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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2018}} {{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2018}}

{{Split|date=June 2023|Hur Insurgency|discuss=Talk:Hurs#Separation_of_Insurgency_section?}}{{More citations needed|date= February 2013}} {{Split|date=June 2023|Hur Insurgency|discuss=Talk:Hurs#Separation_of_Insurgency_section?}}{{More citations needed|date= February 2013}}
{{Sufism}} {{Sufism}}


'''Hur''' ({{lang-ar|حر}}, {{Lang-sd|{{Naskh|حر}}}}; meaning "free", "not slave" ) is a ] ] ] community in the province of ], ]. Their spiritual leader is ] who resisted British rule in Sindh.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ansari |first1=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJCuDwAAQBAJ |title=Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan |last2=Gould |first2=William |date=2019-10-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19605-6 |pages=249 |language=en}}</ref> '''Hurs''' ({{langx|ar|حر}}, {{Langx|sd|{{Naskh|حر}}}}, 'free') are a ] community in the province of ], ] who adhere to ]. Their current spiritual leader is ], who serves as a politician in the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ansari |first1=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJCuDwAAQBAJ |title=Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan |last2=Gould |first2=William |date=2019-10-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19605-6 |pages=249 |language=en}}</ref>


== History of the Hur Movement== == History ==


=== Colonial === === Colonial period ===
⚫ ]'s ''Charge of the Mamluks'', cavalry at the ] (1843)]]
During the period of ], Pir Pagaro declared his community "Hur" (free). The colonial government tried to suppress the movement and that resulted in an armed insurgence by Hurs. The ] of 1871 was recommended in Sindh upon disciples of Pir Pagaro in 1898 by Sardar Mohammad Yaqub during his days as Commissioner. This law was imposed on Sindh in 1900 by virtue of the actions of Pagaro's disciples. This law remained on the disciples throughout up to 1952.


During the period of ], ] religious leader Syed Muhammad Rashid Shah formed a community of ] which rejected any forms of British authority; Shah declared his community as "Hur" (]: 'free'). His successor, Syed Sibghatullah Shah, declared himself as the first ] (spiritual leader) of Pagaro. In response to the actions of the Hurs, Commissioner Mohammad Yaqub recommended the application of the 1871 ] (CTA) to the group in 1898. Two years later, the CTA was applied to all Hurs, which remained in effect until 1952.{{fact|date=December 2023}}
=== Insurgency period ===
During the 1941 to 1946 the colonial government passed many laws, one of them called "Hur Suppression Act" passed hastily by Sindh Assembly in May 1942, ultimately imposing ] from June 1942 to the end of May 1943. After lifting of Martial Law in 1943, again many laws were arbitrarily made virtually keeping the laws that had been made for military rule—these rules were in addition to the Defence of India Rules. By virtue of all these Acts and Rules, the entire Hur community was virtually criminalised. This community had been declared Criminal Tribe" in the year 1900. During the period of martial law, the ] patrolled the area and dealt with suspected followers of Pir Pagaro firmly.{{Citation needed|date= February 2013}} This caused the Hurs to carry out more acts such as causing the derailment of the Lahore Mail train in 1942, which resulted in the deaths of 22 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishpathe.com:80/video/gangsters-in-india/query/india+train |title = Gangsters In India - British Pathé}}</ref>


=== Hur insurgency ===
⚫ ]'s ''Charge of the Mamluks'', cavalry at the ] (1843)]]

In 1941, ] led the Hurs in an ] against British colonial rule. Pagaro's followers attacked police, military and civilian targets, killing dozens. In response, Governor ] called for the introduction of ] to Sindh, which was passed through the ] via the 1942 ]; martial law remained in effect in Sindh from June 1942 to May 1943.<ref> {{Cite book |last=Maj General Wisal Muhammad Khan |url=http://archive.org/details/HurOperationsInSindHurPartIIIWisal |title=Hur Operations In Sind Maj Gen Wisal Muhammad Khan |date=2018-03-15}} </ref> ], ] and ] elements were engaged in ] operations against the Hurs, arresting several leaders including Pagaro himself.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Martial law declared in Hur community uprising and armed resistance in Sindh Pakistan |url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=British Pathé |language=en-GB}} </ref> Pagaro was tried in a military court on charges of "conspiring to war against the King-Emperor", found guilty and hung on 20 March 1943.<ref> {{Cite news |date=1943-03-22 |title=PIR OF PAGARA SHOT BY BRITISH IN INDIA; Would-Be King of Sind Executed for Plot Against Throne |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1943/03/22/archives/pir-of-pagara-shot-by-british-in-india-wouldbe-king-of-sind.html |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} </ref>


