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{{translated page|fr|Études génétiques sur les Juifs}}


__TOC__ __TOC__


== POV tag == == Questionable sourcing? ==


Someone verify these many informations?: https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Genetic_studies_of_Jews&diff=prev&oldid=1256248852, as these persons were reverted here: https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Beta_Israel&diff=prev&oldid=1258257377 and fake article they made was deleted: https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Judeo-Ge%27ez, but still on French Wiki: https://fr.wikipedia.org/Judeo-Ge%27ez ] (]) 08:32, 25 November 2024 (UTC)
I have added a POV tag to this article, having reread it recently on the back of the recent discussions at ]. The lede here is heavily unbalanced towards the "modern Jews are the primary descendants of the Israelites" theory and does not appropriately reflect the weight of sources in the article.


:Sorry but it is difficult to understand what you are requesting exactly ] (]) 10:56, 27 December 2024 (UTC)
The article would also benefit from a health warning along the lines of the conclusion of ] in his work ''The Origin of the Jews: The Quest for Roots in a Rootless Age'':


== Full paragraph to be removed ==
{{tq2|What made the question of Jewish origin such an insistent one for many of the scholars we have looked at was its perceived implications for their own identities as Europeans, Christians, Jews, cosmopolitans, Israelis, or Palestinians. These scholars believed that their answers to the question of Jewish origin addressed pressing questions of their times: Is it best to try to integrate Jews into Europe or to exclude them? How to resolve competing claims of indigenousness among Israelis and Palestinians? Present-day research is no different in this regard. Always there seems to be something beyond historical curiosity that motivates the scholarship: insecurity about the ambiguities of one’s identity, the trauma of having been uprooted, a need to recover something that feels like it has been lost, a fear of being dislodged from one’s place by another people, or profound discontent with some other origin account and what it implies about the present. It is to these kinds of considerations—the psychological, sociological, and political motives for scholarship—that we must look if we are to understand what makes the lost origin of the Jews appear as a relevant absence to scholars, why they see a mystery worth solving… The inconvenient truth, however, is that there is no way for scholarship to close the gap. Scholarship has done a good job coming up with new evidence, and it is quite expert at debunking existing origin accounts for the Jews, but it has failed to generate an alternative narrative that can do the kind of work the Book of Genesis does in helping people to comprehend themselves and their places in the world. What we have seen suggests that leaning on scholarship to play the role of creation myth leads to claims that are tendentious at best, and sometimes quite destructive. This is the only honest way I can describe where the scholarly search for the origin of the Jews has led after so many centuries of effort, and yet I do not think it suffices to leave a hole at the beginning of Jewish history.}}


There is a mistake regarding this paragraph, it should be removed because it concerns Autosomal not Y-DNA. Actually the same paragraph already exist in the Autosomal section.
] (]) 22:46, 13 August 2023 (UTC)


{{Blockquote|The largest study to date on Jews who lived in North Africa was conducted in 2012 and was led by Prof. ] of the departments of pathology, genetics and pediatrics at the ] at New York's ], and was published online in the '']'', in it the scholars had found that the Jews who lived in Morocco and Algeria had more European admixture in their gene pools than the Jews who lived in Tunisia and Libya, probably as a result of a larger expelled Sephardi Jewish population settling in those two first mentioned lands post 1492 and 1497. All communities of North African Jews exhibited a high degree of endogamy.}}] (]) 11:04, 27 December 2024 (UTC)
:It seems it may be a bit undue to give the opinion of a non-geneticist that kind of weight in an article such as this (that focuses on genetic studies).] (]) 00:24, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
:Onceinawhile, could you identify a few bits of content that would need to be added/changed/removed in order to comply with NPOV? ] (] / ]) 01:02, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
::Hi FFF, the entirety of paragraphs 2 and 3 of the lede have a very clear, and very unbalanced, POV:
::<small>{{tq|Studies of autosomal DNA, which look at the entire DNA mixture, show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities with most in a community sharing significant ancestry. For populations of the Jewish diaspora, the genetic composition of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jewish populations shows significant amounts of shared Middle Eastern ancestry. According to geneticist Doron Behar and colleagues (2010), this is "consistent with a historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelites of the Levant" and "the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the Old World". Several Jewish groups also show genetic proximity to Lebanese, Palestinians, Bedouins, and Druze in addition to Southern European populations, including Cypriots and Italians.<br>Jews living in the North African, Italian, and Iberian regions show variable frequencies of admixture with the historical non-Jewish population along the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular Moroccan Jews), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly southern European. Behar and colleagues have remarked on an especially close relationship between Ashkenazi Jews and modern Italians. Some studies show that the Bene Israeland Cochin Jews of India, and the Beta Israel of Ethiopia, while very closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, may have some ancient Jewish descent.}}</small>
::It is written from the point of view of those scholars who have argued for global Jewish unity.
::Weitzman's point in my post above above is widely echoed. See for example ]:
::{{tq2|From any one person to another unrelated person, about one letter in a thousand, more or less, will be different when their three billion-letter DNAs are compared. There is no biological data in support of the notion of being a Jew solely through the inheritance of a single specific DNA sequence, nor will there ever be such evidence. There is no chance of some human genomes being Jewish and others not; biology makes all people truly equal.}}
::] (]) 05:59, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
:::The choice of quotes (the only two) in the lead is perhaps the strongest indication of the rather editorialized direction of travel that the summary currently takes. It also notably omits any controversies, including the ongoing academic "Khazar" furore - "Khazar" is mentioned 31 times on the page, but nowhere in the lead as a notable controversy, despite it being perhaps the single-most notable controversy in this subject area. ] (]) 06:26, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
:::] The idea of many groups of Jews sharing a significant partial common ancestry tracing to a certain region of the Near East is not the same as the claim that there are genes that are uniquely/exclusively or diagnostically Jewish. The latter claim, as far as I can tell, is not made in the lede (or elsewhere). It is possible both for Jewish groups to share a significant amount of a certain type of ancestry (along with various non-shared components/mixtures) and for non-Jewish groups with origins in the same region (e.g. non-Jewish groups from the Middle East - the Levant, Mesopotamia, etc.) to possess that type of (and/or) ancestry as well - likely sometimes to a greater extent than many Jews. Nor does the text argue that one is a Jew solely through biology, but rather that there is evidence that many historically Jewish groups tend to have certain ancestral origins/makeup. ] (]) 07:06, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
::::Yes, this is the type of summary that should be in the lede. Not just the one perspective dominating it at the moment. ] (]) 07:49, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::Nothing I said is contradicted by the lede. The lede also mentions non-Jewish groups that share affinities with many Jewish ones because of (partial) shared geographical origins - e.g. Lebanese, Palestinians, and Druze in the Near East - and European and other non-Near Eastern groups that may share some ancestry and/or affinities with various Jewish groups because of admixture. ] (]) 07:56, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
::::::The lede is very clearly giving undue prominence to one theory. Literally two thirds of it are following the interpretation of Behar. Why should an article with 145 citations have a lede focused on just one? This topic is widely debated; we should explain all sides. ] (]) 08:21, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
:The real problem is that a large number of genetic papers are cited by summaries from the primary sources. There is now a significant body of secondary literature which cites these primary sources, and it is the secondary sources that should be prioritized, i.e. how '''they''' summarize and contextualize each paper. That is the real issue. Cherrypicking based on primary sources. A proper use of these secondary sources is not going to substantially change or overturn the general drift of the page for the Middle East connection. The overall conclusion of genetics affirms quite consistently that this is the case. The point is rather that we select from genetic papers designed to excavate the 'vertical' line, as opposed to the horizonal line, or to use an analogy, the modelling assumes tree-like descent as opposed to 'trellis' approaches, so that 'isolate' continuities are emphasized over admixture. ] (]) 08:46, 14 August 2023 (UTC)


== Proposal to Restructure the Article ==
Regarding the health warning, we need to address the point that the most presitigous scholars in the field state that it is not possible to prove via genetics either Jewish origins or that there is a “Jewish gene”. We also need to set out the explanation for the incorrect implication that an element of Middle Eastern genetics necessarily suggests Israelite origins. I propose language along the following lines (following the sources in this article and a number of others):
<blockquote>Whether such genetic connections support the claims of some Jews to be descended from ancient Israelites is unknowable, and thus widely debated. Jewish religious communities were known in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East for the last two millennia, and over the centuries these communities are known to have both mixed with the surrounding non-Jewish populations through conversion and intermarriage, and mixed with each of the other Jewish communities from other geographies. This mixing is what geneticists term “horizontal admixture”, and its being carried out amongst the global Jewish communities ensured that an element of Middle Eastern genetics are present in most Jewish communities worldwide. Descent from ancient peoples such as Israelites is what genetics term “vertical phylogenesis”; genetic science cannot today, and is thought unlikely to ever be able to, differentiate between horizontal admixture and vertical phylogenesis.</blockquote>


When I created this page in 2010, autosomal studies did not exist. Now, they are the most relevant studies. I think we should restructure the article by starting with autosomal studies, followed by Y-DNA and then mtDNA. ] (]) 11:09, 27 December 2024 (UTC)
] (]) 02:25, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
:It makes sense to me, but it could become a big job. It is worth thinking ahead about the different phases of work. I think many such articles have grown in such a way that they are now in a sense giving a chronological history of the field, also within the different sections. The result is that the latest results, which should normally be at the top in a scientific article, are way down below. I think that in the longer run most old Y DNA and mitochondrial DNA studies will eventually need to be deleted, and not just moved downwards. Perhaps a possible approach in the meantime is to first divide such articles into two parts, the first containing ONLY material which defines the current state of the art, and the second containing a history of the field section which can still be chronological. My reason for suggesting this is partly practical. (The second section would require less reworking.) These remarks are meant only to be general remarks about this type of article. I have not looked in detail before writing this.--] (]) 14:40, 27 December 2024 (UTC)
:The assertion that Jews are descended from the ancient Israelites is not "widely debated", at least not among mainstream scholars. The article's lede says that the genetic makeup of major Jewish groups {{tq|shows significant amounts of shared Middle Eastern ancestry}}, which has been understood as *potentially* originating from the Israelites and other ancient Near Eastern populations. Simultaneously, the lede already emphasizes that Jews of various backgrounds {{tq|show variable frequencies of admixture with the historical non-Jewish population}}. This presentation maintains a balanced approach in accordance with prevailing mainstream perspectives on Jewish genetics. What this article's lede could benefit from is a brief description of the present comprehension of Jewish Y-DNA genetics, distinct from the coverage of autosomal and maternal DNA which is already provided. I'm also open to including the aspect that genetics cannot definitively prove the existence of a singular "Jewish gene." ] (]) 05:54, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::@], I agree on your diagnostic, however the first part would be very similar to the lead. Don't you think so? ] (]) 11:46, 28 December 2024 (UTC)
::No, a direct assertion is not widely asserted, because a direct assertion is not made. The assertion mentioned by Once is the assertion that genetic evidence can support ''claims'' of Israelite descent, when descent is an unprovable unknown. The religious and cultural claims of descent, as well as the obvious scholarly consensus that Judaism is derived as a cultural body from Israelite religion, both need to be carefully distinguished from the findings of population genetics, the only scholarly consensus for which is that leaps of the imagination from it should not be made. ] (]) 06:55, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
:::No, because more detailed. I guess I'm thinking that as a first step the Autosomal section would first be moved up before the history section, and within that autosomal section the chronology would perhaps be reversed. Is that similar to your thinking?--] (]) 11:51, 28 December 2024 (UTC)
::@]: is not well thought out with respect to policy. Please explain your understanding of ] here. This quote is sourced to the originating text, not secondary coverage of it. ] (]) 07:33, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::I am not a specialist in Misplaced Pages articles, and I am not sure where the History section should be placed. I would have left it at the beginning, but I don’t have a strong opinion on the matter. Upon reflection, we could add the summary you mentioned at the beginning of the section on autosomal DNA (and similarly to the Y-DNA and mtDNA sections). However, I am not in favor of removing the sections on mtDNA and Y-DNA, as they provide information that is not covered in the autosomal section. Finally, as @] and you suggested, reversing the chronology seems like a good idea. ] (]) 19:03, 29 December 2024 (UTC)
:::I don't think the lead section should be quoting from one source. It should be paraphrasing what the broad consensus is rather than quoting. I think the consensus does support, as a summary, the description of genetic studies of the major Jewish groups as being consistent with the Jewish people descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelites of the Levant (as well as there being other admixture, as {{u|Tombah}} describes). Where I think the wording is problematic is in implying that the Jewish people are the ''only'' group descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelites of the Levant and sidelining the evidence around, say, the Palestinians and Druze. ] (]) 09:29, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::For example, a summary for the Autosomal DNA would be something like that. Do you agree
::::As far as I can see, the only source stating these things in these terms is Doron Behar, who also has a business interest in personal DNA testing - a commercial edifice that has been erected upon the practice of making sweeping generalizations about populations based on a handful of markers. ] (]) 09:38, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::== Summary ==
