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| |range_map_caption= Celebes crested macaque range<br/>(blue—native, red—introduced) | |range_map_caption= Celebes crested macaque range<br/>(blue—native, red—introduced) | ||
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| The '''Celebes crested macaque''' ('''''Macaca nigra'''''), also known as the '''crested black macaque''', '''Sulawesi crested macaque''', or the '''black ape''', is an ] that lives in the |
The '''Celebes crested macaque''' ('''''Macaca nigra'''''), also known as the '''crested black macaque''', '''Sulawesi crested macaque''', or the '''black ape''', is an ] that lives in the in the tropical regions of north ]. | ||
| ==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| Locally known as ''yaki'' or '' |
Locally known as ''yaki'', ''wolai'', or ''bolai'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendastari |first=Elif Ivana |date=2024-09-05 |title=Mengenal Yaki, si Monyet Hitam Endemik Sulawesi |url=https://yiari.or.id/yaki/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Yayasan IAR Indonesia |language=id-ID}}</ref> its skin and hairless face is, with the exception of some white hair in the shoulder range, entirely jet black.<ref name="Rowe-1996">{{Cite book |last=Rowe |first=Noel |year=1996 |title=The pictorial guide to the living primates |pages=128 |publisher=Pogonias Press |isbn=978-0964882515}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamada |first=Yuzuru |last2=Oi |first2=Torn |last3=Watanabe |first3=Tsuyoshi |date=1994-06-01 |title=Macaca nigra on Bacan Island, Indonesia: Its morphology, distribution, and present habitat |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02696105 |journal=International Journal of Primatology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=487–493 |doi=10.1007/BF02696105 |issn=1573-8604}}</ref> Unusual for a ], it has striking reddish-brown eyes. It has a long muzzle with high cheeks, and a long hair tuft, or crest, at the top of the head.<ref name="Rowe-1996" /> Uniquely among macaques, males and young females bear a heart-shaped skin pad on the rump.<ref name="SAP" /> It has an ape-like appearance due to its almost non-existent, non-visible, vestigial tail stub of only approximately {{Convert|2|cm|abbr=off}}.<ref name="SAP" /> Females grow up to {{Convert|44|to|55|cm|0|abbr=off}}, and up to 5.5lb (2.49kg), while males grow up to {{Convert|52|to|57|cm|abbr=off|0}}, and up to {{Convert|9.5|to|12.7|kg|abbr=off|0}} <ref name="Rowe-1996" />, it is one of the smaller ] species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neumann |first=Christof |last2=Assahad |first2=Gholib |last3=Hammerschmidt |first3=Kurt |last4=Perwitasari-Farajallah |first4=Dyah |last5=Engelhardt |first5=Antje |date=2010-01-01 |title=Loud calls in male crested macaques, Macaca nigra: a signal of dominance in a tolerant species |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347209004953 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=187–193 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.10.026 |issn=0003-3472}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Macaque societies : a model for the study of social organization |pages=80}}</ref> Its life expectancy is estimated at 18 years in the wild, and 34 was the maximum in captivity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crested black macaque |url=https://primate.wisc.edu/primate-info-net/pin-factsheets/pin-factsheet-crested-black-macaque/#evolution-ecology |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Wisconsin National Primate Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebes crested macaque (Macaca nigra) longevity, ageing, and life history |url=https://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Macaca_nigra |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=genomics.senescence.info}}</ref> | ||
| == Distribution and habitat == | |||
| ''Macaca nigra'' has around 8 subpopulations, with a introduced population on the island of ].<ref name="SAP">{{Cite web |title=Species Action Plan - Sulawesi crested black macaque (Macaca nigra) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341188946}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A non-native population of the Critically Endangered Sulawesi crested black macaque persists on the island of Bacan |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257931111}}</ref> ''M. nigra'' seems to prefer closed canopy forests, with the occupancy being higher along with protected areas.<ref name="SAP" /> | |||
| ==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
| The Celebes crested macaque is a ] ] dweller. This macaque is primarily ], spending more than 60% of its day on the ground foraging for food and socialising, while sleeping and searching for food in the trees. | The Celebes crested macaque is a ] ] dweller. This macaque is primarily ], spending more than 60% of its day on the ground foraging for food and socialising, while sleeping and searching for food in the trees. | ||
| The Celebes crested macaque is ], with 70% of its diet consisting of ]s. It also consumes ], ]s, ]s, ], small ]s and bird ], ]s (such as ] and ]s) ]s, ], and the occasional small ] or ]. | The Celebes crested macaque is ], with 70% of its diet consisting of ]s. It also consumes ], ]s, ]s, ], small ]s and bird ], ]s (such as ] and ]s) ]s, ], ] and the occasional small ] or ]. | ||
| ==Group behaviour== | ==Group behaviour== | ||
| It lives typically in groups of five to twenty-five animals, and occasionally in groups of up to seventy-five animals. Smaller groups have only a single adult male, while larger groups have up to four adult males. However, adult females always outnumber adult males by about 4:1. Young adult males are forced to leave their birth group upon maturity, sometimes forming ] groups, before seeking a connection to an existing adult mixed-sex group. Communication consists of various sounds and gestures; such as the presentation of the long ] while grimacing, a clearly threatening gesture. | It lives typically in groups of five to twenty-five animals, and occasionally in groups of up to seventy-five animals. Smaller groups have only a single adult male, while larger groups have up to four adult males. However, adult females always outnumber adult males by about 4:1. Young adult males are forced to leave their birth group upon maturity, sometimes forming ] groups, before seeking a connection to an existing adult mixed-sex group. Communication consists of various sounds and gestures; such as the presentation of the long ] while grimacing, a clearly threatening gesture. | ||
| The Celebes crested macaque is ], with both males and females mating multiple times with multiple partners. The receptivity of the females is clearly indicated by an extreme ] (swelling) and redness of their ] which, in contrast to the black skin colour, is particularly noticeable. The ] time is 174 days, and the birth of the usually single offspring happens in the spring when food is more plentiful. Young animals are nursed for approximately one year, becoming fully mature in three to four years, females somewhat sooner than males. | The Celebes crested macaque is ], with both males and females mating multiple times with multiple partners. The receptivity of the females is clearly indicated by an extreme ] (swelling) and redness of their ] which, in contrast to the black skin colour, is particularly noticeable. The ] time is 174 days, and the birth of the usually single offspring happens in the spring when food is more plentiful. Young animals are nursed for approximately one year, becoming fully mature in three to four years, females somewhat sooner than males. | ||
| ==Human interactions== | ==Human interactions== | ||
| Line 41: | Line 44: | ||
| In 2014, considerable discussion of ] issues was generated by a ].<ref name="bbc-selfie">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-28674167|title=Photographer 'lost £10,000' in Misplaced Pages monkey 'selfie' row|website=BBC.co.uk|publisher=]|date=7 August 2014|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> | In 2014, considerable discussion of ] issues was generated by a ].<ref name="bbc-selfie">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-28674167|title=Photographer 'lost £10,000' in Misplaced Pages monkey 'selfie' row|website=BBC.co.uk|publisher=]|date=7 August 2014|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> | ||
| ==Gallery== | |||
| <gallery> | |||
| File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MAM.12434 lat - Macaca nigra Desmarest - skull.jpeg|Skull and a jaw bone at the ] in ], Netherlands | |||
| File:Black ape (6915998147).jpg|Skeleton in the ], ], Ireland | |||
| File:Crested Black Macaque (4043624542).jpg|Two celebes macaques grooming each other at the ] in the ], Netherlands | |||
| Image:Macaca nigra juvenile (Buffalo Zoo).jpg|Juvenile Celebes crested macaque at the ] in ], New York | |||
| File:Celebes crested macaque (13968482373).jpg|A celebes macaque eating leaf | |||
