Majhi dialect: Difference between revisions

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	{{Short description\|~~Central dialect~~ of Punjabi}}		{{Short description\|Dialect of Punjabi}}
	{{distinguish\|text=the ] of Nepal}}		{{distinguish\|text=the ] of Nepal}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2016}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\|name=Majhi		\| name = Majhi
	\|altname=~~Central~~ ~~Punjabi~~		\| altname =
	\|nativename= {{Hlist\|ਮਾਝੀ\|{{nq\|ماجھی}}}}		\| nativename = {{Hlist\|ਮਾਝੀ\|{{nq\|ماجھی}}}}
	\|region= ] of ~~central~~ ]		\| region = ]
	\|ethnicity=]		\| ethnicity = ]
	\|image=		\| image =
	\|imagecaption=		\| imagecaption =
	\|states=], ]		\| states = ], ]
	\|speakers=		\| speakers =
	\|date=		\| date =
	\|ref=		\| ref =
	\|familycolor=Indo-European		\| familycolor = Indo-European
	\|fam2=]		\| fam2 = ]
	\|fam3=]		\| fam3 = ]
	\|fam4=]		\| fam4 = ]
	\|fam5=]		\| fam5 = ]
	\|script=]<br>]		\| script = ]<br>]
	\|iso1=		\| iso1 =
	\|iso2=		\| iso2 =
	\|iso3=		\| iso3 =
	\|isoexception=dialect		\| isoexception = dialect
	\|glotto=majh1252		\| glotto = majh1252
	}}		}}
	]		]
	'''Majhi''' (]: {{lang\|pa\|~~ਮਾਝੀ~~}}, ]: {{lang\|~~pnb~~\|~~{{Nastaliq\|ماجھی~~}}~~}},~~ {{IPA-pa\|mä˦d̆.d͡ʒi˨\|lang}}<ref name="bhardwaj">{{Cite Q\|page=88\|Q23831241}}</ref>), also known as '''Central Punjabi''', is a ] of the ],<ref>{{Cite LSI\|9\|1\|p=609}}</ref> spoken in the ] region of ~~the~~ ], ~~between~~ ] and ]. The ~~two~~ ~~most~~ ~~important~~ ~~cities~~ ~~in this area are~~ ] ~~and ] ~~because of their historic significance~~.~~		'''Majhi''' (]: {{lang\|pnb\|{{Nastaliq\|ماجھی}}}}; ]: {{lang\|pa\|ਮਾਝੀ}}; {{IPA-pa\|mä˦d̆.d͡ʒi˨\|lang}}<ref name="bhardwaj">{{Cite Q\|page=88\|Q23831241}}</ref>), also known as '''Central Punjabi''', is the most widely-spoken ] of the ],<ref>{{Cite LSI\|9\|1\|p=609}}</ref> natively spoken in the ] region of ] in present-day ] and ]. The dialect forms the basis of ].

			The native speakers of the dialect are known by the demonym ']'.
	] of Punjabi are based on Majhi, with influences from ] in Pakistan and ] in India.

	{{Punjabis}}		{{Punjabis}}

			==Subdialects and geographic distribution==
			There are various subdialects of Majhi spoken across Majha. Although each city or district speaks slightly differently from the next, there are a few major categories of Majhi subdialects.
			* Central Majhi, spoken in ], ], ] and ] districts and nearby areas
			* Eastern Majhi, spoken in ] and ] districts as well as surrounding areas
			* Northern Majhi, spoken in ], ] and ] districts as well as surrounding areas
			* Northeastern Majhi, spoken in ], ] and ] districts
			* Northwestern Majhi, spoken in ], ] and ] (]) districts

	==Notable features==		==Notable features==
	{{Unreferenced section\|date=September 2022}}

	===~~Verbs~~===		===Pronominal suffixes===
			One of Majhi's most noteworthy features is the usage of pronominal suffixes, which it shares with ].
	Some Majhi sub-dialects use the past-tense inflection of ''ḍēhṇā'' ਡਹਿਣਾ / {{resize\|{{nq\|ڈہݨا}}}} verb to form continuous tenses.

			Pronominal suffixes are auxiliary replacements of the ] which act like ]. They function as a particular ] and agree to it in ] and ] (as a pronoun would).

			The thematic/syntactic roles a pronominal suffix can function as are:
			* the ] ]
			* the ] ]
			* the ]
			* the ]

			Majhi uses pronominal suffixes for the ] and, similar to Western Punjabi, for both ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bashir \|first=Elena \|title=A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki \|date=19 August 2019 \|publisher=] \|isbn=9781614512257 \|page=262 \|language=en}}</ref>

			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
			!Tense
			! colspan=2\|Present
			! colspan=2\|Past
			\|-
			!Person
			!Singular
			!Plural
			!Singular
			!Plural
			\|-
			!2nd
			\|''ī''
			ਈ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|ای}}}}
			\|''jē''
			ਜੇ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|جے}}}}
			\|''sāī''
			ਸਾਈ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|سائی}}}}
			\|''sājē''
			ਸਾਜੇ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|ساجے}}}}
			\|-
			!3rd
			\|''sū''
			ਸੂ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|سُو}}}}
			\|''ne''
			ਨੇ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|نے}}}}
			\|''sāsū''
			ਸਾਸੂ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|ساسُو}}}}
			\|''sāne''
			ਸਾਨੇ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|سانے}}}}
			\|}