The Hurs cannot be said to have been defeated as they continued their campaign even after the hanging of the Pir Sahib, right up to the time of the ], Sindh having acquired the status of a province in the newly independent country. Pir Pagaro ] was hanged on 20 March 1943 and the British left Pakistan four years later on 14 August 1947. The Hurs cannot be said to have been defeated as they continued their campaign even after the hanging of the Pir Sahib, right up to the time of the ], Sindh having acquired the status of a province in the newly independent country. Pir Pagaro ] was hanged on 20 March 1943 and the British left Pakistan four years later on 14 August 1947.


=== Post-Colonial === === Postcolonial period ===
Long after the independence of Pakistan, Pir Pagaro's two sons, who were in British custody in ], were released and came back to lead their community. ] was a province in the newly independent Pakistan. The two sons of Sibghatullah Shah II Shaheed, Pir Syed Shah Mardan Shah Rashidi alais Pir Syed Sikandar Ali Shah Rashidi and Pir Syed Nadir Ali Shah Rashdi were brought to Pakistan in December 1951 after long negotiations. The elder son, Pir Syed ] Rashidi - II alais Pir Syed Sikandar Ali Shah Rashdi became the new Pir Pagara (7th Pir Pagaro) on 1 February 1952. Shah Mardan Shah II died on 10 January 2012 in London due to Pnuemonia.<ref></ref> On 12 January 2012, ], commonly known as Raja Saein, was elected as the 8th Pir Pagara at a meeting of the Caliphs of Hur Community.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tunio |first=Hafeez |date=January 11, 2012 |title=Pir Pagara passes away: The political oracle goes silent |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/319690/pir-pagara-passes-away-the-political-oracle-goes-silent/ |work=] |location=Pakistan |accessdate=2013-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dawn.com/2013/04/27/the-son-also-rises/ |title=The son also rises |publisher=Dawn.Com |date= 27 April 2013|accessdate=2013-05-04}}</ref> Long after the independence of Pakistan, Pir Pagaro's two sons, who were in British custody in ], were released and came back to lead their community. ] was a province in the newly independent Pakistan. The two sons of Sibghatullah Shah II Shaheed, Pir Syed Shah Mardan Shah Rashidi alais Pir Syed Sikandar Ali Shah Rashidi and Pir Syed Nadir Ali Shah Rashdi were brought to Pakistan in December 1951 after long negotiations. The elder son, Pir Syed ] Rashidi - II alais Pir Syed Sikandar Ali Shah Rashdi became the new Pir Pagara (7th Pir Pagaro) on 1 February 1952. Shah Mardan Shah II died on 10 January 2012 in London due to pneumonia.<ref></ref> On 12 January 2012, ], commonly known as Raja Saein, was elected as the 8th Pir Pagara at a meeting of the Caliphs of Hur Community.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tunio |first=Hafeez |date=January 11, 2012 |title=Pir Pagara passes away: The political oracle goes silent |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/319690/pir-pagara-passes-away-the-political-oracle-goes-silent/ |work=] |location=Pakistan |accessdate=2013-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dawn.com/2013/04/27/the-son-also-rises/ |title=The son also rises |publisher=Dawn.Com |date= 27 April 2013|accessdate=2013-05-04}}</ref>
]

During the ], several Hurs enlisted in the ] and fought against ]n forces.
== Hurs in the 1965 War ==
==List of Pirs of the Hur Jamaat==
During the 1965 war between India and Pakistan, Hur fought for Pakistan in the leadership of Ghazi Hur Mujahid Faqeer Arbelo Katpar.
{| class="wikitable sortable"

