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{{Infobox scientist {{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = | honorific_prefix = ]
| name = Nureddin Akhriev | name = Nurēddin Akhriev
| honorific_suffix = | honorific_suffix =
| native_name = | native_name =
Line 15: Line 15:
| caption = | caption =
| birth_name = Musost | birth_name = Musost
| birth_date = {{birth date|1904|09|30}}{{efn|] 17 September 1904.}} | birth_date = {{birth date|1904|09|17}}{{efn|] 30 September 1904.}}
| birth_place = ], '']'', ], ] | birth_place = ], '']'', ], ]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|10|14|1904|09|30}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1987|10|14|1904|09|30}}
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| siglum = | siglum =
| pronounce = | pronounce =
| fields = | fields = ], ], ], ], ]
| workplaces = | workplaces = ]
| patrons = | patrons =
| education = | education =
| alma_mater = | alma_mater = Mountainous Institute of Public Education
| thesis_title = <!--(or | thesis1_title = and | thesis2_title = )--> | thesis_title = <!--(or | thesis1_title = and | thesis2_title = )-->
| thesis_url = <!--(or | thesis1_url = and | thesis2_url = )--> | thesis_url = <!--(or | thesis1_url = and | thesis2_url = )-->
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| branch = {{army|Soviet Union}} | branch = {{army|Soviet Union}}
| serviceyears = ]–] | serviceyears = ]–]
| rank = ] | rank = ] of the division of cadets
| awards = | awards =
| battles = ]<br>]
}} }}
}} }}


'''Nurēddin Gabertovich Akhriev'''{{efn|{{lang-rus|Нуреддин Габертович Ахриев|p=nʊrʲɪdʲɪn ɡəbʲɪrtəvʲɪt͡ɕ ɐxrʲɪ(j)ɪf}}; {{langx|inh|Оахаранаькъан ГӀаьбартечун Нурдин|Oakharanäqhan Ghäbartechun Nurdin}}; his '']'' also spelled '''Nurdin'''{{sfn|Dzarakhova|2023}} while his patronymic spelled '''Gebertovich''',{{sfn|Dzarakhova|2023}} '''Goberdovich'''.{{sfn|Neizvestny avtor|1964|p=152}}}} (born '''Musost'''; {{OldStyleDate|17 September|1904|30 September}} – 14 October 1987) was a Soviet ] who specialized in ], and a ] of ], where he used to teach for 40 years, being also the first ] to do so. One of the founders of Ingush Arabic studies.{{sfn|Ozdoeva|2007}}
'''Nureddin Gabertovich Akhriev'''{{efn|Also spelled '''Nurdin Gebertovich Akhriev''' ({{lang-ru|Нурдин Гебертович Ахриев}}){{sfn|Дзарахова|2023}} and '''Nureddin Goberdovich Akhriev''' ({{lang-ru|Нуреддин Гобердович Ахриев|links=no}}).{{sfn|Неизвестный автор|1964|p=152}}}} ({{lang-ru|Нуреддин Габертович Ахриев}}; {{lang-inh|Ӏоахаранаькъан ГӀойберда воӀ Нурдин|'Oakharanäqhan Gabertiy vow Nurdin}}; {{OldStyleDate|30 September|1904|17 September}} – 14 October 1987) was an ] ], ], ], historian, ], ] and ], who also used to teach at the ] for 40 years.

Born on 17 September 1904, Nureddin first studied at the Vladikavkaz Cadet Corps and then at the 2nd practical school of Vladikavkaz. During the ], he was a reserve lieutenant colonel. After the war, he studied philology and orientalism, successfully graduating with honors from the ] in 1940. His dissertation on the topic of "Crusades on the development of military affairs in Europe" never came to he published due to him being drafted to ].

Nureddin was recruited as a career officer and worked at the headquarters of the ]. In the ], Nureddin participated on the ], ] and ] fronts. In 1941–1942, Nureddin often was in ] due to his military missions, in 1943, even becoming a part of a Soviet working group that prepared the ].

Because of Nureddin's public statements about the illegality and erroneousness of the ] and the liquidation of their ], he was arrested on 8 March 1951 and spent almost 4 years in prison. On 10 January 1955 he was released. After his release, Nureddin continued working at the Moscow State University, where he worked up until his death on 14 October 1987.


== Background == == Background ==
Born as an ethnic Ingush{{sfn|Халилов|Идрисов|1998|p=82}} under the name '''Musost''' (possibly in honor of his grandfather Musost Akhriev) on {{OldStyleDate|30 September|1904|17 September}} in ], ] to a family of Gabert Akhriev, a colonel of ] who also beared the title of a '{{ill|military foreman|ru|Войсковой старшина}}'. Nureddin's mother was Zabi Kurieva, who died when he was just over 3 years old.{{sfn|Мальсагов}} Like his father, Nureddin's grandfather Temurko Akhriev was also a colonel of Russian Cavalry.{{sfn|Мальсагов}} He died in 1878 in the ] city of ]{{sfn|Мальсагов}} during the ].{{sfn|Оздоева|2018}} Nureddin was the cousin of ], aviator of the ].{{sfn|Дзарахова|2023}} Born as an ethnic Ingush{{sfn|Khalilov|Idrisov|1998|p=82}}{{sfn|Vasilkov|Sorokina|2003}}{{sfn|''ingushetia.ru''|2014}} under the name ''Musost'' (possibly in honor of his great-grandfather Musost Akhriev) on {{OldStyleDate|17 September|1904|30 September}} in ], ] to a family of Gabert Akhriev, a colonel of ] who also bore the title of a '{{ill|military foreman|ru|Войсковой старшина}}'. Nureddin's mother was Zabi Kurieva, who died when he was just over 3 years old.{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}} Like his father, Nureddin's grandfather Temurko Akhriev was also a colonel of Russian Cavalry{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}} and foreman of ] Society.{{sfn|Zbornik dokemuntov i materialov|2014|p=510}} He died in 1878 in the ] city of ]{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}} during the ].{{sfn|Ozdoeva|2018}} Nureddin was the cousin of ], aviator of the ].{{sfn|Dzarakhova|2023}}


