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{{Short description|City in England}}
:''This article is about a city in the United Kingdom. For other uses of the name, see ], for other cities of the same name in the United Kingdom see ] ''
{{Other places|Newcastle (disambiguation){{!}}Newcastle}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Newcastle upon Tyne
| settlement_type = ] and ]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow=1 / 2 |total_width=275px |border=infobox |align=center
|image1 = Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline panorama.jpg
|caption1 = The ], with the ] to the left and the ] to the centre right
|image2 = Buildings on Sandhill (geograph 6394694).jpg
|caption2 = ]
|image3 = Donjon Château Newcastle Tyne 4.jpg
|caption3 = ]
|image4 = Monument Metro station, Newcastle (geograph 6499904).jpg
|caption4 = ]
|image5 = Newcastle Theatre Royal.jpg
|caption5 = ]
|image6 = St Mary’s Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne.jpg
|caption6 = ]
|image7 = Newcastle Civic Centre - geograph.org.uk - 3760878.jpg
|caption7 = The ]
}}
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = Arms of Newcastle upon Tyne City Council.svg
| shield_alt =
| shield_link =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_size =
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_link =
| etymology =
| nickname = The Toon
| motto = {{langx |la|Fortiter Defendit Triumphans |translation=Triumphing by Brave Defence}}
| image_map = Newcastle upon Tyne UK locator map.svg
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Newcastle shown within ]
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|54.9780|-1.6102|region:GB_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ]
| subdivision_name = ]
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ]
| subdivision_type2 = ]
| subdivision_name2 = ]
| subdivision_type3 = ]
| subdivision_name3 = ]
| subdivision_type4 = ]
| subdivision_name4 = ]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 2nd century AD
| established_title1 = City status
| established_date1 = 1882
| established_title2 = ]
| established_date2 = ]
| named_for =
| seat_type = Administrative HQ
| seat = ]
| parts_type =
| parts = <!-- Government -->
| government_footnotes = <ref name="Council leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/local-government |title=How we run the city |website=Newcastle City Council |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>
| government_type = ]
| governing_body = ]
| leader_title = ]
| leader_name = ]
| leader_title1 = ]
| leader_name1 = {{English district control|GSS=E08000021}}
| leader_title2 = ]
| leader_name2 = Karen Kilgour (])
| leader_title3 = ]
| leader_name3 = Veronica Dunn
| leader_title4 = ]
| leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list | title = 3 MPs
| ] (])
| ] (])
| ] (])
}}
<!-- Area -->| unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{United Kingdom district population citation|area}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 115
| area_land_km2 = {{English district area|GSS=E08000021}}
| area_water_km2 =
| area_rank = ]
<!-- Population -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="popstats">{{United Kingdom district population citation}}</ref>
| population_as_of = {{English statistics year}}
| population_total = {{English district population|GSS=E08000021}}
| population_rank = ]
| population_density_km2 = {{English district density|GSS=E08000021}}
| population_demonym = {{Unbulleted list | Novocastrian | ] (]) }}
<!-- demographics (section 1) -->| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">(])</span>
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021 |id=E08000021 |title=Newcastle upon Tyne Local Authority |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = ]
| demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list
| 80.0% ]
| 11.4% ]
| 3.3% ]
| 2.3% ]
| 3.1% ]
}}
<!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span>
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis"/>
| demographics2_title1 = ]
| demographics2_info1 = {{Collapsible list
| 41.3% ]
| 40.8% ]
| 9.0% ]
| 1.4% ]
| 0.5% ]
| 0.5% ]
| 0.2% ]
| 0.4% ]
| 6.0% not stated
}}
| timezone1 = ]
| utc_offset1 = +0
| timezone1_DST = ]
| utc_offset1_DST = +1
<!-- Codes -->| postal_code_type = ]
| postal_code = {{Hlist | ]1–7 | NE12–20 | NE27–29 | NE82–99 }}
| area_code_type = ]
| area_code = ]
| iso_code = ]
| blank1_name = ]
| blank1_info = E08000021
| website = {{URL|newcastle.gov.uk}}
| module =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Newcastle upon Tyne''', or simply '''Newcastle''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-NewcastleUponTyne(ShortA).ogg|nj|uː|ˈ|k|æ|s|əl}} {{respell|new|KASS|əl}}, <small>]:</small> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|nj|uː|k|ɑː|s|əl|audio=En-gb-rp-Newcastle-upon-Tyne.ogg}} {{respell|NEW|kah|səl}}),<ref name="Wells2008">{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|page=539|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> is a ] and ] in ], England. It is England's northernmost ], located on the ]'s northern bank opposite ] to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the ] ] and ].<ref name="2021census">{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2257a/fig1/datadownload.xlsx|title=Figure 1: Explore population characteristics of individual BUAs|access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref>


Newcastle developed around a ] settlement called ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MkgAAAAMAAJ|author=George Patrick Welch|title=Britannia, the Roman Conquest and Occupation of Britain|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|date=1963|pages=165, 167, 277|isbn=978-0-598-26430-5 }}</ref> The settlement became known as ''Monkchester'' before taking on the name of ] by ]'s eldest son, ]. It was one of the world's largest ] and repair centres during the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shipbuilding in North East England.|url=https://englandsnortheast.co.uk/Shipbuilding.html|access-date=26 June 2020|website=England's North East}}</ref> Newcastle was historically part of the county of ], but governed as a ] after 1400.<ref name="self57567"/><ref name="sepNewc"/><ref name=archivesMuseumSeparatedFromNorthumberland/><ref name=countyOfItself_Separated_1400/> In 1974, Newcastle became part of ]. The local authority is ], which is a constituent member of the ].
{| border=1 cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width=200

==History==
{{Main|History of Newcastle upon Tyne}}

===Roman===
The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was ] ("]'s bridge"), a Roman fort and bridge across the ]. It was given the family name of the ] ], who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons Aelius then is estimated at 2,000. Fragments of ] are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The course of the "Roman Wall" can be traced eastwards to the ] ] in ] – the "wall's end" – and to the separate supply fort of ] in ], across the river from Hadrian's Wall.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arbeiaromanfort.org.uk/ |title=Arbeia Roman Fort |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

The extent of Hadrian's Wall was {{convert|73|mi|km}}, spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the ], a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds,<ref>{{cite web |author=The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18177 |title=C.Michael Hogan (2007) ''Hadrian's Wall'', ed. A. Burnham, The Megalithic Portal |publisher=Megalithic.co.uk |access-date=4 August 2010}}</ref> and was built primarily for defence and to prevent the incursion of ]ish tribes from the north, and probably not as a fighting line for a major invasion. However, it seems that the Vallum stopped just west of Newcastle, where its role as a secondary line of defence was performed by the ].<ref>Stephen Johnson (2004) ''Hadrian's Wall'', Sterling Publishing Company, Inc, 128 pages, {{ISBN|0-7134-8840-9}}</ref>
] ] is the oldest structure in the city, dating back to at least the 11th century.]]

===Anglo-Saxon and Norman===
After the ], completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful ] kingdom of ], and was known throughout this period as ''Munucceaster'' (sometimes modernised as ''Monkchester'').<ref name=Monkchester>{{cite web | last = Mackenzie | first = Eneas | title = ''Historical Account of Newcastle-upon-Tyne'' | website = british-history.ac.uk | year = 1827 | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43318 | access-date = 24 November 2008}}</ref>

Conflicts with the ] in 876 left the settlements along the River Tyne in ruins.<ref name="ncl.ac.uk"/> After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the ] against the Normans, Monkchester was all but destroyed by ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.morpethherald.co.uk/news/the-war-and-bloodshed-of-our-historic-baronial-families-1-5680039|title=The war and bloodshed of our historic Baronial families|date=19 May 2013|publisher=Morpeth Herald|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232125/https://www.morpethherald.co.uk/news/the-war-and-bloodshed-of-our-historic-baronial-families-1-5680039|archive-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

Because of its strategic position, ], son of ], erected a wooden ] there in the year 1080.<ref name="ncl.ac.uk"/> The town was henceforth known as ''Novum Castellum'' or ''New Castle''.<ref name="ncl.ac.uk"/> The wooden structure was replaced by a stone castle in 1087.<ref name="ncl.ac.uk">{{cite web|last=Dodds |first=Graham |title=Origins of (the) New Castle upon Tyne |publisher=Newcastle University |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/castle.php |access-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141841/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/castle.php |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> The castle was rebuilt again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city today dates from this period.<ref name="ncl.ac.uk"/>

===Middle Ages===
Throughout the ], Newcastle was England's northern fortress. In 1400 Newcastle was separated from Northumberland for administrative purposes<ref name="self57567"/><ref name="sepNewc"/><ref name=archivesMuseumSeparatedFromNorthumberland/><ref name=countyOfItself_Separated_1400/> and made a ] by ].<ref name="self57567">{{Cite book | last = Lewis | first = Samuel | chapter = Newbottle - Newcastle-upon-Tyne |title= A Topographical Dictionary of England | quote = separated from Northumberland, and made a county of itself, by Henry IV |publisher = British History Online | year = 1848 | chapter-url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp379-389a | access-date = 13 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="sepNewc">{{cite web | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/newcastle-historical-account/pp601-611#p14 | title = The Corporation: Grants and charters |work=Historical Account of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Including the Borough of Gateshead | last = Mackenzie | first = Eneas | date = 1827 | via = British History Online | publisher = Mackenzie and Dent |location= Newcastle-upon-Tyne | access-date = 1 May 2017
| quote = in 1400, by a charter, granted that Newcastle upon Tyne,... then belonging to the county of Northumberland, should be separated from thence, and be a county of itself}}</ref><ref name=archivesMuseumSeparatedFromNorthumberland>{{cite web |url=http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/DServe2/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=(((text)=%27city%20council%27)AND(RefNo=%27md.nc%27)) |title=Newcastle City Council |publisher=Tyne & Wear Archives & Museum |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805205028/http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/DServe2/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=(((text)=%27city%20council%27)AND(RefNo=%27md.nc%27)) }}</ref><ref name=countyOfItself_Separated_1400/> Newcastle was given the title of the county of the town of Newcastle upon Tyne.<ref name="sepNewc2">{{cite web | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/newcastle-historical-account/pp601-611#p14 | title = The Corporation: Grants and charters |work=Historical Account of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Including the Borough of Gateshead | last = Mackenzie | first = Eneas | date = 1827 | via = British History Online | publisher = Mackenzie and Dent |location= Newcastle-upon-Tyne | access-date = 1 May 2017
| quote = title of the county of the town of Newcastle upon Tyne }}</ref> The town had a new charter granted by ] in 1589.<ref> British History Online – Retrieved 18 August 2009.</ref> A {{convert|25|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} stone ] was built around the town in the 13th century,<ref name=newc13thcent>{{cite web | last = Mackenzie | first = Eneas | title = Historical Account of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne | website = british-history.ac.uk | publisher = Mackenzie and Dent, Newcastle-upon-Tyne | year = 1827 | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/newcastle-historical-account/pp105-117 | access-date = 20 April 2015}}</ref> to defend it from invaders during the ] war against Scotland. The Scots king ] was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and ] brought the ] and ] south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.<ref name="self57567"/><ref name=countyOfItself_Separated_1400>{{cite web|url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/wwwfileroot/legacy/libraries/HistoryofNewcastlemainbody.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727114838/https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/wwwfileroot/legacy/libraries/HistoryofNewcastlemainbody.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2018
| title=History of Newcastle upon Tyne|access-date=7 June 2014|year=2009|work=Local Studies Factsheet No. 6|publisher=Newcastle City Council|page=2}}</ref>

===16th to 19th centuries===
] of Newcastle in 1832, as seen from ]]]
From 1530, a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from ] to ], giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the ]. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase '']'' was first recorded contextually in 1538.<ref name=coalsNewcastle>{{cite book |last = Morely |first = Paul |title = The North: (And Almost Everything In It) |publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing |date = 6 June 2013 |page = |isbn = 9780747578161 |url = https://archive.org/details/northandalmostev0000morl/page/542}}</ref> The phrase itself means a pointless pursuit.<ref name=coalsToNewcastle>{{cite book |last = Ayto |first = John |title = Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms |publisher = OUP |edition = 3 |date = 8 July 2010 |page = 68 |isbn = 978-0199543786}}</ref>
In the 18th century, the American entrepreneur ], regarded as an eccentric, defied this idiom. He was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him; however, his shipment arrived on the Tyne during a strike that had crippled local production, allowing him to turn a considerable profit.<ref name="knapp">{{cite book |last = Knapp |first = Samuel L. |title = Life of Lord Timothy Dexter: Embracing sketches of the eccentric characters that composed his associates, including "Dexter's Pickle for the knowing ones" |publisher = J.E. Tilton and Company |date = 1858 |location = Boston |url = http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/book204715555.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071202095808/http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/book204715555.html |archive-date = 2 December 2007 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="nash">{{cite book |last = Nash |first = Jay Robert |title = Zanies, The World's Greatest Eccentrics |url = https://archive.org/details/zaniesworldsgrea00nash |url-access = registration |publisher = New Century Publishers |date = 1982 |isbn=0-8329-0123-7}}</ref>
], built to transport coal<ref name=VTunnel201401>{{cite web |last = Hudson |first = Jules |title = Victoria Tunnel |quote = By 1935, every city in the UK had been given a document by the government, declaring that in the event of war, every city should have air raid protection... |publisher = BBC |date = 22 March 2013 |url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01n3kv4 |access-date = 21 January 2014}}</ref>]]

In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city, and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of ] and their families.<ref name=keelmen>{{cite web |last=Davison |first=Yvonne |title=Sandgate and the Keelmen |publisher=Newcastle University |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/sandgate.php |access-date=17 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141346/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/sandgate.php |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting ], for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s, about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of ], more than one-third of the population.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Plague |volume=21 |page=695}}</ref> Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the ] that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British city in this period.<ref name=Plag1636>{{cite web |last = Bower |first = Ian |title = Ebola and Plague in Newcastle in 1636 |publisher = twmuseums.org.uk |date = 22 October 2014 |url = http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/engage/blog/ebola-and-plague-in-newcastle-in-1636/|access-date = 24 November 2014}}</ref>
]
During the ], the North declared for the King.<ref name=northCWar>{{cite web |last = History.com Staff |title = English civil wars |work = History.com |publisher = A+E Networks |year = 2009 |url = http://www.history.com/topics/british-history/english-civil-wars |access-date = 20 June 2015}}</ref> In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, ] allies, the Scots, captured the town of ]. In 1644, the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in ] following a siege and the city was ]. It was eventually stormed ("with roaring drummes") and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the ] "''Fortiter Defendit Triumphans''" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.<ref name=civilWar>{{cite web |title = Civil War |work = The Northern Echo |date = 10 March 2009 |url = http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/war/border/4189653.Civil_War/ |access-date = 17 April 2015}}</ref>
] football ground above and left of centre]]
Newcastle opened its first ] in 1767.<ref name=lunaticAsylum1767>{{cite book | last = Southwick | first =Michael | title =Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Fragments of the Past: Volume 1 | location = Newcastle | publisher = Great North Children's Hospital | year = 2021 |quote=the Lunatic Asylum for the counties of Newcastle, Northumberland and Durham. It was erected by public subscription in 1767}}</ref> The asylum catered for people from the counties of Newcastle, Durham and Northumberland.<ref name=lunaticAsylum1767/>

] were a group of unrelated people who lived in and around the centre of Newcastle and its Quayside between the end of the 18th and early/mid 19th century. They are depicted in a painting by ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shop.artuk.org/eccentric-characters-of-newcastle-36381.html|title=Eccentric Characters of Newcastle|publisher=Art UK|access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref>

Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, ] and ],<ref name="printing2010-07-26">{{cite web |title = We take a closer look at the vibrant city of Newcastle |quote = By the 18th century Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge. Newcastle's Literary and Philosophical Society, founded in 1793 and now known as simply the Lit and Phil, predated the London Library by half a century. |url = http://domain2160104.sites.fasthosts.com/documents/LivingNorth.pdf |access-date = 26 July 2010 }}{{dead link |date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the ] of 1793,<ref name="printing2010-07-26"/> with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the ] by half a century.<ref name="printing2010-07-26"/> Some founder members of the ] were abolitionists.<ref name=litPhil>{{cite web | url = http://collectionsprojects.org.uk/slavery/_files/research-zone/South_Shields_and_the_Slave_Trade.pdf | title = Remembering Slavery | last = Lilley | first = Tasmin | date = June 2008 | website = collectionsprojects.org.uk | access-date = 26 July 2021|archive-date = 24 October 2018 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20181024193102/http://collectionsprojects.org.uk/slavery/_files/research-zone/South_Shields_and_the_Slave_Trade.pdf| quote = }}</ref> Newcastle also became a glass producer with a reputation for brilliant ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldandsold.com/articles02/glass-n.shtml |title=Glass (N) – Encyclopedia of Antiques |publisher=Oldandsold.com |date=2 December 1994 |access-date=4 August 2010}}</ref>

A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of ] in 1806.<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://cameron.uk.tripod.com/leazes/history.html |title=The Building of Newcastle Barracks (later known as Fenham Barracks) |access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref>

The ] was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quaysidelives.ncl.ac.uk/2012/11/last-surviving-building-from-great-fire/ |title=Last surviving building from Great Fire |publisher=Quayside Lives |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630234941/http://quaysidelives.ncl.ac.uk/2012/11/last-surviving-building-from-great-fire/ |archive-date=30 June 2017 }}</ref>

The status of city was granted to Newcastle on 3 June 1882.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/recalling-fascinating-history-city-newcastle-14868748 |title=Recalling the fascinating history of the city of Newcastle - from A to Z |date=6 July 2018 |publisher=Chronicle Live |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> In the 19th century, ] and ] were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the ].<ref name=IndRev201401>{{cite web |title = The History of Newcastle upon Tyne |quote = Shipbuilding and heavy engineering developed fast and Newcastle became the powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution in Britain. |publisher = information-britain.co.uk |url = http://www.information-britain.co.uk/history/town/Newcastle%20upon%20Tyne84/ |access-date = 23 January 2014}}</ref> This revolution resulted in the urbanisation of the city.<ref name=Urb2014-01>{{cite web |title=A history of urbanisation in Britain |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/a-history-of-urbanisation-in-britain/7811.html |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106000437/http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/a-history-of-urbanisation-in-britain/7811.html |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city.<ref name=pottery>{{cite web |title=Mailing pottery |publisher=twmuseums.org.uk |url=http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/laing/northernspirit/maling-pottery/ |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411151215/http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/laing/northernspirit/maling-pottery/ |archive-date=11 April 2015}}</ref> The Victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the {{convert|2+1/2|mi|km|0|adj=on}} ], built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the ].<ref name=VTunnel2014012>{{cite web |title=Tunnel History |publisher=ouseburntrust.org.uk |url=http://ouseburntrust.org.uk/index.php?page=tunnel-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828034802/http://ouseburntrust.org.uk/index.php?page=tunnel-history |archive-date=28 August 2012 |access-date=21 January 2014 }}</ref> On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street in the city, was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the ].<ref name=jswan2014061>{{cite web |url=http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/jwswan.html |title=Sir Joseph Wilson Swan |publisher=home.frognet.net |access-date=16 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005841/http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/jwswan.html |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=jswan2014062>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/Chemsoc/Activities/ChemicalLandmarks/UK/JosephSwan.asp |title=Sir Joseph Swan, The Literary & Philosophical Society of Newcastle |date=3 February 2009 |publisher=rsc.org |access-date=16 October 2010}}</ref> Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.<ref name=Mosely>{{cite web |title=Electric lighting |publisher=Newcastle University |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/very_truly_yours/science/swan/electric_light/ |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212620/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/very_truly_yours/science/swan/electric_light/ |archive-date=6 June 2014 }}</ref> Innovations in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of ], ], ]'s artillery, ] flour,<ref name=bero2011>{{cite web |title=The Birth of Be-Ro |publisher=be-ro.co.uk |date=1 August 2011 |url=http://www.be-ro.co.uk/f_about.htm |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512032733/http://www.be-ro.co.uk/f_about.htm |archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite news|title=We did it first|url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/business/news/10317055.We_did_it_first/|work=The Northern Echo|date=27 March 2013}}</ref> ]'s ] bulbs, and ]' invention of the ], which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of ]. In 1882, Newcastle became the seat of an ], with ] becoming its cathedral.<ref name=Cathedral1882>{{cite web |title = The Cathedral Church of St Nicholas |website = newcastle.anglican.org |url = http://www.newcastle.anglican.org/people-and-places/our-cathedral.aspx |access-date = 17 April 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150621225337/http://www.newcastle.anglican.org/people-and-places/our-cathedral.aspx |archive-date = 21 June 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

===20th and 21st centuries===
Newcastle's public transport system was modernised in 1901 when ] electric trams were introduced to the city's streets, though these were replaced gradually by trolley buses from 1935, with the tram service finally coming to an end in 1950.<ref name=transport1901-1950>{{cite web | title = Newcastle City Council: Transport | publisher = Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums | year = 2006 | url = http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/DServe2/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo==%22MD.NC/TR%22%29 | access-date = 20 September 2015 | archive-date = 2 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160102111705/http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/DServe2/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo%3D%3D%22MD.NC%2FTR%22%29 }}</ref>

The city acquired its first art gallery, the ] in 1904, so named after its founder Alexander Laing, a Scottish wine and spirit merchant<ref name=alexanderLaing13Oct1904>{{cite web| first = Julie| last = Milne| title = More about Laing Art Gallery| publisher = ]| url = https://artuk.org/search/search/search/keyword:laing-art-gallery| access-date = 20 September 2015| df = dmy-all}}</ref> who wanted to give something back to the city in which he had made his fortune. Another art gallery, the ] (now part of ]), opened in 1925.<ref name=hattonGallery1925_1>{{cite web|title=About us |publisher=hattongallery.org.uk |url=https://hattongallery.org.uk/about/about-us |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016120204/https://hattongallery.org.uk/about/about-us |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

With the advent of the motor car, Newcastle's road network was improved in the early part of the 20th century, beginning with the opening of the Redheugh road bridge in 1901<ref name=redheughBridge1901>{{cite web|title=Redheugh Bridge (1901–1984) |publisher=Newcastle University |date=26 March 2004 |url=http://www.sine.ncl.ac.uk/view_structure_information.asp?struct_id=1468 |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174825/http://www.sine.ncl.ac.uk/view_structure_information.asp?struct_id=1468 |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> and the ] in 1928.<ref name=tyneBridge1928>{{cite web | title = The Tyne Bridge |publisher = BBC 2 | date = 24 September 2014 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/misc-work/tyne-bridge-construction-building.shtml | access-date = 20 September 2015}}</ref>

Efforts to preserve the city's historic past were evident as long ago as 1934, when the Museum of Science and Industry opened,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/historic-buildings/art491342-Happy-birthday-Discovery-Museum-home-history|title=Happy birthday Discovery Museum: Pictures from Newcastle's home of history past &#124; Culture24|website=Culture24.org.uk|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121550/https://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/historic-buildings/art491342-Happy-birthday-Discovery-Museum-home-history}}</ref> as did the ] in the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F189854|title=John G Joicey Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne|publisher=National Archives|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

] began to replace inner-city slums in the 1920s, and the process continued into the 1970s, along with substantial private house building and acquisitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/stories-shocked-tyneside-high-rise-7236347|date=9 June 2014|publisher=The Chronicle|title=Stories that shocked Tyneside: The high rise and fall of a leader who got greedy|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

Unemployment hit record heights in Newcastle during the ] of the 1930s.
The city's last coal pit closed in 1956,<ref name= openCastSciCity2011>{{Citation | last = Wilkinson | first = Tom | title = Newcastle may see return to coal mining | newspaper = Independent | date = 4 October 2011 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/newcastle-may-see-return-to-coal-mining-2365475.html | access-date = 4 July 2017}}</ref> though a temporary open cast mine was opened in 2013.<ref name= openCastSciCity2013>{{Citation | last = Evening Chronicle staff | title = Newcastle opencast mine quietly shifting 40,000 tonnes of coal | newspaper = chroniclelive.co.uk | date = 19 January 2013 | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/local-news/newcastle-opencast-mine-quietly-shifting-1351399 | access-date = 4 July 2017}}</ref> The temporary open cast mine shifted 40,000 tonnes of coal, using modern techniques to reduce noise, on a part of the City undergoing redevelopment.<ref name= openCastSciCity2013/> The slow demise of the shipyards on the banks of the ] happened in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts/rise-fall-tynes-shipyards-4707080|title=The rise and fall of Tyne's shipyards|date=3 January 2008|publisher=The Journal|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232135/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts/rise-fall-tynes-shipyards-4707080}}</ref>
]
]

During the Second World War, the city and surrounding area were a target for air raids as heavy industry was involved in the production of ships and armaments. The raids caused 141 deaths and 587 injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/military-history/world-war-two/tra27968|title=A Shipbuilding Target - Newcastle And Tyneside in World War Two &#124; Culture24|website=Culture24.org.uk|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122649/https://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/military-history/world-war-two/tra27968}}</ref> A former French consul in Newcastle called Jacques Serre assisted the German war effort by describing important targets in the region to ] who was the head of the German Navy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/wwii-betrayal-french-consul-newcastle-1407132|title=WWII betrayal of French Consul in Newcastle|first=Ray |last=Marshall|date=16 November 2011|work=nechronicle}}</ref>

The public sector in Newcastle began to expand in the 1960s. The federal structure of the ] was dissolved. That university's college in Newcastle, which had been known as King's College, became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (now known as ]), which was founded in 1963,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/about/history/|title=History of the University|access-date=22 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002232323/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/about/history/|archive-date=2 October 2007}}</ref> followed by Newcastle Polytechnic in 1969; the latter received university status in 1992 and became the University of Northumbria at Newcastle (now known as ]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/northumbria-university |title=Northumbria University World University Rankings &#124; THE |publisher=Timeshighereducation.com |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>

Further efforts to preserve the city's historic past continued in the later 20th century, with the opening of Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum in 1983 and ] in 1986. The Military Vehicle museum closed in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/newcastles-military-vehicle-museum-sale-1406577|title=Newcastle's Military Vehicle Museum for sale|date=3 November 2011|work=nechronicle}}</ref> New developments at the turn of the 21st century included the ] in 2000 and ] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/newcastle.html |title=A History of Newcastle |publisher=Localhistories.org |access-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626084348/http://localhistories.org/newcastle.html |archive-date=26 June 2014 }}</ref>

Based at ] since 1886, ] became ] members in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nufc.co.uk/page/Club/History/ClubHistory/0,,10278~2108987,00.html |title=The Early Years of Newcastle United: 1881 – 1939 |publisher=Newcastle United F.C. |access-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708235433/http://www.nufc.co.uk/page/Club/History/ClubHistory/0%2C%2C10278~2108987%2C00.html |archive-date=8 July 2016 }}</ref> They have won four top division titles (the first in 1905 and the most recent in 1927), six ]s (the first in 1910 and the most recent in 1955) and the ] in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nufc.co.uk/page/Club/History/Records |title=Newcastle United: Club Records |publisher=Newcastle United F.C. |access-date=4 March 2012}}</ref> They broke the world transfer record in 1996 by paying £15&nbsp;million for ] and ] striker ], one of the most prolific goalscorers of that era.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7976524.stm |work=BBC News |title=Archive – Shearer joins Newcastle in 1996 | date=1 April 2009}}</ref>

In 2017, Newcastle was the venue for the 2017 Freedom City festival. The 2017 Freedom City festival commemorated the 50 years since ] visit to Newcastle, where King received his honorary degree from ].<ref name=freedomCity2017_1>{{cite news | last = Whetstone | first = David | title = Newcastle's iconic Tyne Bridge is to host the spectacular Freedom on the Tyne finale| newspaper = Chronicle | location = Newcastle | publisher = chroniclelive.co.uk | date = 4 October 2017 | url = https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/newcastles-iconic-tyne-bridge-host-13715946| access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=honDegreeKing>{{cite news | last = Whetstone | first = David | title = Statue of Dr Martin Luther King has been unveiled in Newcastle by his great friend| newspaper = Chronicle | location = Newcastle | publisher = chroniclelive.co.uk | date = 13 November 2017 | url = https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/statue-dr-martin-luther-king-13896213| access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=freedomCity>{{cite web | url = http://freedomcity2017.com/ | title = Freedom City 2017 | last = freedomCity2017 Staff | website = freedomcity2017.com | publisher = Newcastle University | access-date = 11 July 2018 | archive-date = 30 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180730083234/http://freedomcity2017.com/ }}</ref> In 2018 Newcastle hosted the Great Exhibition of the North, the largest event in England in 2018. The exhibition began on 22 June with an opening ceremony on the River Tyne, and ended on 9 September with the Great North Run weekend. The exhibition describes the story of the north of England through its innovators, artists, designers and businesses.<ref name=riverCeremonyOpeninExh2018>{{cite news | last = Holland | first = Daniel | title = Spectacular Tyne water fountain for Great Exhibition of the North will become a reality | newspaper = Chronicle | location = Newcastle | publisher = chroniclelive.co.uk | date = 31 May 2018 | url = https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/spectacular-tyne-water-fountain-great-14725095 | access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=exOfNorth2018>{{cite news | last = Staff | title = Great Exhibition of the North | newspaper = Chronicle | location = Newcastle | publisher = chroniclelive.co.uk | url = https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/all-about/great-exhibition-of-the-north | access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, various travel sites named Newcastle to be the friendliest city in the UK.<ref name="chroniclelive">{{cite web|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/travel-tourism/travel-site-names-newcastle-friendliest-17029988|author=Simon Meechan|title=Travel site names Newcastle the friendliest city in the United Kingdom|website=Chronicle Live|date=4 October 2019|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
]
Since 1974, Newcastle has been a part of the ] of ] in ]. The city is located on the north-western bank of the ], approximately {{convert|46|mile}} south of the border with Scotland.
The ground beneath the city is formed from ] ] of the Middle Pennine Coal Measures Group — a suite of ]s, ]s and ]s which generally dip moderately eastwards. To the west of the city are the Upper Pennine Coal Measures and further west again the sandstones and mudstones of the Stainmore Formation, the local equivalent of the ].<ref>''Bedrock Geology UK North'', 1:625,000 scale geological map published by British Geological Survey</ref>

In large parts, Newcastle still retains a ] street layout. Narrow alleys or ']s', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the ]. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant ], originally recorded in the 14th century, remain intact in places. Close, Sandhill and ] contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries, including ], the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and House of Tides, a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28–30 Close.

