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| {{Short description|Xiongnu Empire-China Empire battle}} | |||
| {{pp-semi|small=yes}} | |||
| {{Infobox military conflict | {{Infobox military conflict | ||
| | image = | | image = | ||
| | caption = | | caption = | ||
| | conflict = Battle of Baideng | | conflict = Battle of Baideng | ||
| | partof = | | partof = Xiongnu campaigns in China | ||
| | date = 200 BC | | date = 200 BC | ||
| | place = Mount Baideng at Pincheng (present-day ], ]) | | place = Mount Baideng at Pincheng (present-day ], ]) | ||
| | result = Xiongnu |
| result = Xiongnu victory | ||
| | combatant1 = ] | | combatant1 = ] | ||
| | combatant2 = ] | | combatant2 = ] | ||
| | commander1 = ] | | commander1 = ] | ||
| | commander2 = ] | | commander2 = ] | ||
| ⚫ | | strength1 = 400,000<ref name=ch07-158>{{cite book | last=Chang | first=Chun-shu | title=The Rise of the Chinese Empire, Volume 1: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 B.C. - A.D. 8 | year=2007 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | location=Ann Arbor | isbn=978-0-472-11533-4 | page=158 | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015068806333;view=1up;seq=190}}</ref> | ||
| | strength1 = 400,000+<ref>{{https://mongolianstore.com/battle-of-baideng/}}</ref><br> | |||
| | strength2 = 320,000<ref name=ch07-158/> | |||
| ⚫ | | |
||
| | casualties1 = Heavy<ref name="babel.hathitrust.org">{{cite web | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015068806333;view=1up;seq=190 | title=The rise of the Chinese Empire / Chun-shu Chang v.1. }}</ref> | |||
| | casualties1 = | |||
| | casualties2 = Less than Xiongnu<ref name="babel.hathitrust.org">{{cite web | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015068806333;view=1up;seq=190 | title=The rise of the Chinese Empire / Chun-shu Chang v.1. }}</ref> | |||
| | casualties2 = | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''Battle of Baideng''' (白登之戰) was a military conflict between ] and the ] in 200 BC. |
The '''Battle of Baideng''' (白登之戰) was a military conflict between ] and the ] in 200 BC. | ||
| In an alternate account, Grousset<ref>Rene Grousset, 'The Empire of the Steppes',1970/2008,page27,</ref> says that the Xiongnu invaded Chinese ] and besieged ]. ] broke the siege and chased the Xiongnu north, but was blockaded by them on the Baideng plateau near ] in far northern Shanxi. | In an alternate account, Grousset<ref>Rene Grousset, 'The Empire of the Steppes',1970/2008,page27,</ref> says that the Xiongnu invaded Chinese ] and besieged ]. ] broke the siege and chased the Xiongnu north, but was blockaded by them on the Baideng plateau near ] in far northern Shanxi. | ||
| == |
==Background== | ||
| After the defeat at Baideng, the Han emperor abandoned a military solution to the Xiongnu threat. Instead, in 198 BC, the courtier Liu Jing (劉敬) was dispatched for negotiations. The peace settlement eventually reached between the parties included a so called Han "princess" given in marriage to the ''chanyu'' (called '']'' 和親); periodic tribute of ], ] and ] to the Xiongnu; equal status between the states; and the ] as mutual border. This treaty set the pattern for relations between the Han and the Xiongnu for some sixty years, until the ] decided to revive the policy to wage war against Xiongnu. The Han dynasty sent random unrelated commoner women falsely labeled as "princesses" and members of the Han imperial family multiple times when they were practicing Heqin marriage alliances with the Xiongnu in order to avoid sending the emperor's daughters.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lo |first=Ping-cheung|editor1-last=Lo |editor1-first=Ping-cheung|editor2-last=Twiss|editor2-first= Sumner B |author-link= |date=2015 |edition=illustrated|title= Chinese Just War Ethics: Origin, Development, and Dissent|series=War, Conflict and Ethics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KlhCQAAQBAJ&dq=han+fake+princess+xiongnu&pg=PA269 |location= |publisher= Routledge|page=269 |chapter=11 Legalism and offensive realism in the Chinese court debate on defending national security 81 BCE|isbn=978-1317580973|quote=There were altogether nine marriages of Han princesses (fake or real) to the Xiongnu during these roughly 60 years (for a complete list of details, see Cui 2007a, 555). We will call this policy Heqin Model One, and, as Ying-shih Yu ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Qian |first=Sima |author-link= |date=2019 |title=Historical Records 史记: The First and Most Important Biographical General History Book in China |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m-OGDwAAQBAJ&dq=han+fake+princess+xiongnu&pg=PT902|location= |publisher= DeepLogic|page= |isbn=|quote=Liu Jing said: "The Han dynasty was just calm, the soldiers were exhausted by the fire, and the Xiongnu could not be ... If the majesty could not send a big princess, let the royal woman or the fake princess, he I will know that I will ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Chin|first= Tamara T.