During the outbreak of the ] in 1918, Nureddin's father Gabert sided with the ] and voluntarily joined it, thus subsequently fighting in the ].{{sfn|Оздоева|2018}} Later, after the end of the war, he became a teacher in {{ill|Novy Dzheyrakh|ru|Камбилеевское}}. There he worked up until his death in 1933.{{sfn|Оздоева|2018}}{{sfn|Мальсагов}} During the outbreak of the ] in 1918, Nureddin's father Gabert sided with the ] and voluntarily joined it, thus subsequently fighting in the ].{{sfn|Ozdoeva|2018}} Later, after the end of the war, he became a teacher in {{ill|Novy Dzheyrakh|ru|Камбилеевское}}. There he worked up until his death in 1933.{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}{{sfn|Ozdoeva|2018}}


== Early Years == == Early years ==
Nureddin first studied a at the Vladikavkaz Cadet Corps, but soon after the Russian Revolution, it was closed, therefore he began attending the 2nd practical school of Vladikavkaz.{{sfn|Мальсагов}} Nureddin first studied a at the Vladikavkaz Cadet Corps, but soon after the Russian Revolution, it was closed, therefore he began attending the 2nd practical school of Vladikavkaz.{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}


During the Russian Civil War Nureddin Akhriev participated on the side of ] and fought against the ]. In his autobiography, he even wrote that he was a liaison of ] and ].{{sfn|Мальсагов}} During the Russian Civil War Nureddin Akhriev participated on the side of ] and fought against the ]. By rank, he was a reserve lieutenant colonel.{{sfn|Kadishev|1960|p=477}} In his autobiography, Nureddin Akhriev even claimed he was a liaison of ] and ].{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}{{sfn|Ozdoeva|2020}}


After the end of the war, Nureddin studied at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the ''Gorsky'' Institute of Public Education in Vladikavkaz, from which he graduated in 1926. He also became a member of the ] in the same year and worked as a mathematics teacher in Vladikavkaz.{{sfn|Мальсагов}} After the end of the war, Nureddin studied at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Mountainous Institute of Public Education in Vladikavkaz, from which he graduated in 1926, later teaching at a local school.{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}{{sfn|Ozdoeva|2020}} He also became a member of the ] in the same year.{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}


Nureddin later became a member of Ingush Literature Society and then an assistant platoon commander of the Vladikavkaz battalion of special forces. In 1927 he was moved to ], so he began working at the North Caucasian Regional ''Gorsky'' Research Institute as a researcher, while at the North Caucasian National Publishing House he helped produce textbooks for Ingush and ] schools.{{sfn|Мальсагов}} Nureddin later became a member of Ingush Literature Society and then an assistant platoon commander of the Vladikavkaz battalion of special forces. In 1927 he was moved to ], so he began working at the North Caucasian Regional ''Gorsky'' Research Institute as a researcher, while at the North Caucasian National Publishing House he helped produce textbooks for Ingush and ] schools.{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}{{sfn|Ozdoeva|2020}}


In 1928, due to his appointment as the Executive Secretary of the Permanent Mission of the ] under the Presidium of the ] he moved to ]. For a short period, he held this office until in the same year, he became a teacher at the ], where he worked until 1937.{{sfn|Мальсагов}} This study ended when due to another business trip, he moved to the Arabist department of the ], carried out according to a special recruitment of the ].{{sfn|Мальсагов}} In 1928, due to his appointment as the Executive Secretary of the Permanent Mission of the ] under the Presidium of the ] Nureddin moved to ]. For a short period, he held this office until he became a teacher at the ] in the same year, where he worked until 1937. This study ended when because of another business trip, he moved to the Arabist department of the ], carried out according to a special recruitment of the ].{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}


In 1940, he graduated with honors from this institute, and was awarded by the decision of the State Examination Commission the qualification of a referent-translator for Arab countries. As noted by the commission, Nureddin Akhriev had an excellent knowledge of ], ] and ] languages. He was preparing an dissertation on the topic of "Crusades on the development of military affairs in Europe", when all of sudden, he was drafted to ], which prevented him from doing so. He was rectruited as a career officer and worked at the headquarters of the ]. According to family traditions, he also participated in the ], though there's no documentary evidence of his participation.{{sfn|Мальсагов}} In 1940, he graduated with honors from this institute, and was awarded by the decision of the State Examination Commission the qualification of a referent-translator for Arab countries. As noted by the commission, Nureddin Akhriev had an excellent knowledge of ], ] and ] languages.{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}{{sfn|Ozdoeva|2020}} He was preparing an dissertation on the topic of "Crusades on the development of military affairs in Europe", when all of sudden, he was drafted to ], which prevented him from doing so. He was recruited as a career officer and worked at the headquarters of the ]. According to family traditions, he also participated in the ], though there's no documentary evidence of his participation.{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}