:::::I.e. {{tq|"'''Competing Interests''': Part of the lab work presented in this study was conducted in Gene by Gene (Family Tree DNA) in which Doron M. Behar, Elliott Greenspan and Concetta Bormans declare stock ownership and Luisa Fernanda Sanchez is an employee. The other authors claim no competing financial interests associated with this paper.}} () ] (]) 09:41, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::Autosomal DNA studies, based on more than a dozen analyses conducted primarily from the 2000s to the 2010s, consistently indicate a shared Middle Eastern origin among diverse Jewish populations, including Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jews, with varying levels of admixture from host populations. Genetic analyses show that Jewish groups form a distinct cluster between Middle Eastern and European populations, supporting their historical dispersion from a common ancestral population.
:::::Sorry, when you say {{tq|these things}}, which particular things? I'm lost where you are in the discussion. Thanks. ] (]) 10:41, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::Ashkenazi Jews demonstrate genetic similarities with Southern Europeans, such as Italians and Greeks, while exhibiting unique markers distinguishing them from non-Jewish groups. Some studies also reveal significant regional genetic diversity, such as the Berber admixture in Libyan Jews or Ethiopian Jews’ local ancestry combined with Middle Eastern links.
::::::Most of the specifics that you suggest in the summary. In fact, not even Behar goes this far in the topline summary of the that is quoted. The abstract states: {{tq|"These results cast light on the variegated genetic architecture of the Middle East, and trace the origins of most Jewish Diaspora communities to the Levant."}} So the key terms in that statement are ''most'', meaning not all and we really cannot generalize, and '']'' region (which is a broad region, not a specific ancient population group). The lead should not go beyond what the most optimistic sources claim in their summaries. ] (]) 10:57, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::Other findings confirm substantial genetic continuity across Jewish populations, with patterns of endogamy and isolation contributing to distinctive genetic profiles. Studies show high levels of genetic relatedness among Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jews, corresponding to a shared Middle Eastern ancestry with variations in regional admixture.
::::::
::::Some analyses estimate European admixture levels in Ashkenazi Jews at 30–60%, primarily from Southern Europe, with genetic markers indicating a significant Middle Eastern component. North African Jews exhibit proximity to Middle Eastern and European groups, reflecting their historical migration and genetic isolation.
::::::"The idea that contemporary Jews descend from the Israelite tribes of antiquity who fled or were deported as slaves by the Romans from Judaea following the destruction of the Second Temple (70 ce), as well as by the Assyrian and Babylonian militaries in the eighth and sixth centuries bce, is a basic assumption built into nearly all published works on the subject".
::::Overall, autosomal DNA evidence supports the historical narrative of Jewish populations originating from the ancient Levant, with genetic diversity shaped by migrations, admixture, and isolation over millennia. ] (]) 20:22, 29 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::"Yet, none of these studies have successfully offered a specific geographic locus for Jewish origins. A concerted review of the entire body of Jewish population genetics literature, in tandem with associable textual sources, reveals not a body of genetically related people with common primary ancestry in the Levant followed by European admixture but rather a mosaic of people of multiple and geographically diverse origins, such as can only be explained by significant conversion over time. We therefore
:I agree. Also when describing autosomal studies, we should start with the newest ones rather than the first ones. ]<sub>]</sub> 13:04, 28 December 2024 (UTC)
::::::propose a process of Jewish ethnogenesis shaped by the social and socioeconomic currents of early and Medieval Eurasia and contributions from a mosaic of circumMediterranean and Black Sea communities, not one arising simply from an exiled Levantine population." ] (]) 12:42, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::Yes! Thanks for your answer :-) ] (]) 19:03, 29 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::That paper was discussed some time ago (I was involved and will try to find the discussion). In brief, my argument, and that often least one other user, was that it comes to conclusions that are strongly at odds with the conclusions of the majority of geneticists that have published on the topic (aspects of ] seemed to apply), does not represent the consensus of specialists in the field and thus it's treatment as such would likely be ]. The majority of genetics studies have concluded that most Jewish groups (of the Sephardi, Ashkenazi, and Mizrahi) have a significant component of shared Middle Eastern ancestry likely derived from the Levant along with significant amounts of other admixtures. Nonetheless, one aspect that is not at odds with most research, is that Jewish populations have diverse admixtures and are not of solely a single origin (an aspect that is already included in the lede and elsewhere in the article).
{{re|Boutboul}} I don't think there is any rule for where to put a history section, but for some topics the history of the field is of major importance. In the hard science they tend not to think this way, and I suppose genetics should be a hard science. I would think in any case that you want something soon after the lead which gives the current state of the art (but of course explains it this time more fully than in the lead) Simply moving the autosomal section up in front of Y DNA and mitochondrial, and reversing the chronology a bit in that section, would be a good way to start. From what I can see here we are more or less on the same wave length in theory.--] (]) 23:26, 29 December 2024 (UTC)
:::::::I also don't oppose including, as mentioned, the aspect that genetics cannot definitively prove the existence of a singular "Jewish gene." I am also open to, as ] recommends, changing any problematic wording implying that the Jewish people are the ''only'' group descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelites of the Levant and sidelining the Palestinians, Druze Samaritans, etc. Whether the lede should attribute the statement to Behar that that evidence supports a derivation from the Hebrews and Israelites specifically (as opposed to Levantine populations in general) I am uncertain, and would depend, at least in part, on the content of the source and whether he comes to such a conclusion (I will try to find the full version). ] (]) 13:20, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::::::{{ping|Skllagyook}} thanks for this constructive comment. One point to be careful of is how we use the word admixtures. Since geneticists are unable to differentiate between vertical phylogenesis and horizontal admixture, we should not use language that implies that research has concluded which is which. ] (]) 13:39, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::::::There is one discussion in with editor Nishidani commenting "... is 'an extremely high quality secondary source'. Unless my ageing memory is a fault, its use on wikipedia was subject to persistent hostile dismissal by POV-pushing editors who disliked its conclusions, and tried to demonstrate that it failed our criteria for inclusion. As a result, through sheer weight of numbers, it was 'disappeared'." ] (]) 14:00, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::::: Editor Iskandar points to , perhaps that is the one to which you refer?] (]) 14:13, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::Thank you. That is it. I'm afraid I don't think the characterization you quoted (of the objections) seems fair nor really acknowledges the issues raised. Many aspects of the source, as mentioned, are strongly at odds with what most genetic research concludes. It is not, as of now disappeared, and is currently included in further reading (which I do not object to). I think, at the very least, it is a minority opinion and should not be represented as consensus. ] (]) 14:21, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::::Thanks, {{u|Iskandar323}}, for that follow-up. I have no objections to those caveats. I agree we should move away from the Behar quotation and can move to more caveated language. ] (]) 14:42, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::::::{{u|Iskandar323}} and {{u|Bondegezou}}, having looked at the full version (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44657170_The_genome-wide_structure_of_the_Jewish_people), it does indeed mention ancestry from the Levant rather than from Israelites and Hebrews specifically. Thus I would support changing the opinion attributed to Behar in the lede to reflect that. ] (]) 14:55, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::Does Behar really belong in the lede at all? ] (]) 15:28, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::I would argue that he does. He's one of the most prominent scholars in the field and is highly cited. ] (]) 15:33, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::Please provide proof of this claim. Elhaik is widely cited too.
:::::::::::Note the Behar version of the lede was added without discussion .
:::::::::::] (]) 15:53, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::Weitzman draws the same conclusion ] (]) 18:08, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::Where does Weitzman do what now? He {{tq|finds all of the proposed theories wanting, either because of the insufficiency of data or, more commonly, because of methodological imprecision. Many of the proposed explanations tell us more about the beliefs and perspectives of the storytellers than about the alleged origins of the Jews... . Genetic science has not yet given us a firm basis on which to build our notions of Jewish origins.}} ] (]) 19:38, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::::From the book being reviewed:
:::::::::::::”That is what much of recent genetic research has been suggesting about the Jews: that there is a correspondence between what they believe about the origin of their ancestors and the genetic ancestry regis- tered in their DNA, that they have an ancestry distinct from that of the non-Jews among whom they live, and that some of those ances- tors came from the Near East.” ] (]) 19:56, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::::The ancestors in the Near East point is misleading without this context (Falk):
::::::::::::::{{tq|As research progresses, it demonstrates that relationships between members of Jewish communities and their connections with the non-Jews among whom they lived were always a complex two-way (horizontal) exchange, rather than an ordered sequence of (vertically) splitting branches from a common root. It was rather the social and cultural relationships between Jewish communities and ethnic groups that shaped the gene pool(s) of the Jews of today. Since Jews were a separate socio-cultural entity, biological-genetic relationships were established between the isolates, irrespective of possible common biological roots.}}
::::::::::::::In other words, Jewish religious communities were known in Europe, North Africa and the Near East for the last two millennia, and over the centuries these communities are known to have both mixed with the surrounding non-Jewish populations through conversion and intermarriage, and mixed with each of the other Jewish communities from other geographies. This mixing amongst the global Jewish communities ensured that an element of Near Eastern genetics is present in most Jewish communities worldwide, even if there was not one Ancient Israelite as part of the mix. ] (]) 20:06, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::That source is from 2006. Predating much of the most significant research, which has been published well after that. ] (]) 20:21, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::No, it is from 2017, page 198 of Falk's ''Zionism and the Biology of Jews''. ] (]) 22:30, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::Nope, it’s from 2006. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-57345-8 “ This volume is a revised and edited English version of Tzionut Vehabiologia shel Hayehudim, published in 2006.” ] (]) 23:54, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::Revised means altered, corrected and in publishing terms, brought up to date. ] (]) 05:36, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::::Exactly. Drsmoo, please could you confirm that you have read Falk's book? It is core to the conversation we have been having for many weeks now. On reading it you will see that it refers throughout to all the major research which took place between 2006-17. ] (]) 11:04, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::::Fair enough, the book does seem to have been significantly updated. ] (]) 12:30, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
::::::::::::::That is a situation being described. He is saying that the research suggests X; this is not the same as Weitzman agreeing with the suggestion, or implying that it is a correctly concluded one. ] (]) 05:34, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Weitzman book is usually careful not to "answer the questions" instead giving more of a critical overview of the position in different areas of enquiry. ] (]) 18:25, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
]
{{ping|Skllagyook}} regarding the re-addition of Behar's quote to the lede, please see the diagram on the right, which is a visualization of what Falk explains in his book (see quote above). Falk is basically saying that Behar is only giving one side of the story, and modern genetics cannot tell with any certainty between the horizontal and vertical models. ] (]) 22:42, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
:{{ping|Onceinawhile}} I see your point. (It is somewhat less clear though why you also removed Ostrer Atzmon, and the others.) However, in both models (horizontal and vertical), the Jewish groups in question would descend (in significant part) from Levantine and Babylonian peoples (as well as from local host populations) and that is the part included from Behar. Perhaps, it would be better of Behar were not mentioned by name there if that seems undue (since several other researchers/studies have come to similar conclusions) and the opinion could be attributed instead to "many" of "several" "genetic researchers" or something similar (with Behar still cited, along with other relevant sources, e.g. Ostrer), and the descent posited from Levantine peoples described as partial (and/or existing along with other ancestry). It seems that this is compatible/consistent with both the vertical and horizontal models.