!Name and Title
==List of Pir Pagaros==
!Image
⚫ * Syed Muhammad Rashid Shah (''Rozay Dhani'', forerunner of Pir Pagaras and Jhandaywaras), died 1819
!Date of Birth and Death
* Syed Sibghatullah Shah I (First ''Pir Pagaro'', because of getting the ''pagg'', or turban, while his brother Yaseen Shah got the Jhanda, 'Alam), died in 1831
!Notes
⚫ * Pir Syed Ali Gohar Shah Rashidi - I (2nd Pir Pagaro), died in 1847. Collection of his Poetry ''Asghar Sain jo Kalam'' is published by Jamia Rashidia Pir jo Goth.
|-
* Syed Hizbullah Shah (Third Pir Pagaro), died in 1890
| colspan="2" |]
* Syed Ali Gohar Shah II (Fourth Pir Pagaro), died in 1896
|Died: 1819
* Syed Shah Mardan Shah I (Fifth Pir Pagaro), died in 1921
⚫ |Also Known as Rozay Dhani, the forerunner of Pir Pagaras and Jhandaywaras
* ] II alias <big>Soreh Badshah سورھيه بادشاھ</big> (Sixth Pir Pagaro), died on '''20 March 1943'''
|-
* ] alias ''Pir Syed Sikandar Ali Shah Rashidi'' (Seventh Pir Pagaro), died on 10 January 2012.
* ] alias ''Raja Saeen'' (Eighth Pir Pagaro) | colspan="2" |]
⚫ Pir Pagaro I

|Died: 1831
== See Also ==
|First Pir as he got the pagg (turban). His brother ] got the Jhanda, 'Alam), died in 1831
⚫ .Syed Shah Mardan Shah
|-

| colspan="2" |]
⚫ .Pir Pagaro
Pir Pagaro II
*
|Died: 1847
⚫ |Collection of his Poetry ''Asghar Sain jo Kalam'' is published by Jamia Rashidia Pir jo Goth
|-
| colspan="2" |]
Pir Pagaro III
|Died: 1890
|
|-
| colspan="2" |]
Pir Pagaro IV
|Died: 1896
|
|-
| colspan="2" |]
Pir Pagaro V
|Died: 1921
|
|-
|]
Pir Pagaro VI
|]
|Born: 1910
Died: 20 March 1943
|Alias ''Soreh Badshah (سورھيه بادشاھ)''
|-
⚫ |]
Pir Pagaro VII
|
|Born: 22 November 1928
Died: 10 January 2012
|Alias ''Pir Syed Sikandar Ali Shah Rashidi''
|-
|]
Pir Pagaro VIII
|]
|Born: 14 February 1956
|Also known as ''Raja Saeen,'' President of ] and Founder of ].
|}


== Further reading == == Further reading ==
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] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 23:00, 13 December 2024

Sunni Sufi Muslim community in Pakistan

It has been suggested that this article be split into a new article titled Hur Insurgency. (discuss) (June 2023)
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Hurs (Arabic: حر, Sindhi: حر‎, 'free') are a Sufist community in the province of Sindh, Pakistan who adhere to Sunni Islam. Their current spiritual leader is Pir of Pagaro VIII, who serves as a politician in the Provincial Assembly of Sindh.

History

Colonial period

Felician Myrbach's Charge of the Mamluks, cavalry at the Battle of Miani (1843)

During the period of Company rule in India, Sufist religious leader Syed Muhammad Rashid Shah formed a community of Sunni Muslims which rejected any forms of British authority; Shah declared his community as "Hur" (Sindhi: 'free'). His successor, Syed Sibghatullah Shah, declared himself as the first Pir (spiritual leader) of Pagaro. In response to the actions of the Hurs, Commissioner Mohammad Yaqub recommended the application of the 1871 Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) to the group in 1898. Two years later, the CTA was applied to all Hurs, which remained in effect until 1952.

