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{{Infobox Turkey place
{{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement-->
| type = metro district
|settlement_type = ] of ]
| name = Marmaris
|timezone=]
| image_skyline = Marmaris harbor (aerial view), Muğla Province, southwest Turkey, Mediterranean.jpg
|utc_offset=+3
| image_caption = Marmaris harbour
|map_caption =Location of Marmaris within Muğla Province.
| image_map = Muğla location Marmaris.svg
|timezone_DST=
| map_caption = Map showing Marmaris District in Muğla Province
|utc_offset_DST=
| coordinates = {{coord|36|51|N|28|16|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}
|official_name = Marmaris
| province = Muğla
|image_skyline = Marmaris harbor (aerial view), Muğla Province, southwest Turkey, Mediterranean.jpg
| leader_party = CHP
|image_caption = Marmaris harbor
| leader_name = Acar Ünlü
|imagesize=260px
| leader_name1 =
|image_blank_emblem =
| area_total_km2 = 906
|blank_emblem_type = Emblem of Marmaris Municipality
| elevation_m = 7
|image_map = Muğla districts.png
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
|subdivision_type = ]
| population_total = 97818
|subdivision_name = {{TUR}}
| population_as_of = 2022
|subdivision_type1=]
| postal_code = 48700
|subdivision_name1 = ]
| area_code = 0252
|subdivision_type2=]
| website = {{url|https://www.marmaris.bel.tr/}}
|subdivision_name2 = ]
| area_footnotes = {{Turkey district areas|SOURCE}}
| area_blank1_title = District
| area_blank1_km2 = {{Turkey district areas|Muğla|Marmaris}}
| population_footnotes = {{Turkey district populations|SOURCE|Muğla}}
| population_urban = {{Turkey district populations|Muğla|Marmaris|şehir}}
| population_as_of = {{Turkey district populations|YEAR}}
| population_blank1_title = District
| population_blank1 = {{Turkey district populations|Muğla|Marmaris|toplam}}
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
|elevation_m =7
|pushpin_map =Turkey#Mediterranean
|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| pushpin_relief = 1
|pushpin_map_caption =Location of Marmaris
|pushpin_mapsize = 260
|coordinates = {{coord|36|51|N|28|16|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type=]
|postal_code = 48700
|registration_plate=]
|area_code = (0090)+ 252
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Mehmet Oktay
|leader_party = ]
|leader_name1 =
|website = {{URL|http://www.marmaris.bel.tr}}<br>{{URL|http://www.marmaris.gov.tr}}
}} }}
'''Marmaris''' ({{IPA|tr|ˈmaɾmaɾis}}) is a municipality and ] of ], ].<ref>, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</ref> Its area is 906&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx|title=İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri|publisher=General Directorate of Mapping|access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> and its population is 97,818 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=19 September 2023|publisher=]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> It is a port city and tourist resort on the ] coast, along the shoreline of the ].
'''Marmaris''' ({{IPA-tr|ˈmaɾmaɾis}}) is a port city and tourist resort on the ] (MittelMeer) coast, located in ], southwest ], along the shoreline of the ].
Atom test site Türkey (Honozbaşı Tepesi), 21.AUG2023 15:45:57UT 36.74e 28.15n M=4.3, Feuer. =Beatrice Egli=..


Although Marmaris is known for its ], its main source of income is ]. It is located between two intersecting sets of mountains by the sea, though following a construction boom in the 1980s, little is left of the sleepy fishing village that Marmaris was until the late 20th century. In 2010, the city's resident population was 30,957,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marmarismarmaris.com/default.asp?sayfa=3&id=4 |title=Marmarismarmaris.com Marmaris |access-date=13 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152805/http://www.marmarismarmaris.com/default.asp?sayfa=3&id=4 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> although it peaks at around 300,000 to 400,000 people during the tourist season. Although Marmaris is known for its ], its main source of income is ]. It is located between two intersecting sets of mountains by the sea, though following a construction boom in the 1980s, little is left of the sleepy fishing village that Marmaris was until the late 20th century.


As an adjunct to the tourism industry, Marmaris is also a centre for ] and ], possessing two major and several smaller ]s. It is a popular wintering location for hundreds of cruising boaters. As an adjunct to the tourism industry, Marmaris is also a centre for ] and ], possessing two major and several smaller ]s. It is a popular wintering location for hundreds of cruising boaters.
Line 54: Line 28:
] is an hour's drive to the east. ] is an hour's drive to the east.


Ferries operate from Marmaris to DoDE_CANESE ISLANDS (] and ]) in "]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Dreams - Ferry Booking, timetables and tickets |url=https://www.directferries.co.uk/sea_dreams.htm |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.directferries.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ferries operate from Marmaris to ] and ] in ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Dreams - Ferry Booking, timetables and tickets |url=https://www.directferries.co.uk/sea_dreams.htm |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.directferries.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>


== Etymology == == Etymology ==
During the period of the ]; the city became known as ''Marmaris'', a name derived from the Greek ''màrmaron'' (]; ]: ''mermer)'', in reference to the rich marble deposits in the region, and the prominent role of the city's port in the marble trade. During the period of the ]; the city became known as ''Marmaris'', a name derived from the Greek ''màrmaron'' (]; ]: ''mermer''), in reference to the rich marble deposits in the region, and the prominent role of the city's port in the marble trade.