|author-link= |date= 2020|title=Savage Exchange: Han Imperialism, Chinese Literary Style, and the Economic Imagination |series=Harvard University Studies in East Asian Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_YFEAAAQBAJ&dq=han+fake+princess+xiongnu&pg=PA225 |location= |publisher= BRILL|page=225 |isbn=978-1684170784|quote=In the Han- Wusun alliance (unlike the Han- Xiongnu heqin agreements) the gifts flowed in the proper direction, ... Thus, while Empress Lü transgressed the heqin marriage in having a false princess sent, Liu Jing's original proposal ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Chin|first= Tamara Ta Lun |author-link= |date=2005 |title= Savage Exchange: Figuring the Foreign in the Early Han Dynasty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hi9PAQAAMAAJ&q=han+fake+princess+xiongnu |location= |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |page=66, 73, 74 |isbn=|quote=Figuring the Foreign in the Early Han Dynasty Tamara Ta Lun Chin ... Emperor Han Wudi's military push to reverse the power relations between Xiongnu and Han stands in stark contrast to the original ... Xiongnu with a false princess .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Mosol |first=Lee |author-link= |date=2013 |title= Ancient History of the Manchuria|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DyN-AwAAQBAJ&dq=han+fake+princess+xiongnu&pg=PA77 |location= |publisher=X libris Corporation |page=77 |isbn=978-1483667676|quote=... 孝文皇帝 sent a girl as a new wife for the Chanyu as a 'fake princess of Royal family' with a eunuch named '中行 ... The Han lured the Xiongnu chief deep into the China proper town called “馬邑,” but Gunchen Chanyu realized the trap ...}}</ref> | |||
| ==Attack of the Xiongnu== | |||
| ⚫ | ==See also== | ||
| ==Tactics== | |||
| ==Battle and siege== | |||
| The presence of the armies is uncertain. The total strength of the Chinese army was over 300,000, but it is not known how much of the vanguard was trapped in the fort with the Emperor. Although Chinese historians write that the number of the Xiongnu army was 400,000.<ref name="Chinese sources">Chang, Chun-shu (2007). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 158.</ref> | |||
| ==Treaty== | |||
| ⚫ | ==See also== | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 16:21, 21 December 2024
Xiongnu Empire-China Empire battle
| Battle of Baideng | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Xiongnu campaigns in China | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Xiongnu | Han dynasty | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Modu Chanyu | Emperor Gaozu | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 400,000 | 320,000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Heavy | Less than Xiongnu | ||||||
The Battle of Baideng (白登之戰) was a military conflict between Han China and the Xiongnu in 200 BC.
In an alternate account, Grousset says that the Xiongnu invaded Chinese Shanxi and besieged Taiyuan. Gaozu broke the siege and chased the Xiongnu north, but was blockaded by them on the Baideng plateau near Datong in far northern Shanxi.
Background
Attack of the Xiongnu
Tactics
Battle and siege
The presence of the armies is uncertain. The total strength of the Chinese army was over 300,000, but it is not known how much of the vanguard was trapped in the fort with the Emperor. Although Chinese historians write that the number of the Xiongnu army was 400,000.
Treaty
See also
References
- ^ Chang, Chun-shu (2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire, Volume 1: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 B.C. - A.D. 8. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-472-11533-4.
- ^ "The rise of the Chinese Empire / Chun-shu Chang v.1".
- Rene Grousset, 'The Empire of the Steppes',1970/2008,page27,
- Chang, Chun-shu (2007).The Rise of the Chinese Empire, Volume 1: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 B.C. - A.D. 8 Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 158.
Further reading
- Yap, Joseph P. pp 71–76. "Wars With The Xiongnu, A Translation From Zizhi tongjian" AuthorHouse (2009) ISBN 978-1-4490-0604-4
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