Hur insurgency

In 1941, Pir of Pagaro VI led the Hurs in an insurgency against British colonial rule. Pagaro's followers attacked police, military and civilian targets, killing dozens. In response, Governor Hugh Dow called for the introduction of martial law to Sindh, which was passed through the Sindh Assembly via the 1942 Hur Suppression Act; martial law remained in effect in Sindh from June 1942 to May 1943. British Indian Army, Indian Imperial Police and Royal Air Force elements were engaged in counterinsurgency operations against the Hurs, arresting several leaders including Pagaro himself. Pagaro was tried in a military court on charges of "conspiring to war against the King-Emperor", found guilty and hung on 20 March 1943.

The Hurs cannot be said to have been defeated as they continued their campaign even after the hanging of the Pir Sahib, right up to the time of the Independence of Pakistan, Sindh having acquired the status of a province in the newly independent country. Pir Pagaro Sayyed Sibghatullah Shah II was hanged on 20 March 1943 and the British left Pakistan four years later on 14 August 1947.

Postcolonial period

Long after the independence of Pakistan, Pir Pagaro's two sons, who were in British custody in England, were released and came back to lead their community. Sindh was a province in the newly independent Pakistan. The two sons of Sibghatullah Shah II Shaheed, Pir Syed Shah Mardan Shah Rashidi alais Pir Syed Sikandar Ali Shah Rashidi and Pir Syed Nadir Ali Shah Rashdi were brought to Pakistan in December 1951 after long negotiations. The elder son, Pir Syed Shah Mardan Shah Rashidi - II alais Pir Syed Sikandar Ali Shah Rashdi became the new Pir Pagara (7th Pir Pagaro) on 1 February 1952. Shah Mardan Shah II died on 10 January 2012 in London due to pneumonia. On 12 January 2012, Syed Sibghatullah Shah Rashdi III, commonly known as Raja Saein, was elected as the 8th Pir Pagara at a meeting of the Caliphs of Hur Community.

A Hur standing guard during the 1965 war

During the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, several Hurs enlisted in the Pakistani Armed Forces and fought against Indian forces.

List of Pirs of the Hur Jamaat

Name and Title Image Date of Birth and Death Notes
Syed Muhammad Rashid Shah Died: 1819 Also Known as Rozay Dhani, the forerunner of Pir Pagaras and Jhandaywaras
Syed Sibghatullah Shah I

Pir Pagaro I

Died: 1831 First Pir as he got the pagg (turban). His brother Yaseen Shah got the Jhanda, 'Alam), died in 1831
Pir Syed Ali Gohar Shah Rashidi I

Pir Pagaro II

Died: 1847 Collection of his Poetry Asghar Sain jo Kalam is published by Jamia Rashidia Pir jo Goth
Syed Hizbullah Shah

Pir Pagaro III

Died: 1890
Syed Ali Gohar Shah II

Pir Pagaro IV

Died: 1896
Syed Shah Mardan Shah I

Pir Pagaro V

Died: 1921
Syed Sibghatullah Shah Rashdi II

Pir Pagaro VI

Born: 1910

Died: 20 March 1943

Alias Soreh Badshah (سورھيه بادشاھ)
Syed Shah Mardan Shah II

Pir Pagaro VII

Born: 22 November 1928

Died: 10 January 2012

Alias Pir Syed Sikandar Ali Shah Rashidi
Sibghatullah Shah Rashdi III

Pir Pagaro VIII

Born: 14 February 1956 Also known as Raja Saeen, President of PMLF and Founder of GDA.

Further reading

References

  1. Ansari, Sarah; Gould, William (17 October 2019). Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-1-107-19605-6.
  2. Maj General Wisal Muhammad Khan (15 March 2018). Hur Operations In Sind Maj Gen Wisal Muhammad Khan.
  3. "Martial law declared in Hur community uprising and armed resistance in Sindh Pakistan". British Pathé. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  4. "PIR OF PAGARA SHOT BY BRITISH IN INDIA; Would-Be King of Sind Executed for Plot Against Throne". The New York Times. 22 March 1943. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  5. News of Pir Pagaro Death
  6. Tunio, Hafeez (11 January 2012). "Pir Pagara passes away: The political oracle goes silent". The Express Tribune. Pakistan. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  7. "The son also rises". Dawn.Com. 27 April 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
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