== World War II == == World War II ==
During the ], Nureddin participated on the ], ] and ] fronts, leading the 7th department of the political administration of the Transcaucasian Military District and the Transcaucasus Front, later successively commander of the division of cadets. In the ], he was a senior teacher as the deputy commander of the ].{{sfn|Мальсагов}} During the ], Nureddin participated on the ], ] and ] fronts, leading the 7th department of the political administration of the Transcaucasian Military District and the Transcaucasus Front, later successively commander of the division of cadets. In the ], he was a senior teacher as the deputy commander of the ].{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}


In the period of 1941 to 1942, Nureddin often was in ] due to his military missions. In 1943, he was part of a Soviet working group that prepared the ]. During his visit of Iran, he even wrote a short enquiry named "Brief historical information about Azerbaijan" ({{lang-ru|Краткая историческая справка об Азербайджане}}) describing the ], its borders, history, as well as an assessment of its current state.{{sfn|Мальсагов}} In the period of 1941 to 1942, Nureddin often was in ] due to his military missions. In 1943, he was part of a Soviet working group that prepared the ]. During his visit of Iran, he even wrote a short enquiry named "Brief historical information about Azerbaijan" ({{langx|ru|Краткая историческая справка об Азербайджане|Kratkaya istoricheskaya spravka ob Azerbayjane}}) describing the ], its borders, history, as well as an assessment of its current state.{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}


== Arrest == == Arrest ==
After the end of the war in 1945, Nureddin resumed teaching Arabic at the ] in Moscow. At the same time he was teaching at the philological and historical faculties of ].{{sfn|Мальсагов}} After the end of the war in 1945, Nureddin resumed teaching Arabic at the ] in Moscow. At the same time he was teaching at the philological and historical faculties of ].{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}


On 30 March 1951, the ] filed a case against him, and on August 22, Nureddin was sentenced to eight years in prison under the article ] of ], subsequently removed from the ]. The reason for the arrest was Nureddin's public statements about the illegality and erroneousness of the ] and the liquidation of their ] in 1944. During his arrest, part of his personal library was confiscated by the ] employees.{{sfn|Мальсагов}} On 30 March 1951, the ] filed a case against him, and on 22 August, Nureddin was sentenced to eight years in prison under the article ] of ], subsequently being removed from the ]. The reason for the arrest was Nureddin's public statements about the illegality and erroneousness of the ] and the liquidation of their ] in 1944. During his arrest, part of his personal library was confiscated by the ] employees.{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}


== Later years == == Later years ==
On 10 January 1955 he was released as his sentence was canceled and the criminal case dismissed by a decree of the ]. Nureddin was reinstated in the Communist Party. After his release, Nureddin continued teaching Arabic at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University{{efn|Since 1956, the "]".}} and lectured at the Higher Diplomatic School of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Military Academy.{{sfn|Мальсагов}} On 10 January 1955 he was released as his sentence was canceled and the criminal case dismissed by a decree of the ]. Nureddin was reinstated in the Communist Party.{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}

From 1956 to 1984,{{sfn|Vasilkov|Grishina|Perchenok|1990|p=116}}{{sfn|Vasilkov|Sorokina|2003}} Nureddin continued teaching Arabic at the ]{{efn|Before 1956, the "Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University".{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}}} and lectured at the ] and the ].{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}{{sfn|Ozdoeva|2020}} Nureddin also studied the life and activities of ].{{sfn|Vasilkov|Grishina|Perchenok|1990|p=116}}{{sfn|Vasilkov|Sorokina|2003}}

The Russian-Soviet historian and archeologist, ] {{ill|Evgeny Krupnov|ru|Крупнов, Евгений Игнатьевич}} thanked Nureddin Akhriev for his help in the foreword of the work ''{{ill|Srednevokavaya Ingushetia|ru|Средневековая Ингушетия (книга)}}'' (published in 1971):{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|p=14}}
{{Blockquote|"With special gratitude, I must also mention the help of N. G. Akhriev, an expert on the Ingush language and way of life, who reviewed my manuscript and made a number of valuable comments in it."{{efn|See {{harvnb|Крупнов|1971|pp=26, 36 (note 56), 38, 86 (note 54), 186 (note 23)}} for the ''comments''.}}}}

== Family and friends ==
Nureddin was married to an ] woman named Reynat (Ekaterina) Ramonovna; her brother was Nikolai Ramonov.{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}} Nureddin's cousin was ], the first ] pilot.{{sfn|Dzarakhova|2023}}

Nureddin personally knew historians like ], Evgeny Krupnov; the writers like {{ill|Khalid Oshaev|ru|Халид Ошаев}}.{{sfn|Ozdoeva|2020}}


== Death == == Death ==
On 14 October 1987, Nureddin passed away at the age of 83 in Moscow. He was buried in the ancestral village of his family, ].{{sfn|Мальсагов}} On 14 October 1987, Nureddin passed away at the age of 83 in Moscow. He was buried in the ancestral village of his family, ].{{sfn|Malsagov|2009}}{{sfn|Ozdoeva|2018}}


== Works == == Works ==
=== Small works ===
* {{Cite book|last=Ахриев|first=Н. Г.|year=1943|title=Краткая историческая справка об Азербайджане|trans-title=Brief historical information about Azerbaijan|language=ru|ref=none}}

=== Main works === === Main works ===
* {{Cite book|last=Ахриев|first=Н. Г.|year=1957|chapter=О некоторых вопросах движения кавказских горцев в первой половине XIX в.|trans-chapter=On some issues of the movement of the Caucasian highlanders in the first half of the 19th century|editor-last=Даниялов|editor-first=Г. Д.|display-editors=etal|url=https://instituteofhistory.ru/media/library/publication/files/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8._%D0%A2.2_1957.pdf|title=Ученые записи|trans-title=Scholars records|language=ru|volume=2|location=]|publisher=ИИЯЛ ДагФАН СССР|pages=52–64|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|last=Akhriev|first=N. G.|year=1957|chapter=О некоторых вопросах движения кавказских горцев в первой половине XIX в.|trans-chapter=On some issues of the movement of the Caucasian highlanders in the first half of the 19th century|editor-last=Daniyalov|editor-first=G. D.|display-editors=etal|url=https://instituteofhistory.ru/media/library/publication/files/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8._%D0%A2.2_1957.pdf|title=Ученые записи|trans-title=Scholars records|language=ru|volume=2|location=]|publisher=IIYAL DagFAN SSSR|pages=52–64|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ахриев|first=Н. Г.|year=1975|chapter=Исконные имена чеченцев и ингушей|trans-chapter=Original names of Chechens and Ingush|url=https://www.twirpx.com/file/3327379/grant/|url-access=registration|title=Сборник статей и материалов по вопросам нахского языкознания. Известия ЧИНИИИЯЛ|trans-title=Collection of articles and materials on questions of Nakh linguistics. Izvestia CHIIIIYAL|language=ru|volume=10|location=]|publisher=Чеч.-Инг. кн. изд-во|pages=199–212|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|last=Akhriev|first=N. G.|year=1975|chapter=Исконные имена чеченцев и ингушей|trans-chapter=Original names of Chechens and Ingush|url=https://www.twirpx.com/file/3327379/grant/|url-access=registration|title=Сборник статей и материалов по вопросам нахского языкознания. Известия ЧИНИИИЯЛ|trans-title=Collection of articles and materials on questions of Nakh linguistics. Izvestia CHINIIIYAL|language=ru|volume=10|edition=2nd|location=]|publisher=Chech.-Ing. kn. izd-vo|pages=199–212|ref=none}}


=== Unpublished works === === As manuscript (unpublished) ===
* {{Cite book|last=Ахриев|first=Н. Г.|year=1940|title=Влияние Крестовых походов на развитие военного дела в Европе|trans-title=The influence of the Crusades on the development of military affairs in Europe|language=ru|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|last=Akhriev|first=N. G.|year=1940|title=Влияние Крестовых походов на развитие военного дела в Европе|trans-title=The influence of the Crusades on the development of military affairs in Europe|language=ru|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ахриев|first=Н. Г.|title=Арабская ономастика у народов Северного Кавказа|trans-title=Arabic onomastics among the peoples of the North Caucasus|language=ru|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|last=Akhriev|first=N. G.|year=1943|title=Краткая историческая справка об Азербайджане|trans-title=Brief historical information about Azerbaijan|language=ru|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last=Akhriev|first=N. G.|title=Арабская ономастика у народов Северного Кавказа|trans-title=Arabic onomastics among the peoples of the North Caucasus|language=ru|ref=none}}


=== Redactions === === Redactions ===
* {{Cite book|last=Абдуллаев|first=М. А.|year=1968|editor-last=Ахриев|editor-first=Н. Г.|url=|title=Из истории философской и общественно-политической мысли народов Дагестана в XIX в.|trans-title=From the history of philosophical and socio-political thought of the peoples of Dagestan in the 19th century|language=ru|location=Москва|publisher=]|pages=1–336|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|last=Abdullaev|first=M. A.|year=1968|editor-last=Akhriev|editor-first=N. G.|url=|title=Из истории философской и общественно-политической мысли народов Дагестана в XIX в.|trans-title=From the history of philosophical and socio-political thought of the peoples of Dagestan in the 19th century|language=ru|location=]|publisher=]|pages=1–336|ref=none}}


== Notes == == Notes ==
Line 124: Line 139:
=== Russian sources === === Russian sources ===
{{refbegin}} {{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Vasilkov|first1=Ya. V.|last2=Grishina|first2=A. M.|last3=Perchenok|first3=F. F.|year=1990|url=http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/repress/113-124.pdf|title=Репрессированное востоковедение: Востоковеды, подвергшиеся репрессиям в 20—50-е годы|trans-title=Repressed Oriental Studies: Orientalists who were subjected to repression in the 20–50s|journal=Narody Azii I Afriki|language=ru|location=]|publisher=Peterburgskoe vostokovedinie|issue=4|pages=113–125}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Васильков|first1=Я. В.|last2=Сорокина|first2=М. Ю.|year=2003|chapter-url=https://memory.pvost.org/pages/ahriev.html|chapter=АХРИЕВ (Ингушский) Нурэддин (Нур-Эддин-бей) Габертович|trans-chapter=Akhriev (Ingush) Nurēddin (Nur-Ēddin-Bey) Gabertovich|title=Люди и судьбы. Биобиблиографический словарь востоковедов — жертв политического террора в советский период (1917—1991)|trans-title=People and destinies. Bio-Bibliographic Dictionary of Orientalists – Victims of Political Terror in the Soviet Period (1917–1991)|language=ru|location=]|publisher=Петербургское востоковедение}} * {{Cite book|last1=Vasilkov|first1=Ya. V.|last2=Sorokina|first2=M. Yu.|year=2003|chapter-url=https://memory.pvost.org/pages/ahriev.html|chapter=АХРИЕВ (Ингушский) Нурэддин (Нур-Эддин-бей) Габертович|trans-chapter=Akhriev (Ingush) Nurēddin (Nur-Ēddin-Bey) Gabertovich|title=Люди и судьбы. Биобиблиографический словарь востоковедов — жертв политического террора в советский период (1917—1991)|trans-title=People and destinies. Bio-Bibliographic Dictionary of Orientalists – Victims of Political Terror in the Soviet Period (1917–1991)|language=ru|location=]|publisher=Peterburgskoe vostokovedinie}}
* {{Cite news|last=Газдиев|first=А.|date=2021-06-10|url=https://serdalo.ru/kak-nacionalnaya-biblioteka-respubliki-ingushetiya-stala-unikalnym-khranilischem-nauchnykh-znaniy|title=О, сколько нам открытий чудных|trans-title=Oh, how many wonderful discoveries we have|work=Сердало|language=ru|publisher=Изд-во Сердало}} * {{Cite news|last=Gazdiev|first=A.|date=2021-06-10|title=О, сколько нам открытий чудных|trans-title=Oh, how many wonderful discoveries we have|work=]|language=ru|location=]|publisher=Izd-vo Serdalo}}
* {{Cite news|last=Дзарахова|first=З.|date=2023-01-13|url=https://gazetaingush.ru/obshchestvo/rashid-bek-ahriev-v-istorii-rossiyskoy-aviacii|title=К 130-летию со дня рождения: Рашид-Бек Ахриев в истории российской авиации|trans-title=To the 130th anniversary of his birth: Rashid-Bek Akhriev in the history of Russian aviation|work=Ингушетия|language=ru|publisher=ГАУ редакция газеты "Ингушетия"}} * {{Cite news|last=Dzarakhova|first=Z. M.-T.|date=2023-01-13|url=https://gazetaingush.ru/obshchestvo/rashid-bek-ahriev-v-istorii-rossiyskoy-aviacii|title=К 130-летию со дня рождения: Рашид-Бек Ахриев в истории российской авиации|trans-title=To the 130th anniversary of his birth: Rashid-Bek Akhriev in the history of Russian aviation|work=]|language=ru|publisher=GAU redaktsiya gazety "Ingushetia"}}
⚫ * {{Cite book|last1=Халилов|first1=А. М.|last2=Идрисов|first2=М. М.|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQchAQAAMAAJ|title=Шамиль в истории Северного Кавказа и народной памяти|trans-title=Shamil in the history of the North Caucasus and people's memory|language=ru|location=|publisher=|pages=1–}}
* {{Cite web|author=Press-sluzhba Glavy RI|date=2014-01-14|url=https://www.ingushetia.ru/news/019869/|title=Юнус-Бек Евкуров провел встречу с заместителем директора Института стран Азии и Африки при МГУ|trans-title=Yunus-Bek Yevkurov held a meeting with the Deputy Director of the Institute of Asian and African Studies at Moscow State University|website=ingushetia.ru|language=ru|ref={{harvid|''ingushetia.ru''|2014}}}}
⚫ * {{Cite news|last=Харсиева|first=Л.|date=2022-05-08|url=https://gazetaingush.ru/obshchestvo/uchitelya-ingushetii-na-frontah-velikoy-otechestvennoy-voyny|title=Они сражались за Родину: Учителя Ингушетии на фронтах Великой Отечественной войны|trans-title=They fought for their Motherland: Teachers of Ingushetia on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War|work=Ингушетия|language=ru|publisher=ГАУ редакция газеты "Ингушетия"}}
* {{Cite web|year=2023|url=http://nbri.ru/moments/300-14-sentjabrja.html|title=14 сентября|trans-title=14 September|website=www.nbri.ru|language=ru}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kartoev|first=M. M.|year=2014 |title=Ингушетия в политике Российской империи на Кавказе. XIX век. Сборник документов и материалов|trans-title=Ingushetia in the policy of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus. 19th century. Collection of documents and materials|series=Istoriya Ingushetii: otkrytyy arkhiv |language=ru|edition=1st|location=] |publisher=Yuzhnyy izdatelsky dom|pages=1–604|isbn=978-5-98864-060-8 |url=https://disk.yandex.ru/i/2pn3IcdimLLj3A |ref={{harvid|Zbornik dokemuntov i materialov|2014}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kartoev|first=M. M.|year=2020 |title=Ингушетия в политике Российской империи на Кавказе. XIX век. Сборник документов и материалов|trans-title=Ingushetia in the policy of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus. 19th century. Collection of documents and materials|series=Istoriya Ingushetii: otkrytyy arkhiv |language=ru|edition=2nd|location=] |publisher=Yuzhnyy izdatelsky dom|pages=1–760|isbn=978-5-98864-060-8|ref={{harvid|Zbornik dokemuntov i materialov|2020}}}}
