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| caption = ] and its moon S/2015 (136472) 1 (arrow) | caption = ] and its moon S/2015 (136472) 1 (arrow)
| background = <!-- #FFFFC0 --> | background = <!-- #FFFFC0 -->
| discovery_ref = <ref name = "Parker2016"/> | discovery_ref = <ref name="Parker2016"/>
| discoverer = | discoverer =
{{plainlist | {{plainlist |
* HST/] * ]/]
* Alex H. Parker * Alex H. Parker
* ] * ]
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| alt_names = MK2 (unofficial)<ref name="hubblesite"/> | alt_names = MK2 (unofficial)<ref name="hubblesite"/>
| adjectives = | adjectives =
| orbit_ref = <ref name="Parker2016"/> | orbit_ref = <ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}}
| epoch = | epoch =
| semimajor = {{val|21000|u=km|p=>}} | semimajor = {{val|21000|u=km|p=>}}
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| period = {{val|12.4|p=>}} days | period = {{val|12.4|p=>}} days
| mean_anomaly = | mean_anomaly =
| inclination = {{val|63|-|87|u=°}} wrt ] (])<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}}
| inclination =
| angular_dist =
| asc_node = | asc_node =
| arg_peri = | arg_peri =
| satellite_of = ] | satellite_of = ]
| mean_diameter = ~175 km (for an assumed albedo of 4%)<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=4}} | mean_diameter = ~175 km (4% albedo; best fit)<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=4}}<br/>{{val|175|-|250|u=km}} (2–4% albedo){{efn|name=diameterrange}}
| mass = | mass =
| density = | density =
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}} }}


'''S/2015 (136472) 1''', unofficially nicknamed '''MK2''' by the discovery team,<ref name="hubblesite"/> is the only known ] of the ] ] ].<ref name="Parker2016"/><ref name="NYT-20160427"/><ref name="PlanetarySociety"/> It is estimated to be {{convert|175|km|4=-1|abbr=on}} in diameter (for an assumed ] of 4%) and has a ] of at least {{convert|21000|km|4=-2|abbr=on}} from Makemake.<ref name="Parker2016"/> Its orbital period is at least 12 days if it has a circular orbit.<ref name="Parker2016"/><ref name="CBET4275"/><ref name="PlanetarySociety"/> Observations leading to its discovery occurred in April 2015, using the ]'s Wide Field Camera 3, and its discovery was announced on 26 April 2016.<ref name="hubblesite"/> '''S/2015 (136472) 1''', unofficially nicknamed '''MK2''' by the discovery team,<ref name="hubblesite"/> is the only known ] of the ] ] ].<ref name="Parker2016"/><ref name="PlanetarySociety"/> It is estimated to be {{convert|175|km|4=-1|abbr=on}} in diameter and has a ] of at least {{convert|21000|km|4=-2|abbr=on}} from Makemake.<ref name="Parker2016"/> Its orbital period is at least 12 days if it has a circular orbit.<ref name="Parker2016"/><ref name="CBET4275"/><ref name="PlanetarySociety"/> Observations leading to its discovery occurred in April 2015, using the ]'s ], and its discovery was announced on 26 April 2016.<ref name="hubblesite"/>


== Physical characteristics == == Physical characteristics ==
S/2015 (136472) 1 is extremely faint, with an ] of 25 in ].<ref name="Grundy-Makemake"/> The satellite is 1,300 times fainter than Makemake, which corresponds to a ] difference of 7.80 between it and Makemake.<ref name="Spacecom-20160429"/><ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}} S/2015 (136472) 1 is extremely faint, with an ] of 25 in ].<ref name="Grundy-Makemake"/> The satellite is 1,300 times fainter than Makemake, which corresponds to a ] difference of 7.80 between it and Makemake.<ref name="Spacecom-20160429"/><ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}}