==History== ==History==
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=== Antiquity === === Antiquity ===
It is not certain when Marmaris was founded but in the 6th century BC the site was known as ''Physkos'' ({{lang-grc|Φύσκος or Φοῦσκα}}), also Latinised as ''Physcus.'' It was in a part of ] that belonged to ] and contained a magnificent harbour and a grove sacred to ].<ref>], '']'', xiv; '']'' § 245; ], '']'' 5.2.11.</ref><ref>{{Cite DGRG|title=Physcus}}</ref> It is not certain when Marmaris was founded but in the 6th century BC the site was known as ''Physkos'' ({{langx|grc|Φύσκος}} or {{langx|grc|Φοῦσκα|translit=Phouska|label=none}}) in ], also Latinised as ''Physcus''. It was in a part of ] that belonged to ] and contained a magnificent harbour and a grove sacred to ].<ref>], '']'', xiv; '']'' § 245; ], '']'' 5.2.11.</ref><ref>{{Cite DGRG|title=Physcus}}</ref>


According to the historian ], there had been a castle on the site since 3000 BC. The area eventually came under the control of the ]. In 334 BC, ] was invaded by ] and Physkos Castle was besieged. The town's 600 inhabitants realised that they had no chance against the invading army and burned their valuables in the castle before escaping to the hills. Aware of the strategic value of the castle, the invaders repaired the destroyed sections to house a few hundred soldiers before the main army returned home. According to the historian ], there had been a castle on the site since 3000 BC.{{cn|date=November 2023}} The area eventually came under the control of the ]. In 334 BC, ] was invaded by ] and Physkos Castle was besieged.{{cn|date=November 2023}} The town's 600 inhabitants realised that they had no chance against the invading army and burned their valuables in the castle before escaping to the hills. Aware of the strategic value of the castle, the invaders repaired the destroyed sections to house a few hundred soldiers before the main army returned home.{{cn|date=November 2023}}


=== Ottoman period === === Ottoman period ===
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] ]


In the later Middle Ages Marmaris formed part of the ]. Then In the mid-fifteenth century, Sultan ] conquered and united the various tribes and kingdoms of ] and the ], and acquired ]. The ], based in ], had fought the ] for many years and managed to withstand the ] too. When ] set out to conquer ], Marmaris served as a base for the ]; ] was rebuilt from scratch in 1522 to accommodate an ] garrison. In the later Middle Ages, Marmaris formed part of the ].{{cn|date=November 2023}} Then In the mid-fifteenth century, Sultan ] conquered and united the various tribes and kingdoms of ] and the ], and acquired ]. The ], based in ], had fought the ] for many years and managed to withstand the ] too.{{cn|date=November 2023}} When ] set out to conquer ], Marmaris served as a base for the ]; ] was rebuilt from scratch in 1522 to accommodate an ] garrison.{{cn|date=November 2023}}


In 1798 ] assembled his fleet in the harbour at Marmaris before setting sail for ] and the ] which put an end to ]'s ambitions in the Mediterranean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornucopia Magazine : A Connoisseur's Guide to Marmaris & Bozburun Peninsula |url=https://www.cornucopia.net/guide/marmaris/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.cornucopia.net}}</ref> In 1798, ] assembled his fleet in the harbour at Marmaris before setting sail for ] and the ] which put an end to ]'s ambitions in the Mediterranean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornucopia Magazine: A Connoisseur's Guide to Marmaris & Bozburun Peninsula |url=https://www.cornucopia.net/guide/marmaris/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.cornucopia.net}}</ref>


In 1801, a British force of 120 ships under ] and 14,000 troops under ] anchored in the bay for eight weeks, using the time to train and resupply ready their mission to end the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mackesy|first=Piers|year=1995|title=British Victory in Egypt, 1801: The End of Napoleon's Conquest|url={{Google books|rsj8RStBgjwC|page=16|plainurl=yes}}|page=16}}</ref> In 1801, a British force of 120 ships under ] and 14,000 troops under ] anchored in the bay for eight weeks, using the time to train and resupply ready their mission to end the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mackesy|first=Piers|year=1995|title=British Victory in Egypt, 1801: The End of Napoleon's Conquest|url={{Google books|rsj8RStBgjwC|page=16|plainurl=yes}}|page=16}}</ref>


=== Modern times === === Modern times ===
The two ] of 1957 almost completely destroyed the city. Only the ] and the historic buildings surrounding it were left undamaged. Throughout Ottoman rule, Marmaris retained its majority ] population up until the end of ]. In the aftermath of the 1919–1922 ] and the subsequent ], the majority Greek population of Marmaris left for ] and the town was settled by Turkish migrants from the ]. The two ] of 1957 almost completely destroyed the city. Only the ] and the historic buildings surrounding it were left undamaged.{{Cn|date=December 2023}}


Renovation work on the castle started in 1979. Under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture, it was converted into a museum with seven galleries, the largest of them used as an exhibition hall. The courtyard is full of seasonal flowers. Built at the same time as the castle, there is also a small ] ] built by Süleyman's mother ] in the bazaar. Renovation work on the castle started in 1979. Under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture, it was converted into a museum with seven galleries, the largest of them used as an exhibition hall. The courtyard is full of seasonal flowers. Built at the same time as the castle, there is also a small ] ] built by Süleyman's mother ] in the bazaar.{{Cn|date=December 2023}}

There were many forest fires in the early 2020s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest fire ravages 25 hectares in southwestern Turkey |url=https://bianet.org/haber/forest-fire-ravages-25-hectares-in-southwestern-turkey-280983 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=bianet.org |language=en}}</ref>


== Tourism == == Tourism ==
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==Archaeology== ==Archaeology==