The city has an extensive ] centre referred to as Tyneside Classical,<ref name="Tyneside Classical">{{cite web
| title = GRAINGER TOWN, Tyneside Classical
| quote = hundreds of fine Georgian and stylish Victorian buildings which have led to its architecture being referred to as "Tyneside Classical".
| url = http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/
| access-date = 26 July 2010
| archive-date = 23 August 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110823095119/http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/
}}</ref> largely developed in the 1830s by ] and ]. More recently, Newcastle architecture considered to be Tyneside classical has been extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer ] described Newcastle as England's best-looking city<ref>{{Cite news
|last = Maconie
|first = Stuart
|author-link = Stuart Maconie
|title = Stuart Maconie reveals..why it's great up North..
|quote = Manchester, Leeds and Newcastle remain, bolder brighter and more beautiful than ever. You can't move in Manchester for boutique hotels, Leeds has got a Harvey Nichols and Newcastle is now the best-looking city in England.
|work = Daily Mirror
|location = UK
|date = 8 February 2008
|url = https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/2008/02/08/stuart-maconie-reveals-why-it-s-great-up-north-89520-20312679/
|access-date = 4 July 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081006204722/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/2008/02/08/stuart-maconie-reveals-why-it-s-great-up-north-89520-20312679/
|archive-date = 6 October 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite book
|date=February 2007
| title = Pies and Prejudice
| last = Maconie
| first = Stuart
| author-link = Stuart Maconie
| publisher=]
| isbn = 978-0-09-191022-8
}}</ref> and the German-born British scholar of architecture, ],<ref name="Pevsner2010-07-26">{{cite web
| title = GRAINGER TOWN... Grey Street, Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner
| quote = Grey Street was described as 'one of the finest streets in England' by Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner (1902–1983) the German-born British scholar of history of art and, especially, of history of architecture.
| url = http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/
| access-date = 26 July 2010
| archive-date = 23 August 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110823095119/http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/
}}</ref> describes ] as one of the finest streets in England. In 1948 the poet ] said of Grey Street, "As for the curve of Grey Street, I shall never forget seeing it to perfection, traffic-less on a misty Sunday morning."<ref name=greyStBetjeman>{{cite web | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/carltonreid/2020/05/15/parking-cull-and-pocket-parks-for-englands-finest-street-as-newcastle-plans-post-pandemic-future| title =Parking Cull And Pocket Parks For England's Finest Street As Newcastle Plans Post-Pandemic Future
| last = Reid| first =Carlton | date = 15 May 2020| work =Forbes | access-date =15 May 2020 }}</ref> The street curves down from ] towards the valley of the ] and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of ] listeners.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Around Tyne. Grey Street
|publisher=BBC
| date = 13 December 2007
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/panoramas/360_greystreet.shtml
| quote = Grey Street in Newcastle was voted the best street in Britain by Radio 4 listeners.
| access-date = 9 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=GOOD CASE STUDY – GREY STREET, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
|publisher=BBC radio 4
|url=http://www.streetsofshame.org.uk/case-study-good.htm
|quote=Said by many to be amongst the greatest streets in 'England if not Europe', this gently curving and rising street has been 'sensitively restored and improved in the last decade'.
|access-date=9 July 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807163347/http://www.streetsofshame.org.uk/case-study-good.htm
|archive-date=7 August 2008
}}</ref> In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category.<ref name="google street view">{{Cite news
| title = Google Street View awards 2010 | newspaper=The Guardian | date = 8 March 2010 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/travel/gallery/2010/mar/08/google-street-view?picture=360124038| access-date = 8 March 2010 | location=London
}}</ref> A portion of ] was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the ], including all but one side of the original ] itself.
{{wide image|NewCastle-KeepTower360.jpg|1100px|360° panoramic shot taken from the top of the Keep}}
Immediately to the north-west of the city centre is ], first opened to the public in 1873<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/parks.php|title=Current and past exhibitions – University Library – Newcastle University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807015118/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/parks.php|archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> after a petition by 3,000 working men of the city for "ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation". Just outside one corner of this is ], the stadium home of ] which dominates the view of the city from all directions.

] on the skyline and surrounding buildings, as seen from Gateshead]]

Another major ] in the city is the ], lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's ] and ] put together<ref name=townmoo1>{{cite web|title=Insight: Taking a closer look at the Town Moor |quote=land which covers an area larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath |publisher=] |url=http://northumbria.ac.uk/insight/896829 |access-date=17 September 2008}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=townmoo2>{{cite web
|title = Newcastle Breaks
|quote = Town Moor, which is larger and wider than Hampstead Heath and Hyde Park
|publisher = latebreaks.com
|url = http://www.latebreaks.com/destinations/countries/Newcastle_Breaks.html
|access-date = 17 September 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090115035647/http://www.latebreaks.com/destinations/countries/Newcastle_Breaks.html
|archive-date = 15 January 2009
}}</ref> and the ] have the right to graze cattle on it.<ref name = townmoo1/><ref name = townmoo2/> The right extends to the pitch of ], ] ]; this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include ],<ref name=BobGeldof2010-09-17>{{cite web|title=Honorary Freedom – Citations – Bob Geldof |publisher=newcastle.gov.uk |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit |access-date=17 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215061946/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit |archive-date= 15 December 2009 }}</ref> ] of Norway,<ref name=KingHNorway>{{cite web|title=Honorary Freedom – Citations – King Harald V of Norway |quote=to mark the 40th anniversary of the official opening of the Civic Centre by his father HM King Olaf V and to recognise and celebrate the close links between Newcastle and Norway over many years |publisher=newcastle.gov.uk |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit |access-date=17 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215061946/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit |archive-date= 15 December 2009 }}</ref> ],<ref name=SirBobby2010-09-17>{{cite web|title=Honorary Freedom – Citations – Sir Bobby Robson |quote=in recognition of his long and outstanding career across Europe, his role as an ambassador for the North East and Newcastle, and his contribution to the culture and life of the City |publisher=newcastle.gov.uk |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit |access-date=17 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215061946/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit |archive-date= 15 December 2009 }}</ref> ],<ref name="AlanShearer2010-09-17">{{cite web|title=Honorary Freedom – Citations – Alan Shearer |publisher=newcastle.gov.uk |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit |access-date=17 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215061946/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit |archive-date= 15 December 2009 }}</ref> the late ]<ref name=Mandela2010-09-17>{{cite web|title=Honorary Freedom – Citations – Nelson Mandela |publisher=newcastle.gov.uk |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit |access-date=17 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215061946/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit |archive-date= 15 December 2009 }}</ref> and the ].<ref name="RoyalShakespeare">{{cite web|title=Honorary Freedom – Citations – Royal Shakespeare Company |publisher=newcastle.gov.uk |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit |access-date=17 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215061946/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/lmfreemencit |archive-date= 15 December 2009 }}</ref> ] funfair, said to be the largest ] in Europe, is held here annually in June.<ref name="Hop2010-09-17">{{Cite book| last = Lanagan |first = Paul |title = The Hoppings Fair on Newcastle Town Moor |quote =. Thought to be the largest travelling fairground in Europe, it takes place in the last full week of June... |publisher=Books of the North | date = 15 May 2010| page = 128 |isbn = 978-0-9555059-0-4}}</ref>

In the south-eastern corner of the Town Moor is ], which contains the only remaining pavilion from the ]. From the 1970s until 2006 this housed the Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum; which closed in 2006. The pavilion is now being used as a ] and concert venue for ].<ref>{{cite web|author=Coreena Ford |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/business/business-news/check-out-workers-finishing-wylam-11214241 |title=Check out workers finishing off Wylam Brewery's transformation of the Palace of Arts |publisher=Chronicle Live |date=20 April 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref>

=== Ouseburn ===
The wooded gorge of the ] in the east of the city is known as ] and forms another recreation area, linked by Armstrong Park and Heaton Park to the ], where the river finally reaches the ].

The springtime ] at 55 degrees latitude has been described as one of the best in the world.<ref name=dawnChorus/> The dawn chorus of the ] green space has been professionally recorded and has been used in various workplace and hospital rehabilitation facilities.<ref name=dawnChorus>{{cite news |last = Watson |first = Chris | title = Dawn chorus |work=BBC News |date = 7 April 2008 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/articles/2008/04/01/dawn_chorus_feature.shtml | access-date = 10 April 2015}}</ref>

===Quayside===
] with its white turret]]
The area around the ] Gorge, between Newcastle on the north bank and ] on the south bank, is the famous Newcastle-Gateshead ]. It is famed for its series of dramatic bridges, including the ] of 1928 which was built by ] of ], ]'s ] of 1849, the first road/rail bridge in the world, and the ] of 1876.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/665382/Newcastle-upon-Tyne|title=Newcastle upon Tyne|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=3 December 2023 }}</ref>

Large-scale ] efforts have led to the replacement of former shipping premises with modern new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge - the ] - integrated the Quayside more closely with the Gateshead Quayside, home to the ] (the venue for the ] 2011)<ref name=TurnerPrize2010>{{cite web
| title = Turner Prize to leave London for BALTIC
| quote = The Turner Prize will not be held at a Tate venue for the first time in 25 years in 2011 when it heads to the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art
| website = M&H online
| date = 17 September 2010
| url = http://www.mandh-online.com/news/content/1315/turner_prize_to_leave_london_for_baltic
| access-date = 17 September 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100919165506/http://www.mandh-online.com/news/content/1315/turner_prize_to_leave_london_for_baltic
| archive-date = 19 September 2010
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> and the ]-designed ] music centre. The Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides are now a thriving, cosmopolitan area with bars, restaurants, hotels and public spaces.

{{wide image|Tyne_quayside_2.1.jpg|1100px|Seen here in 2008 on the Quayside is a Tyne Salmon Cube at right, an art exhibit celebrating ] salmon, which has since been removed<ref name=salmonliek>{{cite news|last=Hunt |first=Amy |title=Art mixing with nature in the wild |quote="The Tyne is England's best salmon-fishing river, and this is something the North East should be really proud of, but it is so much more than a fishery." |newspaper=Evening Chronicle |date=11 December 2007 |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/the-environment/go-green-news/2007/12/11/art-mixing-with-nature-in-the-wild-72703-20234813/ |access-date=1 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707004653/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/the-environment/go-green-news/2007/12/11/art-mixing-with-nature-in-the-wild-72703-20234813/ |archive-date=7 July 2008}}</ref>}}

===Grainger Town===
{{Main|Grainger Town}}
]
The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by ], a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including ], ], ] Street, Grainger Street and ] Street.<ref name=ggrmrkt2>{{cite web
|title = History of the Grainger Market
|quote = Richard Grainger, builder and developer, planned and constructed some of Newcastle's finest buildings and streets during 1830s including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger and Clayton Street.
|publisher = Newcastle.gov.uk
|url = http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history
|access-date = 3 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100825132008/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history
|archive-date = 25 August 2010
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'.<ref name=GgrMrkt1>{{cite web
|title = History of the Grainger Market
|quote = Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone.'
|publisher = newcastle.gov.uk
|url = http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history
|access-date = 3 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100825132008/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history
|archive-date = 25 August 2010
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are ], of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*.
]

], which commemorates Prime Minister ] and his ], stands above Monument Metro Station and was designed and built by ] and ]. Hodges, who also built ], designed and built the statue,<ref name = "Baily2010-2010-07-26">{{cite web
| title = GRAINGER TOWN, Greys Monument, Edward Hodges Baily
| quote = His statue by sculptor Edward Hodges Baily (also responsible for Nelson's Column) tops a column, Grey's Monument, of {{convert|41|m|ft|abbr=off}}. It has remained a favourite meeting place since it was unveiled in 1838.
| url = http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/
| access-date = 26 July 2010
| archive-date = 23 August 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110823095119/http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/
}}</ref> and the monument plinth was designed and built by Benjamin Green.<ref name="BenjaminGreen2010-07-26">{{cite web
| title = Newcastle Upon Tyne: The Architecture...; Greys Monument Centrepiece
| quote = The centrepiece is Grey's Monument, designed in 1838 by Benjamin Green
| access-date =26 July 2010
| url = http://history.knoji.com/newcastle-upon-tyne-the-architecture-of-an-historic-city/
}}</ref>

The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market.<ref name =Grain201308/> The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market.<ref name=ggrmrkt3/> At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe.<ref name=ggrmrkt3/> The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event.<ref name=ggrmrkt3/> With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition.<ref name=ggrmrkt3>{{cite web
|title = History of the Grainger Market
|publisher = Newcastle.gov.uk
|url = http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history
|access-date = 3 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100825132008/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/market_customers_grainger_history
|archive-date = 25 August 2010
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.<ref name =Grain201308>{{cite web| title = Grainger Market| url = http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-304574-grainger-market- | publisher = britishlistedbuildings.co.uk | access-date =28 August 2013}}</ref>

The development of the city in the 1960s saw the demolition of part of ] as a prelude to the modernist rebuilding initiatives of ], the leader of ]. A corruption scandal was uncovered involving Smith and ], a ] from ], West Yorkshire, and both were imprisoned. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late 1990s in the ] mini-series, '']''.<ref>Flannery, Peter. ''Retrospective – An interview with the creators of the series''. Included as a bonus feature on the '']'' DVD release. (BMG DVD 74321 941149).</ref>

====Chinatown====
]
Newcastle's thriving ] lies in the north-west of ], centred on Stowell Street. A new Chinese arch, or '']'', providing a landmark entrance, was handed over to the city with a ceremony in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink-news/chinese-new-year-2015-newcastle-8518677|title=Chinese New Year 2015 Newcastle: Guide to shops and restaurants in Chinatown|first=Sarah |last=Jeffery|date=26 January 2015|work=nechronicle}}</ref>

===Housing===
The ] was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne.<ref>{{cite web|title=Heaton (HMOs & Tyneside flats)|url=https://newcastleareas.wordpress.com/heaton-tyneside-flats/|website=Newcastle residential areas|date=28 December 2012|access-date=10 January 2016}}</ref> Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Francesca|title=The rise, fall and rise of the Tyneside flat|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-26868399|work=BBC News |access-date=10 January 2016}}</ref>

In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census (to 7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6%, and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with ] and ], greater than ] and ] and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities: ], ], ], inner London, ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/census-data/2011-census-interactive-content/index.html |title=2011 Census Interactive |publisher=ons.gov.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129132219/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/census-data/2011-census-interactive-content/index.html |archive-date=29 January 2016 }}</ref>

Significant Newcastle ] include ]'s the ] designed in the 1960s, and now ]. It is on ]'s list of outstanding 20th-century buildings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://architectuul.com/architecture/byker-wall|title=Byker Wall|website=Architectuul.com|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> The Byker Redevelopment has won the first ] in 1988.<ref>
{{cite web |title= Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design |website= gsd.harvard.edu |url= https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/urban-planning-design/fellowships-prizes-and-travel-programs/veronica-rudge-green-prize-in-urban-design/ |access-date= Oct 16, 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date= }}
</ref>

===Climate===
Newcastle has an ] climate (]: '']''). Data in Newcastle was first collected in 1802 by the solicitor ].<ref name=tyneWeather1800s>{{cite news | last = Henderson| first =Tony | title =The remarkable record of what Newcastle's weather was like some 200 years ago | newspaper =Chronicle | location = Newcastle, England| language =en | publisher = chroniclelive.co.uk | date = 24 November 2019| url =https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/james-losh-newcastle-weather-jesmond-17298083
| access-date = 8 March 2020 }}</ref> Situated in the ] of the ], Newcastle is amongst the driest cities in the UK. Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre include {{convert|37.0|C|F}} set in July 2022<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/england/newcastle#:~:text=The%20highest%20record%20is%2037,%C2%B0F)%20in%20August%202003 | title=Newcastle climate: Weather by month, temperature, rain - Climates to Travel }}</ref> down to {{convert|-14.0|C|F}} on 29 December 1995.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = TuTiempo | url= https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/1995/ws-32433.html | title = 1995 temperature}}</ref> Newcastle can have cool to cold winters, though usually warmer than the rural areas around it, and the winters are often compensated for by warm summers, with very long daylight hours in the summer months, longer than all other major English cities. Newcastle upon Tyne shares the same latitude as ] and southern Sweden.

The nearest weather station to provide sunshine statistics is at Durham, about {{convert|14|mi|km|0}} south of ]. Durham's inland, less urbanised setting results in night-time temperature data about 1 degree cooler than Newcastle proper throughout the year.
{{Weather box
|location = Newcastle (]) Extremes Newcastle
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C= 14.0
|Feb record high C= 14.0
|Mar record high C= 21.0
|Apr record high C= 21.0
|May record high C= 25.0
|Jun record high C= 26.0
|Jul record high C= 37.0
|Aug record high C= 32.5
|Sep record high C= 21.0
|Oct record high C= 20.0
|Nov record high C= 18.0
|Dec record high C= 15.0
|year record high C=
|Jan high C = 6.6
|Feb high C = 7.2
|Mar high C = 9.5
|Apr high C = 11.9
|May high C = 15.0
|Jun high C = 17.6
|Jul high C = 20.1
|Aug high C = 19.8
|Sep high C = 17.2
|Oct high C = 13.3
|Nov high C = 9.4
|Dec high C = 6.7
|year high C = 12.9
|Jan mean C = 3.8
|Feb mean C = 4.1
|Mar mean C = 5.9
|Apr mean C = 7.8
|May mean C = 10.6
|Jun mean C = 13.3
|Jul mean C = 15.6
|Aug mean C = 15.4
|Sep mean C = 13.1
|Oct mean C = 9.8
|Nov mean C = 6.4
|Dec mean C = 3.9
|year mean C = 9.2
|Jan low C = 0.9
|Feb low C = 0.9
|Mar low C = 2.3
|Apr low C = 3.7
|May low C = 6.1
|Jun low C = 9.0
|Jul low C = 11.1
|Aug low C = 11.0
|Sep low C = 9.0
|Oct low C = 6.3
|Nov low C = 3.4
|Dec low C = 1.1
|year low C = 5.4
|Jan record low C= -12.6
|Feb record low C= -3.0
|Mar record low C= -9.0
|Apr record low C= -2.0
|May record low C= -1.0
|Jun record low C= 1.0
|Jul record low C= 6.0
|Aug record low C= 3.0
|Sep record low C= 0.0
|Oct record low C= -5.0
|Nov record low C= -11.0
|Dec record low C= -14.0
|year record low C= -14.0
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 52.3
|Feb rain mm = 41.8
|Mar rain mm = 44.6
|Apr rain mm = 52.7
|May rain mm = 44.2
|Jun rain mm = 55.4
|Jul rain mm = 54.0
|Aug rain mm = 60.8
|Sep rain mm = 55.4
|Oct rain mm = 60.9
|Nov rain mm = 72.0
|Dec rain mm = 57.0
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 11.4
|Feb rain days = 9.3
|Mar rain days = 9.7
|Apr rain days = 9.5
|May rain days = 9.2
|Jun rain days = 9.7
|Jul rain days = 9.0
|Aug rain days = 9.6
|Sep rain days = 9.3
|Oct rain days = 11.3
|Nov rain days = 12.3
|Dec rain days = 11.7
|Jan sun = 58.6
|Feb sun = 80.3
|Mar sun = 115.5
|Apr sun = 150.3
|May sun = 181.7
|Jun sun = 164.8
|Jul sun = 172.3
|Aug sun = 167.3
|Sep sun = 134.5
|Oct sun = 102.8
|Nov sun = 66.4
|Dec sun = 51.2
|year sun = 1445.4
|source 1 = Met Office<ref name=NewcastleStats>{{cite web
|url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19812010/sites/durham.html
|title = Durham 1981–2010 averages
|work = Station, District and regional averages 1981–2010
|publisher = ]
|access-date = 4 November 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121031164509/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19812010/sites/durham.html
|archive-date = 31 October 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
|date=August 2010

}}
{{Weather box
| name = Newcastle, United Kingdom (1981-2010) <!-- Add a name to the weather box in template namespace to show VTE editing options. -->
| width = <!-- Width parameter for wikitable, default width=100%. Set width=auto to fit the table in the next available space automatically. -->
| collapsed = <!-- Any entry in this line will make the template initially collapsed. Leave blank or remove this line for uncollapsed. -->
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes <!-- Any entry in this line will display metric and imperial units in the same cell. Leave blank or remove this line for separate table rows. -->
| location = Newcastle, United Kingdom (1981-2010) <!-- Mandatory field, location the climate data was taken, usually an airport. -->
<!-- Average high temperatures -->
| Jan high C =8.2
| Feb high C =8.5
| Mar high C =10.2
| Apr high C =12.1
| May high C =14.9
| Jun high C =17.2
| Jul high C =19.1
| Aug high C =18.9
| Sep high C =17.0
| Oct high C =13.8
| Nov high C =10.6
| Dec high C =8.5
| year high C =
<!-- Mean daily temperature -->
| Jan mean C =5.4
| Feb mean C =5.4
| Mar mean C =6.8
| Apr mean C =8.2
| May mean C =10.7
| Jun mean C =13.2
| Jul mean C =15.1
| Aug mean C =15.0
| Sep mean C =13.2
| Oct mean C =10.5
| Nov mean C =7.6
| Dec mean C =5.7
| year mean C =
<!-- Average low temperatures -->
| Jan low C =2.5
| Feb low C =2.3
| Mar low C =3.3
| Apr low C =4.2
| May low C =6.5
| Jun low C =9.2
| Jul low C =11.1
| Aug low C =11.0
| Sep low C =9.4
| Oct low C =7.1
| Nov low C =4.5
| Dec low C =2.9
| year low C =
| rain colour = green <!-- Enter "green" for green rainfall colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for blue colouring. -->
| Jan rain mm =106.6
| Feb rain mm =74.8
| Mar rain mm =80.4
| Apr rain mm =63.2
| May rain mm =66.8
| Jun rain mm =68.3
| Jul rain mm =60.5
| Aug rain mm =81.8
| Sep rain mm =73.6
| Oct rain mm =100.0
| Nov rain mm =105.3
| Dec rain mm =101.9
| year rain mm =
<!-- Average number of rainy days -->
| Jan rain days =14.2
| Feb rain days =10.6
| Mar rain days =12.7
| Apr rain days =10.4
| May rain days =11.2
| Jun rain days =10.1
| Jul rain days =10.0
| Aug rain days =11.3
| Sep rain days =10.0
| Oct rain days =13.0
| Nov rain days =13.4
| Dec rain days =13.2
| year rain days =
<!-- Mandatory fields, source -->
| source = WMO<ref name="WMO">{{cite web |url= https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=29|title= World Weather Information Service|publisher= WMO|access-date=2 July 2023 }}</ref>
}}

===Environment===
{{main|North East Green Belt}}
The city is located within the centre of the North East Green Belt, also known as the Tyne and Wear Green Belt.<ref>{{cite web|title=Planning for the Future Core Strategy and Urban Core Plan for Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne 2010–2030 – Adopted March 2015|url=https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/wwwfileroot/planning-and-buildings/planning-policy/planning_for_the_future_core_strategy_and_urban_core_plan_2010-2030.pdf|website=Newcastle.gov.uk|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081218/https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/wwwfileroot/planning-and-buildings/planning-policy/planning_for_the_future_core_strategy_and_urban_core_plan_2010-2030.pdf}}</ref>

The green belts stated aims<ref>{{cite web|title=Core Strategy and Urban Core Plan – Section 3 Strategic Policies – Chapter 12 People and Place|url=https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/wwwfileroot/planning-and-buildings/planning-policy/section_3_-_strategic_policies.pdf|website=Newcastle.gov.uk|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122134206/https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/wwwfileroot/planning-and-buildings/planning-policy/section_3_-_strategic_policies.pdf}}</ref> are to:

* ''Prevent the merging of settlements''
* ''Safeguard the countryside from encroachment''
* ''Check unrestricted ]''
* ''Assist in urban regeneration in the city-region by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land''

The green belt surrounds ], ], Callerton, ], ], ], and ]. Popular locations such as Ryton Island, Tyne Riverside Country Park, the city's golf courses, ], and ] fall inside the green belt.

The city has been recognised for its commitment to environmental issues, with a programme planned for Newcastle to become "the first ] city"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.managenergy.net/products/R338.htm |title=Case Study: Newcastle, the first carbon-neutral town – UK on the ManagEnergy Website |publisher=Managenergy.net |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620071043/http://managenergy.net/products/R338.htm |archive-date=20 June 2010 }}</ref> however, those plans have been revised and they now hope to be carbon neutral by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/your-council-and-democracy/policies-plans-and-performance/our-policies-and-plans/council-plan/big|title=Big considerations|website=Newcastle City Council|access-date=24 November 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Culture==

===Nightlife===
]
''The ] to Britain'' placed Newcastle upon Tyne's nightlife as Great Britain's number one ].<ref name=rGuideNo1NLife>{{cite book | last =Andrews | first = Robert | title =The Rough Guide to Britain | publisher = Rough Guide Travel Guides | edition = 6| date =31 July 2006 | location =United Kingdom | language =en | isbn =9781843536864 }}</ref> In the ] Travellers' Choice Destination Awards for Nightlife destinations, Newcastle was awarded third place in Europe (behind ] and ])<ref name="tripadvisor2010-08-12">{{cite web |title = Tripadvisor Unveils Travellers' Best Destinations- Party Hard in London and Newcastle |quote = tourists a good time too with Newcastle coming third, followed by Dublin in fourth position and Edinburgh in seventh. |location = London, U.K. |publisher=Tripadvisor.co.uk |date = 4 May 2010 |url = http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/PressCenter-i205-c1-Press_Releases.html}}</ref> and seventh place in the world.<ref name="Tripadvisor2-2010-08-12">{{cite web |title = Tripadvisor Unveils Travellers' Best Destinations – The World Nightspots |quote = New Orleans has been identified as having the best nightlife in the world... London comes in at number five in the world and Newcastle number seven. |publisher=Tripadvisor |date = 4 May 2010 |url = http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/PressCenter-i205-c1-Press_Releases.html |access-date = 12 August 2010}}</ref> In July 2023 Newcastle was voted the best city in the UK for food, fashion and nightlife.<ref name=vibesJuly2023>{{cite web
| url = https://metro.co.uk/2023/07/30/newcastle-voted-best-uk-city-for-vibes-but-dont-look-now-stoke-on-trent-19216808/
| title = Newcastle voted best UK city for vibes
| last = Coleman
| first = Liam
| date = 30 July 2023
| website = metro.co.uk
| access-date =
| quote = A survey asked 2,000 residents in the UK’s largest cities to rate the different ‘vibes’ in their area. Newcastle scored highest for seven out of the nine in total – including being the most welcoming city and having the best pub scene.}}</ref>

There are many bars on the ] and its adjoining streets. Other areas popular for nightlife include Collingwood Street (commonly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars). Neville Street, the ] area, Osborne Road in ] and the wider ] area are home to a variety of younger metropolitan bars. "]", located on Newgate Street, has become a popular venue for late-night entertainment in the past decade and a half.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Gate |url=http://www.thegatenewcastle.co.uk/|access-date=19 December 2006}}</ref> Newcastle's ] is concentrated on Times Square, surrounded by the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=About |work=newcastlegay.co.uk right|url=http://www.newcastlegay.co.uk/about.php |access-date=3 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gay Village/Pink Triangle |publisher=pubsnewcastle.co.uk |url=http://www.pubsnewcastle.co.uk/GayVillage.html|access-date=19 December 2006}}</ref>
]]]

===Food===
Bakery chain ] was founded, and is headquartered, in Newcastle and has the greatest number of Greggs stores ] in the world.<ref name="chroniclelive4">{{cite news|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/pasty-three-newcastle-revealed-greggs-11887605|first1 = Sonia | last1 = Sharma | first2 = Patrick E | last2 = Scott|title=A pasty or three: Newcastle revealed as the Greggs capital of Britain|newspaper=Chronicle Live|date=14 September 2016|access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> Local delicacies include ] and ].

In 1967, London based ] created Salt & Vinegar flavour crisps which were first produced by their Newcastle based subsidiary ] and tested in Tudor's home market of north-east England before being launched nationally.<ref>{{cite news |title=From salt and vinegar crisps to the offside rule: 12 gifts the North East gave the world |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/salt-vinegar-crisps-offside-rule-12380648 |access-date=5 September 2022 |work=Evening Chronicle}}</ref>

In 2010, Osborne Road in ] was awarded fourth place in the UK Google Street View awards for the "foodie" category.<ref name="google street view"/> Newcastle has its own ].

Additionally, the city has a wide variety of cuisines available including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. There has also been a noticeable growth in Newcastle's ] restaurant industry in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sugarvine.com/Newcastle/index.asp |title=Restaurants in Newcastle & North East restaurants, eating out, places to eat in Newcastle & North East restaurant guide UK |publisher=Sugarvine.com |access-date=4 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Akbars Restaurant Birmingham |url=http://www.thegourmetsociety.co.uk/rest.php?search=yes&page=1&shoi=0&show_county=15 |title=Restaurants in Birmingham, Newcastle, Nottingham, Derby – The Gourmet Society UK |publisher=Thegourmetsociety.co.uk |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013183108/http://thegourmetsociety.co.uk/rest.php?search=yes&page=1&shoi=0&show_county=15 |archive-date=13 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://leaveatip.co.uk/docs/getrest.php?cities=Newcastle |title=The people's Newcastle Restaurant Guide |publisher=Leaveatip.co.uk |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125010418/http://leaveatip.co.uk/docs/getrest.php?cities=Newcastle |archive-date=25 November 2010 }}</ref>

===Theatre===
The city has a proud history of theatre. ] of the well-known ] managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791–1806). He brought members of his famous acting family such as ] and ] out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street.<ref name="theatreRoyal1788">{{cite web | url = http://www.newcastlegateshead.com/whats-on/theatres-royal-exhibition-at-theatre-royal-p797591 | title = Theatres Royal Exhibition at Theatre Royal | website = newcastlegateshead.com | access-date = 6 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170306035012/http://www.newcastlegateshead.com/whats-on/theatres-royal-exhibition-at-theatre-royal-p797591 | archive-date = 6 March 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> It was demolished to make way for Grey Street, where its replacement was built.
], Grey Street]]
The city still contains many theatres. The largest, the ] on Grey Street, first opened in 1837, designed by ].<ref name="JBGreen">{{cite web
| title = Newcastle Upon Tyne: The Architecture... Theatre Royal, John and Benjamin Green
| quote = The principal event is the Theatre Royal (1837) by John and Benjamin Green who had designed the Literary and Philosophical Society's building.
| url = http://factoidz.com/newcastle-upon-tyne-the-architecture-of-an-historic-city/
| access-date = 26 July 2010
| archive-date = 6 August 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100806010130/http://factoidz.com/newcastle-upon-tyne-the-architecture-of-an-historic-city
}}</ref> It has hosted a season of performances from the ] for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of West End musicals.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |work=Theatre Royal |url=http://www.theatreroyal.co.uk/about_us/history.html |access-date=21 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706171750/http://www.theatreroyal.co.uk/about_us/history.html |archive-date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> The ] hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent. ], formally known as the Newcastle Playhouse and Gulbenkian Studio, hosts various local, national and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Curtain rises at new city theatre |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/5284740.stm |date=25 August 2006 |access-date=12 August 2007}}</ref> Other theatres in the city include the ], the ], Alphabetti Theatre, Gosforth Civic Theatre, and the ]. ] was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the UK in a survey conducted by the ] TV channel.<ref>{{cite news|title=North East voted 'arts capital' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/6216475.stm |work=BBC News |date=29 December 2006 |access-date=18 August 2007}}</ref>

===Literature and libraries===
] on New Bridge Street West]]
]]]Newcastle has a strong reputation as a poetry centre. The ], run by poet ], is a major venue for poetry readings in the North East, being the place where ] gave the first reading of '']'' in 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mordentower.org/ |title=Morden Tower Home Page |publisher=Mordentower.org |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-date=16 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316195625/http://www.mordentower.org/ }}</ref>

The ] (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books. Its music library contains 8,000 CDs and 10,000 LPs.<ref name=litandPhil20110208>{{Cite news
|last=Glover
|first=Andrew
|title=Alexander Armstrong in appeal to save Lit and Phil
|quote=The Lit and Phil is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books. Its music library contains 8,000 CDs and 10,000 LPs. The society was founded early in 1793 as a 'conversation club', with an annual subscription of one guinea. The current building was built in 1825.
|newspaper=The Journal
|publisher=ncjMedia, Trinity Mirror
|date=8 February 2011
|url=http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/2011/02/08/alexander-armstrong-in-appeal-to-save-lit-and-phil-61634-28133303/
|access-date=8 February 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215165559/http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/2011/02/08/alexander-armstrong-in-appeal-to-save-lit-and-phil-61634-28133303/
|archive-date=15 February 2011
}}</ref><ref name=Litandphilorguk>{{cite web
|title=Lit and Phil – Welcome
|quote=The Literary & Philosophical Society (Lit & Phil) is the largest independent library outside London, housing over 150,000 books.
|publisher=litandphil.org.uk
|year=2011
|url=http://www.litandphil.org.uk/html_pages/LP_home.html
|access-date=8 February 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502065937/http://www.litandphil.org.uk/html_pages/LP_home.html
|archive-date= 2 May 2010
}}</ref> The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green.<ref name="JBGreen"/> Operating since 1793 and founded as a 'conversation club,' its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by ] on 20 October 1880.<ref name=litandPhil20110208/>

The old City library designed by ],<ref name=BasilSpence>{{cite web
| title = Sir Basil Spence – Building Notes
| publisher = canmore.rcahms.gov.uk
| url = http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/286495/details/tyne+and+wear+newcastle+upon+tyne+city+library/
| access-date = 15 November 2013
| archive-date = 29 April 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140429162421/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/286495/details/tyne+and+wear+newcastle+upon+tyne+city+library/
}}</ref> was demolished in 2006<ref name=BasilSpence/> and replaced. The new building opened on 21 June 2009<ref name=AvisonLibrary/> and was named after the 18th-century local composer ]; the building was first opened by ].<ref name=AvisonLibrary>{{cite web | title = City Library | quote = On Sunday 21 June 2009 the building was formally dedicated by Dr Herbert Loebl | publisher = Newcastle.gov.uk | date = 11 June 2013 | url = http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/leisure-libraries-and-tourism/libraries/city-library | access-date = 15 November 2013 | archive-date = 5 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131105063639/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/leisure-libraries-and-tourism/libraries/city-library }}</ref> Later that year it was officially opened by Queen ].

], the National Centre for Children's Books, opened in 2005 in the ].<ref name=sstories201102>{{Cite news
|last = Brown
|first = Jonathon
|title = Delight as 'lost' Enid Blyton book is discovered
|newspaper = The Independent
|location = UK
|date = 23 February 2011
|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/delight-as-lost-enid-blyton-book-is-discovered-2222818.html
|access-date = 23 February 2011
|archive-date = 24 February 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110224040258/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/delight-as-lost-enid-blyton-book-is-discovered-2222818.html
}}</ref><ref name=Wilson2010>{{cite news |title=Jacqueline Wilson Helps Birthday Celebrations|first= Ruth|last= Lawson|newspaper= The Evening Chronicle|date= 20 August 2010|url= http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/evening-chronicle-news/2010/08/20/jacqueline-wilson-helps-birthday-celebrations-72703-27102876/}}</ref>

===Festivals and fairs===
In either January or February, ] becomes the focus point of celebrations for the ] with carnivals and parades.

The Newcastle Science Festival, now called ], returns annually in early March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newcastlesciencefest.com/ |title=Newcastle Science Festival – Home |publisher=Newcastlesciencefest.com |access-date=4 August 2010}}</ref>

The Newcastle ], organised by ] takes place in April each year.<ref>{{cite web | title=Beer Festival | publisher=cannybevvy.co.uk | url=http://www.cannybevvy.co.uk/Beer_Festival/beer_festival.html | access-date=20 January 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213092807/http://www.cannybevvy.co.uk/Beer_Festival/beer_festival.html | archive-date=13 February 2008 }}</ref> ], a music festival that attracted tens of thousands of attendees, took place in May from 2002 until 2013 and was described as "the biggest festival Tyneside has ever staged".<ref>{{cite news|title=Evolution Festival postponed for one year|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-26142833|access-date=10 July 2016|work=BBC News|date=12 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Barr |first1=Gordon |title=Festival hits Dizzee heights |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music/festival-hits-dizzee-heights-1571989 |access-date=10 July 2016 |work=] |date=7 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914115216/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music/festival-hits-dizzee-heights-1571989 |archive-date=14 September 2016 }}</ref> The This Is Tomorrow festival now takes place over the spring bank holiday and is in the same location. The biennial ] of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March. The North East Art Expo, a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists, is held in late May.<ref name=artExpo2>{{cite news | last = Whetstone | first = David | title = Expo gives artists and makers a showcase | newspaper = The Journal | location = Newcastle | publisher = thejournal.co.uk | date = 3 April 2008 | url = http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts/expo-gives-artists-makers-showcase-4505979 | access-date = 24 May 2017 | archive-date = 7 November 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004639/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts/expo-gives-artists-makers-showcase-4505979 }}</ref><ref name=artExpoNe1>{{cite web | url = http://northeastexpo.co.uk/ | title = North East Expo – Autumn 2017 | website = northeastexpo.co.uk| publisher = northeastexpo | access-date = 24 May 2017}}</ref>

], the largest annual collection of travelling fairs in Europe, comes together on ] every June. The event has its origins in the ] during the early 1880s, and coincides with the annual ] at High Gosforth Park.<ref>{{cite web |title=Town Moor Hoppings |publisher=newcastle.gov.uk |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/wwwfileroot/localstudies/factsheets/Factsheet3Hoppings.pdf |date=September 2004 |access-date=20 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227084006/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/wwwfileroot/localstudies/factsheets/Factsheet3Hoppings.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008 }}</ref> Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community ] festival, also takes place every June, in ].<ref>{{cite web | title=History of the Festival | publisher=newcastlegreenfestival.org.uk | url=http://www.newcastlegreenfestival.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=40 | access-date=20 January 2008 | archive-date=13 January 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113214143/http://www.newcastlegreenfestival.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=40 }}</ref> The Cyclone Festival of Cycling takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June.<ref>{{cite web | title=Cyclone Festival of Cycling| url=https://cyclonecycling.com | access-date=14 August 2020 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=cyclone2008>{{cite web | title=What is it? | publisher=northernrockcyclone.co.uk | url=http://www.northernrockcyclone.co.uk/about.asp | access-date=20 January 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217184407/http://www.northernrockcyclone.co.uk/about.asp | archive-date=17 December 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in ] and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ouseburn Festival home page | publisher=ouseburnfestival.org | url=http://www.ouseburnfestival.org/index.htm | access-date=25 January 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523090242/http://ouseburnfestival.org/index.htm | archive-date=23 May 2007 }}</ref>

Newcastle ], held on the late ] weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event that blends drama, music and food from ], ], ] and ] cultures.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the Mela ? |publisher=newcastle.gov.uk |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/mela_what |access-date=25 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026103201/http://newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/mela_what |archive-date=26 October 2007 }}</ref> NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event was held in ] Music and Arts Centre (then called Sage Gateshead), designed by ].<ref>{{cite web | title=NewcastleGateshead Arts Fair home page | publisher=ngartfair.com | url=http://www.ngartfair.com/ | access-date=25 January 2008 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20030416181002/http://www.ngartfair.com/ | archive-date=16 April 2003 }}</ref> In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introducing Design Event |publisher=design-event.co.uk |url=http://www.design-event.co.uk/index.htm |access-date=22 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212052802/http://www.design-event.co.uk/index.htm |archive-date=12 February 2008 }}</ref>
The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samafestival.org |title=NewcastleGateshead 6–12 October 2008 |publisher=SAMA Festival |date=24 July 2008 |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811011606/http://www.samafestival.org/ |archive-date=11 August 2009 }}</ref>

===Music===
], principal songwriter, lead singer and bassist for English rock band ].]]
{{See also|List of bands and musicians from Newcastle Upon Tyne}}
Newcastle's vernacular music was a mixture of ] and nineteenth-century songs with dialect lyrics, by writers such as ], whose songs include one which became an unofficial Tyneside national anthem, "]".

The 1960s saw the internationally successful rock group ] emerge from Newcastle night spots such as Club A-Go-Go<ref name=Theanimals1962ClubAGogo>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Roger |title=Club A'GoGo |quote=The Animals also recorded a live album at the Gogo and even wrote a song about the place. |publisher=readysteadygone.co.uk |url=http://www.readysteadygone.co.uk/club-agogo-newcastle/ |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406045312/http://www.readysteadygone.co.uk/club-agogo-newcastle/ |archive-date=6 April 2010 }}</ref> on Percy Street. Other well-known acts with connections to the city include ],<ref name=Sting2010-08-15>{{cite web |last=Christy |first=Duncan |title=Stephen Hannock painting commissioned by Sting to be displayed in Newcastle's Laing Art Gallery this autumn.... |publisher=Sting.com (Official Site) |date=10 November 2008 |url=http://www.sting.com/news/news.php?uid=6142 |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128152804/http://sting.com/news/news.php?uid=6142 |archive-date=28 November 2010 }}</ref> ],<ref name =Ferry2010-08-15>{{cite web |title=Superstar Bryan Ferry talks about his early days in Newcastle and how the North East shaped his life |publisher=ne4me.co.uk |date=9 November 2009 |url=http://www.ne4me.co.uk/celebrities-3/superstar-newcastle-shaped-102.html |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-date=11 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211160552/http://www.ne4me.co.uk/celebrities-3/superstar-newcastle-shaped-102.html }}</ref> ]<ref name =Direstraits2010-08-15>{{Cite news|title=Dire Straits given plaque honour |publisher=BBC |date=4 December 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8394556.stm |access-date=15 August 2010}}</ref> and more recently ].<ref name=Maximo2010-08-15>{{cite web|title=Maximo Park Limited Edition Bottles of Brown Ale |publisher=ilikemusic.com |year=2007 |url=http://www.ilikemusic.com/rock/Maximo_Park_LIMITED_EDITION_Brown_Ale-4366 |access-date=15 August 2010}}</ref> There is also a thriving ] scene that encompasses a variety of styles, including ], ] and ].

] are a folk-rock group with a strong ] connection. Their most famous song, "]" (1971), was covered by ] ex-footballer ] in 1990. ], reckoned by many to be the originators of ] and extremely influential to the ] scene as a whole, formed in Newcastle in 1979. ] band ], often regarded as the first folk metal band, also formed in Newcastle after the break-up of ] thrash metal band, ]. ], former lead guitarist of ] was born here in 1961. ] was a member of local rock band ] before becoming the lead vocalist for Australian band ].<ref name="92kqrs">{{cite news |title=Back in Black Becomes 2nd Best-Selling Album in the World |url=https://www.92kqrs.com/2019/12/10/back-in-black-becomes-2nd-best-selling-album-in-the-world/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=92 KQRS |date=10 December 2019}}</ref>

] frontman ]. His song "]" is played at St. James Park before the start of every ] home game.<ref name="Newcastle">Anthony Bateman (2008). "Sporting Sounds: Relationships Between Sport and Music". p. 186. Routledge</ref>]]
Newcastle is the home of ] (c. 1982),<ref name=Kitchenware2010-08-15>{{cite web|title=Welcome To Kitchenware Records |quote=Kitchenware Records was established in 1982 in Newcastle... |work=Music |publisher=Kitchenware Records |url=http://www.kitchenwarerecords.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030502062032/http://www.kitchenwarerecords.com/ |archive-date=2 May 2003 |access-date=15 August 2010 }}</ref> previously home to acclaimed bands such as ], ] and ]. The members of ] met at Newcastle University; the music video for their hit single "]" features the city's ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lighthouse Family - High (Official Video) |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=taOL5HJdx1A |access-date=25 June 2022 |agency=YouTube }}</ref>

The 1990s boom in ] music saw the city's ] record label publish mix CDs by the likes of ], ], ], and ] recording mix compilations. The label is still going strong today with offices in London and New York, and new releases from ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Global underground is 10 |quote=Global Underground has become more than an internationally renowned dance music label. It's become a way of life. This is an impressive legacy – especially for an independent label based in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne in the North of England. |url=http://www.globalunderground.co.uk/news_detail.php?ID=110 |access-date=20 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515014426/http://www.globalunderground.co.uk/news_detail.php?ID=110 |archive-date=15 May 2008 }}</ref>

Newcastle's leading classical music ensemble is the ], which was founded in 1958 and performed regularly at Newcastle City Hall until 2004. Nowadays it is based at ].

ICMuS, ]'s music department, has been a driving force for music in the region, producing innovative work, organising concerts and festivals, instigating the first degree programme in folk music in the British Isles, and engaging creatively with communities in the region.

===Concert venues===
]
The largest venue used for music concerts is St James Park, home of Newcastle United, which has also previously been used for Rugby League games and the Olympic Games. The second largest ] in Newcastle is the 11,000-seat ], which opened in 1995 and hosts major pop and rock concerts.<ref name=indthrive /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Barr|first1=Gordon|title=It's ten years of rockin' the Toon|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/its-ten-years-rockin-toon-1597043|access-date=11 July 2016|work=]|date=15 November 2005}}</ref> ] is one of the oldest venues in the region and "attracts big names who are often legends of the past".<ref name=indthrive /> Both of the city's universities have venues that mainly host ] and ] bands.<ref name=indthrive>{{cite news|title=Newcastle's music scene: where bands thrive|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/newcastles-music-scene-where-bands-thrive-6103622.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/newcastles-music-scene-where-bands-thrive-6103622.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=11 July 2016|work=]|date=14 April 2006}}</ref>

On 14 October 2005, the 2,000 capacity ] opened. It had previously been a music venue in the 1960s, hosting concerts by ] and ].<ref name=o2academy>{{cite news|last1=Wonfor|first1=Sam|title=The O2 Academy in Newcastle prepares to celebrate its 10th birthday in style in October|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/o2-academy-newcastle-prepares-celebrate-9866948|access-date=10 July 2016|work=]|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> The new venue was headlined by ] on the opening night and known as the Carling Academy for a number of years, then as the O2 Academy. Since opening the venue has hosted performances by major bands and solo musicians including ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name=lookbig>{{cite news|last1=Duke|first1=Simon|title=O2 Academy Newcastle is 10: A look at the big names who've entertained|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/o2-academy-newcastle-10-look-10258227|access-date=11 July 2016|work=]|date=14 October 2015}}</ref>
]
The ] music venue on Melbourne Street, open from 1985 until 1999, notably hosted ]'s first European show in 1989.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Morton|first1=David|title=Kurt Cobain died on this day in 1994: We recall Nirvana's first ever UK gig at Newcastle Riverside|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/kurt-cobain-died-day-1994-11134504|access-date=10 July 2016|work=]|date=5 April 2016}}</ref> The venue also welcomed ], ], ] and ] and was named Best Regional Venue by ] in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wonfor|first1=Sam|title=Bright future ahead for live music|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music/bright-future-ahead-live-music-1603478|access-date=10 July 2016|work=]|date=27 January 2004}}</ref> Riverside has also been the subject of a book, ''Riverside: Newcastle's Legendary Alternative Music Venue''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Plater|first1=Hazel|last2=Taylor|first2=Carl|title=Riverside: Newcastle's Legendary Alternative Music Venue|date=27 October 2011|publisher=Tonto Books|isbn=978-1907183195}}</ref>

In 2016 open-air concerts took place at Times Square for the first time, including performances from ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maine|first1=Sammy|title=Maximo Park set to play huge homecoming show|url=https://www.nme.com/news/maximo-park/92925|access-date=10 July 2016|work=]|date=12 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jeffrey|first1=Sarah|title=Ocean Colour Scene to celebrate 20th anniversary of Moseley Shoals at Times Square gig|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/ocean-colour-scene-celebrate-20th-11489101|access-date=10 July 2016|work=]|date=17 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jeffrey|first1=Sarah|title=Catfish and the Bottlemen to play open air gig in Times Square Newcastle this summer|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/catfish-bottlemen-play-open-air-11563368|access-date=10 July 2016|issue=4 July 2016}}</ref>

The small music venue Think Tank? was a nominee for Best Small Venue in NME in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Finalists revealed in NME's search for Britain's Best Small Venue with Jack Daniel's 2015 |url=https://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/89447 |access-date=10 July 2016 |work=] |date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007061717/http://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/89447 |archive-date= 7 October 2016 }}</ref> ] in ] is "one of the most important venues for breaking bands in the region".<ref name=evoemergingvenues>{{cite news|last1=Jeffery|first1=Sarah|title=Evolution Emerging 2016: A guide to the music festival's ten Newcastle venues|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/evolution-emerging-2016-guide-music-8965446|access-date=11 July 2016|work=]|date=16 May 2016}}</ref> Trillians Rock Bar is well-noted for its rock and ] shows,<ref name=indthrive /> and The Head of Steam is a 90-capacity basement venue described as "one of Newcastle's staple venues".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lawson|first1=Ruth|title=Newcastle city centre The Head of Steam music venue relaunches|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music/newcastle-city-centre-head-steam-6204913|access-date=11 July 2016|work=]|date=18 October 2013}}</ref>

===Independent cinema===
], designed and built by Dixon Scott, great uncle of ] and ].<ref name=RidTonScottcinema/>]]
Newcastle has multiple independent cinemas, including the famous ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tynesidecinema.co.uk/ |title=Tyneside Cinema |access-date=18 July 2010}}</ref> located on Pilgrim Street. It originally opened as the 'Bijou News-Reel Cinema' in 1937, and was designed and built by Dixon Scott, great-uncle of film directors ]<ref name=RidTonScottcinema>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/articles/2008/05/30/ridley_scott_profile_feature.shtml |title=Profiles – Sir Ridley Scott |publisher=] |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=18 July 2010}}</ref> and ]. The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the ]. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building.<ref name=tynescinem>{{cite web
|title = Cinema Bids Au Revoir
|date = 11 April 2008
|url = http://www.gateshead.gov.uk/Council%20and%20Democracy/news/News%20Articles/Cinema%20Bids%20Au%20Revoir%20to%20Gateshead.aspx
|access-date = 23 February 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162459/http://www.gateshead.gov.uk/Council%20and%20Democracy/news/News%20Articles/Cinema%20Bids%20Au%20Revoir%20to%20Gateshead.aspx
|archive-date = 24 July 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic<ref name=tynesidecinclassic>{{cite web
| title = The Classic
| publisher = tynesidecinema.co.uk
| quote = the Classic is a magnificently restored auditorium which features balcony seating in its Classic Circle
| url = http://www.tynesidecinema.co.uk/hire/spaces/the-classic
| access-date = 23 February 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110305211813/http://www.tynesidecinema.co.uk/hire/spaces/the-classic
| archive-date = 5 March 2011
}}</ref> —the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens, and dedicated education and teaching suites.

As well as this, the city is home to The Side Cinema and Star and Shadow Cinema which are both small venues which have built up cult audiences of film fans.

=== Landmarks ===
Its landmarks include the ]; the ]; ]; ], ], ]; ] including ] and the ]; the ]; ]; ]; and ].

==Media==

===TV and film===
{{See also|Category:Films set in Newcastle upon Tyne|Category:Television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne}}
The earliest known film featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is '']'' (1939),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/forget-carter-night-fire-first-2636161|title=Forget Get Carter, On the Night of the Fire was first so-called film noir based in Newcastle|date=16 April 2013|work=nechronicle}}</ref> though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came '']'' (1951) and '']'' (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The gangster thriller '']'' (1971) was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the early 1970s.<ref name="Get Carter">{{Cite news
| title = Tinseltoon: Get Carter
| location = Newcastle |publisher=BBC
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/articles/2008/05/21/get_carter_film_feature.shtml
| access-date = 4 July 2010}}</ref> The city was also backdrop to another gangster film, the ] '']'' (1988), directed by ] and starring ], ], ] and ].<ref name="Sting2010-07-04">{{Cite news | title = Stormy Monday | publisher = Sting | url = http://www.sting.com/discog/?v=v&a=1&id=340 | access-date = 4 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101216162535/http://www.sting.com/discog/?v=v&a=1&id=340 | archive-date = 16 December 2010 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> As well as this, Newcastle was used as the location for '']'' (2016) which won the ] award at ] as well as the ] for ].

The city has been the setting for films based around football; films such as '']'' (2000),<ref name="Purely Belter1">{{Cite news
| title = Tinseltoon: Purely Belter
|publisher=BBC
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/articles/2008/05/23/film_locations_purely_belter_feature.shtml | access-date = 4 July 2010}}</ref> '']'' (2002)<ref name="The One and Only 2010-07-04">{{Cite news
| title = The one and only
| newspaper = The Journal
| url = http://www.journallive.co.uk/culture-newcastle/film-reviews/2002/10/13/our-bid-s-the-one-and-only-61634-12279456/
| access-date = 4 July 2010
| archive-date = 18 January 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118081806/http://www.journallive.co.uk/culture-newcastle/film-reviews/2002/10/13/our-bid-s-the-one-and-only-61634-12279456/
}}</ref> and '']''<ref name="Goal 2010-07-04">{{cite web
| title = Hollywood on Tyne
|publisher=BBC
| year = 2004
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/hollywood_on_tyne/goal/goal_launch.shtml
| access-date = 4 July 2010}}</ref> have all been focused around Tyneside. The comedy '']'' (2004), starring ] was also filmed in Newcastle.<ref name="SchoolFor">{{cite web
| title= School For Seduction
|publisher=BBC
| year = 2004
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2004/08/25/school_for_seduction_2004_review.shtml
| access-date = 4 July 2010}}</ref>

The ] film '']'' (2010) was shot on location in Newcastle's city centre and features key scenes in and around ].<ref name="HumTumAurGhost">{{Cite news
| last = Mahmood
| first = Shabnam
| title = Newcastle makes Bollywood impact
|publisher=BBC
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/tyne/hi/people_and_places/newsid_8587000/8587240.stm
| access-date = 4 July 2010
| date=25 March 2010}}</ref> The film '']'' (2009) was shot in and around Newcastle, and features several scenes under and around the ].

