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{{Short description|Indo-European ethnolinguistic groups primarily concentrated in South Asia}}
{{Indo-Aryan ethnicity}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Original research|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Indo-European topics}}


{{Infobox ethnic group
The Indo-Aryans make up 74% of the population of India and are the creators of the concept of the Aryan race. They are a wide collection of peoples united by their common status as speakers of the Indo-Aryan (Indic) branch of the family of Indo-European and Indo-Iranian languages.
| group = Indo-Aryan peoples
Today, there are close to a billion native speakers of Indo-Aryan languages, mostly indigenous to the region of ], though in ancient times, they could have been found on the eastern part of the ] (]) and in areas as far west as modern ] and ] (the ]) and as far east as modern ] and ] (Hindu ] and ] kingdoms). The ] migrated westward in medieval times, and modern migration gave rise to ] on every continent.
| image = ]
| caption = 1978 map showing geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan languages. (] is included under Hindi. ], ], and ] are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where ] is common.{{hidden| |
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
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{{legend|#fd15ac|]}}
{{legend|#effe27|]}}
{{legend|#ad27fe|]}}
{{legend|#274ffe|]}}
{{legend|#3bed69|]}}
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{{div col end}}
}}
| population = ~1.5 billion {{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
| popplace =
| region1 = {{flagcountry|India}}
| pop1 = over 911 million
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=India |work=The World Factbook |date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| pop2 = over 190 million
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ |title=Pakistan |work=The World Factbook |date=4 February 2022}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}}
| pop3 = over 160 million
| ref3 = <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/ |title=Bangladesh |work=The World Factbook |date=4 February 2022}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flagcountry|Nepal}}
| pop4 = over 26 million
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
| pop5 = over 14 million
| region6 = {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}}
| pop6 = over 2 million
| region7 = {{flagcountry|Mauritius}}
| pop7 = over 725,400
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Maldives}}
| pop8 = over 300,000
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Bhutan}}
| pop9 = over 240,000
| ref8 = <ref name=UNHCR1>{{cite web |url = http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MARP,,BTN,,469f386a1e,0.html |title=Population of Lhotshampas in Bhutan |year=2004 |publisher=] |access-date=23 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121016143502/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CMARP%2C%2CBTN%2C%2C469f386a1e%2C0.html |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref>
| langs = ]
| rels = ] (Mostly ]; with ], ] and ] minorities) and ], ]s and some non-religious ]/]
| related = |||||||
}}
'''Indo-Aryan peoples''' are a diverse collection of ]s predominantly found in ], who (traditionally) speak ]. Historically, ]s were the ] ] who ] from ] into South Asia and introduced the ].{{sfn|Anthony|2007}}{{sfn|Erdosy|2012}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46616574|title=How ancient DNA may rewrite prehistory in India|publisher=bbc|date=23 December 2018|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/theres-no-confusion-the-new-reports-clearly-confirm-arya-migration-into-india/article61986135.ece|title=New reports clearly confirm 'Arya' migration into India|publisher=thehindu|date=13 September 2019|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/aryans-or-harappans-who-drove-the-creation-of-caste-system-dna-holds-a-clue/686393/|title=Aryans or Harappans—Who drove the creation of caste system? DNA holds a clue|publisher=theprint|date=29 June 2021|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> The early ] were known to be closely related to the ] group that have resided north of the ]; an evident connection in cultural, linguistic, and historical ties. Today, Indo-Aryan speakers are found south of the Indus, across the modern-day regions of ], ], eastern-], ], ] and northern-].<ref>{{cite book |url= |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |page=2 |year=2007 |author=Danesh Jain, George Cardona|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>


==History==
==Pre-Vedic Indo-Aryans==
=== Proto-Indo-Iranians ===
{{main|Indo-Aryan migration}}
{{main|Indo-Iranians|Proto-Indo-Europeans|Aryan|Indo-European migrations|Indo-Aryan migrations}}
{{Further|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia|Peopling of India}}


] (after ]). The ], ] and ]s have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The ], ], ], ], and ] cultures are candidates for cultures associated with ]s.]]
Separation of Indo-Aryans proper from ]s is commonly dated, on linguistic grounds, to roughly 2000 BC.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The ] probably split in such early times, and are classified as either remote Indo-Aryan dialects or as an independent branch of Indo-Iranian. It is believed that by 1500 BC Indo-Aryans had reached ] in the west (the ]) and northern ] in the east (the ]).