:The general presence of ancestry from non-Jewish host populations (seemingly somewhat more emphasized in the horizontal model) is also now given more mention in the lede, which should somewhat address any imbalance in favor of the former model. It might also be an appropriate place to add a ref from Falk. ] (]) 00:39, 29 August 2023 (UTC)
::OK that makes sense to me. Most of these points are widely accepted and don’t need named attribution, and for those that are not widely accepted, rather than naming scholars in the lede we should just describe both sides. Readers can refer to the text in the article body to understand exactly which scholars say what.
::And quickly on your comment {{tq|However, in both models (horizontal and vertical), the Jewish groups in question would descend (in significant part)…}} I agree with you except for the words “in significant part”. It is that quantification which is the heart of the scholarly dispute – everyone agrees that the geographical Jewish isolates have ''some'' “local” genes and ''some'' “MidEast / Levantine” genes, but there are widely differing views among scholars on the significance of each. Frankly, the only difference between the horizontal and vertical models is the weight of gene flow from each pathway. ] (]) 00:48, 29 August 2023 (UTC)
:::+1 We shouldn't be adding language that quantifies the unquantified. ] (]) 06:40, 29 August 2023 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Onceinawhile}} Falk doesn't seem to argue that in the horizontal model the shared Middle Eastern ancestry is necessarily not significant. His argument seems to be that it is difficult to know the mode, timing, and pattern of its spread (implying perhaps the possibility of scenarios including, for instance, one in which the intermarriage over time between members of a Jewish group with initially - or at one time - little Middle Eastern ancestry and of one with more/a lot of it could lead to both groups significantly converging and eventually sharing a significant amount - or something similar - as opposed to a vertical model strictly of dispersal of unmixed people from a common source and subsequent admixture). He seems to argue that the genetic data (the same mixture/ancestral profiles) are consistent with both vertical and horizontal models (and elsewhere implies that elements of both models might have been at play to varying degrees). He says (in Falk 2014):
:::"With the advances in analyses of DNA sequences, allowing the identification of detailed specific sequences of individuals, indications lead to sequences of common progenitors of many Jewish communities and also to a considerable overlap with Mediterranean populations. If interpreted into vertical phylogenies these inevitably support the traditional Jewish historical lore of the contemporary Jews being the direct progeny of the historic residents of the Land of Israel. The same genetic relationships may, however, also indicate secondary horizontal associations, of intermarriages between communities of common culture, religion, or mere common domicile." The majority of genetic research though seems to favor a vertical model more so. ] (]) 09:29, 29 August 2023 (UTC)
::::There are opposing points of view (to Behar, Ostrer et al). Per Weitzman "...even geneticists tend to favor certain narratives over others for reasons that have nothing to do with the science. For example, geneticists are inclined to think arborescently, to interpret the evidence inscribed into the DNA of Jewish populations as a tree that branches off in different directions from a common Middle Eastern root; but Abu El-Haj counters that the data, if read from a more neutral perspective, might more plausibly be conceived of as a bush too entangled to support any coherent narrative of origin." ] (]) 11:11, 29 August 2023 (UTC)
:::::Exactly right. If we are to state that vertical interpretations are more common, it needs to be explained that (a) this specific judgement is nothing to do with genetic science, because as Falk says, genetic science is unable to differentiate between the two models, and (b) there are important sociological factors which impact such interpretations, such as those described at ]. ] (]) 13:39, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
::@]
::Glad someone else had the same idea I did. You all might want to look into Harry Ostrer's work and actually read it. In his book "Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People" the first chapter "Looking Jewish" does a deep dive into how to physically detect Judaism by the presence of genetic disorders. The entire book is also based on the bigotry of Maurice Fishberg who was a known eugenist, supported the 1924 Immigration Act which was replaced by the 1965 Immigration Act due to being grossly inhumane and completely racist, and he also supported closing the boarder to Jews fleeing the Holocaust. Fans Boas an actual anthropologist who is recognized as the Father of American Anthropology totally thrashed Maurice Fishberg and his xenophobic bigotry in publications from the period. Harry relies heavily on these racist theories which were already disproven and so I don't feel like they are a good source. Even more so since his career is overseeing a department for a school which was unaccredited during the time which he published through them only receiving it's accreditation in 2021 before losing it this year in 2023 and being put back on academic probation for the work that Harry as well as others published.
::I am sure you're erase the entire talk again to hide this fact but at least @] will know. They seem to be legit. ] (]) 23:53, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
:::Frans Boas* typo, sorry. He had a lot to say on this topic and how wrong most this research is. ] (]) 23:54, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
{{Ping group|Participants in this discussion:|Onceinawhile|Skllagyook|Firefangledfeathers|Iskandar323|Nishidani}}. Is there still a neutrality dispute at this article? ''']''' <sub>]</sub> 07:06, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
:This entirer discussion is poppycock. If you have relevant sources ther MAY be some merit for a "views" or "interpretations" section. This POV header is totallt irrelevant. ] (]) 12:48, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
::Just in case it’s of any use in evaluating the seriousness and/or extent of this alleged NPOV controversy:
::My political sympathies lie very much on the anti-Zionist side, and I can’t see the alleged POV issue here.
::Yes, there are a few prominent academics etc whose theories diverge from the mainstream view. But it’s not the job of Misplaced Pages to elevate fringe views in order to “teach the controversy” — let alone insert them into the lead paragraph. ] (]) 01:10, 29 January 2024 (UTC)


