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| {{Short description|Following the teaching of an Islamic scholar rather than reasoning independently}} | |||
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| {{Usul al-fiqh}} | {{Usul al-fiqh}} | ||
| '''''Taqlid''''' ({{langx|ar|تَقْليد|taqlīd}}, "]") is an ] denoting the conformity of one person to the teaching of another. The person who performs ''taqlid'' is termed ''muqallid''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.mac.com/jawziyyah/The_Jawziyyah_Institute/Home_files/Taqlid%201.pdf|title=The Truth About Taqlid (Part I)|last=Sharif|first=Surkheel (Abu Aaliyah)|publisher=The Jawziyyah Institute|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306022617/http://web.mac.com/jawziyyah/The_Jawziyyah_Institute/Home_files/Taqlid%201.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> The definite meaning of the term varies depending on context and age. Classical usage of the term differs between ] and ]. Sunni Islamic usage designates the unjustified conformity of one person to the teaching of another, rather than the justified conformity of a layperson to the teaching of a '']'' (a person who is qualified for independent reasoning). Shia Islamic usage designates general conformity to the teaching of a ''mujtahid'', and there is no negative connotation. The discrepancy corresponds to differing views on the ] and ]. | |||
| '''Taqlid''' or '''taqleed''' (] تَقْليد ''taqlīd'') is a doctrine in ] referring to the acceptance of a religious ruling in matters of worship and personal affairs from someone regarded as a higher religious authority (e.g. an ]) without necessarily asking for the technical proof. Most often, this refers to the adherence to one of the four classical ] schools of ''fiqh'', or jurisprudence (see ]). | |||
| In contemporary usage, especially in the context of ], ''taqlid'' is often portrayed in a negative light and translated as "blind imitation". This refers to the perceived stagnation of independent intellectual effort ('']'') and uncritical imitation of traditional religious interpretation by the religious establishment in general.<ref name="Jo">Weiss, Bernard G. (1995). "Taqlīd". In John L. Esposito. ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> | |||
| In ], ''taqlīd'' is a verbal noun based on the verb ''qallada'', which literally means 'to place something (e.g. a necklace or medal) around the neck'. The person who performs the action is called a ''muqallid''. By extension, it means 'to award or confer an honor or authority' to someone. | |||
| ==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
| The ] ''taqlīd'' is derived from the ] of {{lang|ar|ق-ل-د}} '']-]-] '', which means to imitate.<ref>Najm al-Din al-Tufi, Sharh Mukhtasar al-Rawdah (Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risålah, 1410H), 3:65.</ref> The term is believed to have originated from the idea of allowing oneself to be led "by the collar". One who performs ''taqlid'' is called a ''muqallid'',<ref name="ja"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306022617/http://web.mac.com/jawziyyah/The_Jawziyyah_Institute/Home_files/Taqlid%201.pdf |date=2009-03-06 }}</ref> whereas one who rejects ''taqlid'' is called a ''ghair-muqallid''. Sheikh Shaamee Hanafi said it is "to take the statement of someone without knowing the evidence."<ref>''Aqood Rasm al-Muftee'', p. 23</ref> | |||
| Sheikh Shaamee Hanafi said: “''Taqleed'' is to take the statement of someone without knowing the evidence.”<ref>Aqood Rasm al-Muftee, p. 23</ref> | |||
| === Sunni Islam === | |||
| Sheikh ibn Humaam Hanafi said: “''Taqleed'' is to act upon the statement of someone whose statement does not contain any evidence, rather it is without evidence.”<ref>Tayseer at-Tahreer</ref> | |||
| Traditionally, ''taqlid'' is lawful and obligatory when one is not qualified as a '']''.<ref name="Peter 139">{{cite journal|last=Peter|first=Rudolph|title=IDJTIHAD AND TAQLID IN 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY ISLAM|url=http://dare.uva.nl/document/2/94781|journal=Die Welt des Islams|pages=139}}</ref> According to ], this is by the ] of all Sunni Muslims.<ref name="Peter 139"/> | |||
