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{{short description|American criminal organization}}
{{Unreferenced|date=March 2007}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
The '''Dixie Mafia''' was a criminal organization operating primarily in the ], hitting its peak during the ], but still operating on a smaller scale today. It was particularly well known for ], and was primarily a loosely knit group that used each member's talents in various ] categories to help move ] merchandise and illegal alcohol and drugs for profit.<ref>FreeRepublic blog containing copyrighted text of Swearingen, Gene, and Lee, Anita, , ''The Sun Herald,'' September 15, 1990.</ref>
{{Page numbers needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox criminal organization
| name = Dixie Mafia
| image = <!-- filename only -->
| image_size = <!-- defaults to 220px -->
| caption =
| founded = Late 1960s<ref name="Two Mobs"> Jeff Kunerth, '']'' (February 16, 1992) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324020241/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1992-02-16-9202140249-story.html |date=March 24, 2022 }}</ref>
| founder = <!-- or |founders= -->
| named_after =
| founding_location = ], Mississippi, United States
| years_active = {{circa|1960s{{ndash}}present}}
| territory = ]<ref name="Byte"> ] (September 4, 2012) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231194538/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/copy3_of_a-byte-out-of-history |date=December 31, 2016 }}</ref>
| ethnicity = ]
| membership =
| leaders =
| activities = Illegal gambling, drug trafficking, prostitution, robbery, murder, arson, extortion, fraud, bootlegging, rumrunning, police corruption, and political corruption<ref name="Two Mobs"/><ref name="Mob You Never Knew"> ''Crime Capsule'' (February 24, 2020) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807153708/https://crimecapsule.com/the-dixie-mafia-the-mob-you-never-knew/ |date=August 7, 20202 }}</ref>
| allies = {{plainlist| <!-- Any and all additions to this section require a reliable source. -->
* ]<ref name="Mafia figure"> ] (April 10, 2017) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506212956/https://www.wgauradio.com/news/local/dixie-mafia-figure-dies/CIDmKLzoMd7Kq2gDNO2okO/ |date=May 6, 2023 }}</ref>
* ]<ref name="McDermott"> Russell McDermott, '']'' (December 12, 2013) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404054559/https://www.texarkanagazette.com/news/local/story/2013/dec/02/dixie-mafia/295497/ |date=April 4, 2023 }}</ref>
}}
| rivals = <!-- Any and all additions to this section require a reliable source. -->
| notable_members =
}}
The '''Dixie Mafia''', or the '''Dixie Mob''', is an American ] composed mainly of ] and based in ], operating primarily throughout the ] since at least the late 1960s. The groups' activities include movement of stolen merchandise, ], and ].


==Early days==
Beginning in the late ], the gang began working as a loose knit group of traveling criminals, specifically performing residential and home ], ], and ]. They also became known for doing contract killings and ]s of persons usually associated somehow with the group. The Dixie Mafia did not function as historical mafia groups did, with a set chain of command, but rather was led by whoever had the largest amount of money, and therefore the strongest power hold.


Beginning in the 1960s, the Dixie Mafia began working as a loosely knit group of traveling criminals performing residential ], ], and ]. The gang did not function with a set chain of command, with the concept that whoever made the most money deserved to be boss. Despite the informal structure, the Dixie Mafia had one rule that members were expected to obey: "Thou shall not snitch to the cops".<ref></ref>
Particularly in ], ], ], ], and ], the group had very strong ties. Their strongest operating areas centered around ], ], and ]. However, satellite operations were harder to pinpoint, and usually in less visible locations.<ref>Humes, Edward (1995) ''Mississippi Mud: Southern Justice and the Dixie Mafia'', Pocket Press.</ref><ref></ref><ref>Ibid. Swearingen and Lee.</ref>


Unlike members of the ], the members of the Dixie mafia were not connected by family or country of origin. They were loosely connected individuals of many nationalities with a common goal—to make money and wield control over illegal moneymaking operations by any means, including influence peddling, bribery of public officials, and murder.
⚫ They usually, but not always, chose to set up operations in areas that lacked strong, coordinated ], particularly in small communities throughout the south. By doing this, murders, intimidation, or other criminal activities could easily take place without local law enforcement being able to directly link the crimes to the organization. Small town and county law enforcement agencies, especially in poorer sections of the south up to the 1990s, were usually inadequately equipped, and rarely had officers with extensive experience in the investigation of ] or ]. Therefore, a murder could be somewhat easily carried out without much concern for local law enforcement officials making the connection to the Dixie Mafia.