In 2018, archaeologists discovered the 2300 year-old pyramid-shaped tomb of the ancient Greek ] ] near the city of Marmaris. The following words were inscribed on it in Greek: “I will be vigilant at the very top so as to ensure that no coward can come and destroy this grave,”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ahvalnews6.com/archaeology/turkish-locals-stunned-find-out-sacred-tomb-belongs-ancient-greek-boxer |title=Turkish locals stunned to find out sacred tomb belongs to ancient Greek boxer |access-date=2018-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525062921/https://ahvalnews6.com/archaeology/turkish-locals-stunned-find-out-sacred-tomb-belongs-ancient-greek-boxer |archive-date=2018-05-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The structure had been believed to be the grave of a saint and was visited by locals seeking answers to their prayers, but once it was realised that it was not a holy site, the mausoleum was looted.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ahvalnews6.com/archaeology/turkish-locals-stunned-find-out-sacred-tomb-belongs-ancient-greek-boxer |title=Turkish locals stunned to find out sacred tomb belongs to ancient Greek boxer |access-date=2018-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525062921/https://ahvalnews6.com/archaeology/turkish-locals-stunned-find-out-sacred-tomb-belongs-ancient-greek-boxer |archive-date=2018-05-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eu.greekreporter.com/2018/05/21/turkey-shrine-turns-out-to-be-tomb-of-ancient-greek-boxer/|title=Turkey 'Shrine' Turns Out to be Tomb of Ancient Greek Boxer {{!}} Greek Reporter Europe|last=Smith|first=John|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/turkiye/yillarca-turbe-sanildi-mozole-cikti-426813.html|title=Yıllarca türbe sanıldı; mozole çıktı|website=www.trthaber.com|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neoskosmos.com/en/115755/shrine-in-turkey-uncovered-as-tomb-of-ancient-greek-boxer/|title=Shrine in Turkey uncovered as tomb of ancient Greek boxer {{!}} Neos Kosmos|date=2018-05-22|website=English Edition|language=en|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.turkishminute.com/2018/05/21/previous-holy-site-in-turkeys-marmaris-revealed-to-be-tomb-of-greek-boxer/|title=Previous holy site in Turkey's Marmaris revealed to be tomb of Greek boxer - Turkish Minute|last=TM|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2018/05/23/2300-year-old-shrine-in-turkey-turns-out-to-be-tomb-of-ancient-greek-boxer-diagoras/|title=2,300 year old shrine in Turkey turns out to be tomb of ancient Greek Boxer Diagoras|last=Team|first=G. C. T.|website=Greek City Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahvalnews.com/archaeology/aegean-villagers-mistook-greek-boxers-tomb-islamic-holy-site-archaeologists-discover|title=Aegean villagers mistook Greek boxer's tomb for Islamic holy site, archaeologists discover|website=Ahval|language=en|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref> In 2018, archaeologists discovered the 2300 year-old pyramid-shaped tomb of the ancient Greek ] ] near the city of Marmaris. The following words were inscribed on it in Greek: "I will be vigilant at the very top so as to ensure that no coward can come and destroy this grave,"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ahvalnews6.com/archaeology/turkish-locals-stunned-find-out-sacred-tomb-belongs-ancient-greek-boxer |title=Turkish locals stunned to find out sacred tomb belongs to ancient Greek boxer |access-date=2018-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525062921/https://ahvalnews6.com/archaeology/turkish-locals-stunned-find-out-sacred-tomb-belongs-ancient-greek-boxer |archive-date=2018-05-25 }}</ref> The structure had been believed to be the grave of a saint and was visited by locals seeking answers to their prayers, but once it was realised that it was not a holy site, the mausoleum was looted.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ahvalnews6.com/archaeology/turkish-locals-stunned-find-out-sacred-tomb-belongs-ancient-greek-boxer |title=Turkish locals stunned to find out sacred tomb belongs to ancient Greek boxer |access-date=2018-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525062921/https://ahvalnews6.com/archaeology/turkish-locals-stunned-find-out-sacred-tomb-belongs-ancient-greek-boxer |archive-date=2018-05-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eu.greekreporter.com/2018/05/21/turkey-shrine-turns-out-to-be-tomb-of-ancient-greek-boxer/|title=Turkey 'Shrine' Turns Out to be Tomb of Ancient Greek Boxer {{!}} Greek Reporter Europe|last=Smith|first=John|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/turkiye/yillarca-turbe-sanildi-mozole-cikti-426813.html|title=Yıllarca türbe sanıldı; mozole çıktı|website=www.trthaber.com|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neoskosmos.com/en/115755/shrine-in-turkey-uncovered-as-tomb-of-ancient-greek-boxer/|title=Shrine in Turkey uncovered as tomb of ancient Greek boxer {{!}} Neos Kosmos|date=2018-05-22|website=English Edition|language=en|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.turkishminute.com/2018/05/21/previous-holy-site-in-turkeys-marmaris-revealed-to-be-tomb-of-greek-boxer/|title=Previous holy site in Turkey's Marmaris revealed to be tomb of Greek boxer - Turkish Minute|last=TM|date=21 May 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2018/05/23/2300-year-old-shrine-in-turkey-turns-out-to-be-tomb-of-ancient-greek-boxer-diagoras/|title=2,300 year old shrine in Turkey turns out to be tomb of ancient Greek Boxer Diagoras|last=Team|first=G. C. T.|website=Greek City Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahvalnews.com/archaeology/aegean-villagers-mistook-greek-boxers-tomb-islamic-holy-site-archaeologists-discover|title=Aegean villagers mistook Greek boxer's tomb for Islamic holy site, archaeologists discover|website=Ahval|language=en|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=December 2023}}


