Misplaced Pages

Kurdish emirates: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 12:27, 8 July 2023 editDêrsimî62 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users958 editsmNo edit summaryTags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit← Previous edit Latest revision as of 21:23, 16 December 2024 edit undoDuke of liang (talk | contribs)125 editsNo edit summary 
(97 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
{{Original research|date=June 2023}} {{Original research|date=June 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2023}} {{More citations needed|date=June 2023}}
The '''Kurdish chiefdoms''' or '''principalities''' were several semi-independent entities which existed during the 16th to 19th centuries during the state of ] between the ] and ] Iran.<ref name="kurd-globe"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325015700/http://www.kurdishglobe.net/display-article.html?id=01049DD6BFAED3CC91CD1C6113D2014A |date=2012-03-25 }}</ref> The Kurdish principalities were almost always divided and entered into rivalries against each other.<ref name="kurd-globe"/> The demarcation of borders between the Safavid Shah ] and the Ottoman caliph Sultan ] in 1639 effectively divided Kurdistan between the two empires.<ref name="kurd-globe"/> The '''Kurdish emirates''', '''Kurdish chiefdoms''' or '''Kurdish principalities''' ({{Langx|ckb|میرنشینە کوردیەکان}}) were several semi-independent entities which existed during the 16th to 19th centuries during the state of ] between the ] and ] Iran.<ref name="kurd-globe"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325015700/http://www.kurdishglobe.net/display-article.html?id=01049DD6BFAED3CC91CD1C6113D2014A |date=2012-03-25 }}</ref> The Kurdish principalities were almost always divided and entered into rivalries against each other.<ref name="kurd-globe"/> The demarcation of borders between the Safavid Shah ] and the Ottoman caliph Sultan ] in 1639 effectively divided Kurdistan between the two empires.<ref name="kurd-globe"/>


The ] was the center of the major and minor Kurdish chiefdoms. However, other Kurdish emirates existed outside of ].<ref>{{Google books|CttLWEaTrJUC|page=49|Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: evolving identities, competing ...}} By Hakan Özoğlu</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/political-economy-of-the-kurds-of-turkey/formation-of-ottoman-kurdistan-social-economic-and-political-developments-in-ottoman-kurdistan-before-the-nineteenth-century-15141800/382C2DF544D0CFEBB91CA2C0C0D3FD83|title=The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) (Chapter 2) - The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey|chapter=The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) |website=Cambridge Core|year=2017 |pages=64–92 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781316848579.005 |isbn=9781107181236 }}</ref> The ] was the center of the major and minor Kurdish chiefdoms. However, other Kurdish emirates existed outside of ].<ref>{{Google books|CttLWEaTrJUC|page=49|Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: evolving identities, competing ...}} By Hakan Özoğlu</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/political-economy-of-the-kurds-of-turkey/formation-of-ottoman-kurdistan-social-economic-and-political-developments-in-ottoman-kurdistan-before-the-nineteenth-century-15141800/382C2DF544D0CFEBB91CA2C0C0D3FD83|title=The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) (Chapter 2) - The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey|chapter=The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) |year=2017 |pages=64–92 |publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Core |doi=10.1017/9781316848579.005 |isbn=9781107181236 }}</ref>


==Policy during the Ottoman-Persian wars== ==Policy during the Ottoman-Persian Wars==
The Ottomans gave the Kurds self-rule during the ], to ensure that the Kurds remain on the Ottoman side. After the ] in 1823 the Persian threat was reduced & the Ottomans brought the Kurdish Chiefdoms under direct control.<ref>http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Evliya/Evliya%20in%20Diyarbekir_Ch_2_Ottoman.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> The Ottomans gave the Kurds self-rule during the ], to ensure that the Kurds remain on the Ottoman side. After the ] in 1823 the Persian threat was reduced & the Ottomans brought the Kurdish chiefdoms under direct control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Evliya/Evliya%20in%20Diyarbekir_Ch_2_Ottoman.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034154/http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Evliya/Evliya%20in%20Diyarbekir_Ch_2_Ottoman.pdf|title=The Ottoman conquest of Dyarbekir and the administrative organization of the province in the 16th and 17th centuries|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=dead|access-date=2023-08-14}}</ref>


