==
The discovery was carried out within the (Data-parallel detection of Solar System objects and space debris) project that is sponsored by in ] and led by Dr. Marcel Popescu. The new NEA was identified by Prof. Costin Boldea and by the STU ParaSOL software pipeline developed by the amateur astronomer Malin Stanescu. Other members of the EURONEAR collaboration who participated in the data analysis were Dr. Marian Predatu, and the amateur astronomers Lucian Curelaru and Daniel Bertesteanu. The discovery was carried out within the (Data-parallel detection of Solar System objects and space debris) project that is sponsored by in ] and led by Marcel Popescu. The new NEA was identified by Costin Boldea and by the STU ParaSOL software pipeline developed by the amateur astronomer Malin Stanescu. Other members of the EURONEAR collaboration who participated in the data analysis were Marian Predatu, and the amateur astronomers Lucian Curelaru and Daniel Bertesteanu.


== Description == == Description ==
{{mp|2023 DZ|2}} is approximately {{convert|40-90|m|ft|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter.<ref name=CNEOS-CA/> With an estimated ] of about 6 minutes and a ] amplitude of 0.57 magnitudes, the object is suspected of being elongated in shape.<ref name="Goldstone"/> {{mp|2023 DZ|2}} is approximately {{convert|40-90|m|ft|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter.<ref name=CNEOS-CA/> With an estimated ] of about 6 minutes and a ] amplitude of 0.57 magnitudes, the object is suspected of being elongated in shape.<ref name="Goldstone"/><ref name="study01"/>


The visible ] of {{mp|2023 DZ|2}} is consistent with that of an ].<ref name="study01"/> Being a fast rotator and part of the X-complex, it is highly unlikely to have a carbonaceous-like composition linked to a dark ] so the size could be in the range 33 to 55 m.<ref name="study01"/>
Before the Earth approach, it follows a rather eccentric (0.54), low-inclination (0.08°) orbit of 3.16 years duration, ranging between 0.99 and 3.32 ] from the ].<ref name="jpldata"/> It passes Earth on 25 March 2023<ref name="jpldata" /> which reduces the ] to {{Convert|1098.4|days|years}}.<ref name="April25-epoch"/> It then comes to ] (closest approach to the Sun) on 4 April 2023.<ref name="Perihelion"/>

Before the Earth approach, it follows a rather eccentric (0.54), low-inclination (0.08°) orbit of 3.16 years duration, ranging between 0.99 and 3.32 ] from the ].<ref name="jpldata"/> It passed Earth on 25 March 2023<ref name="jpldata" /> which reduces the ] to {{Convert|1098.4|days|years}}.<ref name="April25-epoch"/> It came to ] (closest approach to the Sun) on 4 April 2023.<ref name="Perihelion"/> Earth is in no short-term danger of having a collision with {{mp|2023 DZ|2}} thanks to a near ] with Jupiter.<ref name="study01"/>


== Ruled-out virtual impactors == == Ruled-out virtual impactors ==
On 18 March 2023 when the asteroid had an observation arc of 63 days, virtual clones of the asteroid that fit the uncertainty region in the known trajectory showed a 1-in-430 chance that the asteroid could ] Earth on 27 March 2026.<ref name=Sentry63/> Three days later with a 66-day observation arc it was removed from the Sentry Risk Table.<ref name=removed/> It is now known that the ] approach (line of variation) has the asteroid {{Convert|0.030|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}} {{Nowrap|± 1 million km}} from Earth at the time of the potential impact on 27 March 2026.<ref name=Horizons2026/> The asteroid will safely approach Earth around 3 April 2026, a week after the potential impact scenario.<ref name=esa-ca/> It was estimated that an impact would produce an upper atmosphere air burst equivalent to 4.5 ] (19 PJ),<ref name=Sentry65/> roughly equal to 214 of the ] warhead dropped on Nagasaki. On 18 March 2023 when the asteroid had an observation arc of 63 days, virtual clones of the asteroid that fit the uncertainty region in the known trajectory showed a 1-in-430 chance that the asteroid could ] Earth on 27 March 2026.<ref name=Sentry63/> Three days later with a 66-day observation arc it was removed from the ].<ref name=removed/> It is now known that the ] approach (line of variation) has the asteroid {{Convert|0.032|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|lk=on}} {{Nowrap|± 900 km}} from Earth at the time of the potential impact on 27 March 2026.<ref name=Horizons2026/> The asteroid will safely approach Earth on 4 April 2026, a week after the potential impact scenario.<ref name=jpldata/> It was estimated that an impact would produce an upper atmosphere air burst equivalent to 4.5 ] (19 PJ),<ref name=Sentry65/> roughly equal to 214 of the ] warhead dropped on Nagasaki, or a little over a third of the ].