			Examples in ] ] (marking the ergative agent):
			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
			! colspan="1" \|Tense
			! colspan="1" \|Person
			! colspan="1" \|Number
			! colspan="1" \|Majhi
			! colspan="1" \|Standard Punjabi
			! colspan="1" \|Translation
			\|-
			! rowspan="4" \|present
			! rowspan="2" \|2nd
			! rowspan="1" \|''sing.''
			\| ''kī kītā '''ī'''?''
			\| '''''tē̃''' kī kītā '''hē'''?''
			\| What '''hast thou''' done?
			\|-
			! rowspan="1" \|''pl.''
			\| ''jinnā khādhā '''je'''''
			\| ''jinnā '''tusā̃''' khādhā '''hē'''''
			\| As much as '''you have''' eaten
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \|3rd
			! rowspan="1" \|''sing.''
			\| ''mēnū̃ suṇāī '''sū'''''
			\| '''''osne''' mēnū̃ suṇāī '''hē'''''
			\| '''He/She hath''' told me
			\|-
			! rowspan="1" \|''pl.''
			\| ''pāṇī pītā '''ne'''''
			\| '''''ehnā̃ ne''' pāṇī pītā '''hē'''''
			\| '''They have''' drank water
			\|-
			! rowspan="4" \|past
			! rowspan="2" \|2nd
			! rowspan="1" \|''sing.''
			\| ''jēs tarhā̃ ghallīā̃ '''sāī'''''
			\| ''jis tarhā̃ '''tē̃''' ghallīā̃ '''san'''''
			\| In the way '''thou had''' sent them
			\|-
			! rowspan="1" \|''pl.''
			\| ''cacer seātā '''sāje'''''
			\| '''''tusā̃''' cacer seātā '''sī'''''
			\| '''You had''' recognised cousin
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \|3rd
			! rowspan="1" \|''sing.''
			\| ''aṉḍe nū̃ riddhe '''sāsū'''?''
			\| '''''esne''' aṉḍe nū̃ riddhe '''san'''?''
			\| '''Had he/she''' boiled the eggs?
			\|-
			! rowspan="1" \|''pl.''
			\| ''laṛāī kītī '''sāne'''''
			\| '''''ehnā̃ ne''' laṛāī kītī '''sī'''''
			\| '''They had''' had a fight
			\|}

			'''- Alternate auxiliary verbs'''

			First person singular ''ā̃'' or ''jē'' (ਆਂ, ਜੇ / {{resize\|{{nq\|آں، جے}}}}) is used. E.g. ''mẽ karnā '''ʷā̃''' / '''jē''''' (ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ '''ਆਂ''', ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ '''ਜੇ''' / {{resize\|{{nq\|میں کرنا '''آں'''، میں کرنا '''جے'''}}}}){{clarify\|date=November 2024}}

			Third person singular ''ī'' or ''è'' (ਏ, ਵੇ, ਈ / {{resize\|{{nq\|اے، وے، ای}}}}) is used. E.g. ''ṓ kardā'' '''''ī''''' (ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ '''ਈ''' / {{resize\|{{nq\|اوہ کردا ای}}}}){{clarify\|date=November 2024}}

			===Copula===
			The Majhi copula does not differ from Standard Punjabi, except for in the third-person plural, where instead of ''han'' (ਹਨ / {{small\|{{nq\|ہَن}}}}), it uses ''ne'' (ਨੇ / {{resize\|{{nq\|نے}}}}) or ''nẽ'' (ਨੇਂ / {{resize\|{{nq\|نیں}}}}).

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
	!Phrase		!Phrase
	!Majhi		!Majhi
	!Standard ~~Written~~ Punjabi		!Standard Punjabi
	\|-		\|-
			\|They sleep
	\|He was doing
	\|''ṓ ~~karan~~ ~~ḍíā sī~~''		\|''oh sōnde nẽ''
			ਓਹ ਸੌਂਦੇ ਨੇਂ<br>
	ਉਹ ਕਰਨ ਡਿਹਾ ਹੀ
			{{resize\|{{nq\|اوہ سوندے نیں}}}}
			\|''oh sōnde han''
			ਉਹ ਸੌਂਦੇ ਹਨ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|اوہ سوندے ہن}}}}
			\|}

			===Other Features===
	{{resize\|{{nq\|اوہ کرن ڈہا سی}}}}
			{{See also\|Punjabi grammar#Derivates}}
	\|''ṓ kar ríā sī''
			Nasalisation of ''tusī̃'' (ਤੁਸੀਂ / {{small\|{{nq\|تُسِیں}}}}) and ''asī̃'' (ਅਸੀਂ / {{small\|{{nq\|اَسِیں}}}}) are often not realised in Majhi, thus said as ''tusī'' (ਤੁਸੀ / {{small\|{{nq\|تُسی}}}}) and ''asī'' (ਅਸੀ / {{small\|{{nq\|اَسی}}}}) respectively.

			In colloquial Majhi, the ''s'' sound in many words shifts to an ''h'', such as in ''asī'' (ਅਸੀ / {{small\|{{nq\|اَسی}}}}), ''sāḍā'' (ਸਾਡਾ / {{small\|{{nq\|ساڈا}}}}) and ''pēse'' (ਪੈਸੇ / {{small\|{{nq\|پیسے}}}}), being heard as ''ahī'', ''hāḍā'' and ''pēhe'' respectively.
	ਉਹ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ

			''hē(gā) sī'' is used instead of ''sīgā''.{{clarify\|date=November 2024}}
	{{resize\|{{nq\|اوہ کر رہا سی}}}}

			'''- Adverbial pronouns'''<br />Majhi uses its own class of adverbial pronouns which, at their base, are common with ]; in contrast to the individually distinct class used by ].

			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
			!Adverbial pronoun
			!Majhi
			!]
			!]
			!]
			!]
			!]
			!]
			!]
			!]
	\|-		\|-
			\|Like this
	\|She is doing
			\|''enj''
	\|''ṓ karan ḍáī è''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اینج}}}}
	ਉਹ ਕਰਨ ਡਹੀ ਐ
			\|''ēvẽ''

	{{resize\|{{nq\|~~اوہ کرن ڈہی اے~~}}}}		<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|ایویں}}}}
	\|''~~ṓ kar ráī è~~''		\| ''ēddā̃''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|ایدّاں}}}}
	ਉਹ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ
			\| ''inj''

	{{resize\|{{nq\|~~اوہ کر رہی ہے~~}}}}		<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اِنج}}}}
			\| ''injū''
	\|}
	'''- Alternate auxiliary verbs'''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اِنجوُ}}}}
	''han'' (ਹਨ / {{small\|{{nq\|ہَن}}}}) is never used in spoken Majhi, it is replaced with ''nē'' (ਨੇ, ਨੇਂ / {{small\|{{Nastaliq\|نے، نیں}}}}). E.g. ''ó kardē '''nē''''' (ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ '''ਨੇ''' / {{small\|{{nq\|اوہ کردے '''نے'''}}}})
			\| ''hinj / īvẽ''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اِیویں / ہِنج}}}}
	First person singular ''ā̃'' or ''jē'' (ਆਂ, ਜੇ / {{small\|{{nq\|آں، جے}}}}) is used. E.g. ''mẽ karnā '''ʷā̃''' / '''jē''''' (ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ '''ਆਂ''', ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ '''ਜੇ''' / {{small\|{{nq\|میں کرنا '''آں'''، میں کرنا '''جے'''}}}})
			\| ''inj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اِنج}}}}
	Third person singular ''ī'' or ''è'' (ਏ, ਵੇ, ਈ / {{small\|{{nq\|اے، وے، ای}}}}) is used. E.g. ṓ kardā '''''ī''''' (ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ '''ਈ''' / {{small\|{{nq\|اوہ کردا ای}}}})
			\| ''inj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اِنج}}}}
			\| ''inj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اِنج}}}}
			\|-
			\|Like that
			\|''unj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اُنج}}}}
			\|''ōvẽ''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اوویں}}}}
			\| ''ōddā̃''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اودّاں}}}}
			\| ''unj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اُنج}}}}
			\| ''unjū''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اُنجوُ}}}}
			\| ''hunj / ōvẽ''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اوویں / ہُنج}}}}
			\| ''unj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اُنج}}}}
			\| ''unj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اُنج}}}}
			\| ''unj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|اُنج}}}}
			\|-
			\|How
			\|''kinj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|کِنج}}}}
			\|''kivẽ''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|کِویں}}}}
			\| ''kiddā̃''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|کِدّاں}}}}
			\| ''kinj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|کِنج}}}}
			\| ''kinjū''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|کِنجوُ}}}}
			\| ''kinj / kīvẽ''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|کِیویں / کِنج}}}}
			\| ''kinj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|کِنج}}}}
			\| ''kinj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|کِنج}}}}
			\| ''kinj''

			<!--Add Gurmukhi--> {{resize\|{{nq\|کِنج}}}}
			\|}

	'''- Use of -na verb ending instead of -da ending for ~~future~~-~~habitual~~ ~~aspect~~'''		'''- Use of -na verb ending instead of -da ending for first-person and second-person point of view'''
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
	!Phrase		!Phrase
Line 80:		Line 291:
	!Standard Written Punjabi		!Standard Written Punjabi
	\|-		\|-
	\|I~~'ll~~ do		\|I do
	\|''mẽ kar'''nā''' ʷā̃̀''		\|''mẽ kar'''nā''' ʷā̃̀''

Line 89:		Line 300:
	\|-		\|-
	\|Let's (m.) go home		\|Let's (m.) go home
			\|''asī kàr jā'''ne''' ā̃̀''{{efn\|''kàr'', meaning "home", is often said as ''kār'' in Northwestern Majhi (spoken in ], ], and ] districts) as the vowel is elongated.}}
	\|''asī kàr jā'''ne''' ā̃̀''

	ਅਸੀ ਘਰ ਜਾ'''ਨੇ''' ਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|اسی گھر جانے آں}}}}		ਅਸੀ ਘਰ ਜਾ'''ਨੇ''' ਆਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|اسی گھر جانے آں}}}}
Line 96:		Line 307:
	ਅਸੀਂ ਘਰ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|اسی گھر جاندے ہاں}}}}		ਅਸੀਂ ਘਰ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|اسی گھر جاندے ہاں}}}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|We~~'ll~~ (f.) do		\|We (f.) do
	\|''asī̃ kar'''niyā̃''' ʷā̃̀''		\|''asī̃ kar'''niyā̃''' ʷā̃̀''

Line 104:		Line 315:
	ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਹਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|اسی کردِیاں ہاں}}}}		ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਹਾਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|اسی کردِیاں ہاں}}}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|You~~'ll~~ (sing.) do		\|You (sing.) do
	\|''tū̃ kar'''nā''' aĩ̀''		\|''tū̃ kar'''nā''' aĩ̀''

Line 112:		Line 323:
	ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|تُوں کردا ہیں}}}}		ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈਂ {{resize\|{{nq\|تُوں کردا ہیں}}}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|You~~'ll~~ (f.pl.) do		\|You (f.pl.) do
	\|''tusī kar'''niyā̃''' ò/je''		\|''tusī kar'''niyā̃''' ò/je''

Line 121:		Line 332:
	\|}		\|}

			===Examples of Majhi===
	'''- Absent subject realised in auxiliary verb'''

	ਕੀ ਕੀਤਾ ਈ {{resize\|{{nq\|کی کیتا ای}}}} : What have you (sing.) done?

	ਕੀ ਕੀਤਾ ਜੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|کی کیتا جے}}}} : What have you (sing. formal / pl.) done?

	ਕੀ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੂ {{resize\|{{nq\|کی کیتا سُو}}}} : What has he/she done?

	ਕੀ ਕੀਤਾ ਨੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|کی کیتا نے}}}} : What have they done?

	ਲੜਾਈ ਕੀਤੀ ਸਾਈ {{resize\|{{nq\|لڑائی کیتی ساای}}}} : You (sing.) made a fight.

	ਲੜਾਈ ਕੀਤੀ ਸਾਜੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|لڑائی کیتی ساجے}}}} : You (sing. formal / pl.) made a fight

	ਲੜਾਈ ਕੀਤੀ ਸਾਸੂ {{resize\|{{nq\|لڑائی کیتی ساسُو}}}} : He/She made a fight.

	ਲੜਾਈ ਕੀਤੀ ਸਾਨੇ {{resize\|{{nq\|لڑائی کیتی سانے}}}} : They made a fight.

	===Tone===
	Unlike typical Punjabi, Majhi does not always write tonal ''h'' in script. Thus, syllables often drop the ''h'' letter (ਹ / {{resize\|{{nq\|ہ}}}}) when written although this does not affect the pronunciation.

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
	! colspan="1" \|~~Standard Written~~		! colspan="2" \|Sentence
	! colspan="1" \|~~Majhi~~		! colspan="1", rowspan="2" \|IPA
	! colspan="1" \|~~IPA~~		! colspan="1", rowspan="2" \|Translation
	! colspan="1" \|Meaning
	\|-		\|-
			! colspan="1" \|Shahmukhi
	\| {{lang\|pa\|ਹਾਂ}} {{resize\|{{lang\|pnb\|{{nq\|ہاں}}}}}}
			! colspan="1" \|Gurmukhi
	\| {{lang\|pa\|ਆਂ}} {{resize\|{{lang\|pnb\|{{nq\|آں}}}}}}
	\| /ã̀ː/
	\| ''am''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{lang\|pa\|~~ਨਹੀਂ}}~~ {{resize~~\|{{lang\|pnb~~\|{{nq\|~~نہیں~~}}}}}}		\| {{lang\|pnb\|{{resize\|{{nq\|تُوں لہور جاندا سیں}}}}}}
	\| {{lang\|pa\|~~ਨਈਂ}}~~ ~~{{resize\|{{lang\|pnb\|{{nq\|نئیں}}}}~~}}		\| {{lang\|pa\|ਤੂੰ ਲਹੌਰ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੈਂ}}
			\| /tũː lə̯ɔ̂ːɾᵊ d͡ʒaːndaː sɛ̃ː/
	\| /ˈnə.ĩ̀ː/
			\| You used to go to Lahore
	\| ''no, not''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{lang\|pa\|~~ਤੁਹਾਡਾ}}~~ {{resize~~\|{{lang\|pnb~~\|{{nq\|~~تہاڈا~~}}}}}}		\| {{lang\|pnb\|{{resize\|{{nq\|میں پہلوں ہی آکھدا ساں}}}}}}
			\| {{lang\|pa\|ਮੈਂ ਪਹਿਲੋਂ ਹੀ ਆਖਦਾ ਸਾਂ}}
	\| {{lang\|pa\|ਤੁਆਡਾ}} {{resize\|{{lang\|pnb\|{{nq\|تواڈا}}}}}}
			\| /mɛ̃ː pɛ̌ːlːõː îː aːkʰːᵊdaː sãː/
	\| /tʊ.ˈàɖ̆.ɖaː/
			\| I already said it
	\| ''your/yours''
	\|-		\|-
	\| {{lang\|pa\|~~ਹੈ}}~~ {{resize~~\|{{lang\|pnb~~\|{{nq\|ہے}}}}}}		\| {{lang\|pnb\|{{resize\|{{nq\|اودݨ بھرجائی کتھے سن}}}}}}
	\| {{lang\|pa\|~~ਐ}}~~ ~~{{resize\|{{lang\|pnb\|{{nq\|اے}}}}~~}}		\| {{lang\|pa\|ਓਦਣ ਭਰਜਾਈ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਸਨ}}
			\| /oːdːəɳᵊ pə̂ɾᵊd͡ʒaːiː kɪtʰːeː sənᵊ/
	\| /ɛ̀ː/
			\| Where were the sisters-in-law that day?
	\| ''is''
	\|}		\|}