==List== ==List==


=== Northern Kurdistan === ===Major emirates===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
* ]
!Beylik's name
* ]
!Capital city
* ]
!Duration of rule
* ]
|-
|] * ]
|] * ]
* ]
|early 8th century–1847
* ]
|-
* ]
|]
* ]
|]
* ]
|1049–1864
* {{ill|Principality of Hizan|tr|Hizan Beyliği}}
|-
|] * ]
* ]
|]
* ]
|1187–1847
* ]
|-
|] * ]
* ]
|]
* ]
|13th century–1663
* ]
|-
|]
|]
|1232–1524
|-
|]
|]
|before 1380s–1847
|-
|]
|], later Gürdükan, finally Ataq
|1335–1835
|-
|]
|
|15th century–1838
|-
|]
|
|1406–1839
|-
|]
|]
|1499–1587
|-
|Emirate of Miks
|]
|?–1846
|-
|]
|]
|
|-
|]
|]
|?–1840s
|-
|]
|]
|1495–1850
|}


{{div col end}}

===Minor emirates===
<ref name="Yadirgi">{{cite thesis |last=Yadirgi |first=Veli |date=2014 |title=The political economy of the kurdish question in turkey: de-development in eastern and southeastern anatolia |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-political-economy-of-the-Kurdish-question-in-%3A-Yadirgi/c7ead631bac64819ba8500c24672adf0a0747a86 |degree=PhD in Development studies |chapter=2.1 Administrative division of the eyalet of Diyarbekir, 1527-1792 |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London|access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Vural">{{cite journal |last1=Genç |first1=Vural|date=April 11, 2019 |title=Kurdish Emirs in the 16th-Century Ruus Registers|url=https://www.academia.edu/39545276/Kurdish_Emirs_in_16th_Century_Ruus_Registers |journal=Der Islam |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=78-111 |doi=10.1515/islam-2019-0003 |access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Ansiklopedi">{{Cite web |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kurtler#2-osmanli-donemi |title=KÜRTLER |last=Özcoşar |first=İbrahim |date=September 21, 2020 |website=İslâm Ansiklopedi|publisher=Türkiye Diyanet Foundation |access-date=December 10, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Suleymani">{{cite journal |last1=Çiftçi|first1=Erdal|date=November 6, 2017 |title=Migration, memory and mythification: relocation of Suleymani tribes on the northern Ottoman–Iranian frontier|url=https://www.academia.edu/35142664/Migration_memory_and_mythification_relocation_of_Suleymani_tribes_on_the_northern_Ottoman_Iranian_frontier |journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=53|doi=10.1080/00263206.2017.1393623 |access-date=December 16, 2024}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Abagay (between ] and ])<ref name="Çelebi">{{cite book |last=Dankoff |first=Robert |author-link= |date= June 1, 1990 |title=Evliya Çelebi in Bitlis|url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/1947 |publisher=Brill |page=12 |isbn=9004092420}}</ref>
* ]
* Aghakis (Göllü, ])
* ]
* ]
* ]
* {{ill|Principality of Atak|tr|Atak Beyliği}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Çaan Gedig
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Dulkıran
* ]
* ]
* ]
* {{ill|Principality of Gürdükan|tr|Gırdıkan Beyliği}}
* Hançük
* Hemkerdan
* {{ill|Emirate of Hezo|ku|Mîrîtiya Hezo}}
* Hûdî (Didan Tribe)
* Ispayird (Sürücüler, ])
* ]
* ]
* Kârkâr (Daldere, ] district)
* ]<ref name="Pulumur">{{cite journal |last1= Alanoğlu|first1=Murat|date=December 2016 |title=1642 Tari̇hli̇ avâriz defteri̇ne göre kızuçan (pülümür) kazâsı|url=https://www.academia.edu/30831169/1642_TAR%C4%B0HL%C4%B0_AV%C3%82RIZ_DEFTER%C4%B0NE_G%C3%96RE_KIZU%C3%87AN_P%C3%9CL%C3%9CM%C3%9CR_KAZ%C3%82SI|journal=Journal of History School|volume=28|pages=109-140|doi=10.14225/Joh999 |access-date=December 16, 2024}}</ref>
* Kurnê
* ]
* Lesser Lur (''Lur-i Kuchek'')
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Mihrani (Mihrani Kalesi in ])
* ]
* {{ill|Principality of Müks|tr|Müks Beyliği}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] ('']'')
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Sindi
* Siyah Mansûr
* ]
* ] (''Çapakçur'')
* ] (''Istuni'', Sinoony, ])
* ] (''Kufra'')
* ]
* Terza
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Zeriki (Sarıca, ])
* ] (Zerzan tribe)
* ] (''Zeyrek'')
{{div col end}}