:OK, I trust your experience. Should we start to make the change or should we wait a bit for other editors? ] (]) 05:11, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
Rather than adding the article-wide tag back, I have tagged a problematic sentence and copied it here for discussion:
::@] and @], I started the changes ] (]) 14:08, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

:::Good, I think. I suppose you intend to chronologically restructure (reverse) within those sections on different DNA types? Concerning the History section it is now quite far down, and I think it is worth thinking about how to handle it best. Perhaps it is worth considering whether it should be split. A simple summary could perhaps still be handy before the results sections, but some of it is also about methodological concerns, debates etc, which should probably be mainly after the results. Does this make sense to others?--] (]) 14:25, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
{{tq2|<nowiki>Genetic analysis reveals a major genetic descent of Jewish groups from the ] or ], accompanied by ] and ] with non-Jewish host populations, varying among different Jewish communities.<ref name="Behar2010" /><ref name=Falk/>{{efn|This pattern is consistent with a major, but variable component of shared Near East ancestry, together with variable degrees of admixture and introgression from the corresponding host Diaspora populations.<ref name=pmid23052947/>}}</nowiki>}}
:::@]

:::> ''I suppose you intend to chronologically restructure (reverse) within those sections on different DNA types?''
As discussed in the thread above, geneticists are clear that it is not possible to tell which is horizontal (admixture / introgression) and which is vertical (“descent”). The way this sentence is worded erases that nuance.
:::: Yes, that was just a start.

:::> ''History section it is now quite far down, and I think it is worth thinking about how to handle it best.''
The wording “major genetic descent of Jewish groups… varying among different Jewish communities” is also very confusing. What are we trying to say here?
:::: Yes, I fully agree.

:::> ''Perhaps it is worth considering whether it should be split.''

:::: Yes, that sounds reasonable.
] (]) 06:32, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
:::> ''A simple summary could perhaps still be handy before the results sections.''