Crime drama '']'' (2013) was filmed in the city as well as ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/film-tv/harrigan-film-turns-focus-north-6056288|title=Harrigan film turns focus on North East crime in the seventies|first=Barbara|last=Hodgson|date=18 September 2013|work=journallive|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319215436/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/film-tv/harrigan-film-turns-focus-north-6056288}}</ref>

===Print media===
Local newspapers that are printed in Newcastle include ]'s '']'' and '']'', the '']'' as well as the '']'' freesheet. '']'' is a monthly style and ] similar to London's '']''. The adult comic '']'' originated in ] and includes many references to Newcastle, and ''The Mag'' is a fanzine for Newcastle United supporters.

===Television===
] is based to the north of the city on Barrack Road, ], in a building known as the Pink Palace.<ref name="pink">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/articles/2006/04/26/bbc_newcastle_tours_feature.shtml |title=Take a look around |publisher=BBC Tyne |access-date=21 September 2006}}</ref> It is from here that the ] broadcasts the '']'' television regional news programme and ] station ].

]
] was based at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959.<ref name="crs">{{cite web|first=Andrew |last=Bowden |title=City Road |url=http://www.transdiffusion.org/tmc/cityroad/studios/cityroad.php |date=1 May 2007 |access-date=17 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903142247/http://www.transdiffusion.org/tmc/cityroad/studios/cityroad.php |archive-date= 3 September 2011 }}</ref> In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Fond Farewell |work=City Road |url=http://www.transdiffusion.org/tmc/cityroad/history/farewell.php |access-date=19 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518003939/http://www.transdiffusion.org/tmc/cityroad/history/farewell.php |archive-date=18 May 2008 }}</ref> The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, '']''.<ref name="crs" />

===Radio===
] stations include ] and sister station ]. ] broadcasts across Newcastle and the ] region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Capital FM North East |url=http://capitalfm.com/tyneandwear |access-date=11 March 2012 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ] and ] also broadcast from the city.
]
] launched in June 2007, the first full-time ] station in the area.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Radio station launch |work=Evening Chronicle |url=http://icnewcastle.icnetwork.co.uk/chroniclelive/eveningchronicle/chroniclearchive/2007/06/07/radio-station-launch-50081-19260930/ |date=7 July 2007 |access-date=21 September 2007}}</ref>

Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities during term time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Student media |publisher=Newcastle University |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/undergraduate/life/union/media.htm |access-date=22 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330182738/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/undergraduate/life/union/media.htm |archive-date=30 March 2008 }}</ref> Radio Tyneside<ref>{{cite web
|title = Radio Tyneside
|publisher = radiotyneside.co.uk
|url = http://www.radiotyneside.co.uk/2010/Home.php
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120819083446/http://www.radiotyneside.co.uk/2010/Home.php
|archive-date = 19 August 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> has been the voluntary ] service for most hospitals across Newcastle and Gateshead since 1951.
<ref>{{cite web
|title=Hospedia
|work=Newcastle NHS Hospedia page
|url=http://www.newcastle-hospitals.org.uk/patient-guides/patient-services_hospedia.aspx
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906034800/http://www.newcastle-hospitals.org.uk/patient-guides/patient-services_hospedia.aspx
|archive-date=6 September 2012
}}</ref><ref name="radiotyneside">{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotyneside.co.uk/f18/main/posts/article.php?post_ref=20|title=Newsdesk|website=Radio Tyneside|access-date=18 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122221000/https://www.radiotyneside.co.uk/f18/main/posts/article.php?post_ref=20}}</ref><ref name="ofcom">{{cite web|url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/112405/March-2018-community-radio-licence-awards.pdf|author=Susan Williams|publisher=Ofcom|date=29 March 2018|title=Community radio – Eight community radio licence awards: March 2018 |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>
The city also has a Radio Lollipop station based at the Great North Children's Hospital in the Newcastle ].

===City-centre Wi-Fi===

Newcastle was one of the first cities in the UK to have its city centre covered by free ] access. It was developed and installed at the end of 2006 and went active in March 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Newcastle joins UK 'wireless city' revolution |publisher=24dash.com |url=http://www.24dash.com/news/Central_Government/2006-11-13-Newcastle-joins-UK-wireless-city-revolution |access-date=29 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109024413/http://www.24dash.com/news/Central_Government/2006-11-13-Newcastle-joins-UK-wireless-city-revolution |archive-date=9 January 2009 }}</ref>

==Economy==
{{See also|List of companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne}}
The city's economy is diverse with major economic output in science, finance, retail, education, tourism, and nightlife. Newcastle is one of the UK ], as well as part of the ] network.<ref name="coreCity">{{cite web|title=Core Cities|website=corecities.com|publisher=Core Cities|url=http://www.corecities.com|access-date=8 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="euroCity2">{{cite web|title=Eurocities|publisher=eurocities.org|url=http://www.eurocities.org|access-date=19 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110159/http://www.eurocities.org/main.php|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="euroCity">{{cite web|title=Newcastle-Gateshead|website=eurocities.eu|publisher=eurocities|url=http://www.eurocities.eu/eurocities/members/member&id=58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412001617/http://www.eurocities.eu/eurocities/members/member%26id%3D58|archive-date=12 April 2013|access-date=17 September 2015 }}</ref>

Newcastle played a major role during the 19th-century ], and was a leading centre for coal mining, shipbuilding, engineering, munitions and manufacturing. ] in Newcastle declined in the second half of the 20th century; with office, service and retail employment now becoming the city's staples.

Today, Newcastle's economy contributes around £13&nbsp;billion to the UK ].<ref name="RegionalGVA">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/Regional_GVA_December_2007.pdf|title=Regional GVA December 2007 (Page 7)|access-date=13 April 2009|publisher=]|year=2007}}</ref> This figure is mostly produced by corporate activity in ].

The city's thriving nightlife is estimated to be worth £340 million per year, and consequently is seen as a major contributor to Newcastle's economy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Whitfield|first=Graeme|date=26 August 2020|title=Newcastle's nightlife in danger of "imminent collapse", club bosses warn|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/newcastles-nightlife-danger-imminent-collapse-18834052|access-date=9 March 2021|website=ChronicleLive|language=en}}</ref>

The UK's first ] village, the ], is located by ]. The village is the first step in the City Council's plans to transform Newcastle into a science city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newcastle Science City |url=http://www.newcastlesciencecity.com/ |work=Newcastle Science City.com |access-date=8 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416133100/http://www.newcastlesciencecity.com/ |archive-date=16 April 2007 }}</ref>

===Retail===
], now pedestrianised]][[File:Old Eldon Square, Newcastle upon Tyne (geograph 3064279).jpg|thumb|
], the ] is built around it and takes its name from it.]]
In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caci.co.uk/492.aspx |title=Retail Footprint 2010 reveals Britain's shopping successes and strugglers |date=21 May 2010 |publisher=CACI |access-date=18 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618210926/http://www.caci.co.uk/492.aspx |archive-date=18 June 2010 }}</ref> There are several major shopping areas in ]. The largest of these is the ], one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK.<ref name="Eldon Square2010-07-26">{{cite web
| title = GRAINGER TOWN... Eldon Square
| url = http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/
| access-date = 26 July 2010
| archive-date = 23 August 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110823095119/http://northeast.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/north-east-life-newcastle-grainger-town-grey-street-eldon-square-chinatown-eldon-garde-17318/
}}</ref> It has one of the largest ] stores in the UK. This John Lewis branch was formerly known as ], established in 1838, often cited as the world's first ].<ref name="Bain20130101">{{cite news | last = Marshall | first = Ray| title = Remember When: SUPERSTORE; Remembering Bainbridge's – a world first. | newspaper = Evening Chronicle| publisher = thefreelibrary.com | date = 5 April 2008 | url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Remember+When%3A+SUPERSTORE%3B+Remembering+Bainbridge's+-+a+world+first.-a0177495747 | access-date = 15 October 2013}}</ref> Emerson Bainbridge (1817–1892),<ref name="Bain2013102">Anne Pimlott Baker, 'Bainbridge, Emerson Muschamp (1817–1892)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2010 </ref> a pioneer and the founder of Bainbridge,<ref name="Bain2013103">{{cite web | last = Moreno | first = Shonquis | title = An Introduction to Retail Design| publisher = dwell.com | date = November 2010 | url = http://www.dwell.com/design-101/article/introduction-retail-design| access-date = 15 October 2013}}</ref> sold goods via department, a new arrangement of trade for that time. The Bainbridge official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store.<ref name="Bain2013102" /><ref name="Bain2013103" /> Eldon Square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment. A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March 2007.<ref>
{{cite news| title = MP opens £11m bus station upgrade
|work=BBC News | date = 15 March 2007
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/6455505.stm
| access-date = 24 November 2007}}</ref> The wing of the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped.<ref>{{cite news| title = Last day for city centre market
|work=BBC News |date = 26 January 2007 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/6295487.stm
|access-date = 24 November 2007}}</ref> This was completed in February 2010 with the opening of a ] department store as well as other major stores including ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.retail-week.com/property/newcastles-eldon-square-opens-170m-extension/5010482.article|title=Newcastle's Eldon Square opens £170m extension|work=Retail Week}}</ref>
]
The main shopping street in the city is ]. In a 2004 report, it was ranked as the most expensive shopping street in the UK for rent, outside London.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Fifth Avenue tops shops rich list |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3954649.stm |date=26 October 2004 | access-date = 19 December 2006}}</ref> It is home to two major department stores including the first and largest ] department store, which houses some of the most luxurious ], and one of the largest ] stores outside London. Both stores have entrances into Eldon Square Shopping Centre.

Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around ], the relatively modern Eldon Garden and ] complexes, ] and the traditional ]. On Blackett Street can be found the ] ] which was established in the city in 1788.<ref name="silvercollection">{{cite web|url=http://www.silvercollection.it/ENGLAREID&SONS.html|website=silvercollection.it|title=Reid & Sons, silversmiths in Newcastle and London |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are ] and ]. From 2007, inside ], on the edge of Newcastle, the ] store was the largest ] in the UK<ref>{{cite news| title = The continued rise of Tesco non-food |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6257331.stm |date=16 January 2007 | access-date = 19 January 2008 |first=Andy |last=Dangerfield}}</ref> — for a period of time.
Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the ], is located in ].

==Population==
]
] has become an affluent area and is popular with students.]]
] is home to one of the largest Asian communities in ].]]
] High Street in the north of the city.]]
According to the ONS, Newcastle had a population of 293,000 in 2015.<ref name="pop2015">{{cite web | url = https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2015/ukmye2015.zip | title = MYE3 population change for local authorities UK 2015.xls | date = 6 October 2016 | website = ons.gov.uk | publisher = gov.uk | access-date = 24 May 2017}}</ref> Tyneside (made up of Newcastle and the surrounding ] of ], ] and ]) has a population of approximately 880,000, making it the eighth most populous urban area in the UK.<ref name="pop">{{cite web|last=Pointer|first=Graham|title=The UK's major urban areas|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/fertility-analysis/focus-on-people-and-migration/december-2005/focus-on-people-and-migration---focus-on-people-and-migration---chapter-3.pdf|access-date=8 April 2007|publisher=statistics.gov.uk}}</ref> The wider ] of Tyneside-] has a population of approximately 1,122,000.

Additionally, Newcastle is home to a large temporary population of students from ] and ] universities. Areas of suburban Newcastle with significant student populations include ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roseworth.co.uk/article/2020/1/15/what-its-like-being-a-student-in-newcastle|title=What's it like to be student in Newcastle?|last=Roseworth|website=Roseworth Student Lettings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320100511/https://www.roseworth.co.uk/article/2020/1/15/what-its-like-being-a-student-in-newcastle|archive-date=20 March 2020|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- |-
! Year || colspan="2" |Population
!colspan=2 align=center bgcolor="#ff9999"|City of Newcastle upon Tyne
|- |-
| 1801 || style="text-align:right;"|{{bartable|33,322||0.001}}
|colspan=2 align=center|]
|- |-
| 1851 || style="text-align:right;"|{{bartable|80,184||0.001}}
!colspan=2 bgcolor="#ff9999"|Geography
|- |-
| 1901 || {{bartable|246,905||0.001}}
|width="45%"|Status:||], City (1882)
|- |-
| 1911 || {{bartable|293,944||0.001}}
|]:||]
|- |-
| 1921 || {{bartable|309,820||0.001}}
|Ceremonial County:||]
|- |-
| 1931 || {{bartable|326,576||0.001}}
|]:<br>- Total||]<br>] ]
|- |-
| 1941 || {{bartable|333,286||0.001}}
|Admin. HQ:||Newcastle upon Tyne
|- |-
| 1951 || {{bartable|340,155||0.001}}
|]:||00CJ
|- |-
| 1961 || {{bartable|323,844||0.001}}
!colspan=2 bgcolor="#ff9999"|Demographics
|- |-
| 1971 || {{bartable|308,317||0.001}}
|]:<br>- Total (] est.)<br>- ]||]<br>260,268<br>2,294 / km&sup2;
|- |-
| 1981 || {{bartable|272,923||0.001}}
|Ethnicity:||93.1% White<br>4.4% S.Asian
|- |-
| 1991 || {{bartable|277,723||0.001}}
!colspan=2 bgcolor="#ff9999"|Politics
|- |-
| 2001 || {{bartable|259,573||0.001}}
|colspan=2 align=center|]<br>Newcastle-upon-Tyne City Council<br>http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/
|- |-
| 2011 || {{bartable|292,200||0.001}}
|]:||Leader & Cabinet
|-
| 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland|title = Estimates of the population for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland - Office for National Statistics}}</ref> || {{bartable|302,820||0.001}}
|}

===Demographics===
====Age====
According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 years, compared to the national average being of 38.6 years.

====Religion====
From the 2011 Census, two significant religions could be identified in the city: ] and ]. 56.6% of Newcastle identified as Christian and 6.3% as Muslim.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnicity in the North East (report) |work=Government Office North East |url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/nestore/docs/peoplecomms/ethnicity.pdf |access-date=11 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128100245/http://www.gos.gov.uk/nestore/docs/peoplecomms/ethnicity.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2007 }}</ref> Over 28% stated they have ].

====Ethnicity and nationality====
According to the 2011 census,<ref>{{NOMIS2011|id=1119884888|title=Newcastle upon Tyne Built-up area|access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> the metropolitan borough of Newcastle upon Tyne was predominately ], representing 85.3% of the population (including non-British white). ] made up 9.8% of the population (2.3% ], 1.7% ']', 1.8% ']', 2.2% ']', 1.8% 'Asian other'). ] make up a small proportion of the population (1.7% 'Black African', 0.1% 'Black Caribbean' and 0.1% 'Black other'), as do mixed race groups at 1.6% (0.6% 'Asian and White', 0.3% 'White and Caribbean', 0.3% 'White and African', 0.4% 'White and Other'). The last significantly sized ethnic community in Newcastle is ']' at 0.9%. The remainder of the population, 0.5%, represent other ethnicities.

Large populations of ethnic minorities can be found in areas such as ], ] and ].<ref name="ukcensusdata">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukcensusdata.com/newcastle-upon-tyne-e08000021|title=Newcastle upon Tyne - UK Census Data 2011|website=UK Census Data|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref>

According to the 2011 UK Census, those born outside the UK were mainly from India (3,315), China (3,272), Pakistan (2,644), ] (2,276), Poland (1,473), Germany (1,357), Nigeria (1,226), Iran (1,164), Hong Kong (1,038) and Ireland (942).<ref name="ukcensusdata" />
In the North East, Newcastle was the most ethnically diverse district followed by Middlesbrough.

There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and ]an populations. The ] states there are estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 ] in Newcastle, one of the largest populations in any city in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/Bolivia%20%20Mapping%20Report.pdf |date=July 2007 |title=Mapping Exercise: Bolivia |publisher=International Organization for Migration |location=London |access-date=29 November 2008 |ref=CITEREFInternational Organization for Migration2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709053359/http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/Bolivia%20%20Mapping%20Report.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2008}}</ref><ref name="BoliviansLondNewcEding">{{cite web | url = http://unitedkingdom.iom.int/sites/default/files/doc/mapping/IOM_BOLIVIA.pdf | title = Bolivians in the UK: 1.2 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND SPREAD OF THE BOLIVIAN COMMUNITY | date = July 2007 | website = unitedkingdom.iom.int | publisher = International Organisation for Migration | access-date = 21 July 2017 | quote = Bolivians who have recently arrived in the UK are concentrated in London, with a small number going to Newcastle. Long-term residents are more widely dispersed across the country. Some live in London and neighbouring areas... number live in Newcastle and Edinburgh (see figure 1). | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170315194317/http://unitedkingdom.iom.int/sites/default/files/doc/mapping/IOM_BOLIVIA.pdf | archive-date = 15 March 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! rowspan="3" |Ethnic Group
! colspan="10" |Year
|-
! colspan="2" |1981 estimations<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ethnicityin1991c0000unse |title=Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration |date=1996 |publisher=London : HMSO |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-11-691655-6}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1991 census<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":412">Data is taken from United Kingdom of the United Kingdom (Table 6)</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001 census<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011 census<ref name=":36">{{Cite web |title=2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!]: Total
!274,972
!97.2%
!266,824
!95.9%
!241,684
!93.1%
!239,533
!85.5%
!240,002
!80%
|-
|White: ]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|235,259
|90.6%
|229,520
|81.9%
|223,567
|74.5%
|-
|White: ]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,733
|
|1,826
|
|1,895
|0.6%
|-
|White: ]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|163
|
|332
|0.1%
|-
|White: Roma
|–
|–
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1,031
|0.3%
|-
|White: ]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|4,692
|
|8,024
|
|13,177
|4.4%
|-
!]: Total
!6,314
!2.2%
!9,281
!3.3%
!13,243
!5.1%
!27,107
!9.7%
!34,128
!11.3%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: ]
|1,851
|
|2,388
|
|3,098
|
|5,072
|
|7,304
|2.4%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: ]
|2,367
|
|3,196
|
|4,842
|
|6,364
|
|8,753
|2.9%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: ]
|612
|
|1,426
|
|2,607
|
|4,692
|
|7,248
|2.4%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: ]
|821
|
|1,220
|
|1,871
|
|6,037
|
|5,382
|1.8%
|-
|Asian or Asian British: Other Asian
|663
|
|1,051
|
|825
|
|4,942
|
|5,441
|1.8%
|-
!]: Total
!807
!
!1,020
!
!959
!0.4%
!5,160
!1.8%
!9,921
!3.3%
|-
|Black or Black British: ]
|173
|
|211
|
|133
|
|217
|
|340
|0.1%
|-
|Black or Black British: ]
|418
|
|528
|
|738
|
|4,664
|
|8,555
|2.9%
|-
|Black or Black British: ]
|216
|
|281
|
|88
|
|279
|
|1,026
|0.3%
|-
!]: Total
!–
!–
!–
!–
!2,290
!0.9%
!4,279
!1.5%
!6,920
!2.4%
|-
|Mixed: White and Black Caribbean
|–
|–
|–
|–
|398
|
|830
|
|915
|0.3%
|-
|Mixed: White and Black African
|–
|–
|–
|–
|403
|
|859
|
|1,378
|0.5%
|-
|Mixed: White and Asian
|–
|–
|–
|–
|912
|
|1,609
|
|2,600
|0.9%
|-
|Mixed: Other Mixed
|–
|–
|–
|–
|577
|
|981
|
|2,027
|0.7%
|-
!Other: Total
!778
!
!1074
!
!1,360
!0.5%
!4,098
!1.5%
!9,156
!3.1%
|-
|Other: Arab
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|2,602
|
|4,175
|1.4%
|-
|Other: Any other ethnic group
|–
|–
|
|
|1,360
|0.5%
|1,496
|
|4,981
|1.7%
|-
!Ethnic minority: Total
!7,899
!2.8%
!11,375
!4.1%
!
!
!
!
!
!
|- |-
|
|Executive:||]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- |-
!Total
|]:||], ], ], ]
!282,871
!100%
!278,199
!100%
!259,536
!100%
!280,177
!100%
!300,127
!100%
|} |}
'''Newcastle upon Tyne''', often called just '''Newcastle''', is a city in ] that is now a Unitary Authority. The City has a relatively small population of around 259,000 (] census). However, the Metropolitan Boroughs of ] (population c.190,000), ] (population c. 150,000) and ] (population c.200,000) are close by within an overall Tyneside conurbation that is linked by the '''Nexus''' operated ].


===Geordies===
Historically people from Newcastle have been known as ''Novocastrians''. The word ] is more often used to refer to inhabitants of the "toon", however Geordie is also used in reference to people from other parts of ], for example ].
{{Main|Geordie}}


The ] for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is ]. The ] term ''Novocastrian'' can equally be applied to residents of ], although it is most commonly used for ex-pupils of the city's ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113015507/http://ona.rgs.newcastle.sch.uk/ |date=13 January 2007 }}. Retrieved 14 January 2007.</ref>
==History and development of the city==


====Dialect====
The '''''new castle''''' which gave the city its name was constructed by the ] in ]. Its keep and one of its gates still exist, though they are oddly separated from each other by the nineteenth-century railway tracks that the rest of the castle was demolished to make way for. Prior to the Norman Conquest the town was known as Monkchester. Pilgrims came to the Holy Well of Jesus' Mount, now part of Jesmond. One of the biggest shopping streets, Pilgrim Street, is so-called because of the popularity of the well.


The dialect of Newcastle is also referred to as ]. It contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive words and pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the ] populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule. This language was the forerunner of ]; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly ] and ]—the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. An example of this is the pronunciation of certain words: "dead", "cow", "house" and "strong" are pronounced "deed", "coo", "hoos" and "strang"—which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins include: "larn" (from the Anglo-Saxon "laeran", meaning "teach"), "burn" ("stream") and "gan" ("go").<ref name="GeordieOrigins">{{cite web | title=North East dialect origins and the meaning of 'Geordie' | work=northeastengland.talktalk.net | url=http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/GeordieOrigins.htm | access-date=5 February 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224114420/http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/GeordieOrigins.htm | archive-date=24 February 2008 }}</ref>
Newcastle's development as a major city owed much to its central role in the export of ] from the ] coalfield &ndash; the phrase "carrying coals to Newcastle" proverbially denotes the act of bringing a particular commodity to a locality that has more than enough of it already. In the nineteenth century, ] and heavy ] were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the nation's prosperity. Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas includes:


According to the ], "Locals insist there are significant differences between Geordie and several other local dialects, such as ] and ]. Pitmatic is the dialect of the former mining areas in County Durham and around Ashington to the north of Newcastle upon Tyne, while Mackem is used locally to refer to the dialect of the city of Sunderland and the surrounding urban area of Wearside".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english|title=Geordie: A regional dialect of English|website=The British Library|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505185130/https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/geordie-a-regional-dialect-of-english|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ] and/or ]'s safety lamps, which made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the ].
* Stephenson's early work in railways, prior to ], including ''The Blucher'', a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, leading to the ]s and a ] in the economics of transportation.
* ]'s first demonstration of his electric light bulb &ndash; like Davy's lamp, the subject of some controversy since ] also laid claim to the invention.
* ]' invention and commercialisation of the ], leading to his ], a turbine-powered ship that literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at ] in 1897.
* ] whose company was famous for the production of best-of-breed heavy armaments, used in the ], the ] &ndash; by both sides &ndash; and the ]
* Mosley Street, in the centre of Newcastle, is claimed to be the first in the world to have electric street lighting though this is contested..


"Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia;<ref name="bairnHyemScandinavianOrig">{{cite web | url = http://libguides.ncl.ac.uk/c.php?g=130223&p=850959 | title = Geordie dictionary | last = University Staff | date = 23 October 2017 | website = libguides.ncl.ac.uk | publisher = Newcastle University Library | access-date = 31 March 2018 | quote = Hyem: Home (of Scandinavian origin)}}</ref> ''barn'' and ''hjem'' are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty") and "]" ("bounce") are used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA:/naʊt/, rhymes with ''out'', "nothing") are used elsewhere in ]. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hockle" ("spit").<ref>{{cite web |title=Newcastle English ("Geordie") – Vocabulary |work=une.edu.au |url=http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/definitions/geordie.html#vocab-hce |access-date=5 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025061829/http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/definitions/geordie.html#vocab-hce |archive-date=25 October 2007 }}</ref>
Heavy industries declined in the second half of the twentieth century; office and retail employment are now the city's staples; a short distance from the flourishing city centre there are impoverished inner-city estates, in areas whose original ''raison d'être'' was to provide working class housing for the shipyards or other heavy industries.


===Health===
==Architecture and urban development==
]]]
According to research from 2011, public health and levels of deprivation in Newcastle upon Tyne was generally worse than average in England.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newcastle upon Tyne Health Profile 2011 |work=North East Public Health Observatory |url=http://www.apho.org.uk/resource/view.aspx?RID=105182 |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003060621/http://www.apho.org.uk/resource/view.aspx?RID=105182 |archive-date=3 October 2011 }}</ref> As levels of deprivation is considerably higher than the nationwide average, sociologists argue that as a result, the ] for both men and women is lower than the nationwide average. There is significant discrepancy between life expectancies in wealthy areas and deprived areas, with life expectancy up to 14.3 years lower for men and 11.1 years lower for women in deprived areas than in wealthy areas.<ref>Slope Index of Inequality published on 5 January 2011</ref> From 2015 to 2019 Newcastle became relatively more deprived according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/our-city/statistics-and-intelligence |title=Statistics and intelligence |publisher=Newcastle City Council |access-date=28 September 2021 }}</ref>


From 2001 to 2011, as with all UK cities all-cause mortality rates have fallen, life expectancy has increased. Early death rates from cancer and from heart disease and stroke have fallen but remain worse than the England average.
] The city has an extensive neoclassical centre, largely developed in the ] by ] and ], and recently extensively restored. Grey Street, which curves down from a monument to the ] ] towards the valley of the ], has a claim to be one of England's most beautiful urban streets. A large portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for a shopping centre.


Almost 21.9% of Year 6 children are clinically obese. In 2014/5, 35.9% of 10 to 11-year-olds were classified as overweight or obese, in comparison to a national average of 33.2%.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tom Sheldrick |url=http://www.itv.com/news/tyne-tees/2016-03-21/the-scale-of-the-north-easts-childhood-obesity-problem/ |title=The scale of the North East's childhood obesity problem &#124; Tyne Tees – ITV News |publisher=Itv.com |date=21 March 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> 54.9% of pupils meet the recommendation of at least three hours each week on school sport. Levels of ] are higher than the nationwide average. In 2011, ] attainment amongst school children was worse than the England average.<ref name="GCSE_2011">{{cite web | url = https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/your-council-and-democracy/statistics-and-census-information/equality-statistics-research-and-information | title = Children and Young People | date = 2011 | website = newcastle.gov.uk | publisher = gov.uk | access-date = 26 April 2017 | archive-date = 4 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404193355/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/your-council-and-democracy/statistics-and-census-information/equality-statistics-research-and-information }}</ref> Estimated numbers of adults 'healthy eating' are lower than the England average.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newcastle upon Tyne Health Profile 2012 |work=North East Public Health Observatory |url=http://www.apho.org.uk/resource/view.aspx?RID=142094 |access-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529113245/http://www.apho.org.uk/resource/view.aspx?RID=142094 |archive-date=29 May 2015 }}</ref> Rates of smoking-related deaths<ref name="Smok2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/11-north-east-people-die-4414231 | title = 11 North East people die every day due to smoking | last = Helen Rae | date = 25 June 2012 | website = thejournal.co.uk | access-date = 26 April 2017 | archive-date = 5 April 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170415/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/11-north-east-people-die-4414231 }}</ref> and hospital stays for alcohol-related harm are higher than average.<ref name="chroniclelive2">{{cite web|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/health/how-bad-you-live-alcohol-12292575|author=Katie Dickinson|title=How bad is where you live for alcohol and drugs abuse? Tap in your postcode to find out|website=Chronicle Live|date=8 December 2016|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>
Immediately to the northwest of the city centre is ], a park established in 1873 after a petition by 3,000 working men of the city for "ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation", and in one corner of which is ], the stadium home of ] which dominates the view of the city from the south.