The gang became known for carrying out contract killings, particularly against former members. During its peak, from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, dozens of people were murdered (usually shot) by its members. Victims were most often murdered because they testified, or threatened to testify, against fellow members.
Usually, an operator would set themselves up in a small business, typically the buying and selling of items, whether it be ] or ]s, and at first sight this business would seem legitimate. From this base, they would give themselves a ''front'' to accumulate and sell stolen items provided to them from others within the network. Although these operations might be ''suspected'' of criminal activity, they would usually operate only long enough to arouse suspicion, then move on to another location.


"The Strip" in ], was home base for the Dixie Mafia, and Mike Gillich, Jr., was the group's unofficial but ''de facto'' kingpin. Of ]ian descent and from a large, poor family, he had raised himself in the city's Point Cadet section to become a wealthy entrepreneur along "The Strip". He owned a string of motels and nightclubs that doubled as strip joints and ] dens, as well as a bingo parlor. He was known and trusted by almost every member of the Dixie Mafia, especially those who trusted no one else. In the words of one investigator of the Sherry murders, "Mr. Mike runs the criminals' post office. He's their banker."{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
All members of the Dixie Mafia were former ]s from either the state or federal prison systems. It was usually while in prison that they were recruited as members, and generally a member had to have a history of violence. According to an article written on the topic in the '']'', the gang was well known for its violence in enforcing debts owed to ] houses and ] clubs. The Dixie Mafia also had one precept that members were expected to adhere to: "Thou shalt not snitch to the cops".<ref></ref> One of the gang's most notable members was ], who was convicted of the ] of wealthy ] grocery owner ].


Gillich was also patron and protector of ], one of the gang's most notable members. In December 1965, at the age of 22, Nix was caught carrying illegal automatic weapons in ]. An old friend of his, Juanda Jones, ran a ] there, and Nix became involved with Jones' adolescent daughter, Sheri LaRa. In later years, she played a key role in his operations, including direct ties to the murders of Vince and Margaret Sherry. Edward Humes, in his 1994 book, ''Mississippi Mud'', chronicled their murders and the subsequent investigation of Gillich, Nix, Bobby Fabian, and others who were involved either loosely or actively in the murders. With the aid of his father's connections in neighboring Oklahoma, Nix beat the weapons charges in Fort Smith and moved on to other crimes. He was suspected in the gangland-style murder of a gambler named Harry Bennett, who was about to turn state's evidence against several Dixie Mafia members. Although Nix's involvement in Bennett's murder was never proven, this incident precipitated a string of killings that left 25 people dead in six states over the next four years.
⚫ ==References==

⚫ {{Reflist}}
Nix was a suspect in the attempted assassination of ] Sheriff ], and in the ]. Nix was also convicted of murdering wealthy ] grocery owner Frank Corso. At the time of the murder, Nix was believed to be employed by Darrel Ward in ]. Ward was a noted associate of ] boss ], and is thought to have controlled organized crime and bootlegging throughout Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi. The Dixie Mafia was strongly connected to the ] and its leader, Carl Douglas White.<ref>Morris, W. R. (2001) ''The State Line Mob: A True Story of Murder and Intrigue'', Rutledge Hill Press.</ref><ref>Morris, W. R. (1997) ''The Legacy of ]: A Pictorial History of the "]" Sheriff'', Turner Pub. Co.</ref><ref name=Humes/><ref>Morris, W. R. (1971) ''The Twelfth of August: The Story of ]'', Aurora Publishers.</ref>

==Dixie Mafia's locales==
The Dixie Mafia's origins were in the ]n states, which had a regionalism dating back to the ] and the ] resulting, briefly, in the state of ] (]).<ref>Steven R. Boyd, ed., The Whiskey Rebellion (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985).</ref> This view that the federal government is oppressive and that criminal enterprise against it is justified spread from its place of origin to wealthier regions where the Dixie Mafia operated; primarily in ], ], ], ], ], and ], particularly around the cities of ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Some of the group's criminal activities were in more obscure parts of their major areas of operation, making the group and their activities harder to pinpoint.<ref name=Humes>Humes, Edward (1995) ''Mississippi Mud: Southern Justice and the Dixie Mafia'', Pocket Press.</ref><ref> "Smugglers linked to ] arms deals," ]</ref>