==Natural history== ==Natural history==
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] is a popular tourism destination.]] ] is a popular tourism destination.]]
] ]
] is located at the highest point of ] near Marmaris.<ref name="Heaven-Island">{{cite web|url=http://www.marmaris-turkey.net/marmaris-heaven-island/|title=Marmaris Heaven Island|access-date=13 May 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128045713/http://www.marmaris-turkey.net/marmaris-heaven-island/|archive-date=28 November 2013}}</ref> Since ancient times, it was used as a place of ]. According to the ancient Greek historian ], human presence in the cave dated back to 3000 BC but excavations carried out by the Municipality of Marmaris in 2007 pushed this back by almost 12,000 years.<ref name="nimara-cave">{{cite web|url=http://www.marmaris-turkey.net/nimara-cave-marmaris/|title=Nimara Cave, Marmaris|access-date=13 May 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128045342/http://www.marmaris-turkey.net/nimara-cave-marmaris/|archive-date=28 November 2013}}</ref> Research conducted in the cave revealed the existence of a cult of the Mother Goddess ], the mother of God ] and Goddess ], in the ancient city of Physkos. Worship took place around the main rock which is surrounded by stone altars in a semi-circle raised about 30&nbsp;cm from the ground. Offerings in the form of ]s, ]s, ], and sculptures of Leto were placed on these elevated stones. The cave was also used during the ] period. ] is located at the highest point of ] near Marmaris.<ref name="Heaven-Island">{{cite web|url=http://www.marmaris-turkey.net/marmaris-heaven-island/|title=Marmaris Heaven Island|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128045713/http://www.marmaris-turkey.net/marmaris-heaven-island/|archive-date=28 November 2013}}</ref> Since ancient times, it was used as a place of ]. According to the ancient Greek historian ], human presence in the cave dated back to 3000 BC but excavations carried out by the Municipality of Marmaris in 2007 pushed this back by almost 12,000 years.<ref name="nimara-cave">{{cite web|url=http://www.marmaris-turkey.net/nimara-cave-marmaris/|title=Nimara Cave, Marmaris|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128045342/http://www.marmaris-turkey.net/nimara-cave-marmaris/|archive-date=28 November 2013}}</ref> Research conducted in the cave revealed the existence of a cult of the Mother Goddess ], the mother of God ] and Goddess ], in the ancient city of Physkos. Worship took place around the main rock which is surrounded by stone altars in a semi-circle raised about 30&nbsp;cm from the ground. Offerings in the form of ]s, ]s, ], and sculptures of Leto were placed on these elevated stones. The cave was also used during the ] period.


Nimara Cave was declared a protected area in 1999. It shelters ] ], identical to those living in ]'s ] ({{lang-tr|Kelebekler Vadisi|Kelebekler Vadisi}}).<ref name="meteor.gov.tr" /> Nimara Cave was declared a protected area in 1999. It shelters ] ], identical to those living in ]'s ] ({{langx|tr|Kelebekler Vadisi}}).<ref name="meteor.gov.tr" />


The Marmaris peninsula is the westernmost habitat for '']'', which normally grows in ], ], and ] at much higher altitudes.<ref>Anna Pavord, The Tulip (London, Bloomsbury 1999) 289</ref> The plants may have been introduced during the Ottoman period. The Marmaris peninsula is the westernmost habitat for '']'', which normally grows in ], ], and ] at much higher altitudes.<ref>Anna Pavord, The Tulip (London, Bloomsbury 1999) 289</ref> The plants may have been introduced during the Ottoman period.

==Composition==
There are 25 ] in Marmaris District:<ref>, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* Adaköy
* ]
* Bayırköy
* ]
* ]
* Çamdibi
* Çamlı
* Çetibeli
* Çıldır
* Hatipirimi
* Hisarönü
* ]
* Karaca
* Kemeraltı
* Orhaniye
* Osmaniye
* Sarıana
* ]
* Siteler
* Söğütköy
* Taşlıca
* Tepe
* Turgutköy
* ]
* Yeşilbelde
{{div col end}}


==Climate== ==Climate==
] ]


Marmaris has a ] (]: Csa) characterised by hot dry summers and mild rainy winters. Showers and rain are very unlikely between May and October. Summers are hot and dry, and temperatures are especially high during the heatwaves in July and August. Temperatures start to cool in September and October is still warm and bright, though with spells of rain. Winter is the rainy season, with most precipitation falling after November. Annual rainfall can reach 1,232.7 millimetres (48.531&nbsp;in) and heavy cloudbursts can cause ] in flood prone areas.<ref name="meteor.gov.tr">{{cite web|url=http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/arastirma/arastirma-yagisgrafikler.aspx?m=mugla&i=marmaris |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110807160052/http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/arastirma/arastirma-yagisgrafikler.aspx?m=mugla&i=marmaris |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 August 2011 |title=Climate of Marmaris |access-date=13 May 2017 }}</ref> Winter temperatures are usually mild. Marmaris has a ] (]: Csa) characterised by hot dry summers and mild rainy winters. Showers and rain are very unlikely between May and October. Summers are hot and dry, and temperatures are especially high during the heatwaves in July and August. Temperatures start to cool in September and October is still warm and bright, though with spells of rain. Winter is the rainy season, with most precipitation falling after November. Annual average rainfall is 1,257 millimetres (49.488&nbsp;in) and heavy cloudbursts can cause ] in flood prone areas.<ref name="meteor.gov.tr">{{cite web|url=http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/arastirma/arastirma-yagisgrafikler.aspx?m=mugla&i=marmaris |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110807160052/http://www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/arastirma/arastirma-yagisgrafikler.aspx?m=mugla&i=marmaris |archive-date=7 August 2011 |title=Climate of Marmaris |access-date=13 May 2017 }}</ref> Winter temperatures are usually mild.


{{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |width=auto {{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |width=auto
|location= Marmaris |location= Marmaris (1991–2020)
|Jan record high C= 21.0 |Jan record high C= 21.0
|Feb record high C= 24.0 |Feb record high C= 24.0
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|Nov record high C= 31.6 |Nov record high C= 31.6
|Dec record high C= 22.2 |Dec record high C= 22.2
|Jan high C= 15.1 |Jan high C= 15.4
|Feb high C= 15.3 |Feb high C= 15.9
|Mar high C= 17.6 |Mar high C= 18.2
|Apr high C= 20.9 |Apr high C= 21.5
|May high C= 25.9 |May high C= 26.4
|Jun high C= 31.4 |Jun high C= 31.8
|Jul high C= 34.5 |Jul high C= 34.9
|Aug high C= 34.3 |Aug high C= 35.0
|Sep high C= 30.8 |Sep high C= 31.4
|Oct high C= 25.9 |Oct high C= 26.5
|Nov high C= 20.4 |Nov high C= 21.1
|Dec high C= 16.4 |Dec high C= 16.8
|Jan low C= 7.0 |year high C = 24.6
|Feb low C= 7.0 | Jan mean C = 10.7
|Mar low C= 8.6 | Feb mean C = 11.3
|Apr low C= 11.5 | Mar mean C = 13.4
|May low C= 15.6 | Apr mean C = 16.4
|Jun low C= 20.1 | May mean C = 21.0
|Jul low C= 23.1 | Jun mean C = 26.0
|Aug low C= 23.2 | Jul mean C = 28.9
|Sep low C= 20.0 | Aug mean C = 29.1
|Oct low C= 15.8 | Sep mean C = 25.7
|Nov low C= 11.4 | Oct mean C = 21.1
|Dec low C= 8.5 | Nov mean C = 16.0
| Dec mean C = 12.3
| year mean C = 19.4
|Jan low C= 6.9
|Feb low C= 7.3
|Mar low C= 8.9
|Apr low C= 11.8
|May low C= 16.2
|Jun low C= 21.0
|Jul low C= 23.9
|Aug low C= 24.3
|Sep low C= 21.1
|Oct low C= 16.7
|Nov low C= 11.9
|Dec low C= 8.6
|year low C = 14.9
|Jan record low C= -2.4 |Jan record low C= -2.4
|Feb record low C= -3.4 |Feb record low C= -3.4
Line 157: Line 178:
|Nov record low C= 1.4 |Nov record low C= 1.4
|Dec record low C= -1.0 |Dec record low C= -1.0
|Jan rain days= 13.7 |Jan rain days= 11.4
|Feb rain days= 11.9 |Feb rain days= 10.3
|Mar rain days= 9.4 |Mar rain days= 7.3
|Apr rain days= 7.7 |Apr rain days= 5.8
|May rain days= 4.4 |May rain days= 3.6
|Jun rain days= 2.7 |Jun rain days= 2.0
|Jul rain days= 1.9 |Jul rain days= 1.8
|Aug rain days= 1.0 |Aug rain days= 1.0
|Sep rain days= 2.1 |Sep rain days= 2.0
|Oct rain days= 5.5 |Oct rain days= 4.6
|Nov rain days= 9.1 |Nov rain days= 7.0
|Dec rain days= 13.6 |Dec rain days= 11.2
|Jan precipitation mm = 230.7 |year precipitation days = 68.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 170.0 |Jan precipitation mm = 255.98
|Mar precipitation mm = 120.8 |Feb precipitation mm = 178.92
|Apr precipitation mm = 61.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 125.74
|May precipitation mm = 27.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 73.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 15.3 |May precipitation mm = 29.04
|Jul precipitation mm = 23.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 6.38
|Aug precipitation mm = 7.9 |Jul precipitation mm = 5.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 24.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 0.76
|Oct precipitation mm = 80.9 |Sep precipitation mm = 22.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 180.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 87.92
|Dec precipitation mm = 289.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 182.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 289.01
| year precipitation mm = 1257.05
|Jan sun= 127.1 |Jan sun= 127.1
|Feb sun= 137.2 |Feb sun= 137.2
Line 193: Line 216:
|Nov sun= 144 |Nov sun= 144
|Dec sun= 111.6 |Dec sun= 111.6

|source 1= <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=MARMARIS |title=Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü: Marmaris En Yüksek Sıcaklık (°C) |access-date=13 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402114016/http://dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=MARMARIS |archive-date=2 April 2016 }}</ref>
| source = ]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|date= March 2011}}
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Marmaris_17298.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Marmaris
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 15, 2024}}</ref>
}}


==Sports== ==Sports==
Line 200: Line 228:
The ] matches of the ] were held in the ] in Marmaris from July 13 to 14,.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/digersporlar/23682610.asp |newspaper=] Spor |title=CEV Avrupa Ligi eşleşmeleri bell oldu |date=2013-07-09 |language=tr |access-date=2013-07-14 }}</ref> The ] matches of the ] were held in the ] in Marmaris from July 13 to 14,.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/digersporlar/23682610.asp |newspaper=] Spor |title=CEV Avrupa Ligi eşleşmeleri bell oldu |date=2013-07-09 |language=tr |access-date=2013-07-14 }}</ref>


The ] ({{lang-tr|Cumhurbaşkanlığı Bisiklet Turu}}) is a professional ] stage race held each spring. The ] ({{langx|tr|Cumhurbaşkanlığı Bisiklet Turu}}) is a professional ] stage race held each spring.