| Traditional Sunni scholars rely on two verses of the Qur'an that order one to ask the people of knowledge or remembrance if they do not know and to obey Allah, the messenger and those in authority among them.<ref name="Peter 139"/> They also rely on several '']'', including one where Muhammad tells his companions, "If one does not know what to do, the only remedy is to inquire." Muhammad did this after a ] who had fractured his skull asked other companions with him whether he could perform ]. They said no. So this injured companion washed his head with water and died. Muhammad admonished his companions by saying, "They killed him. May Allah kill them. If one does not know what to do, the only remedy is to inquire."<ref name="Peter 139"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Ahmed Fekry|last2=University|first2=McGill|date=2016|title=Rethinking the Taqlīd Hegemony: An Institutional, Longue-Durée Approach|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.4.0801|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=136|issue=4|pages=801–816|doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.4.0801|jstor=10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.4.0801|issn=0003-0279}}</ref> | |||
| ''Taqlid'' is considered by some to be an easy option in the context of Islamic '']'', or law. ''Taqlid'' in Islam refers to accepting and following the verdicts of scholars of ''fiqh'' in their exposition and interpretation of Islamic law, without demanding from them an in-depth explanation of the processes ('']'') required to arrive at such a verdict. It implies that the duty of ordinary Muslims is to trustingly accept the authority of scholars in this matter and act upon their verdicts. | |||
| ] and ]s reject ''taqlid'' and instead encourage '']''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=L. Esposito|first=John|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-19-512558-4|location=New York|pages=10, 333}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=C. Martin|first=Richard|title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World|year=2004| publisher=Macmillan Reference USA| isbn=0-02-865603-2 |pages=727-728, 608-609, 26-27}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | ==References== | ||
| {{explain-inote}} | |||
| === Shia Islam === | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| In Shia Islam, ''taqlid'' "denotes the following or "imitating" of the dictates of a '']''".<ref name="Momen-1985-xxii">{{cite book|last=Momen|first=Moojan|author-link= Moojan Momen|title=An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism|date=1985|publisher=Yale University Press|page=xxii|isbn=0-300-03531-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C&q=taqlid|access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> Following the ] (''al-ghaybatu 'l-kubra'') in 941 CE (329 AH), the ] are obliged to observe ''taqlid'' in their religious jurisprudential affairs by following the teachings of a thinker ('']'') or jurist ('']'').<ref></ref> As of the 19th century the Shia '']'' taught believers to turn to "a source of ''taqlid''" (''] at-taqlid'') "for advice and guidance and as a model to be imitated."<ref name="Momen-1985-143">{{cite book|last=Momen|first=Moojan|author-link= Moojan Momen|title=An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism|date=1985|publisher=Yale University Press|page=143|isbn=0-300-03531-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C&q=taqlid|access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> Thus Shia who are not experts in Islamic jurisprudence ('']'') are "legally required to follow the instructions of the expert, i.e., the ''mujtahid''" in matters of '']'', but are forbidden to do so in "matters of belief" (]).<ref name="AI">{{cite web|title=Taqlid: Meaning and Reality|url=https://www.al-islam.org/articles/taqlid-meaning-and-reality-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi|website=al-Islam.org|date=20 January 2013|access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> | |||
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| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| *] | * ] | ||
| *] | *'']'' | ||
| ⚫ | ==References== | ||
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Latest revision as of 08:50, 25 November 2024
Following the teaching of an Islamic scholar rather than reasoning independently
Taqlid (Arabic: تَقْليد, romanized: taqlīd, "imitation") is an Islamic term denoting the conformity of one person to the teaching of another. The person who performs taqlid is termed muqallid. The definite meaning of the term varies depending on context and age. Classical usage of the term differs between Sunni Islam and Shia Islam. Sunni Islamic usage designates the unjustified conformity of one person to the teaching of another, rather than the justified conformity of a layperson to the teaching of a mujtahid (a person who is qualified for independent reasoning). Shia Islamic usage designates general conformity to the teaching of a mujtahid, and there is no negative connotation. The discrepancy corresponds to differing views on the Shia Imamate and Sunni imams.
In contemporary usage, especially in the context of Salafism, taqlid is often portrayed in a negative light and translated as "blind imitation". This refers to the perceived stagnation of independent intellectual effort (ijtihad) and uncritical imitation of traditional religious interpretation by the religious establishment in general.
Overview
The Arabic word taqlīd is derived from the three-letter Arabic verbal root of ق-ل-د Q-L-D , which means to imitate. The term is believed to have originated from the idea of allowing oneself to be led "by the collar". One who performs taqlid is called a muqallid, whereas one who rejects taqlid is called a ghair-muqallid. Sheikh Shaamee Hanafi said it is "to take the statement of someone without knowing the evidence."
Sunni Islam
Traditionally, taqlid is lawful and obligatory when one is not qualified as a mujtahid. According to Rudolph Peters, this is by the consensus of all Sunni Muslims.
Traditional Sunni scholars rely on two verses of the Qur'an that order one to ask the people of knowledge or remembrance if they do not know and to obey Allah, the messenger and those in authority among them. They also rely on several hadiths, including one where Muhammad tells his companions, "If one does not know what to do, the only remedy is to inquire." Muhammad did this after a companion who had fractured his skull asked other companions with him whether he could perform dry purification. They said no. So this injured companion washed his head with water and died. Muhammad admonished his companions by saying, "They killed him. May Allah kill them. If one does not know what to do, the only remedy is to inquire."
Salafi and Wahhabis reject taqlid and instead encourage ijtihad.
Shia Islam
In Shia Islam, taqlid "denotes the following or "imitating" of the dictates of a mujtahid". Following the greater occultation (al-ghaybatu 'l-kubra) in 941 CE (329 AH), the Twelver Shia are obliged to observe taqlid in their religious jurisprudential affairs by following the teachings of a thinker (mujtahid) or jurist (faqih). As of the 19th century the Shia ulama taught believers to turn to "a source of taqlid" (marja' at-taqlid) "for advice and guidance and as a model to be imitated." Thus Shia who are not experts in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) are "legally required to follow the instructions of the expert, i.e., the mujtahid" in matters of sharia, but are forbidden to do so in "matters of belief" (usul al-din).
See also
References
- Sharif, Surkheel (Abu Aaliyah). "The Truth About Taqlid (Part I)" (PDF). The Jawziyyah Institute. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06.
- Weiss, Bernard G. (1995). "Taqlīd". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Najm al-Din al-Tufi, Sharh Mukhtasar al-Rawdah (Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risålah, 1410H), 3:65.
- Surkheel (Abu Aaliyah) Sharif, The Truth About Taqlid (Part I), the Jawziyyah Institute, 2007, p. 2 Archived 2009-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
- Aqood Rasm al-Muftee, p. 23
- ^ Peter, Rudolph. "IDJTIHAD AND TAQLID IN 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY ISLAM". Die Welt des Islams: 139.
- Ibrahim, Ahmed Fekry; University, McGill (2016). "Rethinking the Taqlīd Hegemony: An Institutional, Longue-Durée Approach". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 136 (4): 801–816. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.4.0801. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.4.0801.
- L. Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 10, 333. ISBN 0-19-512558-4.
- C. Martin, Richard (2004). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 727–728, 608–609, 26–27. ISBN 0-02-865603-2.
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism. Yale University Press. p. xxii. ISBN 0-300-03531-4. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- al-islam.org 1. What is taqlid?
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism. Yale University Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-300-03531-4. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- "Taqlid: Meaning and Reality". al-Islam.org. 20 January 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2016.