| File:Crested Macaque Macaca nigra (7911419924).jpg|A celebes macaque trying to eat coconut at the ], ], Indonesia | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 59: | Line 52: | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| {{Commons category|Macaca nigra}} | |||
| {{Wikispecies|Macaca nigra|Celebes Crested Macaque}} | |||
| *ARKive - | *ARKive - | ||
| * | * | ||
| Line 67: | Line 58: | ||
| {{C.Cercopithecinae nav}} | {{C.Cercopithecinae nav}} | ||
| {{North Sulawesi}} | {{North Sulawesi}} | ||
| {{Portal bar|Indonesia |
{{Portal bar|Indonesia}} | ||
| {{Taxonbar|from=Q280590}} | {{Taxonbar|from=Q280590}} | ||
| {{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
Latest revision as of 20:30, 12 January 2025
Species of Old World monkey
| Celebes crested macaque | |
|---|---|
.jpg)
| |
| Celebes crested macaque at Diergaarde Blijdorp in Rotterdam, Netherlands | |
| Conservation status | |
 Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Cercopithecidae |
| Genus: | Macaca |
| Species: | M. nigra |
| Binomial name | |
| Macaca nigra (Desmarest, 1822) | |
| |
| Celebes crested macaque range (blue—native, red—introduced) | |
The Celebes crested macaque (Macaca nigra), also known as the crested black macaque, Sulawesi crested macaque, or the black ape, is an Old World monkey that lives in the in the tropical regions of north Sulawesi.
Description
Locally known as yaki, wolai, or bolai, its skin and hairless face is, with the exception of some white hair in the shoulder range, entirely jet black. Unusual for a primate, it has striking reddish-brown eyes. It has a long muzzle with high cheeks, and a long hair tuft, or crest, at the top of the head. Uniquely among macaques, males and young females bear a heart-shaped skin pad on the rump. It has an ape-like appearance due to its almost non-existent, non-visible, vestigial tail stub of only approximately 2 centimetres (0.79 inches). Females grow up to 44 to 55 centimetres (17 to 22 inches), and up to 5.5lb (2.49kg), while males grow up to 52 to 57 centimetres (20 to 22 inches), and up to 9.5 to 12.7 kilograms (21 to 28 pounds) , it is one of the smaller macaque species. Its life expectancy is estimated at 18 years in the wild, and 34 was the maximum in captivity.
Distribution and habitat
Macaca nigra has around 8 subpopulations, with a introduced population on the island of Bacan. M. nigra seems to prefer closed canopy forests, with the occupancy being higher along with protected areas.
Ecology
The Celebes crested macaque is a diurnal rain forest dweller. This macaque is primarily terrestrial, spending more than 60% of its day on the ground foraging for food and socialising, while sleeping and searching for food in the trees.
The Celebes crested macaque is frugivorous, with 70% of its diet consisting of fruits. It also consumes leaves, buds, seeds, mushrooms, small birds and bird eggs, insects (such as beetles and caterpillars) worms, snails, spiders and the occasional small lizard or frog.
Group behaviour
It lives typically in groups of five to twenty-five animals, and occasionally in groups of up to seventy-five animals. Smaller groups have only a single adult male, while larger groups have up to four adult males. However, adult females always outnumber adult males by about 4:1. Young adult males are forced to leave their birth group upon maturity, sometimes forming bachelor groups, before seeking a connection to an existing adult mixed-sex group. Communication consists of various sounds and gestures; such as the presentation of the long canine teeth while grimacing, a clearly threatening gesture.
The Celebes crested macaque is promiscuous, with both males and females mating multiple times with multiple partners. The receptivity of the females is clearly indicated by an extreme tumescence (swelling) and redness of their buttocks which, in contrast to the black skin colour, is particularly noticeable. The gestation time is 174 days, and the birth of the usually single offspring happens in the spring when food is more plentiful. Young animals are nursed for approximately one year, becoming fully mature in three to four years, females somewhat sooner than males.
Human interactions
Because it devastates crops and fields, the Celebes crested macaque is hunted as a pest. It is also hunted to provide bushmeat. Clearing the rain forests further threatens its survival. Its situation on the small neighbouring islands of Sulawesi (such as Bacan) is somewhat better, since these have a low human population. The total population of the macaque on Sulawesi is estimated at 4,000–6,000, while a booming population of up to 100,000 monkeys is found on Bacan.