Every year in late October Marmaris hosts a regatta attracting domestic and international boats and crews. Every year in late October Marmaris hosts a regatta attracting domestic and international boats and crews.
Line 209: Line 237:
===Twin towns/sister cities=== ===Twin towns/sister cities===
Marmaris is ] with: Marmaris is ] with:
* {{Flagicon|Germany}} ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martab.gov.tr/news/show/361/kardes-sehir-furthde-marmaris-meydani |title=MARTAB: "Kardeş şehir Fürth'de Marmaris Meydanı" |access-date=13 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317172341/http://www.martab.gov.tr/news/show/361/kardes-sehir-furthde-marmaris-meydani |archive-date=17 March 2014 }}</ref> ] * {{Flagicon|Germany}} ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martab.gov.tr/news/show/361/kardes-sehir-furthde-marmaris-meydani |title=MARTAB: "Kardeş şehir Fürth'de Marmaris Meydanı" |access-date=13 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317172341/http://www.martab.gov.tr/news/show/361/kardes-sehir-furthde-marmaris-meydani |archive-date=17 March 2014 }}</ref> ]
* {{Flagicon|China}} ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marmaris.bel.tr/index.asp?s=Haberler&HID=1927 |title=Marmaris Belediyesi Resmi Web Sitesi |first=Marmaris |last=Belediyesi |website=www.marmaris.bel.tr |access-date=13 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317165054/http://www.marmaris.bel.tr/index.asp?s=Haberler&HID=1927 |archive-date=17 March 2014 }}</ref> ] * {{Flagicon|China}} ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marmaris.bel.tr/index.asp?s=Haberler&HID=1927 |title=Marmaris Belediyesi Resmi Web Sitesi |first=Marmaris |last=Belediyesi |website=www.marmaris.bel.tr |access-date=13 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317165054/http://www.marmaris.bel.tr/index.asp?s=Haberler&HID=1927 |archive-date=17 March 2014 }}</ref> ]
* {{Flagicon|Turkey}} ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martab.gov.tr/news/show/558/marmaris-ordu-kardes-sehir- |title=MARTAB: "Marmaris - Ordu kardeş şehir" |access-date=13 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317172346/http://www.martab.gov.tr/news/show/558/marmaris-ordu-kardes-sehir- |archive-date=17 March 2014 }}</ref> ] * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martab.gov.tr/news/show/558/marmaris-ordu-kardes-sehir- |title=MARTAB: "Marmaris - Ordu kardeş şehir" |access-date=13 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317172346/http://www.martab.gov.tr/news/show/558/marmaris-ordu-kardes-sehir- |archive-date=17 March 2014 }}</ref> ]
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ashkelon.muni.il/mahlakot/Pages/twincities.aspx |title=Municipality of Ashkelon: "ערים תאומות לאשקלון " |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220145831/http://www.ashkelon.muni.il/mahlakot/Pages/twincities.aspx |archive-date=2014-12-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ] * {{Flagicon|Israel}} ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ashkelon.muni.il/mahlakot/Pages/twincities.aspx |title=Municipality of Ashkelon: "ערים תאומות לאשקלון " |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220145831/http://www.ashkelon.muni.il/mahlakot/Pages/twincities.aspx |archive-date=2014-12-20 }}</ref> ]
* {{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ugresh.ru/gorod/o-gorode|title= Дзержинский О городе|lang=ru |access-date=2019-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009152204/http://ugresh.ru/gorod/o-gorode|archive-date=2018-10-09}}</ref> * {{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ugresh.ru/gorod/o-gorode|title= Дзержинский О городе|lang=ru |access-date=2019-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009152204/http://ugresh.ru/gorod/o-gorode|archive-date=2018-10-09}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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{{Ancient settlements in Turkey}} {{Ancient settlements in Turkey}}
{{Settlements in Marmaris District}} {{Marmaris District}}
{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Muğla|image=Mugla|sortkey=Marmaris}} {{Districts of Turkey|provname=Muğla|image=Mugla|sortkey=Marmaris}}
{{National parks of Turkey}} {{National parks of Turkey}}
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] ]
]
] ]
] ]
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] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 11:14, 19 December 2024

District and municipality in Muğla, Turkey
Marmaris
District and municipality
Marmaris harbourMarmaris harbour
Map showing Marmaris District in Muğla ProvinceMap showing Marmaris District in Muğla Province
Marmaris is located in TurkeyMarmarisMarmarisLocation in TurkeyShow map of TurkeyMarmaris is located in Turkey AegeanMarmarisMarmarisMarmaris (Turkey Aegean)Show map of Turkey Aegean
Coordinates: 36°51′N 28°16′E / 36.850°N 28.267°E / 36.850; 28.267
CountryTurkey
ProvinceMuğla
Government
 • MayorAcar Ünlü (CHP)
Area906 km (350 sq mi)
Elevation7 m (23 ft)
Population97,818
 • Density110/km (280/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code48700
Area code0252
Websitewww.marmaris.bel.tr

Marmaris (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈmaɾmaɾis]) is a municipality and district of Muğla Province, Turkey. Its area is 906 km, and its population is 97,818 (2022). It is a port city and tourist resort on the Mediterranean coast, along the shoreline of the Turkish Riviera.

Although Marmaris is known for its honey, its main source of income is international tourism. It is located between two intersecting sets of mountains by the sea, though following a construction boom in the 1980s, little is left of the sleepy fishing village that Marmaris was until the late 20th century.

As an adjunct to the tourism industry, Marmaris is also a centre for sailing and diving, possessing two major and several smaller marinas. It is a popular wintering location for hundreds of cruising boaters.

Dalaman Airport is an hour's drive to the east.

Ferries operate from Marmaris to Rhodes and Symi in Greece.

Etymology

During the period of the Beylik of Menteşe; the city became known as Marmaris, a name derived from the Greek màrmaron (marble; Turkish: mermer), in reference to the rich marble deposits in the region, and the prominent role of the city's port in the marble trade.

History

Marmaris Castle

Antiquity

It is not certain when Marmaris was founded but in the 6th century BC the site was known as Physkos (Ancient Greek: Φύσκος or Φοῦσκα, Phouska) in Greek, also Latinised as Physcus. It was in a part of Caria that belonged to Rhodes and contained a magnificent harbour and a grove sacred to Leto.

According to the historian Herodotus, there had been a castle on the site since 3000 BC. The area eventually came under the control of the Persian Empire. In 334 BC, Caria was invaded by Alexander the Great and Physkos Castle was besieged. The town's 600 inhabitants realised that they had no chance against the invading army and burned their valuables in the castle before escaping to the hills. Aware of the strategic value of the castle, the invaders repaired the destroyed sections to house a few hundred soldiers before the main army returned home.

Ottoman period

Map of Marmaris by Piri Reis
Karaca in Marmaris

In the later Middle Ages, Marmaris formed part of the Beylik of Menteşe. Then In the mid-fifteenth century, Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror conquered and united the various tribes and kingdoms of Anatolia and the Balkans, and acquired Constantinople. The Knights of St. John, based in Rhodes, had fought the Ottoman Empire for many years and managed to withstand the onslaughts of Mehmed II too. When Suleiman the Magnificent set out to conquer Rhodes, Marmaris served as a base for the Ottoman navy; Marmaris Castle was rebuilt from scratch in 1522 to accommodate an Ottoman army garrison.

In 1798, Admiral Nelson assembled his fleet in the harbour at Marmaris before setting sail for Egypt and the Battle of the Nile which put an end to Napoleon's ambitions in the Mediterranean.

In 1801, a British force of 120 ships under Admiral Keith and 14,000 troops under General Abercromby anchored in the bay for eight weeks, using the time to train and resupply ready their mission to end the French campaign in Egypt and Syria.

Modern times

Throughout Ottoman rule, Marmaris retained its majority Greek population up until the end of World War I. In the aftermath of the 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War and the subsequent population exchange, the majority Greek population of Marmaris left for Greece and the town was settled by Turkish migrants from the Balkans. The two Fethiye earthquakes of 1957 almost completely destroyed the city. Only the castle and the historic buildings surrounding it were left undamaged.

Renovation work on the castle started in 1979. Under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture, it was converted into a museum with seven galleries, the largest of them used as an exhibition hall. The courtyard is full of seasonal flowers. Built at the same time as the castle, there is also a small Ottoman caravanserai built by Süleyman's mother Ayşe Hafsa Sultan in the bazaar.

There were many forest fires in the early 2020s.

Tourism

Marmaris is now a major package-holiday destination popular in particular with British visitors. Although adjacent İçmeler is theoretically a separate resort, these days the two more or less run into each other.

Most visitors to Marmaris come for the beaches and watersports. There are also popular cruises that take in islands in the surrounding bay, including Sedir Island (Turkish: Sedir Adası), commonly known as Cleopatra's Island, which is famous for its soft, white - and now protected - sand. Summer visitors can also take day trips to the Greek islands of Symi and Rhodes.

Archaeology

In 2018, archaeologists discovered the 2300 year-old pyramid-shaped tomb of the ancient Greek boxer Diagoras near the city of Marmaris. The following words were inscribed on it in Greek: "I will be vigilant at the very top so as to ensure that no coward can come and destroy this grave," The structure had been believed to be the grave of a saint and was visited by locals seeking answers to their prayers, but once it was realised that it was not a holy site, the mausoleum was looted.

Natural history

Nimara Cave on Heaven Island
Heaven Island in Marmaris
Marmaris National Park is a popular tourism destination.
Netsel Marina, Marmaris

Nimara Cave is located at the highest point of Heaven Island near Marmaris. Since ancient times, it was used as a place of worship. According to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, human presence in the cave dated back to 3000 BC but excavations carried out by the Municipality of Marmaris in 2007 pushed this back by almost 12,000 years. Research conducted in the cave revealed the existence of a cult of the Mother Goddess Leto, the mother of God Apollo and Goddess Artemis, in the ancient city of Physkos. Worship took place around the main rock which is surrounded by stone altars in a semi-circle raised about 30 cm from the ground. Offerings in the form of cremations, glass beads, terracotta, and sculptures of Leto were placed on these elevated stones. The cave was also used during the Roman period.

Nimara Cave was declared a protected area in 1999. It shelters trogloxene butterflies, identical to those living in Fethiye's Butterfly Valley (Turkish: Kelebekler Vadisi).

The Marmaris peninsula is the westernmost habitat for Tulipa armena, which normally grows in Eastern Turkey, Iran, and Transcaucasia at much higher altitudes. The plants may have been introduced during the Ottoman period.

Composition

There are 25 neighbourhoods in Marmaris District:

Climate

Beaches of Marmaris

Marmaris has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) characterised by hot dry summers and mild rainy winters. Showers and rain are very unlikely between May and October. Summers are hot and dry, and temperatures are especially high during the heatwaves in July and August. Temperatures start to cool in September and October is still warm and bright, though with spells of rain. Winter is the rainy season, with most precipitation falling after November. Annual average rainfall is 1,257 millimetres (49.488 in) and heavy cloudbursts can cause flash floods in flood prone areas. Winter temperatures are usually mild.

Climate data for Marmaris (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		28.4
(83.1) 		31.0
(87.8) 		36.0
(96.8) 		42.2
(108.0) 		43.1
(109.6) 		45.5
(113.9) 		40.7
(105.3) 		39.0
(102.2) 		31.6
(88.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		45.5
(113.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.4
(59.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.2
(64.8) 		21.5
(70.7) 		26.4
(79.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		34.9
(94.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		26.5
(79.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		16.8
(62.2) 		24.6
(76.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.7
(51.3) 		11.3
(52.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		26.0
(78.8) 		28.9
(84.0) 		29.1
(84.4) 		25.7
(78.3) 		21.1
(70.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		19.4
(66.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		7.3
(45.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.8
(53.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		21.0
(69.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		24.3
(75.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		8.6
(47.5) 		14.9
(58.8)
Record low °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		1.4
(34.5) 		8.0
(46.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		12.8
(55.0) 		5.5
(41.9) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−3.4
(25.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 255.98
(10.08) 		178.92
(7.04) 		125.74
(4.95) 		73.3
(2.89) 		29.04
(1.14) 		6.38
(0.25) 		5.6
(0.22) 		0.76
(0.03) 		22.1
(0.87) 		87.92
(3.46) 		182.3
(7.18) 		289.01
(11.38) 		1,257.05
(49.49)
Average rainy days 11.4 10.3 7.3 5.8 3.6 2.0 1.8 1.0 2.0 4.6 7.0 11.2 68
Mean monthly sunshine hours 127.1 137.2 192.2 222 285.2 324 344.1 328.6 273 217 144 111.6 2,706
Source: NOAA

Sports

The Final Four matches of the 2013 Men's European Volleyball League were held in the Amiral Orhan Aydın Sports Hall in Marmaris from July 13 to 14,.

The Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey (Turkish: Cumhurbaşkanlığı Bisiklet Turu) is a professional road bicycle racing stage race held each spring.

Every year in late October Marmaris hosts a regatta attracting domestic and international boats and crews.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

Twin towns/sister cities

Marmaris is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  2. Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  3. "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  4. "Sea Dreams - Ferry Booking, timetables and tickets". www.directferries.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  5. Strabo, Geography, xiv; Stadiasmus Maris Magni § 245; Ptol., Geography 5.2.11.
  6. Public Domain Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Physcus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  7. "Cornucopia Magazine: A Connoisseur's Guide to Marmaris & Bozburun Peninsula". www.cornucopia.net. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  8. Mackesy, Piers (1995). British Victory in Egypt, 1801: The End of Napoleon's Conquest. p. 16.
  9. "Forest fire ravages 25 hectares in southwestern Turkey". bianet.org. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  10. "Turkish locals stunned to find out sacred tomb belongs to ancient Greek boxer". Archived from the original on 2018-05-25. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  11. "Turkish locals stunned to find out sacred tomb belongs to ancient Greek boxer". Archived from the original on 2018-05-25. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  12. Smith, John. "Turkey 'Shrine' Turns Out to be Tomb of Ancient Greek Boxer | Greek Reporter Europe". Retrieved 2019-09-02.
  13. "Yıllarca türbe sanıldı; mozole çıktı". www.trthaber.com. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
  14. "Shrine in Turkey uncovered as tomb of ancient Greek boxer | Neos Kosmos". English Edition. 2018-05-22. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
  15. TM (21 May 2018). "Previous holy site in Turkey's Marmaris revealed to be tomb of Greek boxer - Turkish Minute". Retrieved 2019-09-02.
  16. Team, G. C. T. "2,300 year old shrine in Turkey turns out to be tomb of ancient Greek Boxer Diagoras". Greek City Times. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
  17. "Aegean villagers mistook Greek boxer's tomb for Islamic holy site, archaeologists discover". Ahval. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
  18. "Marmaris Heaven Island". Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  19. "Nimara Cave, Marmaris". Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  20. ^ "Climate of Marmaris". Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  21. Anna Pavord, The Tulip (London, Bloomsbury 1999) 289
  22. Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  23. "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Marmaris". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  24. "CEV Avrupa Ligi eşleşmeleri bell oldu". Hürriyet Spor (in Turkish). 2013-07-09. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
  25. "MARTAB: "Kardeş şehir Fürth'de Marmaris Meydanı"". Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  26. Belediyesi, Marmaris. "Marmaris Belediyesi Resmi Web Sitesi". www.marmaris.bel.tr. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  27. "MARTAB: "Marmaris - Ordu kardeş şehir"". Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  28. "Municipality of Ashkelon: "ערים תאומות לאשקלון "". Archived from the original on 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2014-12-06.
  29. "Дзержинский О городе" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2019-06-04.

External links

Ancient settlements in Turkey
Aegean
Black Sea
Central Anatolia
Eastern Anatolia
Marmara
Mediterranean
Southeastern
Anatolia
Neighbourhoods of Marmaris District
Marmaris in Muğla Province of Turkey
Districts


Districts of Muğla
Districts of Muğla
List of provinces by region
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Central East Anatolia
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Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.
National parks of Turkey
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