The introduction of the ] in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a ] from Central Asia into the northern ] (modern-day ], ], ], ], ], and ]). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the ] and possibly ].{{CN|date=August 2023}} Another group of Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the ] kingdom in northern Syria{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=454}} (c. 1500–1300 BC); the other group was the Vedic people.{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=33 note 20}} ] suggests that the ], an ] ] people of ] in ], were also of Indo-Aryan origin.{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=376-7}}
The spread of Indo-Aryan languages has been connected with the spread of the ] in the first half of the ]. Some scholars trace the Indo-Iranians (both Indo-Aryans and Iranians) back to the ] (2nd millennium BC). Other scholars like Brentjes (1981), Klejn (1974), ] (1989), Lyonnet (1993), Hiebert (1998) and ] (1993) have argued that the Andronovo culture cannot be associated with the Indo-Aryans of India or with the ] because the Andronovo culture took shape too late and because no actual traces of their culture (e.g. warrior burials or timber-frame materials of the Andronovo culture) have been found in India or ] (Edwin Bryant. 2001). The archaeologist ] (1998) finds it "extraordinarily difficult to make a case for expansions from this northern region to northern India" and remarks that the proposed migration routes "only the Indo-Iranian to Central Asia, but not as far as the seats of the ], ] or Indo-Aryans" (Mallory 1998; Bryant 2001: 216).


The ], from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the ] (2100–1800 BCE),{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=390 (fig. 15.9), 405–411}}{{sfn|Kuz'mina|2007|p=222}} and the ],{{CN|date=August 2023}} which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the ], present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians,{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=408}} moved south through the ], south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC, and then migrated further south into the ] and north-western India.<ref>George Erdosy (1995). "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity", p. 279</ref>{{sfn|Anthony|2007}} The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of ] from the ] at the ] which started in the 4th millennium BCE.{{sfn|Anthony|2007}}<ref>Johannes Krause mit Thomas Trappe: ''Die Reise unserer Gene. Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren.'' Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 148 ff.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/all-indoeuropean-languages-may-have-originated-from-this-one-place/|title=All Indo-European Languages May Have Originated From This One Place|website=IFLScience|date=24 May 2018 |language=en|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> The ], ], ], ], and ] cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans.
Other scholars like ] (1988) connect the ] with the Indo-Aryans. But although horses were known to the Indo-Aryans, evidence for their presence in the form of horse bones is missing in the BMAC (e.g. Bernard Sergent. Genèse de l'Inde. 1997:161 ff.). Asko Parpola (1988) has argued that the ]s were the "carriers of the ] culture of Greater ]" living in the BMAC and that the forts with circular walls destroyed by the Indo-Aryans were actually located in the BMAC. Parpola's hypothesis has been criticized by ] (1992) and other scholars.


The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as ''aryā'' 'noble'. Over the last four millennia, the Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Avari |first=Burjor |url= |title=India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200 |date=2007-06-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-25161-2 |pages=xvii |language=en}}</ref> Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted.
== Vedic Aryans ==
{{seealso|Vedic period|Rigvedic tribes}}
The first undisputed horse remains in India are found in the ] ] context from ca. 1600 BC (although there are claims{{Fact|date=February 2007}} of horse bones found in ]n and even pre-Harappan layers). This likely corresponds to an influx of early Indo-Aryan speakers over the ] (comparable to the ] expansion of the first centuries AD). Together with indigenous cultures, this gave rise to the ] of the early ]. This civilization is marked by a continual shift to the east, first to the ] with the ]s and ]s, and further east with the ] and ]. This Iron Age expansion corresponds to the ] and ] cultures.


Genetically, most Indo-Aryan-speaking populations are descendants of a mix of Central Asian steppe pastoralists, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and, to a lesser extent, South Asian hunter-gatherers—commonly known as Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI). Dravidians are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers and Iranian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent, Central Asian steppe pastoralists. South Indian Tribal Dravidians descend majorly from South Asian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent Iranian hunter-gatherers.{{sfn|Reich et al.|2009}}{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}}<ref name="Yelmen_2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Yelmen |first1=Burak |last2=Mondal |first2=Mayukh |last3=Marnetto |first3=Davide |last4=Pathak |first4=Ajai K |last5=Montinaro |first5=Francesco |last6=Gallego Romero |first6=Irene |last7=Kivisild |first7=Toomas |last8=Metspalu |first8=Mait |last9=Pagani |first9=Luca |date=5 April 2019 |title=Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz037 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=1628–1642 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msz037 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=6657728 |pmid=30952160}}</ref> Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia.{{sfn|Basu et al.|2016}}
==Antiquity==
{{seealso|Mahajanapadas|Maurya Empire}}


] propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship.{{sfn|Witzel|2001|p=95}}{{sfn|Jamison|2006}}{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=341}}{{sfn|Fosse|2005|p=438}}{{snf|Olson|2016|p=136}}
The Vedic ] and ] kingdoms in the first millennium became the core of the ], archaeologically corresponding to the ], and the rise of the ], and later the medieval ].


== List of historical Indo-Aryan peoples ==
For Hellenistic times, ] (1999; elaborating on a hypothesis by ] 1944) suggests that there were Indo-Aryan speakers in the ]. The ] and the ], the latter also known as "Indoi" and described by ] as an "an Indian people".<ref>Sindoi (or Sindi etc.) were also described by e.g. ], ], ], Stephen Byzantine, Polienus. </ref>
{{See also|List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes}}

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
==Middle Kingdoms==
* ]
], founder of the ].]]
* ]
{{main|Middle kingdoms of India|Middle Indo-Aryan languages}}
* ]

* ]s
The various ] vernaculars developed into independent languages in the course of the Middle Ages (see ]), forming the ] group in the east and the ] group in the west, see also ]. The ] (also known as Gypsies) are believed to have left India around AD ].21
* ]

* ]s
==Contemporary Indo-Aryans==
Contemporary speakers of Indo-Aryan languages are spread over most of the northern ]. The largest group are the speakers of the ] and ] dialects of the ] and ], together with other dialects also grouped as ], numbering at roughly half a billion native speakers, constituting the largest community of speakers of any of the ]. Other Indo-Aryan communities are in ], ] and parts of ]. Of the 23 ], 16 are Indo-Aryan dialects (see also ]). The only Indo-Aryan branch surviving outside the ] and the ] is the ], the language of the ] (Gypsies).

===Hindustani communities===
{{main|Hindustani language}}

] is an umbrella term for various dialects descended from the ]s of medieval India. The largest of these are the ] and ] languages. Hindustani speaking people inhabit modern-day ] and ]. During the ], this region was identified as "Hindustan", the ] for "Land of the ]". Related languages are spoken all over ], from ] to ] and the ].

===Roma and Sinti===
{{main|Roma people|Sinti}}
] family in ], Turkey, photographed in 1904.]]
The closely related ] and ] people, also known as "Gypsies", are traditionally ]ic. They are believed to have left India in about 1000 AD and to have passed through what is now ], ], ], and ]. People recognizable by other Roma as Roma still live as far east as Iran, including some who made the migration to Europe and returned. By the 14th century, the Roma had reached the ]; by the 15th century they appeared in ]; and by the 16th century, they had reached ] and ]. Peoples with some similarity to the Roma still exist in India, particularly in the desert state of ].
Roma immigration to the ] began in colonial times, and larger scale immigration began in the 1860s with groups from ]. The largest number of immigrants came over in the early 1900s. A large number also moved to ].
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== Contemporary Indo-Aryan people ==
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== References ==
{{div col end}}
<references/>
* {{cite book | first=Edwin | last=Bryant | authorlink=Edwin Bryant | title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2001 | id=ISBN 0-19-513777-9}}
*Mallory, JP. 1998. "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". In ''The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia''. Ed. Mair. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man.
*Trubachov, Oleg N., 1999: Indoarica, Nauka, Moscow.