⚫ The Dixie Mafia committed most of their crimes in areas that lacked strong, coordinated law enforcement, particularly in small communities throughout the South (such as ]). In doing so, murders, intimidation, or other criminal activities could take place with less risk of local law enforcement being able to directly link the crimes to the organization.{{citation needed|date=May 2010}} Small-town and county law enforcement agencies, especially in poorer sections of the South up to the 1990s, were usually inadequately equipped, and rarely had officers with extensive experience in the investigation of ] or ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

The members of the Dixie Mafia usually created small, seemingly legitimate businesses such as buying and selling junk or ]s. These businesses provided fronts for the operators to buy and sell stolen items provided by others within the network. The businesses usually operated until they aroused suspicion, then moved to another location.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

Many members of the Dixie Mafia were former state or federal prisoners. Members were usually recruited while in prison; a history of violent behavior was generally a prerequisite to becoming a member. According to an article in the '']'', the gang was well known for its violence in collecting debts owed to gambling houses and strip clubs.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

The terms "Dixie Mafia" and "Southern Mafia" have been used interchangeably. Documented use of the two terms existed as early as 1993, when Scarfone wrote about the "Dixie Mafia" or the "Southern Mafia" working together with the "Italian Mafia" in the South. His accounts of the "Good Ol' Boy's Southern-Mafia" in parts 3 and 4 of the article describe the group's indigenous nature.<ref></ref>{{original research inline|date=June 2022}} Whether all journalistic and literary references to the "Dixie Mafia" and the "Southern Mafia" refer to the same group of individuals is unclear. Therefore, these terms have become a general reference to any illegal enterprise in the ] that, for cultural reasons, can expect a certain amount of support, both intended and unintended, from the local population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv22n3/bootleggers.pdf |title=Bruce Yandle, "Bootleggers and Baptists: The Education of a Regulatory Economist." ''Regulation 7'', no. 3 (1983): 12. |access-date=2007-12-09 |archive-date=2012-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003182547/http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv22n3/bootleggers.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Infiltration into law enforcement ==
The Dixie Mafia was especially notorious for infiltrating law enforcement agencies in many poor Southern counties; members could easily use patronage, influence-peddling, and money to obtain jobs as sheriffs and sworn deputies. The ] reported on this infiltration: "It was out of control," said retired Special Agent Keith Bell, referring to the level of corruption in Biloxi and Harrison County—so much so that in 1983 federal authorities would designate the entire Harrison County Sheriff's Office as a criminal enterprise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dixie Mafia |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/copy3_of_a-byte-out-of-history |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |language=en-us}}</ref> The Dixie Mafia sheriffs and officers loyal to them "were doing anything and everything illegal down ... For money, would release prisoners from the county jail, safeguard drug shipments, and hide fugitives. Anything you can think of, they were involved in." In some locations the infiltration was so bad that "corrupt local sheriffs and deputies regularly extorted local businesses, aided prostitution, and in some cases murdered their political opponents in cold blood."<ref>{{Cite web |last=crimecapsule |date=2020-02-24 |title=The Dixie Mafia: The Mob You Never Knew |url=https://crimecapsule.com/the-dixie-mafia-the-mob-you-never-knew/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Crime Capsule |language=en-US}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The Dixie Mafia is featured in the American TV shows ], ], '']'' and '']''.<ref>{{cite web | last=Miller | first=Shannon | title=Claws' final season puts its relationships to the test | website=The A.V. Club | date=December 17, 2021 | url=https://www.avclub.com/claws-eventful-yet-somewhat-uneven-final-season-puts-1848233588 | access-date=June 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Tuned In: TNT gets its 'Claws' into Dixie Mafia drama | website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date=June 9, 2017 | url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2017/06/09/Niecy-Nash-Claws/stories/201706090051 | access-date=June 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/comedy/danny-mcbride-righteous-gemstones/ | title=Danny McBride Talks the Righteous Gemstones, Wrestling, and the South | date=14 January 2022 }}</ref> It is an antagonist gang in the video game '']''.


==See also== ==See also==
*]—cash crop whose harvesting, warehousing, and curing technology has been adapted, with little alteration, to ]
*]
*] *]
*] *]
*]
*]

*]
⚫ ==References==
*]
⚫ {{Reflist}}
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]


==External links== ==External links==
* by John Caylor * by John Caylor
* *
*

{{Organized crime groups in the Americas |state=collapsed}}


] ]
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Latest revision as of 12:12, 22 December 2024

American criminal organization
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Criminal organization
Dixie Mafia
FoundedLate 1960s
Founding locationBiloxi, Mississippi, United States
Years activec. 1960s–present
TerritorySoutheastern United States
EthnicityWhite Southerner
ActivitiesIllegal gambling, drug trafficking, prostitution, robbery, murder, arson, extortion, fraud, bootlegging, rumrunning, police corruption, and political corruption
Allies

The Dixie Mafia, or the Dixie Mob, is an American criminal organization composed mainly of White Southerners and based in Biloxi, Mississippi, operating primarily throughout the Southern United States since at least the late 1960s. The groups' activities include movement of stolen merchandise, illegal alcohol, and illegal drugs.

Early days

Beginning in the 1960s, the Dixie Mafia began working as a loosely knit group of traveling criminals performing residential burglary, robbery, and theft. The gang did not function with a set chain of command, with the concept that whoever made the most money deserved to be boss. Despite the informal structure, the Dixie Mafia had one rule that members were expected to obey: "Thou shall not snitch to the cops".

Unlike members of the American Mafia, the members of the Dixie mafia were not connected by family or country of origin. They were loosely connected individuals of many nationalities with a common goal—to make money and wield control over illegal moneymaking operations by any means, including influence peddling, bribery of public officials, and murder.

The gang became known for carrying out contract killings, particularly against former members. During its peak, from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, dozens of people were murdered (usually shot) by its members. Victims were most often murdered because they testified, or threatened to testify, against fellow members.

"The Strip" in Biloxi, Mississippi, was home base for the Dixie Mafia, and Mike Gillich, Jr., was the group's unofficial but de facto kingpin. Of Croatian descent and from a large, poor family, he had raised himself in the city's Point Cadet section to become a wealthy entrepreneur along "The Strip". He owned a string of motels and nightclubs that doubled as strip joints and gambling dens, as well as a bingo parlor. He was known and trusted by almost every member of the Dixie Mafia, especially those who trusted no one else. In the words of one investigator of the Sherry murders, "Mr. Mike runs the criminals' post office. He's their banker."

Gillich was also patron and protector of Kirksey McCord Nix Jr., one of the gang's most notable members. In December 1965, at the age of 22, Nix was caught carrying illegal automatic weapons in Fort Smith, Arkansas. An old friend of his, Juanda Jones, ran a bordello there, and Nix became involved with Jones' adolescent daughter, Sheri LaRa. In later years, she played a key role in his operations, including direct ties to the murders of Vince and Margaret Sherry. Edward Humes, in his 1994 book, Mississippi Mud, chronicled their murders and the subsequent investigation of Gillich, Nix, Bobby Fabian, and others who were involved either loosely or actively in the murders. With the aid of his father's connections in neighboring Oklahoma, Nix beat the weapons charges in Fort Smith and moved on to other crimes. He was suspected in the gangland-style murder of a gambler named Harry Bennett, who was about to turn state's evidence against several Dixie Mafia members. Although Nix's involvement in Bennett's murder was never proven, this incident precipitated a string of killings that left 25 people dead in six states over the next four years.

Nix was a suspect in the attempted assassination of McNairy County, Tennessee Sheriff Buford Pusser, and in the murder of Pusser's wife. Nix was also convicted of murdering wealthy New Orleans grocery owner Frank Corso. At the time of the murder, Nix was believed to be employed by Darrel Ward in Clarksville, Texas. Ward was a noted associate of Chicago Mob boss Sam Giancana, and is thought to have controlled organized crime and bootlegging throughout Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi. The Dixie Mafia was strongly connected to the State Line Mob and its leader, Carl Douglas White.

Dixie Mafia's locales

The Dixie Mafia's origins were in the Appalachian states, which had a regionalism dating back to the Whiskey Rebellion and the secessionist movement resulting, briefly, in the state of Franklin (Eastern Tennessee). This view that the federal government is oppressive and that criminal enterprise against it is justified spread from its place of origin to wealthier regions where the Dixie Mafia operated; primarily in Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama, particularly around the cities of Birmingham, Baton Rouge, Hattiesburg, Corinth, Dallas, and Atlanta. Some of the group's criminal activities were in more obscure parts of their major areas of operation, making the group and their activities harder to pinpoint.

The Dixie Mafia committed most of their crimes in areas that lacked strong, coordinated law enforcement, particularly in small communities throughout the South (such as Andalusia, Alabama). In doing so, murders, intimidation, or other criminal activities could take place with less risk of local law enforcement being able to directly link the crimes to the organization. Small-town and county law enforcement agencies, especially in poorer sections of the South up to the 1990s, were usually inadequately equipped, and rarely had officers with extensive experience in the investigation of homicide or organized crime.

