| Revision as of 21:51, 22 June 2024 editAza24 (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, Mass message senders, Pending changes reviewers41,059 edits finish draft +← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 22:03, 30 December 2024 edit undoAza24 (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, Mass message senders, Pending changes reviewers41,059 edits movedTags: Blanking Manual revert | ||
| (89 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| ==Byzantine literature== | |||
| {{main|Byzantine literature}} | |||
| ] concerns all ] from the ],{{sfn|Browning|2022}} even from foreign regions such as the ] or ].{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} It is considered both a successor to ] and the foundation for ],{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} and although the Empire was ], the vast majority of extant texts are in Greek.{{sfn|Papaioannou|2021a|pp=1–2, 5–7}} They are marked by a linguistic ]; traditionally, ] divides the literature into an learned dialect based on ], and a ] based on ].{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}}{{sfn|Browning|1991}} Theological literature is often separate as a third, unique tradition, but these ] divisions have been heavily criticized.{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}}{{sfn|Mullett|1992|p=233}} The meaning of literature is similarly contentious: although most contemporary scholars consider all medieval Greek texts to be literature,{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}}{{sfn|Papaioannou|2021a|p=10}} others offer varying specific constraints.{{sfn|Kazhdan|1999|p=1}}{{sfn|van Dieten|1980|pp=101–105}} In general, Ancient ]s and ] became obsolete, while poetry was limited to musical ]al forms, or the more niche ] and ] genres.{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} This coincided with the flourishing of ]s, ] and particularly ], which became less ].{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} | |||
| From {{circa|330–650}}, Byzantine literature was dominated by the competing cultures of ], ] and ].{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}}{{sfn|Browning|2022}} The ]—educated in an Ancient Greek, ] tradition—sought to synthesize these influences.{{sfn|Browning|2022}} Important early writers include ], ] and ], all of whom reinvented older forms to fit the new empire.{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} Theological ] stories, such as the '']'' were particularly innovative.{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} During the subsequent ] ({{circa|650–800}}), most literature ceased, although some important theologians were active, such as ], ] and ].{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} | |||
| The subsequent Encyclopedism period saw a renewed proliferation of literature and revived the earlier Hellenic-Christian synthesis.{{sfn|Browning|2022}} Works by ], ] and ] were translated, while hagiography was heavily reorganized.{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} After an early flowering of monastic literature, there was dearth until ] (949–1022).{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} A new generation, including Symeon, ] and ], rejected the Encyclopedist emphasis on order, and were interested in individual-focused ideals concerning ], ], heroism, sexuality and humor.{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} This coincided the Hellenistic-inspired ] and Chivalric approaches in rhetoric, historiography and the influential '']'' epic.{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} The empire's final centuries saw a renewal of hagiography and increased Western influence, leading to frequent Greek to Latin translations.{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} Authors such as ] and ] exemplified a new focus on human ]s alongside the preservation of classical traditions, which greatly influenced the ].{{sfn|Kazhdan|1991}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| ===Notes=== | |||
| {{noteslist}} | |||
| ===Citations=== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ===Sources=== | |||
| * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Browning |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Browning (Byzantinist) |editor-last=Kazhdan |editor-first=Alexander |year=1991 |encyclopedia=] |title=Language |publisher=] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-504652-6 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-3001 }} {{subscription required}} | |||
| * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Browning |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Browning (Byzantinist) |editor-last1=Lucas |editor-first1=Donald William |editor-link1=D. W. Lucas |editor-last2=Mackridge |editor-first2=Peter A. |editor-link2=Peter Mackridge |year=2022 |title=Greek literature: Byzantine literature |encyclopedia=] |publisher=] |location=Chicago |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Greek-literature/Byzantine-literature#ref299806 }} | |||
| * {{cite journal |last=van Dieten |first=Jan Louis |year=1980 |title=Die Byzantinische Literatur - Eine Literatur Ohne Geschichte? |journal=] |volume=231 |issue=H 1 |pages=101-109 |jstor=27621785 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |last1=Kazhdan |first1=Alexander |author-link1=Alexander Kazhdan |last2=Franklin |first2=Simon |author-link2=Simon Franklin |year=1984 |title=Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries |series=Past and Present Publications |publisher=] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-511-73542-4 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511735424 }} | |||
| * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Kazhdan |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Kazhdan |editor-last=Kazhdan |editor-first=Alexander |year=1991 |encyclopedia=] |title=Literature |publisher=] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-504652-6 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-3156 }} {{subscription required}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Kazhdan |first=Alexander |year=1999 |title=A History of Byzantine Literature (650–850) |publisher=Institute for Byzantine Research |location=Athens |url=https://archive.org/details/Kazhdan1999ByzLit01/mode/2up |url-access=registration }}<!--Not complete citation--> | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Kazhdan |first=Alexander |year=2006 |title=A History of Byzantine Literature (850–1000) |publisher=Institute for Byzantine Research |location=Athens |url=https://archive.org/details/KazhdanAngelidi1999ByzLit02/mode/2up |url-access=registration }}<!--Not complete citation--> | |||
| * {{cite journal |last=Mullett |first=Margaret |year=1992 |title=The Madness of Genre |journal=] |volume=46 |issue=Homo Byzantinus: Papers in Honor of Alexander Kazhdan |pages=233–243 |url=https://archive.org/details/DOP46_23_Mullett/mode/2up |jstor=1291656 |doi=10.2307/1291656 }} | |||
| * {{cite book |editor-last=Papaioannou |editor-first=Stratis |year=2021 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Literature |publisher=] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-935176-3 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199351763.001.0001 }} {{subscription required}} | |||
| ** {{harvc |last=Papaioannou |first=Stratis |year=2021 |anchor-year=2021a |chapter=What Is Byzantine Literature? An Introduction |in=Papaioannou }} | |||
| * {{cite book |first=Zagklas |last=Nikolaos |year=2019 |title=A Companion to Byzantine Poetry |chapter=Byzantine Poetry: an Introduction |publisher=Brill |location= }}<!--Not complete citation--> | |||