{{external media
|video1 =
|video2 =
}}


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;" {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;"
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The early May 2029 approach is not an impact threat as the orbits only intersect in late March.<ref name=Sentry1/> The early May 2029 approach is not an impact threat as the orbits only intersect in late March.<ref name=Sentry1/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="300" heights="240">
File:2023 DZ2.jpg|Stacked image of {{mp|2023 DZ|2}} from 52 60-second photos taken remotely on March 21, 2023, at Abbey Ridge Observatory (Canada).
File:2023DZ2-unistellar.png|right|{{mp|2023 DZ|2}} imaged with a ] 112mm telescope under the light pollution of Sacramento, CA on 24 March 2023.
</gallery>


== Notes == == Notes ==
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{{efn|name=opposition|The asteroid is brightest ~2 hours before closest approach due to the ] that causes a brightening of the object.}} {{efn|name=opposition|The asteroid is brightest ~2 hours before closest approach due to the ] that causes a brightening of the object.}}

{{efn|name=reality|Inexperienced observers could easily get confused by an ] that will look like a star steadily moving across the sky for a few minutes.}}


}} <!-- end of notelist --> }} <!-- end of notelist -->
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<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web <ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2023-03-22 last obs. |type = 2023-03-27 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2023 DZ2) |title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2023 DZ2)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=2023%20DZ2&view=OPC |url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=2023%20DZ2&view=OPC
|publisher = ] |publisher = ]
|archive-url= https://archive.is/EoIcA |archive-url= https://archive.today/20230316232529/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html%23/?sstr=2023%20DZ2&view=OPC
|archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-16
|url-status = live |url-status = live
|accessdate = 23 March 2023}}</ref> |accessdate = 28 March 2023}}</ref>


<ref name="MPEC-2023DZ2">{{cite web <ref name="MPEC-2023DZ2">{{cite web
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|publisher=NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office |publisher=NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office
|url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/removed.html |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/removed.html
|archive-url=https://archive.ph/SPKxg |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230321203827/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/removed.html
|archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-date=2023-03-21
|url-status=live }}</ref> |url-status=live }}</ref>


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|publisher=NASA JPL ] |publisher=NASA JPL ]
|url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/ |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/
|archive-url=https://archive.ph/Er5LG |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230325102706/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/
|archive-date=2023-03-17 |archive-date=2023-03-25
|url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=esa-ca>{{cite web
|title=ESA: 2023DZ2 Close Approaches
|publisher=] near-earth objects coordination centre
|url=https://neo.ssa.esa.int/search-for-asteroids?tab=closeapp&des=2023DZ2
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317215839/https://neo.ssa.esa.int/search-for-asteroids?tab=closeapp&des=2023DZ2
|archive-date=2023-03-17
|url-status=live }}</ref> |url-status=live }}</ref>


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|title=Goldstone Radar Observations Planning: 2023 DZ2 |title=Goldstone Radar Observations Planning: 2023 DZ2
|publisher=NASA/JPL Asteroid Radar Research |publisher=NASA/JPL Asteroid Radar Research
|author=Dr. Lance A. M. Benner |author=Lance A. M. Benner
|url=https://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/2023DZ2/2023DZ2.2023.goldstone.planning.html |url=https://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/2023DZ2/2023DZ2.2023.goldstone.planning.html
|access-date=2023-03-22}}</ref> |access-date=2023-03-22}}</ref>
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|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272023+DZ2%27&START_TIME=%272023-Apr-02%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-Apr-06%2005:00%27&STEP_SIZE=%272%20hour%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27 |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272023+DZ2%27&START_TIME=%272023-Apr-02%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-Apr-06%2005:00%27&STEP_SIZE=%272%20hour%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27
|accessdate=2023-03-17}}</ref> |accessdate=2023-03-17}}</ref>