Newcastle remains one of the few major cities in England to supply ]; this scheme is directed by ]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/11430233/The-extent-of-water-fluoridation-in-the-UK.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/11430233/The-extent-of-water-fluoridation-in-the-UK.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The extent of water fluoridation in the UK|last=Reporter|first=Telegraph|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=24 February 2015|access-date=11 February 2018|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Another green space in Newcastle is the vast ''Town Moor'', lying immediately north of the city centre. The hereditary freemen of the city have held the right to graze cattle on the Town Moor since the Middle Ages &ndash; a reward for defending the town against the marauding Scots!


Newcastle has two large teaching hospitals: the ] and the ], which is also a pioneering centre for ].
]


In a report, published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the ] and ], Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK with an average noise level of 80.4 ]s. The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents.<ref>{{cite news|title=Noisy Newcastle tops league table |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6320799.stm |access-date=3 February 2007 | date=2 February 2007}}</ref> The report was criticised, however, for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations, which in Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noise study gets an ear-bashing |work=Evening Chronicle |url=http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/tm_headline=noise-study-gets-an-ear-bashing&method=full&objectid=18564076&siteid=50081-name_page.html |access-date=21 February 2007 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118023615/http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/tm_headline%3Dnoise-study-gets-an-ear-bashing%26method%3Dfull%26objectid%3D18564076%26siteid%3D50081-name_page.html }}</ref> As well as numerous parks, open spaces, and extensive riverside areas, puzzlingly the report also overlooked the 1000-acre ] at the heart of the city. Larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath combined,<ref name="chroniclelive3">{{cite web|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/all-about/town-moor-newcastle|title=Town Moor Newcastle - News, views, gossip, pictures, video|website=Chronicle Live|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> and even larger than New York's ], the town moor dates back to the 12th century, with the land tenure and its use being regulated by an Act of Parliament.
The wooded gorge of the ''Ouseburn'' in the east of the city is known as ] and forms another popular recreation area.


==Sport==
The development of the city in the ] and ] was marred by a corruption scandal involving, especially, ], a local politician and ], a property developer. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late ] in the ] TV mini-series, '']''.
]
The city has a strong sporting tradition.


=== Football ===
]The Tyne itself passes through a gorge between Newcastle (on the North Bank) and ] (the administratively separate Borough and urban area south of the river), which is famous for a series of dramatic and notable bridges such as the ] and ] shared by Newcastle and Gateshead. Large scale ] of the Tyne Gorge has replaced former shipping industries with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the ] was commissioned by ] and has integrated the older Newcastle quayside more closely with major cultural developments in the Gateshead, including the ] and the ] designed ] music centre. As a tourist promotion, Newcastle and Gateashead have linked together under the banner NewcastleGateshead but both remain separate for other purposes.
The ]'s only ] club in North East England, ], has been based at ] since the club was established in 1892, although any traces of the original structure are now long gone as the stadium now holds more than 52,000 seated spectators, being England's seventh largest football stadium.<ref name="bbc360">{{cite web|title=St James' Park |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/panoramas/360_stjames.shtml |access-date=17 September 2007}}</ref> The city also has ] clubs, ], ], ] and ].


There is a women's football team, Newcastle United Women's Football Club, founded in 1989. ] currently has 40 ladies aged between 16 and 29 years signed or associated with the club, and plays in the FA Women's Championship.<ref name="nuwfc">{{cite web
==Communications==
| title = Newcastle United's Women's Football Club: History
| publisher = nuwfc
| url =http://nuwfc.com/archives/452
| access-date =22 October 2012}}</ref>


The ] selected Newcastle as one of the UK host venue cities,<ref name="olymp11">{{cite web
Newcastle has an international ] near ], some 15 minutes from the centre by car or ]. Its ] has a fine classical frontage and is a principal stop on the ], providing a half-hourly service of trains to ] (with a journey time of under 3 hours) operated by ] as well as trains to ], ], ], ], ] and ] plus local services.
|title = Olympics 2012 – Newcastle
|publisher = newcastlecitywatch.co.uk
|url = http://www.newcastlecitywatch.co.uk/olympics-2012
|access-date = 5 August 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120729000805/http://www.newcastlecitywatch.co.uk/olympics-2012
|archive-date = 29 July 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="olymp2">{{cite web
|title = Olympics – Host Council for London 2012
|publisher = Newcastle.gov.uk
|url = http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/leisure-libraries-and-tourism/tourism-and-travel/olympics-raising-flag-2012
|access-date = 5 August 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111201033244/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/leisure-libraries-and-tourism/tourism-and-travel/olympics-raising-flag-2012
|archive-date = 1 December 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> with the stadium St James' Park hosting 9 matches in both the ].<ref name="olymp3">
{{cite web
| title = St James' Park celebrates one year to go
| publisher = london2012.com
| url = http://www.london2012.com/photos/galleryid=1252914/#james-park-celebrates-one-year
| access-date = 5 August 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120803180312/http://www.london2012.com/photos/galleryid=1252914/#james-park-celebrates-one-year
| archive-date = 3 August 2012
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>


=== Athletics ===
Major roads in the area include the ](M), ], ], and ].
Newcastle hosts the start of the annual ], the world's largest ]<ref name="largeHalfMarathon">{{cite web| url = https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-half-marathon| title = Who The Great North Run| last = Staff| date = 7 September 2014| website = guinnessworldrecords.com| access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref> in which participants race over the ] into ] and then towards the finish line {{convert|13.1|mi|km}} away on the coast at ].<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Great North Run
|work=BBC News
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/cumbria/content/articles/2004/07/26/great_north_run_feature.shtml
| access-date = 17 September 2007
}}
</ref> Another athletic event is the {{convert|5.9|mi|km|adj=on}} ] (a road race from Newcastle to ]), which has taken place on 9 June annually since 1981, to commemorate the celebrated ] horse racing.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Runners set for traditional race
|work=BBC News
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/6736805.stm
| date = 9 June 2007
| access-date = 17 September 2007
}}</ref>


=== Rugby union ===
Newcastle also has access to an international ] Terminal, located at nearby ], offering services to destinations including: ], ], ], and ].
The ] are the only ] team in ] to have played in the ]. They play at ] in the northern suburb of Kingston Park. 1996 Pilkington Shield winners ] are also based in Newcastle.


Newcastle upon Tyne was one of the 11 host cities for the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/cities|title=Rugby World Cup|publisher=rugbyworldcup.com|access-date=6 January 2015|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054818/http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/cities}}</ref> St James' Park hosted three matches;
The ] built an electric suburban railway serving both banks of the Tyne, and the northern suburbs. This system has been transformed into the ] which extends as far as ], ] and ] in ]. The system is one of only three underground systems in the ].
* South Africa v. Scotland (3 October 2015)
* New Zealand v. Tonga (9 October 2015)
* Samoa v. Scotland (10 October 2015)


=== Rugby league ===
]'s Monument, above the ] Monument station]]
] (formerly ]) are a professional ] club based in the city who now also play at ]. They currently play in the ]. Since 2015, the ] ] has been played annually in the city at St James' Park.


==The City== ===Cricket===
There are a number of ] clubs in the area including Newcastle Cricket Club, Newcastle City, South Northumberland, Blagdon Park, Benwell Hill, Benwell & Walbottle, Cowgate, Kirkley, Seaton Burn and United Stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newcastlecc.org.uk/|title=Newcastle CC|access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newcastlecity.play-cricket.com/|title=Newcastle City CC|access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southnorth.co.uk/|title=South Northumberland CC|access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.benwellhill.co.uk/|title=Benwell Hill CC|access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://seatonburn.play-cricket.com/home|title=Seaton Burn CC|access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>


===Field hockey===
Newcastle is part of an area called ], whose people are commonly known as ] and famous for their distinctive accent and sense of humour.
There are a number of ] clubs in the city that compete in the ], the ] and the ]. These include Newcastle Hockey Club, Newcastle Medics Hockey Club, ] Hockey Club and ] Hockey Club.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newcastlehockeyclub.com/|title=Newcastle Hockey Club |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/newcastle-hc|title=England Hockey - Newcastle Hockey Club |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newcastlemedics.com/|title=Newcastle Medics Hockey Club |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/newcastle-medics-hc|title=England Hockey - Newcastle Medics Hockey Club |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nuhc.co.uk/|title=Newcastle University Hockey Club |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/newcastle-university-hc|title=England Hockey - Newcastle University Hockey Club |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://northumbriasport.com/sport/hockey|title=Northumbria University Hockey Club |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/northumbria-university-hc|title=England Hockey - Northumbria University Hockey Club |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>


=== Horse racing ===
Newcastle has a reputation of being a fun-loving city with many bars, restaurants and night clubs. The Council's main plan for the economic regeneration of the City over the last fifteen years has been as a 'Party City' destination for 'stag' and 'hen' parties but this has resulted in significant public order and Policing issues and has acted as a disincentive for private investment. In 2002 there was a well reported incident when a member of a visiting stag party was beaten to death in a drunken brawl by an off duty Newcastle policeman. The City also has a strong sporting tradition, with the City being home to ] ] ], and ] ] side ], for whom England's "] winning hero" ] features. The city's Metro Radio Arena is home to ] ] team, and ] ] team. The City's ] team ] are based at ] in ], a venue that is also home to ]. ] at High ] holds regular meets, including the prestigious race for the ], which takes place in June each year.
Newcastle has a ] at ].<ref name="Horse racing">{{cite web
| title = History of Gosforth Park
| publisher = newcastle-racecourse.co.uk
| url =http://www.newcastle-racecourse.co.uk/about-us/history.php
| access-date =22 October 2012}}</ref>


=== Basketball ===
The city also hosts the start of the annual Bupa ], the world's largest half Marathon in which participants famously race over the Tyne Bridge into Gateshead and then towards the finish line 21 km away on the coast at neighbouring ].
The city is home to the ] professional basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central complex at ].<ref name="northumbria">{{cite web|url=https://www.northumbria.ac.uk/|title=Northumbria University &#124; Newcastle upon Tyne &#124; Study in the Best Student City|website=northumbria.ac.uk|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the ].<ref name="Eagles2014">{{cite web| title = Newcastle Eagles| publisher = chroniclelive.co.uk| url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/all-about/newcastle-eagles | access-date = 27 November 2014}}</ref>


=== Motorsports ===
A growth in the Theatre Culture has taken place in recent years, centred on the impressive ] on Grey Street, which for over 25 years has hosted a season of performances from the ]. Other Theatres in the City include the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ]. There are several other venues in and around Newcastle, such as: ], ] and ].
The city's ] team ] were based at Brough Park in ], a venue that is also home to ].


=== Ice hockey ===
The city has two universities, the ] and ], and two cathedrals, the ] ] and the ] ].
The ] were a professional ] team that played the 1995–96 season in the ]. The ] were also a professional ice hockey team in the ] from 2002 and then the ] between 2005 and 2011 (when the team folded).


==Transport==
], reputedly the largest travelling fair in ] takes place on ] every ]. The event had its origins in the ] during the early ] and coincides with the annual race week at ].
{{main|Transport in Tyne and Wear}}


===Air===
The UK's first Biotechnology Village, the "]" is located in the City Centre.
{{Main|Newcastle International Airport}}


]
==Jewish Community in the City==


] is situated on the northern outskirts of the city at ], near to ]. It is the largest and busiest airport in ] and the second largest and busiest in ] (behind ]), handling over five million passengers per year. {{As of|2007}}, Newcastle Airport operated flights to 90 destinations worldwide.<ref>{{cite web
No records exist of ]s resident in Newcastle before 1830 although there is a tradition that the community dates from 1775. It is thought, however, that over 500 years prior to this Jews resided in Silver Street (formerly known as Jew Gate).
|title = Destinations & Offers
|publisher = newcastleairport.com
|url = http://www.newcastleairport.com/Destinations/Destinations.htm?Version=access
|access-date = 8 December 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071107042853/http://www.newcastleairport.com/Destinations/Destinations.htm?Version=access
|archive-date = 7 November 2007
|df = dmy
}}</ref>
The airport is serviced by numerous airlines including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].


The airport is connected to Central Newcastle by the ], with an average journey between ] and ] taking approximately 20 minutes.
On ] ], the congregation was formally established. The cathedral bells were rung when the first ], in Temple Street, was officially opened on ] ]. The ] published a headline in ].


===Rail===
By 1845 the congregation had grown to 33 adults and 33 children. Through the course of time nearly all the original founders either died or had left the city, but the influx of Polish and Russian ]s had more than replaced this loss.
]
] is a principal stop on the ] and ].


Train operator ]<ref>{{cite news|title=Passengers see East Coast switch |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7134314.stm |date=8 December 2007 |access-date=8 December 2007}}</ref> provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to ], with a variable journey time of between two and three hours, and north to Scotland with all trains calling at ] and a small number of trains extended to ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalexpresseastcoast.com/Documents/Timetables/Full%20Timetables/Full_timetable_2008.pdf |title=East Coast Train Timetable 18 May – 13 December 2008 |publisher=National Express East Coast |access-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217142957/http://www.nationalexpresseastcoast.com/Documents/Timetables/Full%20Timetables/Full_timetable_2008.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008 }}</ref> ] links Newcastle with destinations in ], the ] and the ]. ] operates services to the ]. ] provide local and regional services. Additionally, ] offer an infrequent service to ].
An imposing stone building was erected in Leazes Park Road in 1880 and consecrated by the Chief ]. At that time the number of Jews in Newcastle was about 750. The congregation was in being until 1978.


In 2014, work was completed on refurbishing the station's historic entrance.<ref name="Portico2014">{{cite news| last = Lognonne| first = Ruth| title = Newcastle Central Station's new look is unveiled| newspaper = The Journal| publisher = thejournal.co.uk| date = 7 April 2014| url = http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/newcastle-central-stations-new-look-6927208| access-date = 24 June 2014| archive-date = 12 July 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140712044732/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/newcastle-central-stations-new-look-6927208}}</ref>
There were many more developments and synagogues in Newcastle during the 20th century: ] (1904&ndash;1924), ] (1914&ndash;1986), ] (1925&ndash;1969), and ] (1947&ndash;1984)
Glazing was placed over the historic arches and the Victorian architecture was enhanced; transforming the 19th century public portico.<ref name="Portico2014" /> The station is one of only six Grade One listed railway stations in the UK.<ref name="Portico2014" /> Opened in 1850 by ], it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the UK. It has a ] façade, originally designed by the architect John Dobson, and was constructed in collaboration with ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Trainshed, Central Station, Newcastle|publisher=The Victorian Web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/misc/21.html|date=20 July 2006|access-date=8 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212011548/http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/misc/21.html|archive-date=12 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=The Life of Robert Stephenson – a Timeline| publisher=The Robert Stephenson Trust | url=http://www.robertstephensontrust.com/time.htm| access-date=8 December 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204082741/http://www.robertstephensontrust.com/time.htm| archive-date=4 December 2007}}</ref> The station sightlines towards the Castle Keep, whilst showcasing the curvature of the station's arched roof.<ref name="Portico2014" /> The first services were operated by the ] company.

With the drift of population from the West End of Newcastle, Jesmond synagogue was consecrated in 1914 leaving the oldest, the ] in the centre of the city. A third synagogue was built in ], the Gosforth and Kenton Hebrew congregation. Eventually the running of the three Orthodox Congregations was considered as being uneconomical and with a declining population in other parts of the town a new purpose built Community Centre and Synagogue was built in Gosforth at Culzean Park in an area in which the majority of Jews resided. A new Reform movement Synagogue was built in 1986 nearby and continues to flourish.
The other mainline station in Newcastle is ], exclusively served by ].

===Metro===
{{Main|Tyne and Wear Metro}}

]
The city is served by the ], a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Newcastle and the surrounding ]. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of public transport |publisher=nexus.org.uk |url=http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/Nexus/Nexus/Press+office/Transport+history/ |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225849/http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/Nexus/Nexus/Press%2Boffice/Transport%2Bhistory/ |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref> The network was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations, with deep-level tunnels constructed through Central Newcastle.<ref>{{cite web | title=Newcastle-upon-Tyne | publisher=urbanrail.net | url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/new/newcstle.htm | access-date=14 January 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118230522/http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/new/newcstle.htm | archive-date=18 January 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Tyne and Wear Metro | publisher=thetrams.co.uk | url=http://www.thetrams.co.uk/tyneandwear/ | access-date=14 January 2008}}</ref> A ] was built across the Tyne, between Newcastle and Gateshead, and opened by ] in 1981.<ref>{{cite web | title=SINE Project, Structure Details for Queen Elizabeth II Bridge | publisher=Newcastle University | url=http://sine.ncl.ac.uk/view_structure_information.asp?struct_id=964 | access-date=14 January 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515144420/http://sine.ncl.ac.uk/view_structure_information.asp?struct_id=964 | archive-date=15 May 2011 }}</ref> Extensions to the network were opened in 1991 and 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tyne and Wear Metro |publisher=nexus.org.uk |url=http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/Nexus/Nexus/Press+office/Media+briefing+notes/Nexus+-+Tyne+and+Wear+Metro |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091637/http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/Nexus/Nexus/Press%2Boffice/Media%2Bbriefing%2Bnotes/Nexus%2B-%2BTyne%2Band%2BWear%2BMetro |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> It is operated directly by ], carrying over 37&nbsp;million passengers a year.<ref>{{cite web | title=Getting Around | publisher=newcastlegateshead.com | url=http://www.newcastlegateshead.com/147/Getting_Around.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123234635/http://www.newcastlegateshead.com/147/Getting_Around.html | archive-date=23 November 2006 | access-date=14 January 2008 }}</ref> In 2004, the company ] designed and constructed the mobile radio system to the underground Metro system.<ref name="Metromobileradio1">{{cite web
|title = Mobile Coverage to Newcastle Metro System
|quote = Marconi undertook the negotiation, feasibility, design and construct of the mobile radio system to the underground parts of the Newcastle Metro.
|publisher = paul-walton.co.uk
|url = http://paul-walton.co.uk/projects.aspx
|access-date = 28 February 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110824032316/http://paul-walton.co.uk/projects.aspx
|archive-date = 24 August 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The Metro system was the first in the UK to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels.<ref name="Metromobileradio2">{{Cite news
| title = Mobile sounds of the underground
| quote = it would be the first time complete coverage had been provided to a UK underground system.
|publisher=BBC
| date = 17 February 2004
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/3495413.stm
| access-date = 28 February 2011}}</ref>

The Metro consists of two lines. The Green line begins at ], goes through Central Newcastle and into the ], terminating at ]. The yellow line starts at ], runs north of the river alongside ] towards ], before returning to Central Newcastle, then connecting to ] before finally terminating at ].

The system is currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernisation, entitled '].' The programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations – part of the transition to smart ticketing. All Metro trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works (or in some cases complete reconstruction, for example ]). In addition; tracks, signalling and overhead wires are also being overhauled.<ref name="Metro2014-2">{{cite web| title = Metro: all change| publisher = nexus.org.uk |year = 2014 | url = http://www.nexus.org.uk/our-major-projects/metro-all-change | access-date = 27 November 2014}}</ref> Longer-term plans include the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system. Proposed routes include to Newcastle's west end, to the ] in North Tyneside, to the Metrocentre in Gateshead and to additional locations in Gateshead, South Tyneside and Sunderland. Several of the proposed routes would require trams as opposed to the current light rail trains.<ref name="Metro2014-1">{{cite web | last = Lognonne | first = Ruth | title = Government agrees to talks on Tyne and Wear Metro expansion | publisher = thejournal.co.uk | date = 9 May 2014 | url = http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/government-agrees-talks-tyne-wear-7097956 | access-date = 27 November 2014 | archive-date = 29 November 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129001056/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/government-agrees-talks-tyne-wear-7097956 }}</ref>

===Road===
]]]
Major roads in the area include the ] (Newcastle Gateshead Western Bypass), stretching north to ] and south to London; the ] heading south past ] and ] to ] and ]; the ] heading west to ]; the ], which becomes the ] heads past ] and up through central ] and central ], the ], the old "Great North Road", heading south to ], ], ] and ]; and the ] "Coast Road", which runs from ] to the east coast between ] and ]. Many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the Western Bypass, and its designation as the new line of the A1, the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the ] were ], with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix<ref>{{cite web| title=Newcastle Map Scans | publisher=rural-roads.co.uk | url=http://www.rural-roads.co.uk/oldmaps/newcastle/newcastle.shtml | access-date=9 December 2007}}</ref> to their present 1-prefix numbers. In November 2011 the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.newtynecrossing.info/
|title=New Tyne Crossing Web-site
|access-date=16 January 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107044334/http://www.newtynecrossing.info/
|archive-date=7 January 2012
}}</ref>

'''Bus'''

Bus services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part are coordinated by the ].<ref name="NexusBus">{{cite web |title=Nexus – Bus |publisher=nexus.org.uk |url=http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/Nexus/Bus |access-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228133453/http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/Nexus/Bus |archive-date=28 December 2007 }}</ref> ] is the primary bus operator in the city, running city services between both the West and East ends, with some services extending out to the ], ], ] and ]. ] provides the majority of services to and from the south of the Tyne, linking Newcastle with ], ], ], and ]. ] runs numerous services to the north of city, ] and ]. Additionally, ] connects Newcastle and Gateshead to the Quayside. ] is the city's main hub for long-distance services, such as those operated by ].

Other major bus departure points are Pilgrim Street (for buses running south of the Tyne via ]), and Blackett Street/Monument for services to the East and West of the city. Many bus services also pass ], a major interchange for rail and metro services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Full timetable list |publisher=nexus.org.uk |url=http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/16-19/Bus/Timetables/ |access-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826160756/http://www.nexus.org.uk/wps/wcm/connect/16-19/Bus/Timetables/ |archive-date=26 August 2007 }}</ref>

===Cycling===
Newcastle is accessible by several mostly traffic-free ]s that lead to the edges of the city centre, where cyclists can continue into the city by road, using ]. The traffic-free ] cycle route runs along the north bank of the ], enabling cyclists to travel off-road to ] and ] in the east, and westwards towards ].

Suburban cycle routes exist, which use converted trackbeds of former industrial ]s and industrial railways. A network on ]'s suburban Victorian waggonways is being developed.<ref name="TynesideWaggonways">{{cite web| last = Henderson| first = Tony| title = Memories appeal for Tyneside waggonways project| publisher = thejournal.co.uk| date = 20 December 2013| url = http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/mining-memories-appeal-tyneside-waggonways-6433744| access-date = 21 February 2014| archive-date = 27 February 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140227223807/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/mining-memories-appeal-tyneside-waggonways-6433744}}</ref> A network of signed on-road cycle routes is being established,<ref name="Newcyc1402-2" /> including some designated on-road cycle lanes that will lead from the city centre to the suburbs of ], ] and ].

Newcastle has a growing culture of bicycle usage. Newcastle is also home to a cycling campaign, called the 'Newcastle Cycling Campaign.'<ref name="Newcyc1309-1" /> The ideal of the organisation is to model other European cities like ] and ].<ref name="Newcyc1309-1">{{cite web| title = Welcome to Newcastle Cycling Campaign| publisher = newcycling.org | url = http://newcycling.org/| access-date = 4 September 2013}}</ref> The aims of the organisation, within the constitution are: To raise the profile of cycling, especially ] around the city;<ref name="Newcyc1309-2" /> to educate decision makers over the benefits of cycling;<ref name="Newcyc1309-2" /> to promote equality.<ref name="Newcyc1309-2">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2012/13 |publisher=newcycling.org |url=http://newcycling.org/sites/default/files/Constitution_NewCycling.pdf |access-date=4 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223174430/http://newcycling.org/sites/default/files/Constitution_NewCycling.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>

Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998.<ref name="Newcyc1402-1">{{cite web|title=Delivering Cycling Improvements in Newcastle A ten-year strategy 2011–22 – Background |publisher=newcycling.org |url=http://newcycling.org/sites/default/files/CyclePlan10Year.pdf |access-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223172137/http://newcycling.org/sites/default/files/CyclePlan10Year.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, the city council's social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion and educating that cycling promotes healthy living<ref name="Newcyc1402-2">{{cite web|title=Delivering Cycling Improvements in Newcastle A ten-year strategy 2011–22 – Vision, aims and objectives |publisher=newcycling.org |url=http://newcycling.org/sites/default/files/CyclePlan10Year.pdf |access-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223172137/http://newcycling.org/sites/default/files/CyclePlan10Year.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off-road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks.<ref name="Newcyc1402-2" />

===Water===
] runs a ferry service to ], near ] in The Netherlands,<ref name="DFDS">{{cite web|title=Ferry to Holland|url=https://www.dfdsseaways.co.uk/ferry-routes/ferry-to-holland|publisher=DFDS Seaways|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> from Newcastle International Ferry Terminal (located in ]). The ] to ], Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 and their service to ], Norway was terminated in late 2008. The company cited high fuel prices and new competition from ] as the cause. However, since summer 2007, Thomson cruise lines have included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords cruise.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=4805&date=20060906 |title=DFDS scraps Newcastle-Gothenburg line |work=The Local |date=7 September 2006 |access-date=21 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828100914/http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=4805&date=20060906 |archive-date=28 August 2007 }}</ref>

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Newcastle City Council}}

], meeting place of the City Council]]
Newcastle is a ] with ], governed by ]. Since 2024 the council has been a member of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=North East devolution deal |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/north-east-devolution-deal--2 |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=gov.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The North East Mayoral Combined County Authority (Establishment and Functions) Order 2024|year=2024|number=402|access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> There are six ]es within the city boundaries, at ], ], ], ], ], and ], which form an additional tier of local government for their areas. The rest of the city is an ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Maps |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/ |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

===Administrative history===
Newcastle was an ]. It is said to have been made a borough by ] (reigned 1087–1100), although the earliest known charter was granted by ] (reigned 1154–1189). In 1400, a new charter from ] gave the borough the right to hold its own courts and appoint its own ]s, making it a ], independent from the ].<ref name=1835commissioners>{{cite book |title=Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Municipal Corporations in England and Wales: Appendix 3 |date=1835 |pages=1633–1635 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3FTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1633 |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> Whilst administratively independent, Newcastle was still deemed part of the ] of Northumberland for the purposes of ] until 1974.<ref>{{cite book |title=Militia Act |date=1882 |page=21 |publisher=Sweet & Maxwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4pCAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA21 |access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Northumberland: Diagram showing administrative boundaries, 1972 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/241243837 |website=National Library of Scotland |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

The Northumberland ] were held at ] in Newcastle, and subsequently at the ], built within the castle site in 1811.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Moot Hall, Castle Garth|num=1116297|grade=I|access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> The Moot Hall also served as the meeting place of ] from its creation in 1889 until 1981 when the county council moved to ].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=48579|page=5337|date=10 April 1981}}</ref> Newcastle was therefore sometimes described as the ] of Northumberland,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=James |title=A new and comprehensive gazetteer of England and Wales |date=1835 |page=254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwoHAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA254 |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> although that title was also claimed by ], where ] were elected until the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Penny Cyclopaedia, Volumes 15–16 |date=1839 |publisher=Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ns5PAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA316 |page=316 |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

], built 1655: Town council's headquarters until 1863]]
Until the 1830s the borough just covered the four parishes of ], ], ], and ].<ref name=1835commissioners/> The ] (constituency) was enlarged in 1832 to also take in ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Parliamentary Boundaries Act |date=1832 |page=353 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uq0uAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA353 |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> The municipal boundaries were enlarged to match the constituency in 1836, when Newcastle was reformed to become a ] under the ], which standardised how most boroughs operated across the country.<ref>{{cite book |title=Municipal Corporations Act |date=1835 |pages=457 |url=https://archive.org/details/statutesunitedk35britgoog/page/456/mode/2up |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

Newcastle was awarded city status in 1882. When elected county councils were established in 1889, Newcastle was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services, and so it was made a ].<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government Act 1888|year=1888|chapter=41}}</ref> The city boundaries were enlarged on several occasions, notably in 1904 when it absorbed ], ] and ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 13) Act 1904 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Edw7/4/162/contents/enacted |website=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> and in 1935 when it absorbed ] and parts of neighbouring parishes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newcastle upon Tyne Municipal Borough / County Borough |url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10108913#tab02 |website=A Vision of Britain through Time |publisher=GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> In 1906 the city was given the right to appoint a ].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27936|page=5232|date=31 July 1906}}</ref>

In 1974 the county borough was replaced by a larger metropolitan borough within the new county of Tyne and Wear. The borough gained the area of the former ] of ] and ], and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington. It also gained the Moot Hall, which until 1974 had been an ] of the administrative county of Northumberland surrounded by the city.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government Act 1972|year=1972|chapter=70|schedule=1|access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The Metropolitan Districts (Names) Order 1973|year=1973|number=137}}</ref> Newcastle's city status was transferred to the enlarged borough at the same time.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=46255|page=4400|date=4 April 1974}}</ref>

From 1974 until 1986 the city council was a lower-tier district authority, with ] providing county-level services. The county council was abolished in 1986, since when the city council has again provided both district-level and county-level services, as it had done when it was a county borough prior to 1974. Some functions are provided across Tyne and Wear by joint committees with the other districts. The county of Tyne and Wear continues to exist as a ] for the purposes of lieutenancy, but has had no administrative functions since 1986.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government Act 1985|year=1985|chapter=51|access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

===UK Parliament===
Newcastle is represented by three elected ] (MPs) in the ], the lower house of the ]. All three current MPs are from the ].
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===EU referendum===
In the ], Newcastle voted for the United Kingdom to remain in the ], with a ratio of 51:49 in favour of remain, compared to a national ratio of 48:52 in favour of leave.<ref name="independent2">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-results-newcastle-upon-tyne-declares-narrow-victory-remain-a7098711.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-results-newcastle-upon-tyne-declares-narrow-victory-remain-a7098711.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=EU referendum results: Newcastle upon Tyne declares narrow victory for Remain &#124; The Independent|website=The Independent|date=24 June 2016|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
===Schools and colleges===
{{See also|List of schools in Newcastle upon Tyne}}

Newcastle has 74 primary schools and 20 secondary schools, of which 13 are ]-funded and 7 are fee-paying ]s.