:::: The summary of the "history section" should be included in the general summary. Do you agree?
:Any ideas on how to make it better? (This may also make your point more clear. ] (]) 22:06, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
:::> ''Does this make sense to others?''
::I tried a few different ways, but the best I can come up with for now is to remove it. The sources directly conflict with it - most notably the source labeled <nowiki><ref name=Falk/></nowiki> is entitled "Genetic markers cannot determine Jewish descent", which is precisely the opposite claim that the sentence is making.
:::: Yes, let's move on. I am confident the article could be significantly improved with these kinds of changes.
::My nagging concern is that it is likely that a meaningful number of readers come to this article trying to answer the question "Do genetic studies of Jews prove their descent from ancient Israel?". The removed sentence suggested an erroneous answer to that question; the actual answer to the question is much more involved (and much more interesting) and is currently much better covered in sections of the article ]. ] (]) 17:11, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
:::+1 ] (]) 17:13, 16 March 2024 (UTC) :::] (]) 14:56, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
:::::Sounds right.--] (]) 15:37, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

== Title change suggestion ==

Could the title of this page please be changed to “Genetic Studies Of Jews” instead of “on”? It may seem minor, but “of” does not provoke the thought of the heinous experimentations of Mengele and others. ] (]) 16:22, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
: That does make sense to me. Let's see what other editors think. A title change is a very serious thing, so don't make such changes until a consensus has formed for the change. -- ] (]) (''''']''''') 17:22, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
:That's a good suggestion, the title should change. ] (]) 03:20, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
:seems ok to me ] (]) 06:33, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
:Yes, very good. I'd often thought that this would be a better formulation.] (]) 11:55, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

== The Law of Return and the Zionist Campaign to Subvert Science ==

Suggested edit ... New Section ... Controversies

The Law of Return and the Zionist Campaign to Subvert Science

"Despite Jewish historians and scholars acknowledging that a significant portion of the Jewish people living around the globe converted to Judaism during the last millennium (and therefore are not descendants of the people of Judea), controversy still exists as to which group comprises genuine descendants of Judea, and which group comprises converts to Judaism."

https://imemc.org/article/the-law-of-return-and-the-zionist-campaign-to-subvert-science/ ] (]) 17:38, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

:I strongly believe that this publisher is not interested in unbiased, factual reporting and moreover, ignores the strong continuity and history of Jews in many places. It seems that article, which cites Elhaik as a serious source among others, is instead trying to push an agenda for political gain. Elhaiks work has been discredited many times, in actual scientific papers and by actual experts. There has been a variety of genetic studies done by numerous people that show he is wrong (many old, many recent), and his work is not held in high regard by the archeogenetics community. Go take your propaganda somewhere else. ] (]) 04:12, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
::Moreover, for the main three Jewish ethnic groups (Ashkenazi, Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews), there are numerous papers which are well received, and cited in sections within this article discussing external admixture events, which side it is on, etc.
::There is no reason to add a controversy section, as the Khazar Hypothesis is not really supported by any actual geneticists, the published article is trying to push a political narrative (is not unbiased), and gives undue focus to these theories.
::The wikipedia article as of present discusses the relevant ranges of what is characterized as external admixture as well, and we need to keep in mind Israelite or Judahite identity was in some-part, a socionome or a sense of nationhood as opposed to an entirely genetic disposition. That is to say, these studies corroborate what we know from historical sources about the ethnogensis of Jews from these groups, that it is quite likely the Levantine or Mesopotamian ancestry in Jews likely comes from those who were a part of these peoples in the first centuries AD.
::Finally, a news article published by itself has no merits if it is not properly cited. The IMEMC article is a collection of disparate quotes from many different sources compiled by the admin of the website. From my cursory glance, it seems a lot of these claims are again, outdated, ill-supported, or straight up cherry-picked as to mislead. If you believe the sources provided in the article give up-to-date, well-supported and factual information, I suggest you use them directly. ] (]) 04:30, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
:::Another Example of the Zionist Campaign to Subvert Science ...
:::ADL criticizes Eran Elhaik DNA studies on Ashkenazi Jews.
:::Untangling False Claims About Ashkenazi Jews, Khazars and Israel 
:::https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/untangling-false-claims-about-ashkenazi-jews-khazars-and-israel
Also see ...

Most Jews are descendants of converts with little or no DNA from the Levant.

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/702709

Jews are NOT genomically distinct from non-Jews

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2016.00141/full

] (]) 22:26, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

Latest revision as of 15:37, 3 January 2025

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Questionable sourcing?

Someone verify these many informations?: https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Genetic_studies_of_Jews&diff=prev&oldid=1256248852, as these persons were reverted here: https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Beta_Israel&diff=prev&oldid=1258257377 and fake article they made was deleted: https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Judeo-Ge%27ez, but still on French Wiki: https://fr.wikipedia.org/Judeo-Ge%27ez 41.222.180.254 (talk) 08:32, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

Sorry but it is difficult to understand what you are requesting exactly Michael Boutboul (talk) 10:56, 27 December 2024 (UTC)

Full paragraph to be removed

There is a mistake regarding this paragraph, it should be removed because it concerns Autosomal not Y-DNA. Actually the same paragraph already exist in the Autosomal section.

The largest study to date on Jews who lived in North Africa was conducted in 2012 and was led by Prof. Harry Ostrer of the departments of pathology, genetics and pediatrics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at New York's Yeshiva University, and was published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, in it the scholars had found that the Jews who lived in Morocco and Algeria had more European admixture in their gene pools than the Jews who lived in Tunisia and Libya, probably as a result of a larger expelled Sephardi Jewish population settling in those two first mentioned lands post 1492 and 1497. All communities of North African Jews exhibited a high degree of endogamy.