⚫ * {{Cite book|last1=Khalilov|first1=A. M.|last2=Idrisov|first2=M. M.|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQchAQAAMAAJ|title=Шамиль в истории Северного Кавказа и народной памяти|trans-title=Shamil in the history of the North Caucasus and people's memory|language=ru|location=]|publisher=Dagpress|pages=1–128}}
⚫ * {{Cite news|last=Kharsieva|first=L.|date=2022-05-08|url=https://gazetaingush.ru/obshchestvo/uchitelya-ingushetii-na-frontah-velikoy-otechestvennoy-voyny|title=Они сражались за Родину: Учителя Ингушетии на фронтах Великой Отечественной войны|trans-title=They fought for their Motherland: Teachers of Ingushetia on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War|work=]|language=ru|publisher=GAU redaktsiya gazety "Ingushetia"}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kadishev|first=A. B.|year=1960|url=https://rev-lib.com/intervenciya-i-grazhdanskaya-vojna-v-zakavkaze/|title=Интервенция и гражданская война в Закавказье|trans-title=Intervention and civil war in Transcaucasia|language=ru|location=]|publisher=]|pages=1–510}}
{{Cite Medieval Ingushetia}} {{Cite Medieval Ingushetia}}
* {{Cite book|last=Мальсагов|first=А.|year=|url=https://ghalghay.com/2009/11/20/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0/|title=Под знаком большого террор|trans-title=Under the sign of great terror|language=ru}} * {{Cite book|last=Malsagov|first=A.|date=2009-11-20|url=https://ghalghay.com/2009/11/20/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0/|title=Под знаком большого террор|trans-title=Under the sign of great terror|language=ru}}
* {{Cite book|last=Martirosian|first=G. K.|year=1928|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/martirosian-g-k-nagornaya-ingushiya-1928/|title=Нагорная Ингушия|trans-title=Upland Ingushiya|language=ru|location=]|publisher=Gos. tip. A. O. I.|pages=1–150}}
⚫ * {{Cite news|last=Оздоева|first=М.|date=2018-07-23|url=https://gazetaingush.ru/obshchestvo/nureddin-ahriev-chelovek-svoey-epohi#comments|title=Быть нужным своему народу: Нуреддин Ахриев — человек своей эпохи|trans-title=To be needed by your people: Nureddin Akhriev is the man of his era|work=Ингушетия|language=ru|publisher=ГАУ редакция газеты "Ингушетия"}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ozdoeva|first=Radimkhan|year=2007|url=https://cheloveknauka.com/arabizmy-v-ingushskoy-leksike|title=Арабизмы в ингушской лексике|trans-title=Arabisms in the Ingush vocabulary|language=ru|location=Moscow}}
⚫ * {{Cite news|author=Сердало|date=2021-06-21|url=https://serdalo.ru/intelligenciya-ingushetii-v-gody-velikoy-otechestvennoy-voyny|title=Сильные духом: Интеллигенция Ингушетии в годы Великой Отечественной войны|trans-title=Strong in Spirit: The Intelligentsia of Ingushetia during the Great Patriotic War|work=Сердало|language=ru|publisher=Изд-во Сердало}}
⚫ * {{Cite news|last=Ozdoeva|first=Madina|date=2018-07-23|url=https://gazetaingush.ru/obshchestvo/nureddin-ahriev-chelovek-svoey-epohi|title=Быть нужным своему народу: Нуреддин Ахриев — человек своей эпохи|trans-title=To be needed by your people: Nureddin Akhriev is the man of his era|work=]|language=ru|publisher=GAU redaktsiya gazety "Ingushetia"}}
⚫ * {{Cite book|chapter=Неизвестный автор (друг Н.И. Штанько) — Д.Д. Мальсагову|trans-chapter=Unknown author (friend of N.I. Shtanko) to D.D. Malsagov|url=https://www.kunstkamera.ru/files/lib/Malsagov/mal_sagov_v_pechat.pdf|title=Дошлуко Дохович Мальсагов: день за днем. Из эпистолярного наследия|trans-title=Doshluko Dokhovich Malsagov: day by day. From the epistolary heritage|language=ru|location=СПб.|publisher=МАЭ РАН|year=2018|orig-date=1964|pages=151–152|isbn=978-5-88431-354-5|ref={{harvid|Неизвестный автор|1964}}}}
* {{Cite news|last=Ozdoeva|first=Madina|date=2020-09-14|url=https://gazetaingush.ru/obshchestvo/vydayushchiysya-ingushskiy-uchenyy-nureddin-ahriev-chelovek-svoey-epohi|title=Судьба дипломата: Выдающийся ингушский ученый: Нуреддин Ахриев — человек своей эпохи|trans-title=The fate of a diplomat: Outstanding Ingush scientist: Nureddin Akhriev - a man of his era|work=]|language=ru|location=]|publisher=GAU redaktsiya gazety "Ingushetia"}}
* {{Cite news|author=Serdalo|date=2014-09-14|url=http://gazeta-serdalo.ru/%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/3_2388|title=Историк, кавказовед и арабист|trans-title=Historian, caucasologist and arabist|work=]|language=ru|location=]|publisher=Izd-vo Serdalo|archive-date=2019-01-11|archive-url=https://magas.bezformata.com/listnews/istorik-kavkazoved-i-arabist/24273031/|url-status=dead|ref={{harvid|''Serdalo''|2014}}}}
⚫ * {{Cite news|author=Serdalo|date=2021-06-21|url=https://serdalo.ru/intelligenciya-ingushetii-v-gody-velikoy-otechestvennoy-voyny|title=Сильные духом: Интеллигенция Ингушетии в годы Великой Отечественной войны|trans-title=Strong in Spirit: The Intelligentsia of Ingushetia during the Great Patriotic War|work=]|language=ru|location=]|publisher=Izd-vo Serdalo}}
⚫ * {{Cite book|chapter=Неизвестный автор (друг Н.И. Штанько) — Д.Д. Мальсагову|trans-chapter=Unknown author (friend of N.I. Shtanko) to D.D. Malsagov|url=https://www.kunstkamera.ru/files/lib/Malsagov/mal_sagov_v_pechat.pdf|title=Дошлуко Дохович Мальсагов: день за днем. Из эпистолярного наследия|trans-title=Doshluko Dokhovich Malsagov: day by day. From the epistolary heritage|language=ru|location=]|publisher=MAĒ RAN|year=2018|orig-date=1964|pages=151–152|isbn=978-5-88431-354-5|ref={{harvid|Neizvestny avtor|1964}}}}
{{refend}} {{refend}}