There are a number of critically acclaimed ] secondary schools, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].

The largest ]al independent school is the ]. The largest girls' independent school is ]. Both schools are located on the same street in ]. ] is the only independent boys' only school in the city and is situated in Gosforth. Other independent schools include ].

] is the largest general ] (FE) college in ] and is a ] college. There are also two smaller FE colleges in Newcastle.

===Universities===
The city has two major universities – ] and ].

Newcastle University has its origins in the ] School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834.
It became fully independent on 1 August 1963, forming the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (now simply Newcastle University). It is a ] and is a member of the ], an association of research-intensive UK universities, often considered to represent the best UK universities.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/ |title=The Russell Group |publisher=The ] |access-date=29 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History |publisher=Newcastle University |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/about/history/unihistory.phtml |access-date=22 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912093004/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/about/history/unihistory.phtml |archive-date=12 September 2007 }}</ref> It won the ] award in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Alastair |last=McCall |title=King of the Castle |format=Reprint on Newcastle University's website |work=Sunday Times |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/press.office/award.html |date=17 September 2000 |access-date=22 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918021604/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/press.office/award.html |archive-date=18 September 2007 }}</ref> It was awarded the Gold Award in the ] (TEF), one of only ten Russell Group universities to achieve the Gold TEF rating.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/university-teaching-scores-russell-group-improvements-government-rankings-tef-a8386321.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/university-teaching-scores-russell-group-improvements-government-rankings-tef-a8386321.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Elite universities improve teaching scores after requesting to be judged again in government rankings|author=Eleanor Busby|work=]|date=6 June 2018}}</ref>

Northumbria University has its origins in Newcastle Polytechnic, established in 1969 and becoming the University of Northumbria at Newcastle in 1992 as part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities. Northumbria University was voted 'Best New University' by '']'' Good University Guide 2005. It holds the Silver TEF Award.

===Museums and galleries===
There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the ]<ref name="centerlife201102">{{cite web |title=Life – A Center For World Class Science |url=http://www.life.org.uk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208004616/http://www.life.org.uk/ |archive-date=8 February 2011 |access-date=23 February 2011 |publisher=Center For Life}}</ref> with its Science Village;<ref name="science">{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Centre for Life science village |url=http://www.life.org.uk/science-village |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720163209/http://www.life.org.uk/science-village |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=23 February 2011 |publisher=Center For Life |df=dmy-all}}</ref> the ]<ref name="discmus201102">{{cite web |title=Discovery museum |url=http://www.britainsfinest.co.uk/museums/museums.cfm/searchazref/80001259NEWA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127160513/http://www.britainsfinest.co.uk/museums/museums.cfm/searchazref/80001259NEWA |archive-date=27 November 2010 |access-date=23 February 2011 |publisher=britainsfinest.co.uk}}</ref> a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the ];<ref name="GreatNorth201102">{{cite web |title=Great North Museum |url=http://www.aboutbritain.com/hancockmuseum.htm |access-date=23 February 2011 |publisher=aboutbritain.com}}</ref> in 2009 the ] merged with the Great North Museum (Hancock Museum);<ref name="MusAntiquities">{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities |url=http://www.romanobritain.org/9-sites/ste_newcastle_museum_of_antiquities.htm#.U_4MyCY1jIU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020164453/http://www.romanobritain.org/9-sites/ste_newcastle_museum_of_antiquities.htm#.U_4MyCY1jIU |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=27 August 2014 |publisher=romanobritain.org}}</ref> ], the National Centre for Children's Books;<ref name="sstories201102" /><ref name="Wilson2010" /> the Side Gallery with historical and contemporary photography from around the world and Northern England;<ref name="SideGallery201311">{{cite web |title=Side Gallery |url=http://www.amber-online.com/sections/side-gallery |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012083011/http://www.amber-online.com/sections/side-gallery |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |publisher=AmberOnline |quote=Since opening in 1977, the gallery's been committed to documentary in the tradition of the concerned photographer – our own production/commissions in the North of England and the historical and contemporary work from around the world... |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the Newburn Motor Museum.<ref name="NewbMMhome">{{cite web |title=Newburn Motor Museum |url=https://newburnmotormuseum.weebly.com/ |access-date=7 January 2020 |publisher=Newburn Motor Museum}}</ref>

The ], similarly to other art galleries and museums around the world, has collections digitised on the ],<ref name="CulturalInstitute20131217">{{cite news |last=Whetstone |first=David |date=16 December 2013 |title=Newcastle's Laing Art Gallery opens online to viewers around the world |newspaper=The Journal |location=North East England |url=http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts-culture-news/newcastles-laing-art-gallery-opens-6408056 |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216205613/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts-culture-news/newcastles-laing-art-gallery-opens-6408056 |archive-date=16 December 2013 |quote=The gallery has joined the White House, the Palace of Versaille and other museums and galleries around the world}}</ref><ref name="CulturalInstitute201312172">{{cite web |title=Laing Art Gallery |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/partner |access-date=17 December 2013 |work=Art Collections}}</ref> an initiative that makes important cultural material accessible online.

==Religious sites==
], as seen from the ]]]
{{See also|Diocese of Newcastle|Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle|North East Jewry}}
Newcastle has three cathedrals, the ] ], with its elegant ] of 1474, the ] ] designed by ] and the ] Cathedral in ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.resourcescentreonline.co.uk/fc-chr-or-coptic.html |title=Coptic Orthodox Faith Contacts – North East Religious Learning Resources Centre |publisher=Resourcescentreonline.co.uk |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910090721/http://www.resourcescentreonline.co.uk/fc-chr-or-coptic.html |archive-date=10 September 2012 }}</ref> All three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches. St Mary's became a cathedral in 1850 and St Nicholas' in 1882. Another prominent church in the city centre is the ] which is unique as the only ] church without a parish and which is not a ].

One of the largest ] ] churches in the UK is ], situated a little to the north of the city centre.

Newcastle is home to the only ] Centre in North East England; the centre has served the local Baháʼí community for over 25 years and is located close to the Civic Centre in ].

Newcastle was a prominent centre of the ] movement up to the 1950s, and some small congregations still function. Among these are at the Hall, Denmark Street and Gospel Hall, St Lawrence.

] is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town'.<ref name=oldparish12012>{{cite web
| title = St. andrews church
| quote = Bourne, indeed, is of opinion that it was built before king David was born; because, according to tradition, it is the oldest church in town, and St. Nicholas', it is admitted, was erected before the time of king Henry I. But as the church of St. Nicholas was burnt down in 1216, this church may be the oldest ecclesiastical building in Newcastle...
| publisher = british-history.ac.uk (From: 'St Andrew's church', Historical Account of Newcastle-upon-Tyne...(1827), pp. 323–341.)
| year = 1827
| url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43357
| access-date = 15 August 2012}}</ref> The present building was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726.<ref name =oldparish22012>{{cite web
| title = The Parish Church of St Andrew
| publisher = standrewsnewcastle.org.uk
| url = http://www.standrewsnewcastle.org.uk/
| access-date = 15 August 2012}}</ref> It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times. This older church would have been one of several churches along the River Tyne dedicated to St Andrew, including the ] at Hexham.<ref name = oldparish22012/> The building contains more old stonework than any other church in Newcastle. It is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the ] by the Scots who finally breached the Town Wall and forced surrender. Three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege.<ref name = oldparish22012/>


==Notable people==
==Gay Community in Newcastle==
{{Main|List of people from Newcastle upon Tyne}}
{{div-col}}
*], the leading British composer of concertos in the 18th century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newcastlecollection.newcastle.gov.uk/charles-avison|title=Newcastle Collections – Charles Avison|access-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407080506/http://newcastlecollection.newcastle.gov.uk/charles-avison|archive-date=7 April 2015}}</ref>
*], ], was born in the city in 1923.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-cardinal-basil-hume-1100741.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-cardinal-basil-hume-1100741.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Paul | last=Vallely | title=Obituary: Cardinal Basil Hume | date=18 June 1999}}</ref>
*Vice Admiral ], 1st Baron Collingwood, was born in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cuthbert-Collingwood-1st-Baron-Collingwood |website=Britannica|date=22 February 2024 }}</ref>
*], ], metallurgist, and member of parliament, was born in the city in 1816.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp128708/isaac-lowthian-bell |website=Science Museum Group Collection}}</ref>
*], engineer and industrialist, was born in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir William George Armstrong |url=https://mininginstitute.org.uk/about-us/past-presidents-of-the-institute/sir-william-george-armstrong/ |website=The Mining Institute}}</ref>
*], engineer and father of the modern steam railways, established his factory in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Stephenson|title=George Stephenson &#124; Biography, Locomotives, & Facts &#124; Britannica|date=5 June 2023 }}</ref>
*], also an engineer, lived in the city.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stephenson, Robert |volume= 25 | page= 889}}</ref>
*], engineer and inventor of the steam turbine, established his factory in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.birrcastle.com/inventionsAndExperiments.asp |title= Chronology of Charles Parsons |publisher= Birr Castle Scientific and Heritage Foundation |access-date= 3 January 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081225130458/http://www.birrcastle.com/inventionsAndExperiments.asp |archive-date= 25 December 2008 }}</ref>
*], inventor of the incandescent light bulb, managed a business in the city.<ref name=RPSGB.org.uk>{{Cite web|title=Pharmacy&nbsp;— the mother of invention?&nbsp;— Sir Joseph Swan (1828–1914)|url=http://RPSGB.org.uk/informationresources/museum/exhibitions/themotherofinvention/swanphot.html|website=RPSGB.org.uk|publisher=] (RPSGB)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924214648/http://rpsgb.org.uk/informationresources/museum/exhibitions/themotherofinvention/swanphot.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2006|access-date=11 January 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*], actor and comedian, studied at ].<ref name=RowanA2014>{{cite web| title = Rowan Atkinson biography| publisher = biography.com | url = http://www.biography.com/people/rowan-atkinson-9191636| access-date = 7 February 2014}}</ref>
*], industrial designer, who studied at ] (now ])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/apple-design-genius-jonathan-ive|title=A Rare Look at Design Genius Jony Ive: The Man Behind the Apple Watch|last=Sullivan|first=Robert|date=1 October 2014|work=Vogue|access-date=1 November 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*], modernist poet, worked at Newcastle Evening Chronicle.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bunting |first=Basil |url=http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/titlepage.asp?isbn=1852245271 |title=Title Page – Basil Bunting: Complete Poems |publisher=Bloodaxe Books |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309231748/http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/titlepage.asp?isbn=1852245271 |archive-date= 9 March 2010 }}</ref>
*], Lord Chief Justice, born in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/1997/05/01/world/lord-taylor-of-gosforth-is-dead-chief-english-appeals-judge-66.html?referer=https://www.google.com/|title=Lord Taylor of Gosforth Is Dead; Chief English Appeals Judge, 66|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1 May 1997}}</ref>
*], Portuguese writer, was a diplomat in Newcastle from late 1874 until April 1879—his most productive literary period.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/dec/23/biography1 | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Consul yourself | date=22 December 2000 | access-date=7 April 2010}}</ref>
*], former ], was born in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/24/thai-pm-admits-british-nationality|title=Thai PM admits British nationality|work=The Guardian|date=24 February 2011}}</ref>
*], composer, has been based in the city since 1995, teaching at ] and occasionally collaborating with ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filarmonika.com/collections/augustin-fernandez?srsltid=AfmBOorcDUQFa7l5Ta3gNuMmwP99XAvePxpHAexEC3My3y1CzBxSilKN|title=Augustín Fernandez|publisher=Filarmonika Music Publishing|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
*], musician, born in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/cheryl-cole-mn0003331193|title=Cheryl Cole|publisher=]|access-date=30 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201090507/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/cheryl-cole-mn0003331193|archive-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
*], musician, born in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/eric-burdon-declares-more_b_3566476|title=Eric Burdon Declares More|first1=Steven|last1=Rosen|date=9 July 2013|website=HuffPost|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412153631/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/eric-burdon-declares-more_b_3566476|url-status=live}}</ref>
*], musician, attended St Cuthbert's Grammar School.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/sting-rock-superstar-wallsend-born-11960485.amp|title=Sting, the rock superstar from Wallsend, was born 65 years ago|date=30 September 2016|newspaper=Chronicle Live|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
*], musician, attended Gosforth Grammar School.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/mark-knopfler-who-attended-school-8837705.amp|title=Mark Knopfler, who attended school in Newcastle, releases his new album on Monday|date=14 March 2015|newspaper=Chronicle Live|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
*the ], musicians, formed in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/lighthouse-family-reveal-how-formed-17247758|title=
The Lighthouse Family reveal how they formed in Newcastle and chose their name|date=13 November 2019|newspaper=Chronicle Live|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
*], musician, born in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guitarstreams.com/musician/jeffrey-dunn/|title=Jeffrey Dunn (aka Mantas) |publisher= Guitar Streams
|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
*], musician, member of the band, Geordie, formed in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.noise11.com/news/brian-johnsons-former-band-geordie-is-still-a-thing-and-they-have-a-new-song-20230116|title= Brian Johnson's Former Band Geordie Is Still A Thing And They Have A New Song |publisher=Noise11.com|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
*], musician, born in the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-alan-hull-1582853.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220506/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-alan-hull-1582853.html |archive-date=6 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=OBITUARY: Alan Hull|date=20 November 1995|newspaper=]|accessdate=9 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*], musician, born in the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thefourohfive.com/music/article/sakima-interviewed-141|title=The 405 meets Sakima|url-status=dead|last=Buck|first=Courtney|date=19 November 2014|work=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223056/https://www.thefourohfive.com/music/article/sakima-interviewed-141|archive-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>
*], musician, attended St Cuthbert's Grammar School.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/dream-fame-helped-star-survive-1530628|title=Dream of fame helped star survive bullying|date=10 April 2006|newspaper=Chronicle Live|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
*], musician, former pupil of Rutherford Grammar School.<ref name=MarvWelch2007>{{cite web | last = Lamb | first = Liz | title = I wanted to play clarinet |publisher=chroniclelive.co.uk | date =5 June 2007 | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/wanted-play-clarinet-1497620 | access-date = 16 June 2015}}</ref>
*], musician, former pupil of Rutherford Grammar School.<ref name=MarvWelch2007/>
*], actor, born in the city.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/charlie-hunnam/bio/144223| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113164136/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/charlie-hunnam/bio/144223| title=Charlie Hunnam: Biography| work=]| archive-date=13 November 2014| access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref>
*], actor, born in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daysofourlives.about.com/od/castbiographies/p/jamesscott.htm |title=Profile of James Scott"|publisher=Days of our lives|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514141423/http://daysofourlives.about.com/od/castbiographies/p/jamesscott.htm |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref>
*], entertainers, both born in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/ant-dec-from-heres-background-17231719.amp|title=Where are Ant and Dec from? Here's the background story of the famous Geordie duo|date=10 November 2019|newspaper=Chronicle Live|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
*], footballer, worked for Newcastle United.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tescoskills.thefa.com/Coaches/GraemeCarrick |title=Graeme Carrick |publisher=The Football Association |access-date=20 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319184054/http://tescoskills.thefa.com/Coaches/GraemeCarrick |archive-date=19 March 2012 }}</ref>
*], footballer, born in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last = Hugman|first = Barry J.|title= The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005|publisher = Queen Anne Press|year = 2005| page = 556| isbn = 1-85291-665-6 }}</ref>
*], multiple circumnavigator, works in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://goldengloberace.com/skippers/david-scott-cowper/|title=David Scott-Cooper|publisher=Golden Globe Race|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
*], ], who researched the mass of subatomic particles, born in the city.<ref name=Higgs201310>{{cite news| title = Profile: Peter Higgs | publisher = BBC | date = 8 October 2013 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24444515 | access-date = 8 October 2013}}</ref>
*], wrestler, was born in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/wwe/blog/wwe-watch-adrian-neville-visits-his-mum-in-newcastle-but-what-does-she-reveal-about-nxt-superstar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122094346/http://www.mtv.co.uk/wwe/blog/wwe-watch-adrian-neville-visits-his-mum-in-newcastle-but-what-does-she-reveal-about-nxt-superstar|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2015|title=WWE Exclusive: Adrian Neville's Mum Reveals All As He Returns Home to Newcastle|website=MTV.co.uk|date=20 January 2015|access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref>
*], inventor of the keyed ], lived and worked in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bagpipesociety.org.uk/articles/2019/chanter/winter/in-praise-of-old-pipes/|title=In praise of old pipes|publisher=The Bagpipe Society|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
*], the celebrated Northumbrian piper and composer, has longstanding associations with Newcastle as a resident, frequent performer at ] and lecturer at ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncl.ac.uk/press/articles/archive/2013/02/successfornewcastleatfolkmusicawards.html|title=Success for Newcastle at Folk Music Awards|publisher=Newcastle University|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
*], former chairman of ] for ten years, lived in Jesmond in Newcastle upon Tyne until his death in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/freddy-shepherd-sells-la-sagesse-5382346|title=Freddy Shepherd sells La Sagesse for around £10m|newspaper=Chronicle Live|date=30 July 2013| access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
{{div-col-end}}


==International relations==
Newcastle is renowned as having the largest gay "scene" in the North East of England. Focused on the Times Square area near the ], the "Pink Triangle" hosts approximately 12&ndash;14 bars and pubs, and two clubs, Powerhouse and The Loft. The community has seen much expansion in the past five years, with further growth planned in the future. The development of the Pink Triangle was a planned development promoted by the Regional Development Agency and is often seen to be in conflict with the macho native Geordie Culture. In ] Newcastle planned to host a ] festival but this was cancelled at the last minute due to opposition by the Council members.
===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom}}
Newcastle upon Tyne is ] with:


* ], Australia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/twintownnewcaus |title=Newcastle, Australia |publisher=Newcastle City Council |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109123618/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/twintownnewcaus |archive-date=9 January 2011 }}</ref>
== Twin Cities ==
* ], U.S. (1977)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlantaga.gov/client_resources/international/ascc2003.pdf |title=2003 Annual Report |publisher=Atlanta Sister Cities Commission |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713040712/http://www.atlantaga.gov/client_resources/international/ascc2003.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2010 }}</ref>
*] &ndash; ]
* ], Netherlands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemeente.groningen.nl/english/city-twinning/newcastle-upon-tyne |title=City Twinning – Newcastle upon Tyne |publisher=Gemeente Groningen |access-date=18 July 2010}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ]
* ], Norway (1968)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/twintownbergen |title=Bergen, Norway |publisher=Newcastle City Council |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227021254/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/twintownbergen |archive-date=27 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name="BergenNewcTree">{{Citation | last = NRK | title = Prime Minister cuts Christmas tree for Newcastle | newspaper = The Norway Post | date = 13 November 2013 | url = http://www.norwaypost.no/news-politics/29184-prime-minister-cuts-christmas-tree-for-newcastle | access-date = 8 October 2016 | archive-date = 11 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161011185717/http://www.norwaypost.no/news-politics/29184-prime-minister-cuts-christmas-tree-for-newcastle | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*] &ndash; ]
* ], Germany (1948)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.diplo.de/Vertretung/edinburgh/en/02/Veranstaltungen/Gelsenkirchen__Seite.html |title=Gelsenkirchen and Newcastle celebrate 60 years as sister cities |publisher=German Consulate General Edinburgh |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002023910/http://www.edinburgh.diplo.de/Vertretung/edinburgh/en/02/Veranstaltungen/Gelsenkirchen__Seite.html |archive-date=2 October 2009 }}</ref>
*] &ndash; ]
* ], Israel<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/twintownisrael |title=Haifa, Israel |publisher=Newcastle City Council |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109122501/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/twintownisrael |archive-date=9 January 2011 }}</ref>
*] &ndash; ]
* ], France (1954)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/twintownnancy |title=Nancy, France |publisher=Newcastle City Council |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124065509/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/twintownnancy |archive-date=24 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Archant twinning 3">{{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |title=British towns twinned with French towns ''''|access-date=20 July 2013|archive-date=5 July 2013|work=Archant Community Media Ltd}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ]
* ], China (1985, unilaterally terminated by Newcastle upon Tyne in 2022)<ref name="newcastle">{{cite web|url=https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/our-city/newcastles-international-relationships|title=Newcastle's International Relationships &#124; Newcastle City Council|website=newcastle.gov.uk|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=太原：英国纽卡斯尔因新疆问题终止中国姊妹城市关系 (Taiyuan: UK's Newcastle upon Tyne terminated sister city partnership over Xinjiang issue)|url=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/uk-63509476|work=BBC News Chinese|date=2022-11-04|access-date=2022-11-05|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ]
*] &ndash; ] &ndash; on the River Hunter, and also a coal hub.


===Other agreements===
== Museums & Places of Interest ==
Newcastle has a "friendship agreement" with the American city of ].<ref>{{cite press release |title=NINE YOUTH FROM LITTLE ROCK DEPART FOR VISIT TO NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, UNITED KINGDOM |date=9 July 2007 |publisher=City of Little Rock |url=http://www.littlerock.org/CityManager/Divisions/PublicRelations/MediaReleases.aspx?ID=178 |access-date=4 February 2008}}</ref> Since 2003, it has had a "special cooperation agreement" with the Swedish city of ].<ref name="Malmö twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.malmo.se/Kommun--politik/Sa-arbetar-vi-med.../Omvarld/Internationellt-arbete/Vanorter.html|title=Vänorter|publisher=Malmö stad|language=sv|access-date=6 November 2013|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223130358/http://malmo.se/Kommun--politik/Sa-arbetar-vi-med.../Omvarld/Internationellt-arbete/Vanorter.html}}</ref> Furthermore, Newcastle participated in the 1998 summit of worldwide ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newcastlesoftheworld.com/about/ |title=About |website=newcastlesoftheworld.com |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030346/https://newcastlesoftheworld.com/about/ |archive-date=3 February 2019 }}</ref> which led to friendship agreements with the following places:
===In Newcastle===
]
* ] (Natural History)
* ]
* ] (Science and Local History)
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] (])
* ]
* ] & ]
* ]
* ] (])
* ]


*], Germany
===In the surrounding area===
*], Switzerland
* ] (Gateshead)
*], France
* ] (])
*], United States
* ] (])
*], United States
* ] (])
*], United States
* ] Railway Museum (])
*], England
* ] Sea Life Centre (])
*], South Africa
* ] (])
*], Japan
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])


== See also == ===Foreign consulates===
The following countries have ] in Newcastle: Denmark,<ref name=newcDenmark201802>{{cite web
* ]
| url = http://storbritannien.um.dk/en/travel-and-residence/other-consular-matters/danish-consulates-and-vice-consulates-in-the-uk/
* ]
| title = Danish Consulates and Vice-Consulates in the UK – Newcastle Upon Tyne
* ]
| website = storbritannien.um.dk
* ]
| publisher = storbritannien
| access-date = 19 February 2018
| archive-date = 19 February 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180219031313/http://storbritannien.um.dk/en/travel-and-residence/other-consular-matters/danish-consulates-and-vice-consulates-in-the-uk/
}}</ref> Finland, Romania,
Belgium,<ref name =belgium21512>{{cite web
| title = Consulate of Belgium in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| publisher = belgium.visahq.co.uk
| url = http://belgium.visahq.co.uk/embassy/United-Kingdom/
| access-date = 21 May 2012}}</ref> France,<ref name=france21512>{{cite web
|title = Honorary Consul in Newcastle -Upon-Tyne
|publisher = ambafrance-uk.org
|url = http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/Consul-Honoraire-a-Newcastle-Upon.html
|access-date = 12 May 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130517050139/http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/Consul-Honoraire-a-Newcastle-Upon.html
|archive-date = 17 May 2013
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Germany,<ref name=germany21512>{{cite web
|title = Regional PAC chairman, Jo Chexal, honoured
|publisher = soroptimist-ukpac.org
|date = 12 May 2009
|url = http://www.soroptimist-ukpac.org/news/show/28/
|access-date = 21 May 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130413133431/http://www.soroptimist-ukpac.org/news/show/28
|archive-date = 13 April 2013
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Iceland,<ref name =Iceland21412>{{cite web
| title = Iceland Consulate, United Kingdom
| publisher = iceland.visahq.co.uk
| url = http://iceland.visahq.co.uk/embassy/United-Kingdom/
| access-date = 21 May 2012}}</ref> Italy,<ref name=Italy21512>{{cite web
| title = Honorary Consulate of Italy in Newcastle
| publisher = embassy-finder
| url = http://embassy-finder.com/italy_in_newcastle_united-kingdom
| access-date = 21 May 2012}}</ref> Norway,<ref name=Norway21512>{{cite web
| title = Bestowing the Order of Merit on the Honorary Norwegian Vice-Consul in Newcastle Upon Tyne
| publisher = Norway.org.uk
| date = 18 May 2012
| url = http://www.norway.org.uk/News_and_events/Current-Affairs/Bestowing-the-Order-of-Merit-on-the-Honorary-Norwegian-Consul-in-Newcastle-Upon-Tyne/
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20121224114502/http://www.norway.org.uk/News_and_events/Current-Affairs/Bestowing-the-Order-of-Merit-on-the-Honorary-Norwegian-Consul-in-Newcastle-Upon-Tyne/
| archive-date = 24 December 2012
| access-date = 21 May 2012
}}</ref> and Sweden.<ref name=sweden21512>{{cite web
| title = Sweden Consulate, United Kingdom
| publisher = sweden.visahq.co.uk
| url = http://sweden.visahq.co.uk/embassy/United-Kingdom/
| access-date = 21 May 2012}}</ref>


== External links == ==See also==
{{Portal|North East England}}
*
* ]
*
* ]
*
* &ndash; Public Transport information in the Newcastle area. * ]
* ]
* of the bridges over the River Tyne at Newcastle, from Multimap
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*


==References==
{{NE_England}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}


===Sources===
<!--Categories-->
{{refbegin}}
* ''Tyneside: A History of Newcastle and Gateshead from Earliest Times'', Alistair Moffat and George Rosie, Mainstream Publishing (10 November 2005), {{ISBN|1-84596-013-0}}
* '''', Daniel Nettle, Open Book Publishers, (2016), {{ISBN|9781783741885}}
* ''History of Northumberland and Newcastle-upon-Tyne'', Leslie W. Hepple, Phillimore & Co Ltd (1976), {{ISBN|0-85033-245-1}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
]
{{Commons category|Newcastle upon Tyne}}
]
{{Wikivoyage|Newcastle_upon_Tyne}}
]
*
* BBC Local website


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{{Tyne and wear}}
{{T&W places}}
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{{Core Cities Group}}
{{UK cities}}
{{Metropolitan districts of England}}
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Latest revision as of 14:16, 11 January 2025

City in England For other places with the same name, see Newcastle.