			==Subdialectal differences==
	====Variation====
	Because of the lack of standardisation in Shahmukhi, words with the six tonal consonants (''gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh, ṛh'') which are now unaspirated and voiceless word-initially{{ref\|alpha\|}} (''k, c, ṭ, t, p'')<ref>Bowden, A.L. (2012). Archived 17 April 2018 at the ].</ref> have multiple spellings. The word ''kàr'' (''house'') for example is sometimes written as ''ghar'' {{resize\|{{nq\|گھر}}}} or ''kar'' {{resize\|{{nq\|کر}}}}.

			===Eastern Majhi===
	:{{note\|alpha\|a}} ''ṛh'' does not occur word-initially and is always voiced.
			Eastern Majhi refers to the subdialect native to region of Majha east of Lahore, i.e. the ] and ] districts and surrounding areas. It is also spoken by the descendants of those who migrated out of these areas.

			The subdialect has considerable ] influence, and often uses the past-tense inflection of the verb ''ḍahiṇā'' (ਡਹਿਣਾ / {{resize\|{{nq\|ڈہݨا}}}}) to form continuous tenses, rather than ''pēṇā'' (ਪੈਣਾ/ {{resize\|{{nq\|پَیݨا}}}}) which is used by most other Majhi subdialects and Punjabi dialects.
	Falling-tone, in general, is not well represented, and low-tone words in both major scripts have various spellings, e.g. ''tuā̀ḍḍā'' (''your/yours''): {{resize\|{{nq\|تواڈا}}}} ਤੁਆਡਾ, ਤਵਾਡਾ, {{resize\|{{nq\|تاڈا}}}} ਤਾਡਾ, {{resize\|{{nq\|تہاڈا}}}} ਤੁਹਾਡਾ etc., though the pronunciation remains consistent.
			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

			!Phrase
	===Other Features===
			!Eastern Majhi
	Nasalisation of ''tusī̃'' (ਤੁਸੀਂ / {{small\|{{nq\|تُسِیں}}}}) and ''asī̃'' (ਅਸੀਂ / {{small\|{{nq\|اَسِیں}}}}) are lost in Majhi; pronounced ''tusī'' (ਤੁਸੀ / {{small\|{{nq\|تُسی}}}}) and ''asī'' (ਅਸੀ / {{small\|{{nq\|اَسی}}}}) respectively.
			!General Majhi

			!Standard Punjabi
	Sometimes when speaking fast in Majhi, the ''s'' sound rounds to a ''h'' sound, as in words like ''asī'' (ਅਸੀ / {{small\|{{nq\|اَسی}}}}), ''sāḍā'' (ਸਾਡਾ / {{small\|{{nq\|ساڈا}}}}), ''pēse'' (ਪੈਸੇ / {{small\|{{nq\|پیسے}}}}), being heard as ''ahī'', ''hāḍā'', and ''pēhe'' respectively.
			\|-

			\|He<sup>(])</sup> was doing
	''hē(gā) sī'' is used instead of ''sīgā''.
			\|''eh karaṇ ḍahiā sī''

			ਏਹ ਕਰਣ ਡਹਿਆ ਸੀ<br>
	The ''ēvẽ'' class of adverbial pronouns are used for "how" rather than ''ēddā̃''.{{See also\|Punjabi_grammar#Derivates}}
			{{resize\|{{nq\|اوہ کرݨ ڈہیا سی}}}}

			\|''eh kardā peā sī''
	===Northern Majhi===
			ਏਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ<br>
	Northern Majhi refers to the subdialect spoken in the northern side of the ] region in ], such as in the areas of ] and ].
			{{resize\|{{nq\|اوہ کردا پیا سی}}}}
			\|''eh kar rahiā sī''
			ਇਹ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|اوہ کر رہیا سی}}}}
			\|-
			\|She<sup>(])</sup> is doing
			\|''oh karaṇ ḍahī hē''
			ਓਹ ਕਰਣ ਡਹੀ ਹੈ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|اوہ کرݨ ڈہی اے}}}}
			\|''oh kardī paī hē''
			ਓਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਹੈ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|اوہ کردی پئی ہے}}}}
			\|''oh kar rahī hē''
			ਉਹ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|اوہ کر رہی ہے}}}}
			\|}

			===Northwestern Majhi===
	In these areas, word-initial 'h' is very faint, acting more as a low-tone marker, until it completely disappears in upper dialects like ]. Words such as ''hatth'' ਹੱਥ {{small\|{{nq\|ہَتّھ}}}} (hand) are pronounced more like ''àtth''.
			Northwestern Majhi refers to the subdialect spoken in the northwestern side of the ] region in ], primarily in the districts of ], ], and ].