Michael Boutboul (talk) 11:04, 27 December 2024 (UTC)

Proposal to Restructure the Article

When I created this page in 2010, autosomal studies did not exist. Now, they are the most relevant studies. I think we should restructure the article by starting with autosomal studies, followed by Y-DNA and then mtDNA. Michael Boutboul (talk) 11:09, 27 December 2024 (UTC)

It makes sense to me, but it could become a big job. It is worth thinking ahead about the different phases of work. I think many such articles have grown in such a way that they are now in a sense giving a chronological history of the field, also within the different sections. The result is that the latest results, which should normally be at the top in a scientific article, are way down below. I think that in the longer run most old Y DNA and mitochondrial DNA studies will eventually need to be deleted, and not just moved downwards. Perhaps a possible approach in the meantime is to first divide such articles into two parts, the first containing ONLY material which defines the current state of the art, and the second containing a history of the field section which can still be chronological. My reason for suggesting this is partly practical. (The second section would require less reworking.) These remarks are meant only to be general remarks about this type of article. I have not looked in detail before writing this.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 14:40, 27 December 2024 (UTC)
@Andrew Lancaster, I agree on your diagnostic, however the first part would be very similar to the lead. Don't you think so? Michael Boutboul (talk) 11:46, 28 December 2024 (UTC)
No, because more detailed. I guess I'm thinking that as a first step the Autosomal section would first be moved up before the history section, and within that autosomal section the chronology would perhaps be reversed. Is that similar to your thinking?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 11:51, 28 December 2024 (UTC)
I am not a specialist in Misplaced Pages articles, and I am not sure where the History section should be placed. I would have left it at the beginning, but I don’t have a strong opinion on the matter. Upon reflection, we could add the summary you mentioned at the beginning of the section on autosomal DNA (and similarly to the Y-DNA and mtDNA sections). However, I am not in favor of removing the sections on mtDNA and Y-DNA, as they provide information that is not covered in the autosomal section. Finally, as @Alaexis and you suggested, reversing the chronology seems like a good idea. Michael Boutboul (talk) 19:03, 29 December 2024 (UTC)
For example, a summary for the Autosomal DNA would be something like that. Do you agree
== Summary ==
Autosomal DNA studies, based on more than a dozen analyses conducted primarily from the 2000s to the 2010s, consistently indicate a shared Middle Eastern origin among diverse Jewish populations, including Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jews, with varying levels of admixture from host populations. Genetic analyses show that Jewish groups form a distinct cluster between Middle Eastern and European populations, supporting their historical dispersion from a common ancestral population.
Ashkenazi Jews demonstrate genetic similarities with Southern Europeans, such as Italians and Greeks, while exhibiting unique markers distinguishing them from non-Jewish groups. Some studies also reveal significant regional genetic diversity, such as the Berber admixture in Libyan Jews or Ethiopian Jews’ local ancestry combined with Middle Eastern links.
Other findings confirm substantial genetic continuity across Jewish populations, with patterns of endogamy and isolation contributing to distinctive genetic profiles. Studies show high levels of genetic relatedness among Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jews, corresponding to a shared Middle Eastern ancestry with variations in regional admixture.
Some analyses estimate European admixture levels in Ashkenazi Jews at 30–60%, primarily from Southern Europe, with genetic markers indicating a significant Middle Eastern component. North African Jews exhibit proximity to Middle Eastern and European groups, reflecting their historical migration and genetic isolation.
Overall, autosomal DNA evidence supports the historical narrative of Jewish populations originating from the ancient Levant, with genetic diversity shaped by migrations, admixture, and isolation over millennia. Michael Boutboul (talk) 20:22, 29 December 2024 (UTC)
I agree. Also when describing autosomal studies, we should start with the newest ones rather than the first ones. Alaexis¿question? 13:04, 28 December 2024 (UTC)
Yes! Thanks for your answer :-) Michael Boutboul (talk) 19:03, 29 December 2024 (UTC)

@Boutboul: I don't think there is any rule for where to put a history section, but for some topics the history of the field is of major importance. In the hard science they tend not to think this way, and I suppose genetics should be a hard science. I would think in any case that you want something soon after the lead which gives the current state of the art (but of course explains it this time more fully than in the lead) Simply moving the autosomal section up in front of Y DNA and mitochondrial, and reversing the chronology a bit in that section, would be a good way to start. From what I can see here we are more or less on the same wave length in theory.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 23:26, 29 December 2024 (UTC)

OK, I trust your experience. Should we start to make the change or should we wait a bit for other editors? Michael Boutboul (talk) 05:11, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
@Andrew Lancaster and @Alaexis, I started the changes Michael Boutboul (talk) 14:08, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
Good, I think. I suppose you intend to chronologically restructure (reverse) within those sections on different DNA types? Concerning the History section it is now quite far down, and I think it is worth thinking about how to handle it best. Perhaps it is worth considering whether it should be split. A simple summary could perhaps still be handy before the results sections, but some of it is also about methodological concerns, debates etc, which should probably be mainly after the results. Does this make sense to others?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 14:25, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
@Andrew Lancaster
> I suppose you intend to chronologically restructure (reverse) within those sections on different DNA types?
Yes, that was just a start.
> History section it is now quite far down, and I think it is worth thinking about how to handle it best.
Yes, I fully agree.
> Perhaps it is worth considering whether it should be split.
Yes, that sounds reasonable.
> A simple summary could perhaps still be handy before the results sections.
The summary of the "history section" should be included in the general summary. Do you agree?
> Does this make sense to others?
Yes, let's move on. I am confident the article could be significantly improved with these kinds of changes.
Michael Boutboul (talk) 14:56, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
Sounds right.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 15:37, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
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