==See also== ==See also==
Line 90: Line 122:
{{refbegin}} {{refbegin}}
* {{Google books|fpk3AAAAIAAJ|page=19|Evli̇ya Çelebi̇ in Diyarbekir: the relevant section of The seyahatname}} By ], ], ] * {{Google books|fpk3AAAAIAAJ|page=19|Evli̇ya Çelebi̇ in Diyarbekir: the relevant section of The seyahatname}} By ], ], ]

{{refend}} {{refend}}


Latest revision as of 21:23, 16 December 2024

The emirate and the area of Kurdish self-mayors
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Kurdish emirates" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

The Kurdish emirates, Kurdish chiefdoms or Kurdish principalities (Sorani Kurdish: میرنشینە کوردیەکان) were several semi-independent entities which existed during the 16th to 19th centuries during the state of continuous warfare between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran. The Kurdish principalities were almost always divided and entered into rivalries against each other. The demarcation of borders between the Safavid Shah Safi and the Ottoman caliph Sultan Murad IV in 1639 effectively divided Kurdistan between the two empires.

The eyalet of Diyarbakir was the center of the major and minor Kurdish chiefdoms. However, other Kurdish emirates existed outside of Diyarbakir.

Policy during the Ottoman-Persian Wars

The Ottomans gave the Kurds self-rule during the Ottoman-Persian wars, to ensure that the Kurds remain on the Ottoman side. After the Treaty of Erzurum in 1823 the Persian threat was reduced & the Ottomans brought the Kurdish chiefdoms under direct control.

List

Major emirates

Minor emirates

See also

Notes

  1. ^ KurdishGlobe- Kurdish Nationalism in Mam u Zin of Ahmad-î Khânî -- (Part XII) Archived 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
  2. Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: evolving identities, competing ..., p. 49, at Google Books By Hakan Özoğlu
  3. "The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800)". The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) (Chapter 2) - The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Core. 2017. pp. 64–92. doi:10.1017/9781316848579.005. ISBN 9781107181236.
  4. "The Ottoman conquest of Dyarbekir and the administrative organization of the province in the 16th and 17th centuries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  5. Yadirgi, Veli (2014). "2.1 Administrative division of the eyalet of Diyarbekir, 1527-1792". The political economy of the kurdish question in turkey: de-development in eastern and southeastern anatolia (PhD in Development studies thesis). School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
  6. Genç, Vural (April 11, 2019). "Kurdish Emirs in the 16th-Century Ruus Registers". Der Islam. 96 (1): 78–111. doi:10.1515/islam-2019-0003. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
  7. Özcoşar, İbrahim (September 21, 2020). "KÜRTLER". İslâm Ansiklopedi. Türkiye Diyanet Foundation. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
  8. Çiftçi, Erdal (November 6, 2017). "Migration, memory and mythification: relocation of Suleymani tribes on the northern Ottoman–Iranian frontier". Middle Eastern Studies. 53. doi:10.1080/00263206.2017.1393623. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
  9. Dankoff, Robert (June 1, 1990). Evliya Çelebi in Bitlis. Brill. p. 12. ISBN 9004092420.
  10. Alanoğlu, Murat (December 2016). "1642 Tari̇hli̇ avâriz defteri̇ne göre kızuçan (pülümür) kazâsı". Journal of History School. 28: 109–140. doi:10.14225/Joh999. Retrieved December 16, 2024.

References

Categories: