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{{See also|Timeline of Serer history|Serer ancient history|Serer history (medieval era to present)|Religious persecution#Persecution of the Serers}} |
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{{See also|Timeline of Serer history|Serer ancient history|Serer history (medieval era to present)|Religious persecution#Persecution of Serers}} |
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]'''Biffeche''' or '''Bifeche''' is an area of ] centred on the town of Savoigne, around 30 kilometres north-east of the major coastal city of ]. |
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] {{Serer religion}} |
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'''Biffeche''' or '''Bifeche''' is an area of ] centred on the town of Savoigne, around 30 kilometres north-east of the major coastal city of ]. |
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{{Serer religion}} |
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Low-lying and largely flat, the region has ],{{efn|In {{lang-fr|italic=yes|Peul}} or ''Peulh''; in {{lang-ff|Fulɓe}}.}} ] (the original founders of Biffeche and Mt Rolland, and strong adherents to ],<ref>], "La civilisation Sereer - ''Cosaan'' : les origines, vol.1, pp 140-146, Nouvelles Editions ]ines, 1983, {{ISBN|2-7236-0877-8}}</ref><ref name="Ndut1">For more about the ], see : ], "Sagesse ]: Essais sur la pensée ]", </ref><ref>Klein, Martin A., "Islam and Imperialism in ], ]" 1847-1914, pp vii-5, ], (1968), {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}</ref><ref>] in {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151845/http://www10.gencat.net/pres_casa_llengues/AppJava/frontend/llengues_detall.jsp?id=620&idioma=9 |date=2014-05-17 }}</ref> even after the ] and ] tried to kill them off<ref>Becker, Charles, "Les Serer Ndut: Études sur les mutations sociales et religieuses", Microéditions Hachette (1974)</ref><ref name="Ndut">Echenberg, Myron J, "Black death, white medicine: bubonic plague and the politics of public health in colonial Senegal, 1914-1945", pp 141-146, Heinemann (2002), {{ISBN|0-325-07017-2}},</ref>), ] and ] ethnic groups engaged in pasturing animals (mainly the Fulas) and irrigation-based agriculture (mostly the Serer-Ndut who are usually mixed-farmers<ref name="Ndut"/>). Savoigne is the region's largest town, twinned with ]; its SOCAS tomato-paste factory imports and dilutes tomato paste for re-shipment within Senegal. The population is primarily ], but also contains ] and ]. The ] is located to the north. |
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Low-lying and largely flat, the region is populated by ],{{efn|In {{langx|fr|italic=yes|Peul}} or ''Peulh''; in {{langx|ff|Fulɓe}}.}}, ], ] and ] ethnic groups. The inhabitants' primary economic activities include animal herding and irrigation-based farming. Savoigne is the region's largest town, twinned with ]; its SOCAS tomato-paste factory imports and dilutes tomato paste for re-shipment within Senegal. The population is primarily ], but also contains ] and ]. The ] is located to the north. |
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Early European accounts used the word for a different location, describing a medium-sized island (''Isle de Bifeche'') in the delta of the ] in ], some two miles upstream from the island of N'Dar on which Saint-Louis was founded. ''The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge'' described the island in 1843 as being "entirely covered with wood, and in the wet season a great portion of them is laid under water."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtYtp9FJcuYC&q=Bifeche&pg=PA231|title=The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|date=February 20, 1841|publisher=C. Knight|via=Google Books}}</ref><!--NO external links in article text, nothing else in this paragraph to keep. |
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==History== |
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The Serer-Ndut were the earliest known inhabitants of Biffeche. Strong adherents to their native ],<ref>], "La civilisation Sereer - ''Cosaan'' : les origines, vol.1, pp 140-146, Nouvelles Editions ]ines, 1983, {{ISBN|2-7236-0877-8}}</ref><ref name="Ndut1">For more about the ], see : ], "Sagesse ]: Essais sur la pensée ]", </ref><ref>Klein, Martin A., "Islam and Imperialism in ], ]" 1847-1914, pp vii-5, ], (1968), {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}</ref><ref>] in {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151845/http://www10.gencat.net/pres_casa_llengues/AppJava/frontend/llengues_detall.jsp?id=620&idioma=9 |date=2014-05-17 }}</ref> they were persecuted and killed by the ], and suffered further persecution under ].<ref>Becker, Charles, "Les Serer Ndut: Études sur les mutations sociales et religieuses", Microéditions Hachette (1974)</ref><ref name="Ndut">Echenberg, Myron J, "Black death, white medicine: bubonic plague and the politics of public health in colonial Senegal, 1914-1945", pp 141-146, Heinemann (2002), {{ISBN|0-325-07017-2}},</ref> |
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Early European accounts described a medium-sized island (''Isle de Bifeche'') in the delta of the ], some two miles upstream from the island of N'Dar on which Saint-Louis was founded. ''The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge'' described the island in 1843 as being "entirely covered with wood, and in the wet season a great portion of them is laid under water."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtYtp9FJcuYC&q=Bifeche&pg=PA231|title=The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|date=February 20, 1841|publisher=C. Knight|via=Google Books}}</ref><!--NO external links in article text, nothing else in this paragraph to keep. |
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Currently, the river marks this section of the border between ] |
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Currently, the river marks this section of the border between ] |
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and ]. The island can perhaps most easily be seen on the map |
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and ]. The island can perhaps most easily be seen on the map |
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which appears to be a European variant of a local town name ]. It can also be just seen at the extreme top of . --> |
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which appears to be a European variant of a local town name ]. It can also be just seen at the extreme top of . --> |
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In the 17th century a chief known as the ''Petit ]'' or ''Little King'' ruled over a region known variously as Biffeche or Gangueul with capital at Maka. The ''Grand Brak'' or ''Big King'' ruled the kingdom of ], whose capital was originally at Ndiourbel on the north bank of the river. The area was nearly depopulated by repeated slaving raids by Moors from the north. At times, the Petit Brak was tributary to Waalo, at other times allied with ]. In the 1720s, the Brak of Waalo was Erim M'Bagnick and Béquio Malicouri, king of the ''Royaume d'Oral'' (Bethio), was his vassal. |
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In the 17th century a chief known as the ''Petit ]'' or ''Little King'' ruled over a region known variously as Biffeche or Gangueul with its capital at Maka. The ''Grand Brak'' or ''Big King'' ruled the kingdom of ], whose capital was originally at Ndiourbel on the north bank of the river. The area was nearly depopulated by repeated slaving raids by Moors from the north. At times, the Petit Brak was tributary to Waalo, at other times allied with ]. In the 1720s, the Brak of Waalo was Erim M'Bagnick and Béquio Malicouri, king of the ''Royaume d'Oral'' (Bethio), was his vassal. |
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==Notes== |
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==Notes== |