Latest revision as of 20:58, 6 November 2024

Ingush scientist In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Gabertovich and the family name is Akhriev.
DocentNurēddin Akhriev
BornMusost
(1904-09-17)September 17, 1904
Vladikavkaz, Vladikavkazsky okrug, Terek Oblast, Russian Empire
DiedOctober 14, 1987(1987-10-14) (aged 83)
Moscow, RSFSR, Soviet Union
Resting placeFurtoug, Ingushetia, Russia
Alma materMountainous Institute of Public Education
Parents
  • Gabert Akhriev (father)
  • Zabi Kurieva (mother)
RelativesRashid-bek Akhriev (cousin)
Scientific career
Fieldsarab studies, history, oriental studies, philology, caucasology
InstitutionsMoscow State University
Military career
Allegiance Soviet Union
Service / branch Soviet Army
Years of service1940–1945
RankCommander of the division of cadets
Battles / warsRussian Civil War
World War Two

Nurēddin Gabertovich Akhriev (born Musost; 17 September [O.S. 30 September] 1904 – 14 October 1987) was a Soviet orientalist who specialized in Arabic studies, and a docent of Moscow State University, where he used to teach for 40 years, being also the first Ingush to do so. One of the founders of Ingush Arabic studies.

Born on 17 September 1904, Nureddin first studied at the Vladikavkaz Cadet Corps and then at the 2nd practical school of Vladikavkaz. During the Russian Civil War, he was a reserve lieutenant colonel. After the war, he studied philology and orientalism, successfully graduating with honors from the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies in 1940. His dissertation on the topic of "Crusades on the development of military affairs in Europe" never came to he published due to him being drafted to Soviet Army.

Nureddin was recruited as a career officer and worked at the headquarters of the Transcaucasian Military District. In the World War II, Nureddin participated on the Transcaucasian, Crimean and 4th Ukrainian fronts. In 1941–1942, Nureddin often was in Iran due to his military missions, in 1943, even becoming a part of a Soviet working group that prepared the Tehran Conference.

Because of Nureddin's public statements about the illegality and erroneousness of the deportation of the Chechens and Ingush and the liquidation of their autonomy, he was arrested on 8 March 1951 and spent almost 4 years in prison. On 10 January 1955 he was released. After his release, Nureddin continued working at the Moscow State University, where he worked up until his death on 14 October 1987.

Background

Born as an ethnic Ingush under the name Musost (possibly in honor of his great-grandfather Musost Akhriev) on 17 September [O.S. 30 September] 1904 in Vladikavkaz, Vladikavkazsky okrug to a family of Gabert Akhriev, a colonel of Russian cavalry who also bore the title of a 'military foreman [ru]'. Nureddin's mother was Zabi Kurieva, who died when he was just over 3 years old. Like his father, Nureddin's grandfather Temurko Akhriev was also a colonel of Russian Cavalry and foreman of Dzherakh Society. He died in 1878 in the Bulgarian city of Pleven during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Nureddin was the cousin of Rashid-bek Akhriev, aviator of the Soviet Air Forces.

During the outbreak of the Russian Revolution in 1918, Nureddin's father Gabert sided with the Red Army and voluntarily joined it, thus subsequently fighting in the Russian Civil War. Later, after the end of the war, he became a teacher in Novy Dzheyrakh [ru]. There he worked up until his death in 1933.

Early years

Nureddin first studied a at the Vladikavkaz Cadet Corps, but soon after the Russian Revolution, it was closed, therefore he began attending the 2nd practical school of Vladikavkaz.

During the Russian Civil War Nureddin Akhriev participated on the side of Bolsheviks and fought against the Whites. By rank, he was a reserve lieutenant colonel. In his autobiography, Nureddin Akhriev even claimed he was a liaison of Sergei Kirov and Sergo Ordzhonikidze.

After the end of the war, Nureddin studied at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Mountainous Institute of Public Education in Vladikavkaz, from which he graduated in 1926, later teaching at a local school. He also became a member of the CPSU in the same year.

Nureddin later became a member of Ingush Literature Society and then an assistant platoon commander of the Vladikavkaz battalion of special forces. In 1927 he was moved to Rostov-on-Don, so he began working at the North Caucasian Regional Gorsky Research Institute as a researcher, while at the North Caucasian National Publishing House he helped produce textbooks for Ingush and Chechen schools.

In 1928, due to his appointment as the Executive Secretary of the Permanent Mission of the Ingush Autonomous Oblast under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Nureddin moved to Moscow. For a short period, he held this office until he became a teacher at the Far East University in the same year, where he worked until 1937. This study ended when because of another business trip, he moved to the Arabist department of the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies, carried out according to a special recruitment of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

In 1940, he graduated with honors from this institute, and was awarded by the decision of the State Examination Commission the qualification of a referent-translator for Arab countries. As noted by the commission, Nureddin Akhriev had an excellent knowledge of Arabic, French and English languages. He was preparing an dissertation on the topic of "Crusades on the development of military affairs in Europe", when all of sudden, he was drafted to Soviet Army, which prevented him from doing so. He was recruited as a career officer and worked at the headquarters of the Transcaucasian Military District. According to family traditions, he also participated in the Winter War, though there's no documentary evidence of his participation.