City and metropolitan borough in England
Newcastle upon Tyne
City and metropolitan borough
The Quayside, with the Tyne Bridge to the left and the Millennium Bridge to the centre rightThe City CentreThe CastleGrainger TownTheatre RoyalSt Mary's RC CathedralThe Civic Centre
Coat of arms of Newcastle upon TyneCoat of arms
Nickname: The Toon
Motto(s): Latin: Fortiter Defendit Triumphans, lit. 'Triumphing by Brave Defence'
Newcastle shown within Tyne and WearNewcastle shown within Tyne and Wear
Coordinates: 54°58′41″N 1°36′37″W / 54.9780°N 1.6102°W / 54.9780; -1.6102
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionNorth East
Ceremonial countyTyne and Wear
City regionNorth East
Founded2nd century AD
City status1882
Metropolitan borough1 April 1974
Administrative HQNewcastle Civic Centre
Government
 • TypeMetropolitan borough
 • BodyNewcastle City Council
 • ExecutiveLeader and cabinet
 • ControlLabour
 • LeaderKaren Kilgour (L)
 • Lord MayorVeronica Dunn
 • MPs 3 MPs
Area
 • Total44 sq mi (115 km)
 • Land44 sq mi (113 km)
 • Rank182nd
Population
 • Total307,565
 • Rank46th
 • Density7,020/sq mi (2,711/km)
Demonyms
Ethnicity (2021)
 • Ethnic groups List
Religion (2021)
 • Religion List
Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode area
  • NE1–7
  • NE12–20
  • NE27–29
  • NE82–99
Dialling code0191
ISO 3166 codeGB-NET
GSS codeE08000021
Websitenewcastle.gov.uk

Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle (/njuːˈkæsəl/ new-KASS-əl, RP: /ˈnjuːkɑːsəl/ NEW-kah-səl), is a cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is England's northernmost metropolitan borough, located on the River Tyne's northern bank opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.

Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius. The settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle was historically part of the county of Northumberland, but governed as a county corporate after 1400. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. The local authority is Newcastle City Council, which is a constituent member of the North East Mayoral Combined Authority.

History

Main article: History of Newcastle upon Tyne

Roman

The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius ("Hadrian's bridge"), a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons Aelius then is estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrian's Wall are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The course of the "Roman Wall" can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend – the "wall's end" – and to the separate supply fort of Arbeia in South Shields, across the river from Hadrian's Wall.

The extent of Hadrian's Wall was 73 miles (117 km), spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the Vallum, a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds, and was built primarily for defence and to prevent the incursion of Pictish tribes from the north, and probably not as a fighting line for a major invasion. However, it seems that the Vallum stopped just west of Newcastle, where its role as a secondary line of defence was performed by the River Tyne.

Newcastle Castle Keep is the oldest structure in the city, dating back to at least the 11th century.

Anglo-Saxon and Norman

After the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, and was known throughout this period as Munucceaster (sometimes modernised as Monkchester).

Conflicts with the Danes in 876 left the settlements along the River Tyne in ruins. After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all but destroyed by Odo of Bayeux.

Because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in the year 1080. The town was henceforth known as Novum Castellum or New Castle. The wooden structure was replaced by a stone castle in 1087. The castle was rebuilt again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city today dates from this period.

Middle Ages

Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. In 1400 Newcastle was separated from Northumberland for administrative purposes and made a county of itself by Henry IV. Newcastle was given the title of the county of the town of Newcastle upon Tyne. The town had a new charter granted by Elizabeth I in 1589. A 25-foot-high (7.6 m) stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.

16th to 19th centuries

An engraving by William Miller of Newcastle in 1832, as seen from Gateshead

From 1530, a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538. The phrase itself means a pointless pursuit. In the 18th century, the American entrepreneur Timothy Dexter, regarded as an eccentric, defied this idiom. He was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him; however, his shipment arrived on the Tyne during a strike that had crippled local production, allowing him to turn a considerable profit.

Victoria Tunnel, built to transport coal

In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city, and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s, about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of plague, more than one-third of the population. Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the Society of Antiquaries that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British city in this period.

Newcastle was once a major industrial centre particularly for coal and shipping

During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644, the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege and the city was besieged for many months. It was eventually stormed ("with roaring drummes") and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the motto "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.

Newcastle city centre, 1917, with St James' Park football ground above and left of centre

Newcastle opened its first lunatic asylum in 1767. The asylum catered for people from the counties of Newcastle, Durham and Northumberland.

The Newcastle Eccentrics of the 19th century were a group of unrelated people who lived in and around the centre of Newcastle and its Quayside between the end of the 18th and early/mid 19th century. They are depicted in a painting by Henry Perlee Parker.

Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the London Library by half a century. Some founder members of the Literary and Philosophical Society were abolitionists. Newcastle also became a glass producer with a reputation for brilliant flint glass.

A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806.

The great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds.

The status of city was granted to Newcastle on 3 June 1882. In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. This revolution resulted in the urbanisation of the city. In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city. The Victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the 2+1⁄2-mile (4 km) Victoria Tunnel, built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes. On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street in the city, was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the incandescent lightbulb. Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting. Innovations in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of safety lamps, Stephenson's Rocket, Lord Armstrong's artillery, Be-Ro flour, Lucozade, Joseph Swan's electric light bulbs, and Charles Parsons' invention of the steam turbine, which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of cheap electricity. In 1882, Newcastle became the seat of an Anglican diocese, with St. Nicholas' Church becoming its cathedral.

20th and 21st centuries

Newcastle's public transport system was modernised in 1901 when Newcastle Corporation Tramways electric trams were introduced to the city's streets, though these were replaced gradually by trolley buses from 1935, with the tram service finally coming to an end in 1950.

The city acquired its first art gallery, the Laing Art Gallery in 1904, so named after its founder Alexander Laing, a Scottish wine and spirit merchant who wanted to give something back to the city in which he had made his fortune. Another art gallery, the Hatton Gallery (now part of Newcastle University), opened in 1925.

With the advent of the motor car, Newcastle's road network was improved in the early part of the 20th century, beginning with the opening of the Redheugh road bridge in 1901 and the Tyne Bridge in 1928.

Efforts to preserve the city's historic past were evident as long ago as 1934, when the Museum of Science and Industry opened, as did the John G Joicey Museum in the same year.

Council housing began to replace inner-city slums in the 1920s, and the process continued into the 1970s, along with substantial private house building and acquisitions.

Unemployment hit record heights in Newcastle during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The city's last coal pit closed in 1956, though a temporary open cast mine was opened in 2013. The temporary open cast mine shifted 40,000 tonnes of coal, using modern techniques to reduce noise, on a part of the City undergoing redevelopment. The slow demise of the shipyards on the banks of the River Tyne happened in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.

View northwards from the Castle Keep, towards Berwick-on-Tweed in 1954
Panorama from Newcastle castle keep across the River Tyne to Gateshead in 1954

During the Second World War, the city and surrounding area were a target for air raids as heavy industry was involved in the production of ships and armaments. The raids caused 141 deaths and 587 injuries. A former French consul in Newcastle called Jacques Serre assisted the German war effort by describing important targets in the region to Admiral Raeder who was the head of the German Navy.

The public sector in Newcastle began to expand in the 1960s. The federal structure of the University of Durham was dissolved. That university's college in Newcastle, which had been known as King's College, became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (now known as Newcastle University), which was founded in 1963, followed by Newcastle Polytechnic in 1969; the latter received university status in 1992 and became the University of Northumbria at Newcastle (now known as Northumbria University).

Further efforts to preserve the city's historic past continued in the later 20th century, with the opening of Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum in 1983 and Stephenson Railway Museum in 1986. The Military Vehicle museum closed in 2006. New developments at the turn of the 21st century included the Life Science Centre in 2000 and Millennium Bridge in 2001.

Based at St James' Park since 1886, Newcastle United F.C. became Football League members in 1893. They have won four top division titles (the first in 1905 and the most recent in 1927), six FA Cups (the first in 1910 and the most recent in 1955) and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1969. They broke the world transfer record in 1996 by paying £15 million for Blackburn Rovers and England striker Alan Shearer, one of the most prolific goalscorers of that era.

In 2017, Newcastle was the venue for the 2017 Freedom City festival. The 2017 Freedom City festival commemorated the 50 years since Martin Luther King's visit to Newcastle, where King received his honorary degree from Newcastle University. In 2018 Newcastle hosted the Great Exhibition of the North, the largest event in England in 2018. The exhibition began on 22 June with an opening ceremony on the River Tyne, and ended on 9 September with the Great North Run weekend. The exhibition describes the story of the north of England through its innovators, artists, designers and businesses.

In 2019, various travel sites named Newcastle to be the friendliest city in the UK.

Geography

Side, a street in Newcastle near the Tyne Bridge

Since 1974, Newcastle has been a part of the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in North East England. The city is located on the north-western bank of the River Tyne, approximately 46 miles (74 km) south of the border with Scotland.

The ground beneath the city is formed from Carboniferous strata of the Middle Pennine Coal Measures Group — a suite of sandstones, mudstones and coal seams which generally dip moderately eastwards. To the west of the city are the Upper Pennine Coal Measures and further west again the sandstones and mudstones of the Stainmore Formation, the local equivalent of the Millstone Grit.

In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th century, remain intact in places. Close, Sandhill and Quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries, including Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and House of Tides, a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28–30 Close.

The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical, largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson. More recently, Newcastle architecture considered to be Tyneside classical has been extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. In 1948 the poet John Betjeman said of Grey Street, "As for the curve of Grey Street, I shall never forget seeing it to perfection, traffic-less on a misty Sunday morning." The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of BBC Radio 4 listeners. In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category. A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself.

360° panoramic shot taken from the top of the Keep

Immediately to the north-west of the city centre is Leazes Park, first opened to the public in 1873 after a petition by 3,000 working men of the city for "ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation". Just outside one corner of this is St James' Park, the stadium home of Newcastle United FC which dominates the view of the city from all directions.

View of St James' Park on the skyline and surrounding buildings, as seen from Gateshead

Another major green space in the city is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground; this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include Bob Geldof, King Harald V of Norway, Bobby Robson, Alan Shearer, the late Nelson Mandela and the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June.

In the south-eastern corner of the Town Moor is Exhibition Park, which contains the only remaining pavilion from the North East Coast Exhibition of 1929. From the 1970s until 2006 this housed the Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum; which closed in 2006. The pavilion is now being used as a microbrewery and concert venue for Wylam Brewery.

Ouseburn

The wooded gorge of the Ouseburn in the east of the city is known as Jesmond Dene and forms another recreation area, linked by Armstrong Park and Heaton Park to the Ouseburn Valley, where the river finally reaches the River Tyne.

The springtime dawn chorus at 55 degrees latitude has been described as one of the best in the world. The dawn chorus of the Jesmond Dene green space has been professionally recorded and has been used in various workplace and hospital rehabilitation facilities.

Quayside

Quayside architecture, showing the historic Newcastle Guildhall with its white turret

The area around the Tyne Gorge, between Newcastle on the north bank and Gateshead on the south bank, is the famous Newcastle-Gateshead Quayside. It is famed for its series of dramatic bridges, including the Tyne Bridge of 1928 which was built by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough, Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge of 1849, the first road/rail bridge in the world, and the Swing Bridge of 1876.

Large-scale regeneration efforts have led to the replacement of former shipping premises with modern new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge - the Gateshead Millennium Bridge - integrated the Quayside more closely with the Gateshead Quayside, home to the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art (the venue for the Turner Prize 2011) and the Norman Foster-designed Sage Gateshead music centre. The Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides are now a thriving, cosmopolitan area with bars, restaurants, hotels and public spaces.

Seen here in 2008 on the Quayside is a Tyne Salmon Cube at right, an art exhibit celebrating River Tyne salmon, which has since been removed

Grainger Town

Main article: Grainger Town
Grainger Street, circa 1906

The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street. These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'. Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are listed, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*.

Grey's Monument

Grey's Monument, which commemorates Prime Minister Earl Grey and his Reform Act of 1832, stands above Monument Metro Station and was designed and built by Edward Hodges Baily and Benjamin Green. Hodges, who also built Nelson's Column, designed and built the statue, and the monument plinth was designed and built by Benjamin Green.

The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market. At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event. With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition. The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.

The development of the city in the 1960s saw the demolition of part of Grainger Town as a prelude to the modernist rebuilding initiatives of T. Dan Smith, the leader of Newcastle City Council. A corruption scandal was uncovered involving Smith and John Poulson, a property developer from Pontefract, West Yorkshire, and both were imprisoned. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late 1990s in the BBC TV mini-series, Our Friends in the North.

Chinatown

A red gold and blue Chinese arch over a busy city centre street
Newcastle's Chinatown arch

Newcastle's thriving Chinatown lies in the north-west of Grainger Town, centred on Stowell Street. A new Chinese arch, or paifang, providing a landmark entrance, was handed over to the city with a ceremony in 2005.

Housing

The Tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne. Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.

In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census (to 7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6%, and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities: Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Royal Tunbridge Wells.

Significant Newcastle housing developments include Ralph Erskine's the Byker Wall designed in the 1960s, and now Grade II* listed. It is on UNESCO's list of outstanding 20th-century buildings. The Byker Redevelopment has won the first Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design in 1988.

Climate

Newcastle has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Data in Newcastle was first collected in 1802 by the solicitor James Losh. Situated in the rain shadow of the North Pennines, Newcastle is amongst the driest cities in the UK. Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre include 37.0 °C (98.6 °F) set in July 2022 down to −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 29 December 1995. Newcastle can have cool to cold winters, though usually warmer than the rural areas around it, and the winters are often compensated for by warm summers, with very long daylight hours in the summer months, longer than all other major English cities. Newcastle upon Tyne shares the same latitude as Copenhagen and southern Sweden.

The nearest weather station to provide sunshine statistics is at Durham, about 14 miles (23 km) south of Newcastle City Centre. Durham's inland, less urbanised setting results in night-time temperature data about 1 degree cooler than Newcastle proper throughout the year.

Climate data for Newcastle (Met Office Durham) Extremes Newcastle
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2) 		14.0
(57.2) 		21.0
(69.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		25.0
(77.0) 		26.0
(78.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		32.5
(90.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		37.0
(98.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		7.2
(45.0) 		9.5
(49.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.8
(67.6) 		17.2
(63.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		9.4
(48.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		12.9
(55.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.8
(38.8) 		4.1
(39.4) 		5.9
(42.6) 		7.8
(46.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		13.3
(55.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		13.1
(55.6) 		9.8
(49.6) 		6.4
(43.5) 		3.9
(39.0) 		9.2
(48.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6) 		0.9
(33.6) 		2.3
(36.1) 		3.7
(38.7) 		6.1
(43.0) 		9.0
(48.2) 		11.1
(52.0) 		11.0
(51.8) 		9.0
(48.2) 		6.3
(43.3) 		3.4
(38.1) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.4
(41.7)
Record low °C (°F) −12.6
(9.3) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		1.0
(33.8) 		6.0
(42.8) 		3.0
(37.4) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−14.0
(6.8) 		−14.0
(6.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 52.3
(2.06) 		41.8
(1.65) 		44.6
(1.76) 		52.7
(2.07) 		44.2
(1.74) 		55.4
(2.18) 		54.0
(2.13) 		60.8
(2.39) 		55.4
(2.18) 		60.9
(2.40) 		72.0
(2.83) 		57.0
(2.24) 		651.1
(25.63)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.4 9.3 9.7 9.5 9.2 9.7 9.0 9.6 9.3 11.3 12.3 11.7 122
Mean monthly sunshine hours 58.6 80.3 115.5 150.3 181.7 164.8 172.3 167.3 134.5 102.8 66.4 51.2 1,445.4
Source: Met Office
Climate data for Newcastle, United Kingdom (1981-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8) 		8.5
(47.3) 		10.2
(50.4) 		12.1
(53.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.1
(66.4) 		18.9
(66.0) 		17.0
(62.6) 		13.8
(56.8) 		10.6
(51.1) 		8.5
(47.3) 		13.3
(55.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		5.4
(41.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		8.2
(46.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		15.1
(59.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		10.5
(50.9) 		7.6
(45.7) 		5.7
(42.3) 		9.7
(49.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		2.3
(36.1) 		3.3
(37.9) 		4.2
(39.6) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		11.1
(52.0) 		11.0
(51.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		4.5
(40.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		6.2
(43.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 106.6
(4.20) 		74.8
(2.94) 		80.4
(3.17) 		63.2
(2.49) 		66.8
(2.63) 		68.3
(2.69) 		60.5
(2.38) 		81.8
(3.22) 		73.6
(2.90) 		100.0
(3.94) 		105.3
(4.15) 		101.9
(4.01) 		983.2
(38.72)
Average rainy days 14.2 10.6 12.7 10.4 11.2 10.1 10.0 11.3 10.0 13.0 13.4 13.2 140.1
Source: WMO

Environment

Main article: North East Green Belt

The city is located within the centre of the North East Green Belt, also known as the Tyne and Wear Green Belt.

The green belts stated aims are to:

  • Prevent the merging of settlements
  • Safeguard the countryside from encroachment
  • Check unrestricted urban sprawl
  • Assist in urban regeneration in the city-region by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land

The green belt surrounds Brunswick Village, Dinnington, Callerton, Hazlerigg, Throckley, Walbottle, and Woolsington. Popular locations such as Ryton Island, Tyne Riverside Country Park, the city's golf courses, Newcastle Racecourse, and Newcastle International Airport fall inside the green belt.

The city has been recognised for its commitment to environmental issues, with a programme planned for Newcastle to become "the first carbon neutral city" however, those plans have been revised and they now hope to be carbon neutral by 2050.

Culture

Nightlife

The Gate complex on Newgate Street is a nightlife destination

The Rough Guide to Britain placed Newcastle upon Tyne's nightlife as Great Britain's number one tourist attraction. In the Tripadvisor Travellers' Choice Destination Awards for Nightlife destinations, Newcastle was awarded third place in Europe (behind London and Berlin) and seventh place in the world. In July 2023 Newcastle was voted the best city in the UK for food, fashion and nightlife.

There are many bars on the Bigg Market and its adjoining streets. Other areas popular for nightlife include Collingwood Street (commonly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars). Neville Street, the Central Station area, Osborne Road in Jesmond and the wider Ouseburn area are home to a variety of younger metropolitan bars. "The Gate", located on Newgate Street, has become a popular venue for late-night entertainment in the past decade and a half. Newcastle's 'pink triangle' is concentrated on Times Square, surrounded by the Centre for Life.

Bigg Market

Food

Bakery chain Greggs was founded, and is headquartered, in Newcastle and has the greatest number of Greggs stores per capita in the world. Local delicacies include pease pudding and stottie cake.

In 1967, London based Smith's Crisps created Salt & Vinegar flavour crisps which were first produced by their Newcastle based subsidiary Tudor Crisps and tested in Tudor's home market of north-east England before being launched nationally.

In 2010, Osborne Road in Jesmond was awarded fourth place in the UK Google Street View awards for the "foodie" category. Newcastle has its own Chinatown.

Additionally, the city has a wide variety of cuisines available including Greek, Mexican, Spanish, Indian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Malaysian, French, American, Mongolian, Moroccan, Thai, Polish, Vietnamese and Lebanese. There has also been a noticeable growth in Newcastle's gourmet restaurant industry in recent years.

Theatre

The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the well-known Kemble family managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791–1806). He brought members of his famous acting family such as Sarah Siddons and John Kemble out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street. It was demolished to make way for Grey Street, where its replacement was built.

The Theatre Royal, Grey Street

The city still contains many theatres. The largest, the Theatre Royal on Grey Street, first opened in 1837, designed by John and Benjamin Green. It has hosted a season of performances from the Royal Shakespeare Company for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of West End musicals. The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent. Northern Stage, formally known as the Newcastle Playhouse and Gulbenkian Studio, hosts various local, national and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage company. Other theatres in the city include the Live Theatre, the People's Theatre, Alphabetti Theatre, Gosforth Civic Theatre, and the Jubilee Theatre. NewcastleGateshead was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the UK in a survey conducted by the Artsworld TV channel.

Literature and libraries

Newcastle City Library on New Bridge Street West
Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle has a strong reputation as a poetry centre. The Morden Tower, run by poet Tom Pickard, is a major venue for poetry readings in the North East, being the place where Basil Bunting gave the first reading of Briggflatts in 1965.

The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books. Its music library contains 8,000 CDs and 10,000 LPs. The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green. Operating since 1793 and founded as a 'conversation club,' its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880.

The old City library designed by Basil Spence, was demolished in 2006 and replaced. The new building opened on 21 June 2009 and was named after the 18th-century local composer Charles Avison; the building was first opened by Dr Herbert Loebl. Later that year it was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II.

Seven Stories, the National Centre for Children's Books, opened in 2005 in the Ouseburn Valley.

Festivals and fairs

In either January or February, Newcastle's Chinatown becomes the focus point of celebrations for the Chinese New Year with carnivals and parades.

The Newcastle Science Festival, now called Newcastle ScienceFest, returns annually in early March.

The Newcastle Beer Festival, organised by CAMRA takes place in April each year. Evolution Festival, a music festival that attracted tens of thousands of attendees, took place in May from 2002 until 2013 and was described as "the biggest festival Tyneside has ever staged". The This Is Tomorrow festival now takes place over the spring bank holiday and is in the same location. The biennial AV Festival of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March. The North East Art Expo, a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists, is held in late May.

The Hoppings, the largest annual collection of travelling fairs in Europe, comes together on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s, and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place every June, in Leazes Park. The Cyclone Festival of Cycling takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June. The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.

Newcastle Mela, held on the late August Bank Holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event that blends drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event was held in The Glasshouse Music and Arts Centre (then called Sage Gateshead), designed by Norman Foster. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.

Music

Sting, principal songwriter, lead singer and bassist for English rock band The Police.
See also: List of bands and musicians from Newcastle Upon Tyne

Newcastle's vernacular music was a mixture of Northumbrian folk music and nineteenth-century songs with dialect lyrics, by writers such as George "Geordie" Ridley, whose songs include one which became an unofficial Tyneside national anthem, "Blaydon Races".

The 1960s saw the internationally successful rock group The Animals emerge from Newcastle night spots such as Club A-Go-Go on Percy Street. Other well-known acts with connections to the city include Sting, Bryan Ferry, Dire Straits and more recently Maxïmo Park. There is also a thriving underground music scene that encompasses a variety of styles, including drum and bass, doom metal and post-rock.

Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, "Fog on the Tyne" (1971), was covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990. Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole, formed in Newcastle in 1979. Folk metal band Skyclad, often regarded as the first folk metal band, also formed in Newcastle after the break-up of Martin Walkyier thrash metal band, Sabbat. Andy Taylor, former lead guitarist of Duran Duran was born here in 1961. Brian Johnson was a member of local rock band Geordie before becoming the lead vocalist for Australian band AC/DC.

Dire Straits frontman Mark Knopfler. His song "Local Hero" is played at St. James Park before the start of every Newcastle United home game.

Newcastle is the home of Kitchenware Records (c. 1982), previously home to acclaimed bands such as Prefab Sprout, Martin Stephenson and the Daintees and The Fatima Mansions. The members of Lighthouse Family met at Newcastle University; the music video for their hit single "High" features the city's Tyne Bridge.

The 1990s boom in progressive house music saw the city's Global Underground record label publish mix CDs by the likes of Sasha, Paul Oakenfold, James Lavelle, and Danny Howells recording mix compilations. The label is still going strong today with offices in London and New York, and new releases from Deep Dish and Adam Freeland.

Newcastle's leading classical music ensemble is the Royal Northern Sinfonia, which was founded in 1958 and performed regularly at Newcastle City Hall until 2004. Nowadays it is based at The Sage, Gateshead.

ICMuS, Newcastle University's music department, has been a driving force for music in the region, producing innovative work, organising concerts and festivals, instigating the first degree programme in folk music in the British Isles, and engaging creatively with communities in the region.

Concert venues

Metro Radio Arena

The largest venue used for music concerts is St James Park, home of Newcastle United, which has also previously been used for Rugby League games and the Olympic Games. The second largest music venue in Newcastle is the 11,000-seat Utilita Arena Newcastle, which opened in 1995 and hosts major pop and rock concerts. Newcastle City Hall is one of the oldest venues in the region and "attracts big names who are often legends of the past". Both of the city's universities have venues that mainly host indie and alternative bands.

On 14 October 2005, the 2,000 capacity NX Newcastle opened. It had previously been a music venue in the 1960s, hosting concerts by The Beatles and The Who. The new venue was headlined by The Futureheads on the opening night and known as the Carling Academy for a number of years, then as the O2 Academy. Since opening the venue has hosted performances by major bands and solo musicians including Adele, Arctic Monkeys, Katy Perry, The Libertines, Blondie and Amy Winehouse.

NX Newcastle, then called O2 Academy Newcastle

The Riverside music venue on Melbourne Street, open from 1985 until 1999, notably hosted Nirvana's first European show in 1989. The venue also welcomed Oasis, Red Hot Chili Peppers, David Bowie and The Stone Roses and was named Best Regional Venue by NME in 1993. Riverside has also been the subject of a book, Riverside: Newcastle's Legendary Alternative Music Venue.

In 2016 open-air concerts took place at Times Square for the first time, including performances from Maxïmo Park, Ocean Colour Scene and Catfish and the Bottlemen.

The small music venue Think Tank? was a nominee for Best Small Venue in NME in 2015. The Cluny in Ouseburn Valley is "one of the most important venues for breaking bands in the region". Trillians Rock Bar is well-noted for its rock and metal shows, and The Head of Steam is a 90-capacity basement venue described as "one of Newcastle's staple venues".

Independent cinema

Tyneside Cinema, designed and built by Dixon Scott, great uncle of Ridley and Tony Scott.

Newcastle has multiple independent cinemas, including the famous Tyneside Cinema, located on Pilgrim Street. It originally opened as the 'Bijou News-Reel Cinema' in 1937, and was designed and built by Dixon Scott, great-uncle of film directors Ridley Scott and Tony Scott. The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall, Gateshead. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building. The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic —the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens, and dedicated education and teaching suites.

As well as this, the city is home to The Side Cinema and Star and Shadow Cinema which are both small venues which have built up cult audiences of film fans.

Landmarks

Its landmarks include the Tyne Bridge; the Swing Bridge; Newcastle Castle; Newcastle Cathedral, St Mary's Cathedral, St Thomas' Church; Grainger Town including Grey's Monument and the Theatre Royal; the Millennium Bridge; St James' Park; Chinatown; and Fernwood House.