== See also == == See also ==
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== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
<!-- A -->
* {{cite book |last = Anthony | first = David W. |year = 2007 |title = The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World | publisher = Princeton University Press }}
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* {{cite journal |vauthors = Basu A, Sarkar-Roy N, Majumder PP |title = Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure |journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=113|issue=6|pages=1594–9|date=February 2016 |pmid=26811443|pmc=4760789 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1513197113 |ref={{sfnref|Basu et al.|2016}} |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.1594B |doi-access = free }}
* {{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |author-link = Christopher I. Beckwith |title= Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C |date=16 March 2009 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1400829941 |access-date=30 December 2014 }}
* {{Cite book| last=Bryant | first=Edwin | author-link=Edwin Bryant (author) | title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2001 | isbn=0-19-513777-9}}
<!-- E -->
* {{Citation | editor-last =Erdosy | editor-first =George | year =2012 | title = The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity | publisher =Walter de Gruyter}}
<!-- F -->
* {{Citation | last =Fosse | first =Lars Martin | year =2005 | chapter =ARYAN PAST AND POST-COLONIAL PRESENT. The polemics and politics of indigenous Aryanism | editor-last1 =Bryant | editor-first1 =Edwin | editor-last2 =Patton | editor-first2 = Laurie L. | title =The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history | publisher =Routledge }}
<!-- G -->
* {{Citation | last =Guha | first =Sudeshna | year =2007 | title =Review. Reviewed Work: The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History by Edwin F. Bryant, Laurie Patton | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=Third Series |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=340–343 | doi =10.1017/S135618630700733X | s2cid =163092658 }}
<!-- J -->
* {{cite journal | last =Jamison | first =Stephanie W. | title =The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review) |url=http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Bryant_Patton.review.pdf |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies | volume =34 | year=2006 |pages=255–261 }}
<!-- K -->
* {{citation |last=Kuz'mina |first=Elena Efimovna |author-link=Elena Efimovna Kuzmina |editor=J. P. Mallory |editor-link=J. P. Mallory |title = The Origin of the Indo-Iranians |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=978-9004160545 }}
<!-- L -->
* {{cite book |last1=Loewe |first1=Michael |last2=Shaughnessy |first2=Edward L. |author-link1=Michael Loewe |author-link2=Edward L. Shaughnessy |title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC |year=1999 |publisher=] |isbn=0-5214-7030-7 |pages=87–88 |access-date=1 November 2013 }}
<!-- M -->
* Mallory, JP. 1998. "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". In ''The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia''. Ed. Mair. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man.
<!-- N -->
* {{Citation | last1 =Narasimhan | first1 =Vagheesh M. | last2 =Patterson | first2 = N.J. |last3=Moorjani|first3=Priya|last4=Rohland|first4=Nadin| display-authors =etal | year =2019 | title = The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia | journal =Science | volume =365 | issue =6457 | page = 7487 | url = https://scholar.harvard.edu/vagheesh/centralsouthasia| doi =10.1126/science.aat7487 | pmid =31488661 | pmc =6822619 | ref={{sfnref|Narasimhan et al.|2019}}}}
<!-- O -->
* {{cite book |title=Religious Ways of Experiencing Life: A Global and Narrative Approach |first=Carl |last=Olson |publisher=Routledge |year=2016}}
<!-- R -->
* {{citation | last1=Reich | first1=David | year=2009 | last2=Thangaraj | first2=Kumarasamy | last3=Patterson| first3=Nick | last4=Price| first4=Alkes L.| last5=Singh| first5=Lalji | title = Reconstructing Indian population history | journal=Nature | volume=461 | issue=7263| pages=489–494 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature08365 | pmid=19779445 | pmc=2842210 | bibcode= 2009Natur.461..489R | ref={{sfnref|Reich et al.|2009}} }}
<!-- T -->
* Trubachov, Oleg N., 1999: Indoarica, Nauka, Moscow.
<!-- W -->
* {{Citation | last = Witzel | first = Michael | title = Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts | journal = Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1–115 |year=2001 | url = http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf }}
* {{Citation | last = Witzel | first = Michael | year =2005 | chapter = Indocentrism | editor1-last = Bryant | editor1-first = Edwin | editor2-last = Patton | editor2-first = Laurie L. | title = The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history | publisher = Routledge | url = https://archive.org/details/EdwinBryantLauriePattonIndoAryanControversyEvidenceAndInferenceInIndianHistoryRoutledge2005 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* (PDF)
* – '']''