			In these areas, word-initial 'h' is fainter and more tonal, eventually disappearing in upper Punjabi dialects like ] and ], as well as ]. Words like ''hatth'' (ਹੱਥ / {{resize\|{{nq\|ہَتّھ}}}}) "hand" are said more as ''àtth''.
	Northern Majhi also uses the ''ēñj'' class of adverbial pronouns for "how" in place of ''ēvẽ''.

	Another notable difference is the use of ''-dā'' instead of ''-gā'' to ~~indicate~~ future tense.		Another notable difference is the use of the suffix ''-dā'' instead of ''-gā'' for indicative future tense.

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
	! colspan="1" \|Standard		! colspan="1" \|Standard / Central Majhi
	! colspan="1" \|~~Northern~~ Majhi		! colspan="1" \|Northwestern Majhi
	! colspan="1" \|Meaning		! colspan="1" \|Meaning
	\|-		\|-
	\| ''~~karegā~~''		\| ''kare gā''
			ਕਰੇਗਾ<br>
	\| ''karedā''
			{{resize\|{{nq\|کرے گا}}}}
			\| ''kare dā''
			ਕਰੇਦਾ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|کرے دا}}}}
	\| will do		\| will do
	\|-		\|-
	\| ''~~khāvegī~~''		\| ''khāṇ gīā̃''
			ਖਾਣਗੀਆਂ<br>
	\| ''khāvedī''
			{{resize\|{{nq\|کھاݨ گیاں}}}}
	\| will eat
			\| ''khāṇ dīā̃''
			ਖਾਣਦੀਆਂ<br>
			{{resize\|{{nq\|کھاݨ دیاں}}}}
			\| (f.) will eat
	\|-		\|-
	\| ''~~jāoge~~''		\| ''jāvo ge''
			ਜਾਵੋਗੇ<br>
	\| ''jāode''
			{{resize\|{{nq\|جاوو گے}}}}
	\| (pl.) will go
			\| ''jāvo de''
	\|}
			ਜਾਵੋਦੇ<br>

			{{resize\|{{nq\|جاوو دے}}}}
	===Examples of Majhi===
			\| (pl. m.) will go
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
	! colspan="2" \|Sentence
	! colspan="1", rowspan="2" \|IPA
	! colspan="1", rowspan="2" \|Translation
	\|-
	! colspan="1" \|Shahmukhi
	! colspan="1" \|Gurmukhi
	\|-		\|-
			\| ''samjhā̃ gī''
	\| {{lang\|pnb\|{{resize\|{{nq\|تُوں لہور جاندا سیں}}}}}}
			ਸਮਝਾਂਗੀ<br>
	\| {{lang\|pa\|ਤੂੰ ਲਹੌਰ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੈਂ}}
			{{resize\|{{nq\|سمجھاں گی}}}}
	\| /t̪ũː ləɔ̀ːɾᵊ d͡ʒaːn̪d̪aː sɛ̃ː/
			\| ''samjhā̃ dī''
	\| You used to go to Lahore
			ਸਮਝਾਂਦੀ<br>
	\|-
	~~\| {{lang\|pnb\|~~{{resize\|{{nq\|~~میں پہلوں ای آکھدا~~ ~~ساں}}~~}}}}		{{resize\|{{nq\|سمجھاں دی}}}}
			\| (f.) will understand
	\| {{lang\|pa\|ਮੈਂ ਪਹਿਲੋਂ ਈ ਆਖਦਾ ਸਾਂ}}
	\| /mɛ̃ː pɛ́ːlːõː ìː aːkʰːᵊdaː sãː/
	\| I used to tell it from before
	\|-
	\| {{lang\|pnb\|{{resize\|{{nq\|اودݨ بھرجائی کتھے سن}}}}}}
	\| {{lang\|pa\|ਓਦਣ ਭਰਜਾਈ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਸਨ}}
	\| /oːdːəɳᵊ pə̀ɾᵊd͡ʒaːiː kɪtʰːeː sən̪ᵊ/
	\| Where were the sisters-in-law that day?
	\|}		\|}

	==~~References~~==		== See also ==
	{{~~Reflist~~}}		{{Portal\|Punjab}}
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]

	==Notes==		==Notes==
	{{notelist}}		{{notelist}}

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

	{{Punjabi dialects}}		{{Punjabi dialects}}

Latest revision as of 10:52, 12 December 2024

Dialect of Punjabi Not to be confused with the Majhi language of Nepal.

‹ The template Infobox language is being considered for merging. ›

Majhi
ਮਾਝੀ ماجھی
Native to	Pakistan, India
Region	Majha
Ethnicity	Punjabis
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Punjabi Majhi
Writing system	Shahmukhi Gurmukhī
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	`majh1252`

Majhi (Shahmukhi: ماجھی; Gurmukhi: ਮਾਝੀ; Punjabi: [mä˦d̆.d͡ʒi˨]), also known as Central Punjabi, is the most widely-spoken dialect of the Punjabi language, natively spoken in the Majha region of Punjab in present-day Pakistan and India. The dialect forms the basis of Standard Punjabi.