<ref name=Horizons2004>{{cite web
|title=JPL Horizons: 2023 DZ2 geocentric distance and uncertainty on 18 April 2004
|publisher=JPL Horizons
|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272023+DZ2%27&START_TIME=%272004-04-18%2023:57%27&STOP_TIME=%272004-04-19%27&STEP_SIZE=%272%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720,39%27
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328085143/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272023+DZ2%27&START_TIME=%272004-04-18%2023:57%27&STOP_TIME=%272004-04-19%27&STEP_SIZE=%272%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720,39%27
|archive-date=2023-03-28
|url-status=live
|accessdate=2023-03-28}}</ref>


<ref name=Horizons2023>{{cite web <ref name=Horizons2023>{{cite web
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|archive-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2023-03-18
|url-status=live |url-status=live
|accessdate=2023-03-23}}</ref> |accessdate=2023-03-28}}</ref>


<ref name=Extreme2023>{{cite web <ref name=Extreme2023>{{cite web
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|archive-date=2023-03-23 |archive-date=2023-03-23
|url-status=live |url-status=live
|accessdate=2023-03-23}}</ref> |accessdate=2023-03-25}}</ref>


<ref name=Observing2023>{{cite web <ref name=Observing2023>{{cite web
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<ref name=Horizons2026>{{cite web <ref name=Horizons2026>{{cite web
|title=JPL Horizons: 2023 DZ2 geocentric distance and uncertainty on 27 March 2026 |title=JPL Horizons: 2023 DZ2 geocentric distance and uncertainty on 27 March 2026 VI
|publisher=JPL Horizons |publisher=JPL Horizons
|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272023+DZ2%27&START_TIME=%272026-03-27%2014:53%27&STOP_TIME=%272026-03-28%27&STEP_SIZE=%272%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720,39%27 |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272023+DZ2%27&START_TIME=%272026-03-27%2014:53%27&STOP_TIME=%272026-03-28%27&STEP_SIZE=%272%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720,39%27
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|archive-date=2023-03-17 |archive-date=2023-03-17
|url-status=live |url-status=live
|accessdate=2023-03-23}}</ref> |accessdate=2023-03-28}}</ref>

<ref name=Horizons2026CA>{{cite web
|title=JPL Horizons: 2023 DZ2 geocentric distance and uncertainty on 4 Apr 2026 close approach
|publisher=JPL Horizons
|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272023+DZ2%27&START_TIME=%272026-04-04%2002:01%27&STOP_TIME=%272026-04-05%27&STEP_SIZE=%272%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720,39%27
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329135702/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272023+DZ2%27&START_TIME=%272026-04-04%2002:01%27&STOP_TIME=%272026-04-05%27&STEP_SIZE=%272%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720,39%27
|archive-date=2023-03-29
|url-status=live
|accessdate=2023-03-29}}</ref>


<ref name=Sentry1>{{cite web <ref name=Sentry1>{{cite web
|title=Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DW (1.98 day arc) |title=Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DW (1.98 day arc)
|publisher=NASA JPL ] |publisher=NASA JPL ]
|url=https://archive.ph/T44bY }}</ref> |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html%23?des=2023%20DZ2
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230316191355/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html%23?des=2023%20DZ2
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2023-03-16
}}</ref>


<ref name=Sentry17B>{{cite web <ref name=Sentry17B>{{cite web
|title=Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DZ2 (17.1 day arc with 56 obs) |title=Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DZ2 (17.1 day arc with 56 obs)
|publisher=NASA JPL ] |publisher=NASA JPL ]
|url=https://archive.is/xXZWK }}</ref> |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html%23?des=2023%20DZ2
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230317185412/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html%23?des=2023%20DZ2
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2023-03-17
}}</ref>


<ref name=Sentry63>{{cite web <ref name=Sentry63>{{cite web
|title=Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DZ2 (62.9 day arc with 94 obs) |title=Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DZ2 (62.9 day arc with 94 obs)
|publisher=NASA JPL ] |publisher=NASA JPL ]
|url=https://archive.ph/Tqc8c }}</ref> |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html%23?des=2023%20DZ2
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230318154854/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html%23?des=2023%20DZ2
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2023-03-18
}}</ref>


<ref name=Sentry64>{{cite web <ref name=Sentry64>{{cite web
|title=Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DZ2 (63.9 day arc with 122 obs) |title=Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DZ2 (63.9 day arc with 122 obs)
|publisher=NASA JPL ] |publisher=NASA JPL ]
|url=https://archive.ph/VshBC }}</ref> |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html%23?des=2023%20DZ2
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230319154525/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html%23?des=2023%20DZ2
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2023-03-19
}}</ref>


<ref name=Sentry65>{{cite web <ref name=Sentry65>{{cite web
|title=Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DZ2 (64.6 day arc with 142 obs) |title=Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DZ2 (64.6 day arc with 142 obs)
|publisher=NASA JPL ] |publisher=NASA JPL ]
|url=https://archive.ph/A0Fdz }}</ref> |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html%23?des=2023%20DZ2
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230320180942/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html%23?des=2023%20DZ2
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2023-03-20
}}</ref>

<ref name="study01">{{cite journal
|first1=Marcel M. |last1=Popescu
|first2=Ovidiu |last2=Vaduvescu
|first3=Julia |last3=de León
|last4=de la Fuente Marcos|first4=Carlos
|last5=de la Fuente Marcos|first5=Raúl
|first6=M. O. |last6=Stanescu
|first7=M. R. |last7=Alarcon
|first8=Miquel |last8=Serra-Ricart
|first9=Javier |last9=Licandro
|first10=D. |last10=Bertesteanu
|first11=M. |last11=Predatu
|first12=L |last12=Curelaru
|first13=F. |last13=Barwell
|first14=K. |last14=Jhass
|first15=C. |last15=Boldea
|first16=A. |last16=Aznar Macías
|first17=L. |last17=Hudin
|first18=B. A. |last18=Dumitru
|date=23 August 2023
|title=Discovery and physical characterization as the first response to a potential asteroid collision: The case of 2023 DZ<sub>2</sub>
|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=676 |pages=A126 (14 pp) |bibcode=2023A&A...676A.126P
|arxiv=1905.12997
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202346751
|s2cid=259202764
| url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2023/08/aa46751-23/aa46751-23.html
}}</ref>


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Latest revision as of 13:03, 30 June 2024

Small near-Earth asteroid

2023 DZ2
Goldstone radar images of asteroid 2023 DZ2
taken 25 March 2023.
Discovery
Discovered byEURONEAR
Discovery siteRoque de los Muchachos Observatory
Discovery date27 February 2023
Designations
MPC designation2023 DZ2
Minor planet category
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 25 February 2023 (JD 2460000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 1
Observation arc72 days (includes highly precise radar observations)
Earliest precovery date14 January 2023
Aphelion3.317±0.0002 AU
Perihelion0.99388 AU
Semi-major axis2.155±0.0001 AU
Eccentricity0.5389±0.00003
Orbital period (sidereal)3.165±0.0003 yr
(1,156±0.1 days)
Mean anomaly348.67°±0.001°
Mean motion0° 18 38.16 / day
Inclination0.08143°
Longitude of ascending node187.91°±0.0005°
Time of perihelion2023-Apr-04
Argument of perihelion5.96°±0.0005°
Earth MOID0.000048 AU (7.2 thousand km; 0.019 LD)
Physical characteristics
Dimensions
  • 40–90 meters (CNEOS)
  • ≈54 m (180 ft)
Synodic rotation period0.105 hours (6.3 min)
Apparent magnitude10.1 (at closest approach 2023)
Absolute magnitude (H)24.2±0.4 mag

2023 DZ2 is an asteroid roughly 70 meters in diameter, classified as a near-Earth object of the Apollo group, and originally a Virtual Impactor (VI). It was first observed on 27 February 2023, when it was 0.11 AU (16 million km) from Earth, with the Isaac Newton Telescope by Ovidiu Vaduvescu, Freya Barwell, and Kiran Jhass (ING and University of Sheffield student support astronomers) within the EURONEAR project. It passed 174,644 ± 0.9 km (108,518.75 ± 0.56 mi) of Earth on March 25, 2023. This is a little less than half the distance to the Moon. This was the largest asteroid to approach this close since 2019 OK. On March 21, 2023 with a 66-day observation arc, it was removed from the Sentry Risk Table. Due to the highly precise radar observations on 25 March 2023 we know that the 2004 Earth approach was closer than the 2023 approach.

2023 DZ2 Earth approaches for 2004, 2023, 2026
Date & time Nominal distance uncertainty
region
(3-sigma)
2004-Apr-18 23:57 ± 22 minutes 129737 km ± 3000 km
2023-Mar-25 19:49 174644 km ± 0.9 km
2026-Apr-04 02:01 ± 2 minutes 1012259 km ± 120 km

The 2023 approach was visible to amateur astronomers with modest telescopes and telescopes equipped with an image sensor. From 20–24 March 2023 it was visible in the constellation of Cancer. At about 17:20 UT on the 25th the asteroid brightened to about apparent magnitude 10.1 while over Southeast Asia, and might have been visible to advanced observers using 10×50 binoculars. But for many locations the asteroid did not get brighter than magnitude 12 before setting and was out of the reach of binoculars.

Identification

The discovery was carried out within the (Data-parallel detection of Solar System objects and space debris) ParaSOL project that is sponsored by UEFISCDI in Romania and led by Marcel Popescu. The new NEA was identified by Costin Boldea and by the STU ParaSOL software pipeline developed by the amateur astronomer Malin Stanescu. Other members of the EURONEAR collaboration who participated in the data analysis were Marian Predatu, and the amateur astronomers Lucian Curelaru and Daniel Bertesteanu.

Description

2023 DZ2 is approximately 40–90 meters (130–300 feet) in diameter. With an estimated rotation period of about 6 minutes and a lightcurve amplitude of 0.57 magnitudes, the object is suspected of being elongated in shape.

The visible reflectance spectrum of 2023 DZ2 is consistent with that of an X-type asteroid. Being a fast rotator and part of the X-complex, it is highly unlikely to have a carbonaceous-like composition linked to a dark albedo so the size could be in the range 33 to 55 m.

Before the Earth approach, it follows a rather eccentric (0.54), low-inclination (0.08°) orbit of 3.16 years duration, ranging between 0.99 and 3.32 AU from the Sun. It passed Earth on 25 March 2023 which reduces the orbital period to 1,098.4 days (3.007 yr). It came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 4 April 2023. Earth is in no short-term danger of having a collision with 2023 DZ2 thanks to a near secular apsidal resonance with Jupiter.

Ruled-out virtual impactors

On 18 March 2023 when the asteroid had an observation arc of 63 days, virtual clones of the asteroid that fit the uncertainty region in the known trajectory showed a 1-in-430 chance that the asteroid could impact Earth on 27 March 2026. Three days later with a 66-day observation arc it was removed from the Sentry Risk Table. It is now known that the nominal approach (line of variation) has the asteroid 0.032 AU (4.8 million km) ± 900 km from Earth at the time of the potential impact on 27 March 2026. The asteroid will safely approach Earth on 4 April 2026, a week after the potential impact scenario. It was estimated that an impact would produce an upper atmosphere air burst equivalent to 4.5 Mt TNT (19 PJ), roughly equal to 214 of the Fat Man warhead dropped on Nagasaki, or a little over a third of the Tunguska event.

External videos
video icon 2023 DZ2 flyby through a remote telescope of Abbey Ridge Observatory (Canada).
video icon 2023 DZ2 flyby through a Unistellar 112mm telescope under the light pollution of Sacramento, CA.
2023 DZ2 nominal approach for 27 March 2026 14:53 virtual impactor
Solution Observation
arc
(in days) 		JPL Horizons
nominal geocentric
distance (AU) 		uncertainty
region
(3-sigma) 		Impact
probability 		Torino
scale 		Palermo
scale
(max)
JPL #1 (2023-Mar-16) 2 (31 obs) 0.625 AU (93.5 million km) ± 700 million km 1:7700 0 –2.19
JPL #3 (2023-Mar-17) 18 (56 obs) 0.067 AU (10.0 million km) ± 38 million km 1:590 1 –1.19
JPL #4 (2023-Mar-18) 63 (94 obs) 0.036 AU (5.4 million km) ± 9 million km 1:430 1 –1.17
JPL #5 (2023-Mar-19) 64 (122 obs) 0.033 AU (4.9 million km) ± 4 million km 1:71000 0 –3.40
JPL #6 (2023-Mar-20) 65 (142 obs) 0.033 AU (4.9 million km) ± 3 million km 1:38000000 0 –6.14
JPL #7 (2023-Mar-21) 66 (182 obs) 0.030 AU (4.5 million km) ± 1 million km none N/A N/A
JPL #8 (2023-Mar-22) 67 (246 obs) 0.030 AU (4.5 million km) ± 1 million km none N/A N/A

With an observation arc of 63 days it peaked at a Palermo scale rating of –1.17 with the odds of impact then being about 15 times less than the background hazard level.

The early May 2029 approach is not an impact threat as the orbits only intersect in late March.

Gallery

  • Stacked image of 2023 DZ2 from 52 60-second photos taken remotely on March 21, 2023, at Abbey Ridge Observatory (Canada). Stacked image of 2023 DZ2 from 52 60-second photos taken remotely on March 21, 2023, at Abbey Ridge Observatory (Canada).
  • 2023 DZ2 imaged with a Unistellar 112mm telescope under the light pollution of Sacramento, CA on 24 March 2023. 2023 DZ2 imaged with a Unistellar 112mm telescope under the light pollution of Sacramento, CA on 24 March 2023.

Notes

  1. If 2023 DZ2 had been arriving approximately 19 hours later it would have impacted into Earth as that is where the two orbits intersect.
  2. The asteroid is brightest ~2 hours before closest approach due to the opposition effect that causes a brightening of the object.
  3. Inexperienced observers could easily get confused by an artificial satellite that will look like a star steadily moving across the sky for a few minutes.
  4. With a 64-day observation arc the risk of impact dropped significantly as the 3-sigma uncertainty region became smaller than the nominal approach distance. A virtual impactor is the result of a line of variations (ellipse) that is narrow and long and stretches along the asteroids known orbit. The Earth distance at the time of the virtual impactor dropped from 5 ± 9 million km to 5 ± 4 million km.

References

  1. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2023 DZ2)" (2023-03-27 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  2. ^ "MPEC 2023-F12 : 2023 DZ2". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Perihelion (post Earth encounter) on 4 April 2023" (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  4. ^ "CNEOS Close Approaches". NASA JPL CNEOS. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023.
  5. ^ "Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DZ2 (64.6 day arc with 142 obs)". NASA JPL CNEOS. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023.
  6. ^ Lance A. M. Benner (22 March 2023). "Goldstone Radar Observations Planning: 2023 DZ2". NASA/JPL Asteroid Radar Research. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  7. ^ "JPL Horizons Ephemeris for March 2023". JPL Horizons. Retrieved 17 March 2023. (magnitude @ CA)
  8. ^ "Sentry (Removed Objects)". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023.
  9. "JPL Horizons: 2023 DZ2 geocentric distance and uncertainty on 18 April 2004". JPL Horizons. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  10. "JPL Horizons solution for time of closest approach on 25 March 2023" (Closest approach occurs when deldot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  11. "JPL Horizons: 2023 DZ2 geocentric distance and uncertainty on 25 March 2023". JPL Horizons. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  12. "JPL Horizons: 2023 DZ2 geocentric distance and uncertainty on 4 Apr 2026 close approach". JPL Horizons. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  13. ^ Popescu, Marcel M.; Vaduvescu, Ovidiu; de León, Julia; de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl; Stanescu, M. O.; Alarcon, M. R.; Serra-Ricart, Miquel; Licandro, Javier; Bertesteanu, D.; Predatu, M.; Curelaru, L; Barwell, F.; Jhass, K.; Boldea, C.; Aznar Macías, A.; Hudin, L.; Dumitru, B. A. (23 August 2023). "Discovery and physical characterization as the first response to a potential asteroid collision: The case of 2023 DZ2". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 676: A126 (14 pp). arXiv:1905.12997. Bibcode:2023A&A...676A.126P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346751. S2CID 259202764.
  14. "Horizons Batch showing epoch 2023-Apr-25". JPL Horizons. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  15. ^ "Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DZ2 (62.9 day arc with 94 obs)". NASA JPL CNEOS. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023.
  16. "JPL Horizons: 2023 DZ2 geocentric distance and uncertainty on 27 March 2026 VI". JPL Horizons. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  17. ^ "Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DW (1.98 day arc)". NASA JPL CNEOS. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023.
  18. "Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DZ2 (17.1 day arc with 56 obs)". NASA JPL CNEOS. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023.
  19. "Archive of Sentry Risk Table: 2023 DZ2 (63.9 day arc with 122 obs)". NASA JPL CNEOS. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023.

External links

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