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Latest revision as of 02:17, 31 December 2024

Indo-European ethnolinguistic groups primarily concentrated in South Asia

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Indo-Aryan peoples
1978 map showing geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan languages. (Urdu is included under Hindi. Romani, Domari, and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.   Central   Dardic   Eastern   Northern   Northwestern   Western   Southern
Total population
~1.5 billion
Regions with significant populations
 Indiaover 911 million
 Pakistanover 190 million
 Bangladeshover 160 million
   Nepalover 26 million
 Sri Lankaover 14 million
 Afghanistanover 2 million
 Mauritiusover 725,400
 Maldivesover 300,000
 Bhutanover 240,000
Languages
Indo-Aryan languages
Religion
Indian religions (Mostly Hindu; with Buddhist, Sikh and Jain minorities) and Islam, Christians and some non-religious atheist/agnostic

Indo-Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of peoples predominantly found in South Asia, who (traditionally) speak Indo-Aryan languages. Historically, Aryans were the Indo-Iranian speaking pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia and introduced the Proto-Indo-Aryan language. The early Indo-Aryan peoples were known to be closely related to the Indo-Iranian group that have resided north of the Indus River; an evident connection in cultural, linguistic, and historical ties. Today, Indo-Aryan speakers are found south of the Indus, across the modern-day regions of Bangladesh, Nepal, eastern-Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and northern-India.

History

Proto-Indo-Iranians

Main articles: Indo-Iranians, Proto-Indo-Europeans, Aryan, Indo-European migrations, and Indo-Aryan migrations Further information: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia and Peopling of India
Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian migrations (after EIEC). The Andronovo, BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard, OCP, and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryan migrations.

The introduction of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a migration of Indo-Aryan people from Central Asia into the northern Indian subcontinent (modern-day Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia. Another group of Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria (c. 1500–1300 BC); the other group was the Vedic people. Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun, an Indo-European Caucasoid people of Inner Asia in antiquity, were also of Indo-Aryan origin.

The Proto-Indo-Iranians, from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BCE), and the Andronovo culture, which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the Aral Sea, present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians, moved south through the Bactria-Margiana Culture, south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC, and then migrated further south into the Levant and north-western India. The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of Indo-European languages from the Proto-Indo-European homeland at the Pontic–Caspian steppe which started in the 4th millennium BCE. The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard, OCP, and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans.

The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as aryā 'noble'. Over the last four millennia, the Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India. Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted.

Genetically, most Indo-Aryan-speaking populations are descendants of a mix of Central Asian steppe pastoralists, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and, to a lesser extent, South Asian hunter-gatherers—commonly known as Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI). Dravidians are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers and Iranian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent, Central Asian steppe pastoralists. South Indian Tribal Dravidians descend majorly from South Asian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent Iranian hunter-gatherers. Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia.

Indigenous Aryanism propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship.

List of historical Indo-Aryan peoples

See also: List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes

Contemporary Indo-Aryan people

See also

References

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Sources

External links

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