The native speakers of the dialect are known by the demonym 'Majhail'.

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Subdialects and geographic distribution

There are various subdialects of Majhi spoken across Majha. Although each city or district speaks slightly differently from the next, there are a few major categories of Majhi subdialects.

Central Majhi, spoken in Kasur, Lahore, Nankana Sahib and Sheikhupura districts and nearby areas
Eastern Majhi, spoken in Amritsar and Tarn Taran districts as well as surrounding areas
Northern Majhi, spoken in Gujranwala, Sialkot and Wazirabad districts as well as surrounding areas
Northeastern Majhi, spoken in Narowal, Pathankot and Gurdaspur districts
Northwestern Majhi, spoken in Gujrat, Jhelum and Bhimber (Azad Kashmir) districts

Notable features

Pronominal suffixes

One of Majhi's most noteworthy features is the usage of pronominal suffixes, which it shares with Western Punjabi.

Pronominal suffixes are auxiliary replacements of the copula which act like pronouns. They function as a particular thematic role and agree to it in person and number (as a pronoun would).

The thematic/syntactic roles a pronominal suffix can function as are:

Majhi uses pronominal suffixes for the second and third persons and, similar to Western Punjabi, for both present and past tense.

Tense	Present		Past
Person	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
2nd	ī ਈ ای	jē ਜੇ جے	sāī ਸਾਈ سائی	sājē ਸਾਜੇ ساجے
3rd	sū ਸੂ سُو	ne ਨੇ نے	sāsū ਸਾਸੂ ساسُو	sāne ਸਾਨੇ سانے

Examples in perfect transitive verbs (marking the ergative agent):

Tense	Person	Number	Majhi	Standard Punjabi	Translation
present	2nd	sing.	kī kītā ī?	tē̃ kī kītā hē?	What hast thou done?
	2nd	pl.	jinnā khādhā je	jinnā tusā̃* khādhā hē*	As much as you have eaten
	3rd	sing.	mēnū̃ suṇāī sū	osne mēnū̃ suṇāī hē	He/She hath told me
	3rd	pl.	pāṇī pītā ne	ehnā̃ ne pāṇī pītā hē	They have drank water
past	2nd	sing.	jēs tarhā̃ ghallīā̃ sāī	jis tarhā̃ tē̃ ghallīā̃ san	In the way thou had sent them
	2nd	pl.	cacer seātā sāje	tusā̃ cacer seātā sī	You had recognised cousin
	3rd	sing.	aṉḍe nū̃ riddhe sāsū?	esne aṉḍe nū̃ riddhe san?	Had he/she boiled the eggs?
	3rd	pl.	laṛāī kītī sāne	ehnā̃ ne laṛāī kītī sī	They had had a fight

- Alternate auxiliary verbs

First person singular ā̃ or jē (ਆਂ, ਜੇ / آں، جے) is used. E.g. mẽ karnā ʷā̃ / jē (ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਆਂ, ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਜੇ / میں کرنا آں، میں کرنا جے)

Third person singular ī or è (ਏ, ਵੇ, ਈ / اے، وے، ای) is used. E.g. ṓ kardā ī (ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਈ / اوہ کردا ای)

Copula

The Majhi copula does not differ from Standard Punjabi, except for in the third-person plural, where instead of han (ਹਨ / ہَن), it uses ne (ਨੇ / نے) or nẽ (ਨੇਂ / نیں).

Phrase	Majhi	Standard Punjabi
They sleep	oh sōnde nẽ ਓਹ ਸੌਂਦੇ ਨੇਂ اوہ سوندے نیں	oh sōnde han ਉਹ ਸੌਂਦੇ ਹਨ اوہ سوندے ہن

Other Features

Adverbial pronoun	Majhi	Malwai	Doabi	Pahari-Pothwari	Hindko	Saraiki	Jhangvi	Dhani	Shahpuri
Like this	enj اینج	ēvẽ ایویں	ēddā̃ ایدّاں	inj اِنج	injū اِنجوُ	hinj / īvẽ اِیویں / ہِنج	inj اِنج	inj اِنج	inj اِنج
Like that	unj اُنج	ōvẽ اوویں	ōddā̃ اودّاں	unj اُنج	unjū اُنجوُ	hunj / ōvẽ اوویں / ہُنج	unj اُنج	unj اُنج	unj اُنج
How	kinj کِنج	kivẽ کِویں	kiddā̃ کِدّاں	kinj کِنج	kinjū کِنجوُ	kinj / kīvẽ کِیویں / کِنج	kinj کِنج	kinj کِنج	kinj کِنج