Media

TV and film

See also: Category:Films set in Newcastle upon Tyne and Category:Television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne

The earliest known film featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the Fire (1939), though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The gangster thriller Get Carter (1971) was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the early 1970s. The city was also backdrop to another gangster film, the film noir Stormy Monday (1988), directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean. As well as this, Newcastle was used as the location for I, Daniel Blake (2016) which won the Palme d'Or award at Cannes Film Festival as well as the BAFTA for Outstanding British Film.

The city has been the setting for films based around football; films such as Purely Belter (2000), The One and Only (2002) and Goal! have all been focused around Tyneside. The comedy School for Seduction (2004), starring Kelly Brook was also filmed in Newcastle.

The Bollywood film Hum Tum Aur Ghost (2010) was shot on location in Newcastle's city centre and features key scenes in and around Grainger Town. The film Public Sex (2009) was shot in and around Newcastle, and features several scenes under and around the Tyne Bridge.

Crime drama Harrigan (2013) was filmed in the city as well as Gateshead and Teesside.

Print media

Local newspapers that are printed in Newcastle include Trinity Mirror's Evening Chronicle and The Journal, the Sunday Sun as well as the Metro freesheet. The Crack is a monthly style and listings magazine similar to London's Time Out. The adult comic Viz originated in Jesmond and includes many references to Newcastle, and The Mag is a fanzine for Newcastle United supporters.

Television

BBC North East and Cumbria is based to the north of the city on Barrack Road, Spital Tongues, in a building known as the Pink Palace. It is from here that the Corporation broadcasts the Look North television regional news programme and local radio station BBC Radio Newcastle.

Two converted warehouses provided the base for Tyne Tees on City Road until 2005

ITV Tyne Tees was based at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959. In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead. The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, The Tube.

Radio

Independent Local Radio stations include Hits Radio North East and sister station Greatest Hits Radio North East. Capital North East broadcasts across Newcastle and the North East England region. Heart North East and Smooth North East also broadcast from the city.

BBC Newcastle

NE1fm launched in June 2007, the first full-time community radio station in the area.

Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities during term time. Radio Tyneside has been the voluntary hospital radio service for most hospitals across Newcastle and Gateshead since 1951. The city also has a Radio Lollipop station based at the Great North Children's Hospital in the Newcastle Royal Victoria Infirmary.

City-centre Wi-Fi

Newcastle was one of the first cities in the UK to have its city centre covered by free wireless internet access. It was developed and installed at the end of 2006 and went active in March 2007.

Economy

See also: List of companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne

The city's economy is diverse with major economic output in science, finance, retail, education, tourism, and nightlife. Newcastle is one of the UK Core Cities, as well as part of the Eurocities network.

Newcastle played a major role during the 19th-century Industrial Revolution, and was a leading centre for coal mining, shipbuilding, engineering, munitions and manufacturing. Heavy industries in Newcastle declined in the second half of the 20th century; with office, service and retail employment now becoming the city's staples.

Today, Newcastle's economy contributes around £13 billion to the UK GVA. This figure is mostly produced by corporate activity in the city centre.

The city's thriving nightlife is estimated to be worth £340 million per year, and consequently is seen as a major contributor to Newcastle's economy.

The UK's first biotechnology village, the Centre for Life, is located by Central Station. The village is the first step in the City Council's plans to transform Newcastle into a science city.

Retail

South entrance of Northumberland Street, now pedestrianised
Old Eldon Square, the Eldon Square Shopping Centre is built around it and takes its name from it.

In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It has one of the largest John Lewis & Partners stores in the UK. This John Lewis branch was formerly known as Bainbridge, established in 1838, often cited as the world's first department store. Emerson Bainbridge (1817–1892), a pioneer and the founder of Bainbridge, sold goods via department, a new arrangement of trade for that time. The Bainbridge official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store. Eldon Square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment. A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March 2007. The wing of the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped. This was completed in February 2010 with the opening of a Debenhams department store as well as other major stores including Apple, Hollister and Guess.

Central Arcade, Newcastle upon Tyne

The main shopping street in the city is Northumberland Street. In a 2004 report, it was ranked as the most expensive shopping street in the UK for rent, outside London. It is home to two major department stores including the first and largest Fenwick department store, which houses some of the most luxurious designer labels, and one of the largest Marks and Spencer stores outside London. Both stores have entrances into Eldon Square Shopping Centre.

Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. On Blackett Street can be found the silversmith Reid & Sons which was established in the city in 1788. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker. From 2007, inside Kingston Park, on the edge of Newcastle, the Tesco store was the largest Tesco hypermarket in the UK — for a period of time. Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the MetroCentre, is located in Gateshead.

Population

Newcastle upon Tyne population pyramid in 2021
Jesmond has become an affluent area and is popular with students.
Stanhope Street in Arthur's Hill is home to one of the largest Asian communities in North East England.
Gosforth High Street in the north of the city.

According to the ONS, Newcastle had a population of 293,000 in 2015. Tyneside (made up of Newcastle and the surrounding metropolitan boroughs of Gateshead, North Tyneside and South Tyneside) has a population of approximately 880,000, making it the eighth most populous urban area in the UK. The wider metropolitan area of Tyneside-Wearside has a population of approximately 1,122,000.

Additionally, Newcastle is home to a large temporary population of students from Newcastle and Northumbria universities. Areas of suburban Newcastle with significant student populations include Jesmond, Shieldfield, Gosforth, Sandyford, Spital Tongues and Heaton.

Year Population
1801 33,322 33322 
1851 80,184 80184 
1901 246,905 246905 
1911 293,944 293944 
1921 309,820 309820 
1931 326,576 326576 
1941 333,286 333286 
1951 340,155 340155 
1961 323,844 323844 
1971 308,317 308317 
1981 272,923 272923 
1991 277,723 277723 
2001 259,573 259573 
2011 292,200 292200 
2019 302,820 302820 

Demographics

Age

According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 years, compared to the national average being of 38.6 years.

Religion

From the 2011 Census, two significant religions could be identified in the city: Christian and Muslim. 56.6% of Newcastle identified as Christian and 6.3% as Muslim. Over 28% stated they have no religious affiliation.

Ethnicity and nationality

According to the 2011 census, the metropolitan borough of Newcastle upon Tyne was predominately white, representing 85.3% of the population (including non-British white). Asians made up 9.8% of the population (2.3% Pakistani, 1.7% 'Bangladeshi', 1.8% 'Indian', 2.2% 'Chinese', 1.8% 'Asian other'). Black people make up a small proportion of the population (1.7% 'Black African', 0.1% 'Black Caribbean' and 0.1% 'Black other'), as do mixed race groups at 1.6% (0.6% 'Asian and White', 0.3% 'White and Caribbean', 0.3% 'White and African', 0.4% 'White and Other'). The last significantly sized ethnic community in Newcastle is 'Arab' at 0.9%. The remainder of the population, 0.5%, represent other ethnicities.

Large populations of ethnic minorities can be found in areas such as Elswick, Wingrove and Arthurs Hill.

According to the 2011 UK Census, those born outside the UK were mainly from India (3,315), China (3,272), Pakistan (2,644), Bangladesh (2,276), Poland (1,473), Germany (1,357), Nigeria (1,226), Iran (1,164), Hong Kong (1,038) and Ireland (942). In the North East, Newcastle was the most ethnically diverse district followed by Middlesbrough.

There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and Eastern European populations. The International Organization for Migration states there are estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians in Newcastle, one of the largest populations in any city in the UK.

Ethnic Group Year
1981 estimations 1991 census 2001 census 2011 census 2021 census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 274,972 97.2% 266,824 95.9% 241,684 93.1% 239,533 85.5% 240,002 80%
White: British – – – – 235,259 90.6% 229,520 81.9% 223,567 74.5%
White: Irish – – – – 1,733 1,826 1,895 0.6%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – – – – – 163 332 0.1%
White: Roma – – 1,031 0.3%
White: Other – – – – 4,692 8,024 13,177 4.4%
Asian or Asian British: Total 6,314 2.2% 9,281 3.3% 13,243 5.1% 27,107 9.7% 34,128 11.3%
Asian or Asian British: Indian 1,851 2,388 3,098 5,072 7,304 2.4%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani 2,367 3,196 4,842 6,364 8,753 2.9%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi 612 1,426 2,607 4,692 7,248 2.4%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese 821 1,220 1,871 6,037 5,382 1.8%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian 663 1,051 825 4,942 5,441 1.8%
Black or Black British: Total 807 1,020 959 0.4% 5,160 1.8% 9,921 3.3%
Black or Black British: Caribbean 173 211 133 217 340 0.1%
Black or Black British: African 418 528 738 4,664 8,555 2.9%
Black or Black British: Other Black 216 281 88 279 1,026 0.3%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total – – – – 2,290 0.9% 4,279 1.5% 6,920 2.4%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – 398 830 915 0.3%
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – 403 859 1,378 0.5%
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – 912 1,609 2,600 0.9%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – 577 981 2,027 0.7%
Other: Total 778 1074 1,360 0.5% 4,098 1.5% 9,156 3.1%
Other: Arab – – – – – – 2,602 4,175 1.4%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – 1,360 0.5% 1,496 4,981 1.7%
Ethnic minority: Total 7,899 2.8% 11,375 4.1%
Total 282,871 100% 278,199 100% 259,536 100% 280,177 100% 300,127 100%

Geordies

Main article: Geordie

The regional nickname for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. The Latin term Novocastrian can equally be applied to residents of any place called Newcastle, although it is most commonly used for ex-pupils of the city's Royal Grammar School.

Dialect

The dialect of Newcastle is also referred to as Geordie. It contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive words and pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule. This language was the forerunner of Modern English; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly Latin and Norman French—the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. An example of this is the pronunciation of certain words: "dead", "cow", "house" and "strong" are pronounced "deed", "coo", "hoos" and "strang"—which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins include: "larn" (from the Anglo-Saxon "laeran", meaning "teach"), "burn" ("stream") and "gan" ("go").

According to the British Library, "Locals insist there are significant differences between Geordie and several other local dialects, such as Pitmatic and Mackem. Pitmatic is the dialect of the former mining areas in County Durham and around Ashington to the north of Newcastle upon Tyne, while Mackem is used locally to refer to the dialect of the city of Sunderland and the surrounding urban area of Wearside".

"Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty") and "stot" ("bounce") are used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA:/naʊt/, rhymes with out, "nothing") are used elsewhere in Northern England. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hockle" ("spit").

Health

Royal Victoria Infirmary

According to research from 2011, public health and levels of deprivation in Newcastle upon Tyne was generally worse than average in England. As levels of deprivation is considerably higher than the nationwide average, sociologists argue that as a result, the life expectancy for both men and women is lower than the nationwide average. There is significant discrepancy between life expectancies in wealthy areas and deprived areas, with life expectancy up to 14.3 years lower for men and 11.1 years lower for women in deprived areas than in wealthy areas. From 2015 to 2019 Newcastle became relatively more deprived according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation.

From 2001 to 2011, as with all UK cities all-cause mortality rates have fallen, life expectancy has increased. Early death rates from cancer and from heart disease and stroke have fallen but remain worse than the England average.

Almost 21.9% of Year 6 children are clinically obese. In 2014/5, 35.9% of 10 to 11-year-olds were classified as overweight or obese, in comparison to a national average of 33.2%. 54.9% of pupils meet the recommendation of at least three hours each week on school sport. Levels of teenage pregnancy are higher than the nationwide average. In 2011, GCSE attainment amongst school children was worse than the England average. Estimated numbers of adults 'healthy eating' are lower than the England average. Rates of smoking-related deaths and hospital stays for alcohol-related harm are higher than average.

Newcastle remains one of the few major cities in England to supply fluoridated water; this scheme is directed by Northumbria Water plc.

Newcastle has two large teaching hospitals: the Royal Victoria Infirmary and the Freeman Hospital, which is also a pioneering centre for transplant surgery.

In a report, published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the University College London and Widex, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK with an average noise level of 80.4 decibels. The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents. The report was criticised, however, for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations, which in Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access. As well as numerous parks, open spaces, and extensive riverside areas, puzzlingly the report also overlooked the 1000-acre Town Moor at the heart of the city. Larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath combined, and even larger than New York's Central Park, the town moor dates back to the 12th century, with the land tenure and its use being regulated by an Act of Parliament.

Sport

St James' Park during a match between Newcastle United and Manchester United

The city has a strong sporting tradition.

Football

The Premier League's only football club in North East England, Newcastle United, has been based at St James' Park since the club was established in 1892, although any traces of the original structure are now long gone as the stadium now holds more than 52,000 seated spectators, being England's seventh largest football stadium. The city also has non-League football clubs, Newcastle Benfield, West Allotment Celtic, Team Northumbria and Heaton Stannington.

There is a women's football team, Newcastle United Women's Football Club, founded in 1989. Newcastle United W.F.C. currently has 40 ladies aged between 16 and 29 years signed or associated with the club, and plays in the FA Women's Championship.

The 2012 London Olympic committee selected Newcastle as one of the UK host venue cities, with the stadium St James' Park hosting 9 matches in both the men's and women's football.

Athletics

Newcastle hosts the start of the annual Great North Run, the world's largest half-marathon in which participants race over the Tyne Bridge into Gateshead and then towards the finish line 13.1 miles (21.1 km) away on the coast at South Shields. Another athletic event is the 5.9-mile (9.5 km) Blaydon Race (a road race from Newcastle to Blaydon), which has taken place on 9 June annually since 1981, to commemorate the celebrated Blaydon Races horse racing.

Rugby union

The Newcastle Falcons are the only rugby union team in North East England to have played in the Premiership Rugby. They play at Kingston Park Stadium in the northern suburb of Kingston Park. 1996 Pilkington Shield winners Medicals RFC are also based in Newcastle.

Newcastle upon Tyne was one of the 11 host cities for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. St James' Park hosted three matches;

  • South Africa v. Scotland (3 October 2015)
  • New Zealand v. Tonga (9 October 2015)
  • Samoa v. Scotland (10 October 2015)

Rugby league

Newcastle Thunder (formerly Gateshead Thunder) are a professional rugby league club based in the city who now also play at Kingston Park Stadium. They currently play in the Kingstone Press League 1. Since 2015, the Super League Magic Weekend has been played annually in the city at St James' Park.

Cricket

There are a number of cricket clubs in the area including Newcastle Cricket Club, Newcastle City, South Northumberland, Blagdon Park, Benwell Hill, Benwell & Walbottle, Cowgate, Kirkley, Seaton Burn and United Stars.

Field hockey

There are a number of field hockey clubs in the city that compete in the Women's England Hockey League, the Yorkshire and North East Hockey League and the BUCS league. These include Newcastle Hockey Club, Newcastle Medics Hockey Club, Newcastle University Hockey Club and Northumbria University Hockey Club.

Horse racing

Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park.

Basketball

The city is home to the Newcastle Eagles professional basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central complex at Northumbria University. The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL).

Motorsports

The city's speedway team Newcastle Diamonds were based at Brough Park in Byker, a venue that is also home to greyhound racing.

Ice hockey

The Newcastle Warriors were a professional ice hockey team that played the 1995–96 season in the British Hockey League. The Newcastle Vipers were also a professional ice hockey team in the British National League from 2002 and then the Elite Ice Hockey League between 2005 and 2011 (when the team folded).

Transport

Main article: Transport in Tyne and Wear

Air

Main article: Newcastle International Airport
Aircraft at Newcastle International Airport

Newcastle International Airport is situated on the northern outskirts of the city at Woolsington, near to Ponteland. It is the largest and busiest airport in North East England and the second largest and busiest in Northern England (behind Manchester), handling over five million passengers per year. As of 2007, Newcastle Airport operated flights to 90 destinations worldwide. The airport is serviced by numerous airlines including British Airways, Jet2, easyJet, Emirates, Ryanair, Air France, TUI Airways, Loganair, KLM and Eurowings.

The airport is connected to Central Newcastle by the Tyne and Wear Metro, with an average journey between Central Station Metro station and Newcastle Airport Metro station taking approximately 20 minutes.

Rail

Central Station

Newcastle Central Station is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line and Cross Country Route.

Train operator London North Eastern Railway provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's Cross, with a variable journey time of between two and three hours, and north to Scotland with all trains calling at Edinburgh Waverley and a small number of trains extended to Glasgow Central, Aberdeen and Inverness. CrossCountry links Newcastle with destinations in Yorkshire, the Midlands and the South West. TransPennine Express operates services to the North West. Northern Trains provide local and regional services. Additionally, ScotRail offer an infrequent service to Glasgow Central.

In 2014, work was completed on refurbishing the station's historic entrance. Glazing was placed over the historic arches and the Victorian architecture was enhanced; transforming the 19th century public portico. The station is one of only six Grade One listed railway stations in the UK. Opened in 1850 by Queen Victoria, it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the UK. It has a neoclassical façade, originally designed by the architect John Dobson, and was constructed in collaboration with Robert Stephenson. The station sightlines towards the Castle Keep, whilst showcasing the curvature of the station's arched roof. The first services were operated by the North Eastern Railway company.

The other mainline station in Newcastle is Manors, exclusively served by Northern Trains.

Metro

Main article: Tyne and Wear Metro
Map of the Tyne and Wear Metro

The city is served by the Tyne and Wear Metro, a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Newcastle and the surrounding metropolitan boroughs. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system. The network was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations, with deep-level tunnels constructed through Central Newcastle. A bridge was built across the Tyne, between Newcastle and Gateshead, and opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981. Extensions to the network were opened in 1991 and 2002. It is operated directly by Nexus, carrying over 37 million passengers a year. In 2004, the company Marconi designed and constructed the mobile radio system to the underground Metro system. The Metro system was the first in the UK to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels.

The Metro consists of two lines. The Green line begins at Newcastle Airport, goes through Central Newcastle and into the City of Sunderland, terminating at South Hylton. The yellow line starts at St James, runs north of the river alongside Byker towards Whitley Bay, before returning to Central Newcastle, then connecting to Gateshead Interchange before finally terminating at South Shields.

The system is currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernisation, entitled 'Metro: All Change.' The programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations – part of the transition to smart ticketing. All Metro trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works (or in some cases complete reconstruction, for example North Shields). In addition; tracks, signalling and overhead wires are also being overhauled. Longer-term plans include the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system. Proposed routes include to Newcastle's west end, to the Cobalt Business Park in North Tyneside, to the Metrocentre in Gateshead and to additional locations in Gateshead, South Tyneside and Sunderland. Several of the proposed routes would require trams as opposed to the current light rail trains.

Road

Tyne Bridge

Major roads in the area include the A1 (Newcastle Gateshead Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south to London; the A19 heading south past Sunderland and Middlesbrough to York and Doncaster; the A69 heading west to Carlisle; the A696, which becomes the A68 heads past Newcastle Airport and up through central Northumberland and central Scottish Borders, the A167, the old "Great North Road", heading south to Gateshead, Chester-le-Street, Durham and Darlington; and the A1058 "Coast Road", which runs from Jesmond to the east coast between Tynemouth and Cullercoats. Many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the Western Bypass, and its designation as the new line of the A1, the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the Tyne Tunnel were renumbered, with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix to their present 1-prefix numbers. In November 2011 the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed.

Bus

Bus services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part are coordinated by the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive. Stagecoach North East is the primary bus operator in the city, running city services between both the West and East ends, with some services extending out to the MetroCentre, Killingworth, Wallsend and Ponteland. Go North East provides the majority of services to and from the south of the Tyne, linking Newcastle with Gateshead, South Tyneside, Sunderland, and County Durham. Arriva North East runs numerous services to the north of city, North Tyneside and Northumberland. Additionally, QuayLink connects Newcastle and Gateshead to the Quayside. Newcastle Central coach station is the city's main hub for long-distance services, such as those operated by National Express.

Other major bus departure points are Pilgrim Street (for buses running south of the Tyne via Gateshead), and Blackett Street/Monument for services to the East and West of the city. Many bus services also pass Newcastle Central Station, a major interchange for rail and metro services.

Cycling

Newcastle is accessible by several mostly traffic-free cycle routes that lead to the edges of the city centre, where cyclists can continue into the city by road, using no car lanes. The traffic-free C2C cycle route runs along the north bank of the River Tyne, enabling cyclists to travel off-road to North Shields and Tynemouth in the east, and westwards towards Hexham.

Suburban cycle routes exist, which use converted trackbeds of former industrial wagonways and industrial railways. A network on Tyneside's suburban Victorian waggonways is being developed. A network of signed on-road cycle routes is being established, including some designated on-road cycle lanes that will lead from the city centre to the suburbs of Gosforth, Heaton and Wallsend.

Newcastle has a growing culture of bicycle usage. Newcastle is also home to a cycling campaign, called the 'Newcastle Cycling Campaign.' The ideal of the organisation is to model other European cities like Amsterdam and Copenhagen. The aims of the organisation, within the constitution are: To raise the profile of cycling, especially utility cycling around the city; to educate decision makers over the benefits of cycling; to promote equality.

Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the city council's social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion and educating that cycling promotes healthy living The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off-road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks.

Water

DFDS Seaways runs a ferry service to IJmuiden, near Amsterdam in The Netherlands, from Newcastle International Ferry Terminal (located in North Shields). The DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 and their service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated in late 2008. The company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause. However, since summer 2007, Thomson cruise lines have included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords cruise.

Government and politics

Main article: Newcastle City Council
Newcastle Civic Centre, meeting place of the City Council

Newcastle is a metropolitan borough with city status, governed by Newcastle City Council. Since 2024 the council has been a member of the North East Mayoral Combined Authority. There are six civil parishes within the city boundaries, at Blakelaw and North Fenham, Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth, and Woolsington, which form an additional tier of local government for their areas. The rest of the city is an unparished area.

Administrative history

Newcastle was an ancient borough. It is said to have been made a borough by William II (reigned 1087–1100), although the earliest known charter was granted by Henry II (reigned 1154–1189). In 1400, a new charter from Henry IV gave the borough the right to hold its own courts and appoint its own sheriffs, making it a county corporate, independent from the Sheriff of Northumberland. Whilst administratively independent, Newcastle was still deemed part of the geographical county of Northumberland for the purposes of lieutenancy until 1974.

The Northumberland assizes were held at the Castle in Newcastle, and subsequently at the Moot Hall, built within the castle site in 1811. The Moot Hall also served as the meeting place of Northumberland County Council from its creation in 1889 until 1981 when the county council moved to Morpeth. Newcastle was therefore sometimes described as the county town of Northumberland, although that title was also claimed by Alnwick, where knights of the shire were elected until the Reform Act 1832.

Guildhall, built 1655: Town council's headquarters until 1863

Until the 1830s the borough just covered the four parishes of All Saints, St Andrew, St John, and St Nicholas. The parliamentary borough (constituency) was enlarged in 1832 to also take in Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond and Westgate. The municipal boundaries were enlarged to match the constituency in 1836, when Newcastle was reformed to become a municipal borough under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, which standardised how most boroughs operated across the country.

Newcastle was awarded city status in 1882. When elected county councils were established in 1889, Newcastle was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services, and so it was made a county borough. The city boundaries were enlarged on several occasions, notably in 1904 when it absorbed Benwell, Fenham and Walker, and in 1935 when it absorbed Kenton and parts of neighbouring parishes. In 1906 the city was given the right to appoint a Lord Mayor.

In 1974 the county borough was replaced by a larger metropolitan borough within the new county of Tyne and Wear. The borough gained the area of the former urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington. It also gained the Moot Hall, which until 1974 had been an exclave of the administrative county of Northumberland surrounded by the city. Newcastle's city status was transferred to the enlarged borough at the same time.

From 1974 until 1986 the city council was a lower-tier district authority, with Tyne and Wear County Council providing county-level services. The county council was abolished in 1986, since when the city council has again provided both district-level and county-level services, as it had done when it was a county borough prior to 1974. Some functions are provided across Tyne and Wear by joint committees with the other districts. The county of Tyne and Wear continues to exist as a ceremonial county for the purposes of lieutenancy, but has had no administrative functions since 1986.

UK Parliament

Newcastle is represented by three elected Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons, the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. All three current MPs are from the Labour Party.

Newcastle upon Tyne Central and West Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend Newcastle upon Tyne North
Chi Onwurah Mary Glindon Catherine McKinnell
Labour Labour Labour

EU referendum

In the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, Newcastle voted for the United Kingdom to remain in the European Union, with a ratio of 51:49 in favour of remain, compared to a national ratio of 48:52 in favour of leave.

Education

Schools and colleges

See also: List of schools in Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle has 74 primary schools and 20 secondary schools, of which 13 are LEA-funded and 7 are fee-paying independent schools.

There are a number of critically acclaimed state secondary schools, including Walker Riverside Academy, Gosforth Academy, Jesmond Park Academy, St Cuthbert's High School, St Mary's Catholic School, Kenton School, Sacred Heart, Excelsior Academy, Walbottle Academy and Benfield School.

The largest co-educational independent school is the Royal Grammar School. The largest girls' independent school is Newcastle High School for Girls. Both schools are located on the same street in Jesmond. Newcastle School for Boys is the only independent boys' only school in the city and is situated in Gosforth. Other independent schools include Dame Allan's School.

Newcastle College is the largest general further education (FE) college in North East England and is a Beacon Status college. There are also two smaller FE colleges in Newcastle.

Universities

The city has two major universities – Newcastle University and Northumbria University.

Newcastle University has its origins in the Durham University School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834. It became fully independent on 1 August 1963, forming the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (now simply Newcastle University). It is a red brick university and is a member of the Russell Group, an association of research-intensive UK universities, often considered to represent the best UK universities. It won the Sunday Times University of the Year award in 2000. It was awarded the Gold Award in the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF), one of only ten Russell Group universities to achieve the Gold TEF rating.

Northumbria University has its origins in Newcastle Polytechnic, established in 1969 and becoming the University of Northumbria at Newcastle in 1992 as part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities. Northumbria University was voted 'Best New University' by The Times Good University Guide 2005. It holds the Silver TEF Award.

Museums and galleries

There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum; in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities merged with the Great North Museum (Hancock Museum); Seven Stories, the National Centre for Children's Books; the Side Gallery with historical and contemporary photography from around the world and Northern England; and the Newburn Motor Museum.

The Laing Art Gallery, similarly to other art galleries and museums around the world, has collections digitised on the Google Cultural Institute, an initiative that makes important cultural material accessible online.

Religious sites

St Nicholas' Cathedral, as seen from the Castle
See also: Diocese of Newcastle, Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle, and North East Jewry

Newcastle has three cathedrals, the Anglican St Nicholas', with its elegant lantern tower of 1474, the Roman Catholic St Mary's designed by Augustus Welby Pugin and the Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Fenham. All three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches. St Mary's became a cathedral in 1850 and St Nicholas' in 1882. Another prominent church in the city centre is the Church of St Thomas the Martyr which is unique as the only Church of England church without a parish and which is not a peculiar.

One of the largest evangelical Anglican churches in the UK is Jesmond Parish Church, situated a little to the north of the city centre.

Newcastle is home to the only Baháʼí Centre in North East England; the centre has served the local Baháʼí community for over 25 years and is located close to the Civic Centre in Jesmond.

Newcastle was a prominent centre of the Plymouth Brethren movement up to the 1950s, and some small congregations still function. Among these are at the Hall, Denmark Street and Gospel Hall, St Lawrence.

The Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town'. The present building was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726. It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times. This older church would have been one of several churches along the River Tyne dedicated to St Andrew, including the Priory church at Hexham. The building contains more old stonework than any other church in Newcastle. It is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the Siege of Newcastle by the Scots who finally breached the Town Wall and forced surrender. Three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Newcastle upon Tyne

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom

Newcastle upon Tyne is twinned with:

Other agreements

Newcastle has a "friendship agreement" with the American city of Little Rock, Arkansas. Since 2003, it has had a "special cooperation agreement" with the Swedish city of Malmö. Furthermore, Newcastle participated in the 1998 summit of worldwide cities named Newcastle, which led to friendship agreements with the following places:

Foreign consulates

The following countries have consular representation in Newcastle: Denmark, Finland, Romania, Belgium, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Norway, and Sweden.

See also

References

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