The members of the Dixie Mafia usually created small, seemingly legitimate businesses such as buying and selling junk or antiques. These businesses provided fronts for the operators to buy and sell stolen items provided by others within the network. The businesses usually operated until they aroused suspicion, then moved to another location.

Many members of the Dixie Mafia were former state or federal prisoners. Members were usually recruited while in prison; a history of violent behavior was generally a prerequisite to becoming a member. According to an article in the Las Vegas Review-Journal, the gang was well known for its violence in collecting debts owed to gambling houses and strip clubs.

The terms "Dixie Mafia" and "Southern Mafia" have been used interchangeably. Documented use of the two terms existed as early as 1993, when Scarfone wrote about the "Dixie Mafia" or the "Southern Mafia" working together with the "Italian Mafia" in the South. His accounts of the "Good Ol' Boy's Southern-Mafia" in parts 3 and 4 of the article describe the group's indigenous nature. Whether all journalistic and literary references to the "Dixie Mafia" and the "Southern Mafia" refer to the same group of individuals is unclear. Therefore, these terms have become a general reference to any illegal enterprise in the Southern states that, for cultural reasons, can expect a certain amount of support, both intended and unintended, from the local population.

Infiltration into law enforcement

The Dixie Mafia was especially notorious for infiltrating law enforcement agencies in many poor Southern counties; members could easily use patronage, influence-peddling, and money to obtain jobs as sheriffs and sworn deputies. The Federal Bureau of Investigation reported on this infiltration: "It was out of control," said retired Special Agent Keith Bell, referring to the level of corruption in Biloxi and Harrison County—so much so that in 1983 federal authorities would designate the entire Harrison County Sheriff's Office as a criminal enterprise. The Dixie Mafia sheriffs and officers loyal to them "were doing anything and everything illegal down ... For money, would release prisoners from the county jail, safeguard drug shipments, and hide fugitives. Anything you can think of, they were involved in." In some locations the infiltration was so bad that "corrupt local sheriffs and deputies regularly extorted local businesses, aided prostitution, and in some cases murdered their political opponents in cold blood."

In popular culture

The Dixie Mafia is featured in the American TV shows Justified, Claws, The Righteous Gemstones and Young Sheldon. It is an antagonist gang in the video game Mafia III.

See also

References

  1. ^ Two Mobs Jeff Kunerth, Orlando Sentinel (February 16, 1992) Archived March 24, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  2. A Byte Out of History: Murder and the Dixie Mafia fbi.gov (September 4, 2012) Archived December 31, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  3. The Dixie Mafia: The Mob You Never Knew Crime Capsule (February 24, 2020) Archived 2020-08-07 at the Wayback Machine
  4. “Dixie Mafia” figure dies WGAU (April 10, 2017) Archived May 6, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  5. Dixie Mafia Russell McDermott, Texarkana Gazette (December 12, 2013) Archived April 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  6. Dixie Mafia: Prison Gang Profile
  7. Morris, W. R. (2001) The State Line Mob: A True Story of Murder and Intrigue, Rutledge Hill Press.
  8. Morris, W. R. (1997) The Legacy of Buford Pusser: A Pictorial History of the "Walking Tall" Sheriff, Turner Pub. Co.
  9. ^ Humes, Edward (1995) Mississippi Mud: Southern Justice and the Dixie Mafia, Pocket Press.
  10. Morris, W. R. (1971) The Twelfth of August: The Story of Buford Pusser, Aurora Publishers.
  11. Steven R. Boyd, ed., The Whiskey Rebellion (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985).
  12. Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (1994) "Smugglers linked to Contra arms deals," The Telegraph plc.
  13. Scarfone, R. J., (1993) If I Had Wings I'd Help Them Fly? or "As Long As The Voices Sing"? (you make the choice) A Book Of Choices, M.A.G.I.C. Press, Lawrenceville, Georgia.
  14. "Bruce Yandle, "Bootleggers and Baptists: The Education of a Regulatory Economist." Regulation 7, no. 3 (1983): 12" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-03. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
  15. "The Dixie Mafia". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  16. crimecapsule (2020-02-24). "The Dixie Mafia: The Mob You Never Knew". Crime Capsule. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  17. Miller, Shannon (December 17, 2021). "Claws' final season puts its relationships to the test". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
  18. "Tuned In: TNT gets its 'Claws' into Dixie Mafia drama". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. June 9, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
  19. "Danny McBride Talks the Righteous Gemstones, Wrestling, and the South". 14 January 2022.

External links

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