Phrase	Majhi	Standard Written Punjabi
I do	mẽ karnā ʷā̃̀ ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਆਂ میں کرنا آں	mẽ kardā hā̃ ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਹਾਂ میں کردا ہاں
Let's (m.) go home	asī kàr jāne ā̃̀ ਅਸੀ ਘਰ ਜਾਨੇ ਆਂ اسی گھر جانے آں	asī̃ kàr jānde hā̃ ਅਸੀਂ ਘਰ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ اسی گھر جاندے ہاں
We (f.) do	asī̃ karniyā̃ ʷā̃̀ ਅਸੀ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਆਂ اسی کرنِیاں واں	asī̃ kardiyā̃ hā̃ ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਹਾਂ اسی کردِیاں ہاں
You (sing.) do	tū̃ karnā aĩ̀ ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾ ਐਂ تُوں کرنا ایں	tū̃ kardā haĩ ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈਂ تُوں کردا ہیں
You (f.pl.) do	tusī karniyā̃ ò/je ਤੁਸੀ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਓ/ਜੇ تسی کرنِیاں او/جے	tusī̃ kardiyā̃ ho ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਹੋ تسی کردِیاں ہو

Examples of Majhi

Sentence		IPA	Translation
Shahmukhi	Gurmukhi	IPA	Translation
تُوں لہور جاندا سیں	ਤੂੰ ਲਹੌਰ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੈਂ	/tũː lə̯ɔ̂ːɾᵊ d͡ʒaːndaː sɛ̃ː/	You used to go to Lahore
میں پہلوں ہی آکھدا ساں	ਮੈਂ ਪਹਿਲੋਂ ਹੀ ਆਖਦਾ ਸਾਂ	/mɛ̃ː pɛ̌ːlːõː îː aːkʰːᵊdaː sãː/	I already said it
اودݨ بھرجائی کتھے سن	ਓਦਣ ਭਰਜਾਈ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਸਨ	/oːdːəɳᵊ pə̂ɾᵊd͡ʒaːiː kɪtʰːeː sənᵊ/	Where were the sisters-in-law that day?

Subdialectal differences

Eastern Majhi

Eastern Majhi refers to the subdialect native to region of Majha east of Lahore, i.e. the Amritsar and Tarn Taran districts and surrounding areas. It is also spoken by the descendants of those who migrated out of these areas.

The subdialect has considerable Doabi influence, and often uses the past-tense inflection of the verb ḍahiṇā (ਡਹਿਣਾ / ڈہݨا) to form continuous tenses, rather than pēṇā (ਪੈਣਾ/ پَیݨا) which is used by most other Majhi subdialects and Punjabi dialects.

Phrase	Eastern Majhi	General Majhi	Standard Punjabi
He was doing	eh karaṇ ḍahiā sī ਏਹ ਕਰਣ ਡਹਿਆ ਸੀ اوہ کرݨ ڈہیا سی	eh kardā peā sī ਏਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ اوہ کردا پیا سی	eh kar rahiā sī ਇਹ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ اوہ کر رہیا سی
She is doing	oh karaṇ ḍahī hē ਓਹ ਕਰਣ ਡਹੀ ਹੈ اوہ کرݨ ڈہی اے	oh kardī paī hē ਓਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਹੈ اوہ کردی پئی ہے	oh kar rahī hē ਉਹ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ اوہ کر رہی ہے

Northwestern Majhi

Northwestern Majhi refers to the subdialect spoken in the northwestern side of the Majha region in Pakistan, primarily in the districts of Gujrat, Jhelum, and Bhimber.

In these areas, word-initial 'h' is fainter and more tonal, eventually disappearing in upper Punjabi dialects like Pahari-Pothwari and Hazarewal Hindko, as well as Dogri. Words like hatth (ਹੱਥ / ہَتّھ) "hand" are said more as àtth.

Another notable difference is the use of the suffix -dā instead of -gā for indicative future tense.

Standard / Central Majhi	Northwestern Majhi	Meaning
kare gā ਕਰੇਗਾ کرے گا	kare dā ਕਰੇਦਾ کرے دا	will do
khāṇ gīā̃ ਖਾਣਗੀਆਂ کھاݨ گیاں	khāṇ dīā̃ ਖਾਣਦੀਆਂ کھاݨ دیاں	(f.) will eat
jāvo ge ਜਾਵੋਗੇ جاوو گے	jāvo de ਜਾਵੋਦੇ جاوو دے	(pl. m.) will go
samjhā̃ gī ਸਮਝਾਂਗੀ سمجھاں گی	samjhā̃ dī ਸਮਝਾਂਦੀ سمجھاں دی	(f.) will understand

Notes

kàr, meaning "home", is often said as kār in Northwestern Majhi (spoken in Gujrat, Jhelum, and Bhimber districts) as the vowel is elongated.

References

Mangat Rai Bhardwaj (2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-138-79385-9. LCCN 2015042069. OCLC 948602857. OL 35828315M. Wikidata Q23831241.
Grierson, George A. (1916). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. IX Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 609.
Bashir, Elena (19 August 2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 262. ISBN 9781614512257.

Punjabi varieties

Central

Majhi
- Standard Punjabi

Eastern

Lahnda
(Western)

Jatki (transitional with Central Punjabi)	Dhani Jhangvi Shahpuri
Hindko	Awankari Chhachi Ghebi Hazarvi Kohati Peshori
Pahari-Pothwari (transitional with Central Punjabi)	Mirpuri Pahari Pothwari
Saraiki	Derawali Multani Riasti
Inku † Thali

See also: Baahar di boli, Sant Bhasha, Khalsa bole

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