World War II

During the World War II, Nureddin participated on the Transcaucasian, Crimean and 4th Ukrainian fronts, leading the 7th department of the political administration of the Transcaucasian Military District and the Transcaucasus Front, later successively commander of the division of cadets. In the Tbilisi Higher Artillery Command School, he was a senior teacher as the deputy commander of the 16th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division.

In the period of 1941 to 1942, Nureddin often was in Iran due to his military missions. In 1943, he was part of a Soviet working group that prepared the Tehran Conference. During his visit of Iran, he even wrote a short enquiry named "Brief historical information about Azerbaijan" (Russian: Краткая историческая справка об Азербайджане, romanized: Kratkaya istoricheskaya spravka ob Azerbayjane) describing the Iranian Azerbaijan, its borders, history, as well as an assessment of its current state.

Arrest

After the end of the war in 1945, Nureddin resumed teaching Arabic at the Diplomatic School of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR in Moscow. At the same time he was teaching at the philological and historical faculties of Moscow State University.

On 30 March 1951, the Ministry of State Security filed a case against him, and on 22 August, Nureddin was sentenced to eight years in prison under the article 58-10 of RSFSR, subsequently being removed from the Communist Party. The reason for the arrest was Nureddin's public statements about the illegality and erroneousness of the deportation of the Chechens and Ingush and the liquidation of their autonomy in 1944. During his arrest, part of his personal library was confiscated by the NKVD employees.

Later years

On 10 January 1955 he was released as his sentence was canceled and the criminal case dismissed by a decree of the Procurator General of the Soviet Union. Nureddin was reinstated in the Communist Party.

From 1956 to 1984, Nureddin continued teaching Arabic at the Institute of Asian and African Countries and lectured at the Higher Diplomatic School of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Frunze Military Academy. Nureddin also studied the life and activities of Imam Shamil.

The Russian-Soviet historian and archeologist, doctor of historical sciences Evgeny Krupnov [ru] thanked Nureddin Akhriev for his help in the foreword of the work Srednevokavaya Ingushetia [ru] (published in 1971):

"With special gratitude, I must also mention the help of N. G. Akhriev, an expert on the Ingush language and way of life, who reviewed my manuscript and made a number of valuable comments in it."

Family and friends

Nureddin was married to an Ossetian woman named Reynat (Ekaterina) Ramonovna; her brother was Nikolai Ramonov. Nureddin's cousin was Rashid-bek Akhriev, the first Caucasian pilot.

Nureddin personally knew historians like Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, Evgeny Krupnov; the writers like Khalid Oshaev [ru].

Death

On 14 October 1987, Nureddin passed away at the age of 83 in Moscow. He was buried in the ancestral village of his family, Furtoug.

Works

Main works

As manuscript (unpublished)

  • Akhriev, N. G. (1940). Влияние Крестовых походов на развитие военного дела в Европе [The influence of the Crusades on the development of military affairs in Europe] (in Russian).
  • Akhriev, N. G. (1943). Краткая историческая справка об Азербайджане [Brief historical information about Azerbaijan] (in Russian).
  • Akhriev, N. G. Арабская ономастика у народов Северного Кавказа [Arabic onomastics among the peoples of the North Caucasus] (in Russian).

Redactions

  • Abdullaev, M. A. (1968). Akhriev, N. G. (ed.). Из истории философской и общественно-политической мысли народов Дагестана в XIX в. [From the history of philosophical and socio-political thought of the peoples of Dagestan in the 19th century] (in Russian). Moskva: Nauka. pp. 1–336.

Notes

  1. O.S. 30 September 1904.
  2. Russian: Нуреддин Габертович Ахриев, IPA: [nʊrʲɪdʲɪn ɡəbʲɪrtəvʲɪt͡ɕ ɐxrʲɪ(j)ɪf]; Ingush: Оахаранаькъан ГӀаьбартечун Нурдин, romanized: Oakharanäqhan Ghäbartechun Nurdin; his first name also spelled Nurdin while his patronymic spelled Gebertovich, Goberdovich.
  3. Before 1956, the "Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University".
  4. See Крупнов 1971, pp. 26, 36 (note 56), 38, 86 (note 54), 186 (note 23) harvnb error: no target: CITEREFКрупнов1971 (help) for the comments.

References

  1. ^ Dzarakhova 2023.
  2. Neizvestny avtor 1964, p. 152.
  3. Ozdoeva 2007.
  4. Khalilov & Idrisov 1998, p. 82.
  5. ^ Vasilkov & Sorokina 2003.
  6. ingushetia.ru 2014.
  7. ^ Malsagov 2009.
  8. Zbornik dokemuntov i materialov 2014, p. 510.
  9. ^ Ozdoeva 2018.
  10. Kadishev 1960, p. 477.
  11. ^ Ozdoeva 2020.
  12. ^ Vasilkov, Grishina & Perchenok 1990, p. 116.
  13. Крупнов 1971, p. 14. sfn error: no target: CITEREFКрупнов1971 (help)

Bibliography

Russian sources

Categories: