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Alena Douhan (Belarusian: Алена Доўгань) is a Belarusian legal scholar. She was appointed United Nations Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of the unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights on 25 March 2020. When appointed, she was a professor of International Law and the Director of the Peace Research Center at the Belarusian State University. Douhan's position on economic sanctions have garnered criticism from some international human rights law scholars.

Education

Douhan earned a PhD at the Belarusian State University in 2005 and a Dr. habil. in International Law and European Law in 2015.

Special Rapporteur

According to the National Review, the role of Special Rapporteur was created by a 2014 resolution at the U.N. Human Rights Council introduced by Iran on behalf of the non-aligned movement, and Douhan is the second to occupy the role. The role is unpaid and its holder is not a member of the UN staff. Germany, France the United Kingdom and the United States voted against the resolution to create her role while Russia, China, Venezuela and Saudi Arabia voted for the resolution.

In May 2022, Hong Kong Free Press reported that, in 2021, Douhan received a $200,000 contribution from the Chinese government, $150,000 from Russia, and $225,000 from Qatar.

China

In May 2024, following a visit to China, Douhan voiced opposition to United States sanctions against China, particularly import restrictions under the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act. In an interview with Politico about the visit, Douhan refused to address the findings of the 2022 UN Human Rights Office report on Xinjiang.

Qatar

Douhan was in Qatar for twelve days in November 2020 to assess the impact of sanctions imposed by neighbouring countries. She was due to report at the 48th session of the UN Human Rights Council, to be held in September 2021. In a preliminary statement, she urged the lifting of sanctions.

Syria

In December 2020, Douhan asked the U.S. to lift its sanctions against Syria, saying they "may inhibit rebuilding of Syria’s civilian infrastructure” destroyed by the conflict, and may “violate the human rights of the Syrian people”. Her comments were welcomed by the Syrian government, and rejected by the U.S. Special Envoy for Syria. In November 2022, Douhan visited Syria and again called on the U.S., the European Union and some Arab states to lift their sanctions, which, she said, were having a large negative effect "across all walks of life in the country" and were "leading to shortages in medicines and medical equipment that affect the lives of ordinary Syrians".

Venezuela

Douhan was due to visit Venezuela in August 2020 to investigate the impact of international sanctions. Before her visit, 66 Venezuelan NGOs (including PROVEA) asked Douhan in an open letter to consider the harmful impact of sanctions in the context of years of repression, corruption and economic mismanagement that predate the sanctions, and requested she meet independent press and civil society researchers.

She arrived on 31 January, and was welcomed on arrival by a government minister and the Venezuelan ambassador to the UN. She declared in her preliminary findings as she left on 12 February: that sanctions against Venezuela have had a negative impact on both the economy and the population. In her report, Douhan said that sanctions against Venezuela had worsened the economic and humanitarian crisis in the country, but that Venezuela's economic decline "began in 2014 with the fall in oil prices" and that "mismanagement and corruption had also contributed". The Venezuelan government welcomed the report, while the opposition accused her of "playing into the hands of the regime" of Nicolás Maduro. Douhan was harshly criticized by Venezuelan civil society,, and several non-governmental organizations led a social media campaign using the hashtag "#Lacrisisfueprimero" (The crisis came first).

Iran

Douhan visited Iran in 2022 to assess the impact of U.S. sanctions on the human rights situation in the country. Iranian activists living outside the country were concerned that Iran would restrict the organizations and individuals she would be allowed to meet.

Publications

• Douhan, A. F. (2017) The Ukrainian Crisis: Wrong Responses of the International Community? in Czapliński, Władysław (2017). The case of Crimea's annexation under international law. Warsaw: SCHOLAR Publishing House. ISBN 978-83-7383-901-4. OCLC 1023629066.
• Douhan, A. F. (2018). Fundamental human rights and coercive measures: impact and interdependence. Journal of the Belarusian State University. International Relations, 1, 67–77. Retrieved from https://journals.bsu.by/index.php/internationalRelations/article/view/1307
• Douhan, Alena F. (2020) "CHANGING NATURE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN INTERNATIONAL LAW." Kutafin University Law Review, vol. 5, no. 2, 2018, p. 290+. Accessed 10 June 2020.

References

1. ^ "La rapporteuse de l'ONU juge " dévastateurs " les effets des sanctions sur le Venezuela". Le Monde (in French). 2021-02-15. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
2. ^ "Ms. Alena Douhan, Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of the unilateral coercive measures". Office of the High Commissioner. United Nations Human Rights. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
3. ^ "¿Quién es Alena Douhan, la relatora de la ONU que visitó Venezuela?". El Nacional (in Spanish). 2021-02-12. Archived from the original on 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
4. Fellmeth, Aaron (September 6, 2023). "Unilateral Sanctions Under International Human Rights Law: Correcting the Record". Yale Journal of International Law. Archived from the original on 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
5. Quinn, Jimmy (2020-08-19). "Will a U.N. Human-Rights Expert Defend Belarus's Dictator?". National Review. Archived from the original on 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
6. "Is it time to lift sanctions on Syria?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2024-03-11. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
7. Larson, Nina (20 May 2022). "UN expert Alena Douhan slammed over US$2000,000 contribution from China". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
8. Quinn, Jimmy (May 24, 2024). "U.N. Rapporteur, after Receiving Chinese Funding, Calls for End to All Sanctions on China". National Review. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
9. Kine, Phelim (2024-05-30). "Ooh la la, Dong and Austin in Shangri-La". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 2024-05-30. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
10. "Siege nations asked to lift anti-Qatar steps including ban on freedom of speech". Gulf-Times. 2020-11-12. Archived from the original on 2022-11-20. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
11. "'Implement provisional measures decided in favour of Qatar'". Gulf-Times. 2020-11-12. Archived from the original on 2021-03-17. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
12. "Syria blasts US for sanctions, following UN expert's remarks". AP NEWS. 2021-01-02. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
13. "US Syria Envoy 'categorically rejects' statement by UN rapporteur about Caesar Sanctions". Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East. 29 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-03-12. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
14. Aji, Albert (11 November 2022). "UN envoy urges lifting of sanctions harming Syrian civilians". news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
15. "UN expert calls for lifting of long-lasting unilateral sanctions 'suffocating' Syrian people". OHCHR. 10 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
16. "Venezuela security operations leave over 1,300 dead in five months, U.N. rights office says". Reuters. 2020-07-02. Archived from the original on 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
17. Calles, Óscar. "Carta abierta a la Relatora Especial, Alena Douhan, por su visita a Venezuela │ PROVEA". PROVEA (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
18. ^ Lusa, Agência (2021-02-02). "Venezuela. Relatora especial da ONU em visita para avaliar impacto de sanções internacionais". Observador (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
19. "66 Venezuelan NGOs Pen Open Letter to UN Special Rapporteur on Sanctions". Washington Office on Latin America. 2021-02-03. Archived from the original on 2021-02-03. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
20. Käufer, Tobias (2021-02-14). "UN-Sonderbericht: Schallende Ohrfeige für die Venezuela-Politik des Westens". Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 2021-02-20. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
21. "Maduro anuncia que este jueves 18 comienza la vacunación". CNN (in Spanish). 2021-02-18. Archived from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
22. "¿Quién es Alena Douhan, la relatora de la ONU que visitó Venezuela?". El Nacional (in Spanish). 2021-02-12. Archived from the original on 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
23. "Relatora de la ONU pide levantar sancionas contra Venezuela. - 13.02.2021". Deutsche Welle (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2021-06-11. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
24. Sequera, Vivian (2021-02-12). "U.N. envoy urges U.S. to relax Venezuela sanctions, drawing opposition rebuke". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
25. Moleiro, Alonso (2021-02-13). "Una relatora de la ONU afirma que las sanciones a Maduro "han agravado las calamidades de los venezolanos"". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2021-03-13. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
26. Barráez, Sebastiana (17 February 2021). "Qué hay detrás del informe de la relatora especial de Derechos Humanos de la ONU para encubrir los crímenes contra presos políticos en Venezuela". infobae (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2021-02-17. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
27. ""Falta mucho por decir": activistas venezolanos sobre informe de relatora de la ONU". Radio y Televisión Martí (in Spanish). 16 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-02-17. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
28. Martínez, Sammy Paola (2021-02-13). "Mariela Ramírez: Alena Douhan desconoció violaciones a los DD. HH. y desmantelamiento del Estado". El Pitazo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2021-02-19. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
29. "Oposición acusa a relatora de ONU de seguir narrativa de Maduro por sanciones". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2021-02-12. Archived from the original on 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
30. Esfandiari, Golnaz (May 13, 2022). "Visit To Iran By Controversial UN Rapporteur Provokes Concerns". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 2024-01-28. Retrieved 2024-03-11.

v t e United Nations special rapporteurs
Countries & territories	Belarus (Anaïs Marin) Burundi (Fortuné Gaetan Zongo) Cambodia (Vitit Muntarbhorn) Iran (Mai Sato) Myanmar (Tom Andrews) North Korea (Elizabeth Salmón) Palestine (Francesca Albanese) Russian Federation (Mariana Katzarova) Somalia (Isha Dyfan)
(Human Rights) Thematic mandates	Adequate Housing (Balakrishnan Rajagopal) Albinism (Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond) Assembly and association (Gina Romero) Climate Change (Elisa Morgera) Contemporary Forms of Slavery (Tomoya Obokata) Cultural Rights (Alexandra Xanthaki) Democratic and Equitable International Order (Livingstone Sewanyana) Disabilities (Heba Hagrass) Education (Farida Shaheed) Effects of Economic Reform Policies and Foreign Debt on Human Rights (Attiya Waris) Environment (Astrid Puentes Riaño) Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions (Morris Tidball-Binz) Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association (Clément Nyaletsossi Voule) Freedom of Opinion and Expression (Irene Khan) Freedom of Religion or Belief (Nazila Ghanea) Human Rights Defenders (Mary Lawlor) Independence of Judges and Lawyers (Margaret Satterthwaite) Indigenous People (Francisco Cali Tzay) Internally Displaced Persons (Paula Gaviria Betancur) International Solidarity (Cecilia Bailliet) Leprosy (Beatriz Miranda-Galarza) Migrants (François Crépeau) Minority Issues (Fernand de Varennes) Negative Impact of the Unilateral Coercive Measures on the Enjoyment of Human Rights (Alena Douhan) Physical and Mental Health (Tlaleng Mofokeng) Privacy (Ana Brian Nougrères) Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism (Ben Saul) Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (Ashwini K.P.) Right to Food (Michael Fakhri) Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children (Najat Maalla M'jid) Torture (Alice Jill Edwards) Trafficking in Persons (Siobhán Mullally) Transnational Corporations (Damilola Olawuyi) Truth, Justice, Reparation & non-Recurrence (Fabián Salvioli) Violence against Women (Reem Alsalem) Water and Sanitation (Pedro Arrojo Agudo) Illicit Movement of Toxic Waste (Marcos A. Orellana)
United Nations special rapporteurs bear mandates from the United Nations Human Rights Council and may hold the titles special rapporteur, independent expert or special representative of the Secretary-General, and are also referred to simply as mandate-holders.

• United Nations special rapporteurs
• Belarusian State University alumni
• Academic staff of Belarusian State University
• Living people
• International law scholars