A series of survey trips to Sulawesi and the Minahasa forest area were made in 2004–2009 by Vicki Melfi, who is European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) studbook holder for these macaques, based at Paignton Zoo / the Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust. She has been monitoring population density, which has declined from over 300 individuals per square kilometre in 1980, to 20 to 60 individuals today. A conservation programme called Selamatkan Yaki, or Save the Yaki, as this macaque is known in the local language, was launched with local partners and other conservation groups from Thailand, Germany, and the Wildlife Conservation Society (based in the United States). Both Newquay Zoo and Paignton Zoo are among a number of mostly European zoos which hold ex-situ breeding populations of this animal.
Since 2006, the Macaca Nigra Project has been studying the biology and promoting the conservation of this species. The project, a collaboration between the German Primate Centre and the Bogor Agricultural Institute, is run by Antje Engelhardt, and located in the Tangkoko reserve, home of the biggest crested macaque population remaining in the species' original distribution range.
Nevertheless, despite being critically endangered, crested black macaque are still unprotected outside of Tangkoko reserve, and they are regularly hunted and slaughtered. They are easily caught and killed, as they have no fear of humans. Crested black macaque is considered a delicacy by local residents.
In 2013, wildlife cameraman Colin Stafford-Johnson spent time on Sulawesi, filming the monkeys at close quarters for a BBC documentary entitled Meet the Monkeys.
In 2014, considerable discussion of copyright issues was generated by a 'selfie' photograph taken by a Celebes crested macaque.
See also
References
- Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- Lee, R; Riley, E; Sangermano, F; Cannon, C; Shekelle, M (2020). "Macaca nigra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T12556A17950422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12556A17950422.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- Hendastari, Elif Ivana (2024-09-05). "Mengenal Yaki, si Monyet Hitam Endemik Sulawesi". Yayasan IAR Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2025-01-06.
- ^ Rowe, Noel (1996). The pictorial guide to the living primates. Pogonias Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0964882515.
- Hamada, Yuzuru; Oi, Torn; Watanabe, Tsuyoshi (1994-06-01). "Macaca nigra on Bacan Island, Indonesia: Its morphology, distribution, and present habitat". International Journal of Primatology. 15 (3): 487–493. doi:10.1007/BF02696105. ISSN 1573-8604.
- ^ "Species Action Plan - Sulawesi crested black macaque (Macaca nigra)".
- Neumann, Christof; Assahad, Gholib; Hammerschmidt, Kurt; Perwitasari-Farajallah, Dyah; Engelhardt, Antje (2010-01-01). "Loud calls in male crested macaques, Macaca nigra: a signal of dominance in a tolerant species". Animal Behaviour. 79 (1): 187–193. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.10.026. ISSN 0003-3472.
- Macaque societies : a model for the study of social organization. p. 80.
- "Crested black macaque". Wisconsin National Primate Research Center. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
- "Celebes crested macaque (Macaca nigra) longevity, ageing, and life history". genomics.senescence.info. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
- "A non-native population of the Critically Endangered Sulawesi crested black macaque persists on the island of Bacan".
- Selamatkan Yaki! article in Zoo News (Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust newsletter), Issue 69, Autumn 2009, p. 16.
- "Jelang Natal, Permintaan Kuliner Ekstrim Khas Tomohon Meningkat" [Demands for Macaca Nigra increases during Christmas - considered a delicacy]. Komunitas.RimaNews.com. Rima News. 25 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
- "Meet the Monkeys". BBC.co.uk. BBC Two Natural World. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- "Photographer 'lost £10,000' in Misplaced Pages monkey 'selfie' row". BBC.co.uk. BBC News. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
External links
- ARKive - images and movies of the crested black macaque (Macaca nigra)
- Primate Info Net Macaca nigra Factsheet
- Macaca Nigra Project
| Regencies and cities of North Sulawesi | ||
|---|---|---|
| Capital: Manado | ||
| Regencies |  | |
| Cities | ||
| See also: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia | ||
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Macaca nigra | |
| Cynocephalus niger | |