Prior to the discovery S/2015 (136472) 1, measurements of Makemake's ] ] by the '']'' and '']'' space telescopes showed that the dwarf planet emitted more thermal radiation than expected for its size and brightness in visible light. This led astronomers to suspect that Makemake must have extra dark surface area that is contributing to this excess thermal emission.<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}} Makemake does not exhibit significant variations in brightness as it rotates, which leaves the possibilities that some of this dark surface area may either be located on Makemake's surface as longitudinally uniform regions or on satellites orbiting Makemake.<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}}<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>{{rp|page=6}} The discovery of S/2015 (136472) 1 and Makemake's slow rotation lends credibility to the hypothesis that Makemake's excess thermal emission is largely due to one or potentially more satellites.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>{{rp|page=6}} Prior to the discovery S/2015 (136472) 1, measurements of Makemake's ] ] by the '']'' and '']'' space telescopes showed that the dwarf planet emits more thermal radiation than expected for its size and brightness in visible light.<ref name="PlanetarySociety"/> This led astronomers to suspect that Makemake must have extra dark surface area that is contributing to this excess thermal emission.<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}} Makemake does not exhibit significant variations in brightness as it rotates, which leaves the possibilities that some of this dark surface area may either be uniformly distributed on Makemake's surface or is located on satellites orbiting Makemake.<ref name="PlanetarySociety"/><ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}}<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>{{rp|page=6}} The discovery of S/2015 (136472) 1 lends credibility to the hypothesis that Makemake's excess thermal emission largely comes from satellites with dark surfaces.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>{{rp|page=6}}


Assuming S/2015 (136472) 1 has a uniformly dark surface, the satellite has a ] or visible light ] of 2–4%, which makes it as dark as ].<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3–4}}<ref name="Spacecom-20160429"/> The satellite is exceptionally dark compared to Makemake's geometric albedo of 82%; this may be because the satellite's gravity is too weak to hold on to bright, ] as they sublimate off the satellite's surface into space.<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=4}}<ref name="Spacecom-20160429"/> S/2015 (136472) 1 is estimated to have a diameter of roughly {{cvt|175|km|mi}}, based on its geometric albedo and brightness in visible light.<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=4}} Assuming S/2015 (136472) 1 has a uniformly dark surface, the satellite has a ] or visible light ] of 2–4%, which makes it as dark as ].<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3–4}}<ref name="Spacecom-20160429"/> The satellite is exceptionally dark compared to Makemake's geometric albedo of 82%; this may be because the satellite's gravity is too weak to hold on to bright, ] as they sublimate off the satellite's surface into space.<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=4}}<ref name="Spacecom-20160429"/> S/2015 (136472) 1 is estimated to have a diameter between {{cvt|175-250|km|mi}}, based on its geometric albedo and brightness in visible light.{{efn|name=diameterrange|For a nominal ] of 7.8, a geometric albedo of 0.02 gives a diameter of {{cvt|250|km|mi}}<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}} while a geometric albedo of 0.04 gives a diameter of {{cvt|175|km|mi}}.<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=4}}}} Within this range, S/2015 (136472) 1's diameter is most likely {{cvt|175|km|mi}} for a geometric albedo of 4%.<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=4}} If S/2015 (136472) 1 has the same density as Makemake, then it would contribute less than 0.2% of the total system mass.<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=4}}


=== Additional satellites of Makemake === === Additional satellites of Makemake ===
The diameter and surface area of S/2015 (136472) 1 can only account for 20–30% of the dark surface area responsible for Makemake's excess thermal emission, which indicates there is likely another dark, undiscovered satellite of Makemake.<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}}{{efn|Given S/2015 (136472) 1's diameter of <math>D_{MK2} = 175 \text{ km}</math> (radius <math>R_{MK2} = 87.5 \text{ km}</math>) and Makemake's dark terrain area-equivalent diameter of <math>D_{dark} = 310 \text{ to } 380 \text{ km}</math> (radius <math>R_{dark} = 155 \text{ to } 190 \text{ km}</math>)),<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}} the ratio of S/2015 (136472) 1's surface area over the dark terrain surface area is <math>\frac{4\pi R_{MK2}^2}{4\pi R_{dark}^2}</math>, which gives 21–31%. }} Furthermore, S/2015 (136472) 1 is too small to have ] slowed down Makemake to its current rotation period.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>{{rp|page=6}} An undiscovered satellite that would be responsible for slowing Makemake's rotation would have to be around {{cvt|400-550|km|mi}} in diameter with an orbital distance of {{cvt|3000–5000|km|mi}}, which would be large enough to account for the remaining dark surface area while being close enough to Makemake that it cannot be detected by current telescopes like Hubble.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>{{rp|page=6}} S/2015 (136472) 1 alone cannot be responsible for all of Makemake's excess thermal emission because its diameter and surface area only accounts for 20–30% of the total dark surface area.<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}}{{efn|Given S/2015 (136472) 1's diameter of <math>D_{MK2} = 175 \text{ km}</math> (radius <math>R_{MK2} = 87.5 \text{ km}</math>) and Makemake's dark terrain area-equivalent diameter of <math>D_{dark} = 310 \text{ to } 380 \text{ km}</math> (radius <math>R_{dark} = 155 \text{ to } 190 \text{ km}</math>)),<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}} the ratio of S/2015 (136472) 1's surface area over the dark terrain surface area is <math>\frac{4\pi R_{MK2}^2}{4\pi R_{dark}^2}</math>, which gives 21–31%. }} Even the maximum possible diameter of S/2015 (136472) 1 is too small to account for all of this dark surface area.<ref name="Parker2016"/>{{rp|page=3}} Furthermore, S/2015 (136472) 1 is too small to have ] slowed down Makemake to its current rotation period of 22.8 hours.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>{{rp|page=6}} These details indicate that there may be another large, undiscovered satellite orbiting Makemake. A satellite that is responsible for Makemake's slow rotation would have to be 3–5% of Makemake's mass and {{cvt|400-550|km|mi}} in diameter, which would be large enough to account for the remaining dark surface area. This undiscovered satellite would have to be closely orbiting Makemake at a distance of {{cvt|3000-5000|km|mi}}, which would make it undetectable to current telescopes like Hubble.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>{{rp|page=6}} It is possible that this undiscovered satellite has an irregular shape, which could account for most of Makemake's rotational brightness variability.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>{{rp|page=6}}


== Orbit == == Orbit ==
Alex Parker, the leader of the team that performed the analysis of the discovery images at the ], said that from the discovery images, MK2's orbit appears to be aligned edge-on to Earth-based observatories.<ref name="CBET4275"/> This would make it difficult to detect because it would be lost in Makemake's glare much of the time, which, along with its dark surface, would contribute to previous surveys failing to observe it.<ref name="Parker2016"/> Observations taken in 2018 and 2019 may be enough to determine whether the orbit is close to circular, which would suggest that MK2 was formed by an ancient impact event, or if it is significantly eccentric, which would suggest that it was captured.<ref name="Spacecom-20160429"/> Alex Parker, the leader of the team that performed the analysis of the discovery images at the ], said that from the discovery images, S/2015 (136472) 1's orbit appears to be aligned edge-on to Earth-based observatories.<ref name="CBET4275"/> This would make it difficult to detect because it would be lost in Makemake's glare much of the time, which, along with its dark surface, would contribute to previous surveys failing to observe it.<ref name="Parker2016"/> Observations taken in 2018 and 2019 may be enough to determine whether the orbit is close to circular, which would suggest that S/2015 (136472) 1 was formed by an ancient impact event, or if it is significantly eccentric, which would suggest that it was captured.<ref name="Spacecom-20160429"/>


== Name == == Name ==
{{See also|Makemake (deity)}} {{See also|Makemake (deity)}}
As of 2024, the satellite has no official name.<ref name="jpldatamakemake"/> The designation S/2015 (136472) 1 is the satellite's ], with S/ indicating "satellite", 2015 being the satellite's year of discovery, and 1 being the satellite's order of discovery in that year.<ref name="iaunaming"/> (136472) is Makemake's minor-planet number.<ref name="IAU0806"/> {{As of|2024}}, the satellite has no official name.<ref name="jpldatamakemake"/> The designation S/2015 (136472) 1 is the satellite's ], with "S/" indicating satellite, "2015" being the satellite's year of discovery, and "1" being the satellite's order of discovery in that year.<ref name="iaunaming"/> "(136472)" is Makemake's ].<ref name="IAU0806"/>


The nickname 'MK2' simply means ''object 2 in the Makemake system''. A permanent name may be chosen from an associated figure in the mythology of Easter Island.{{cn|date=July 2024}} The nickname 'MK2' simply means ''object 2 in the Makemake system''. A permanent name may be chosen from an associated figure in the mythology of Easter Island.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}


{{Clear}} {{Clear}}
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<ref name="Parker2016">{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=A. H. |last2=Buie |first2=M. W. |last3=Grundy |first3=W. M. |last4=Noll |first4=K. S. |title=Discovery of a Makemakean Moon |date=2016-04-25 |arxiv=1604.07461 |doi=10.3847/2041-8205/825/1/L9 |volume=825 |issue=1 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |page=L9 |bibcode=2016ApJ...825L...9P |s2cid=119270442 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Parker2016">{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=A. H. |last2=Buie |first2=M. W. |last3=Grundy |first3=W. M. |last4=Noll |first4=K. S. |title=Discovery of a Makemakean Moon |date=2016-04-25 |arxiv=1604.07461 |doi=10.3847/2041-8205/825/1/L9 |volume=825 |issue=1 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |page=L9 |bibcode=2016ApJ...825L...9P |s2cid=119270442 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="NYT-20160427">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=26 April 2016 |title=Makemake, the Moonless Dwarf Planet, Has a Moon, After All |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/27/science/makemake-the-moonless-dwarf-planet-has-a-moon-after-all.html |newspaper=] |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>


<ref name="PlanetarySociety">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2016/0502-a-moon-for-makemake.html |title=A Moon for Makemake |last=Parker |first=A. |date=2016-05-02 |website=Planetary Society blogs |publisher=] |access-date=2016-05-02}}</ref> <ref name="PlanetarySociety">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2016/0502-a-moon-for-makemake.html |title=A Moon for Makemake |last=Parker |first=A. |date=2016-05-02 |website=Planetary Society blogs |publisher=] |access-date=2016-05-02}}</ref>
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{{Solar System moons (compact)}} {{Solar System moons (compact)}}
{{Solar System}} {{Solar System}}

] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 20:25, 5 December 2024

Moon of Makemake

S/2015 (136472) 1
Makemake and its moon S/2015 (136472) 1 (arrow)
Discovery
Discovered by
Discovery dateApril 2015
Designations
Alternative namesMK2 (unofficial)
Orbital characteristics
Semi-major axis>21000 km
Eccentricityunknown
Orbital period (sidereal)>12.4 days
Inclination63°–87° wrt ecliptic (prograde)
Satellite ofMakemake
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter~175 km (4% albedo; best fit)
175–250 km (2–4% albedo)
Albedo0.04 (best fit)
0.02–0.04
Apparent magnitude25.0
Absolute magnitude (H)7.89±0.04

S/2015 (136472) 1, unofficially nicknamed MK2 by the discovery team, is the only known moon of the trans-Neptunian dwarf planet Makemake. It is estimated to be 175 km (110 mi) in diameter and has a semi-major axis of at least 21,000 km (13,000 mi) from Makemake. Its orbital period is at least 12 days if it has a circular orbit. Observations leading to its discovery occurred in April 2015, using the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Camera 3, and its discovery was announced on 26 April 2016.

Physical characteristics

S/2015 (136472) 1 is extremely faint, with an apparent magnitude of 25 in visible light. The satellite is 1,300 times fainter than Makemake, which corresponds to a magnitude difference of 7.80 between it and Makemake.

Prior to the discovery S/2015 (136472) 1, measurements of Makemake's far-infrared thermal emission by the Spitzer and Herschel space telescopes showed that the dwarf planet emits more thermal radiation than expected for its size and brightness in visible light. This led astronomers to suspect that Makemake must have extra dark surface area that is contributing to this excess thermal emission. Makemake does not exhibit significant variations in brightness as it rotates, which leaves the possibilities that some of this dark surface area may either be uniformly distributed on Makemake's surface or is located on satellites orbiting Makemake. The discovery of S/2015 (136472) 1 lends credibility to the hypothesis that Makemake's excess thermal emission largely comes from satellites with dark surfaces.

Assuming S/2015 (136472) 1 has a uniformly dark surface, the satellite has a geometric albedo or visible light reflectivity of 2–4%, which makes it as dark as charcoal. The satellite is exceptionally dark compared to Makemake's geometric albedo of 82%; this may be because the satellite's gravity is too weak to hold on to bright, volatile ices as they sublimate off the satellite's surface into space. S/2015 (136472) 1 is estimated to have a diameter between 175–250 km (109–155 mi), based on its geometric albedo and brightness in visible light. Within this range, S/2015 (136472) 1's diameter is most likely 175 km (109 mi) for a geometric albedo of 4%. If S/2015 (136472) 1 has the same density as Makemake, then it would contribute less than 0.2% of the total system mass.

Additional satellites of Makemake

S/2015 (136472) 1 alone cannot be responsible for all of Makemake's excess thermal emission because its diameter and surface area only accounts for 20–30% of the total dark surface area. Even the maximum possible diameter of S/2015 (136472) 1 is too small to account for all of this dark surface area. Furthermore, S/2015 (136472) 1 is too small to have tidally slowed down Makemake to its current rotation period of 22.8 hours. These details indicate that there may be another large, undiscovered satellite orbiting Makemake. A satellite that is responsible for Makemake's slow rotation would have to be 3–5% of Makemake's mass and 400–550 km (250–340 mi) in diameter, which would be large enough to account for the remaining dark surface area. This undiscovered satellite would have to be closely orbiting Makemake at a distance of 3,000–5,000 km (1,900–3,100 mi), which would make it undetectable to current telescopes like Hubble. It is possible that this undiscovered satellite has an irregular shape, which could account for most of Makemake's rotational brightness variability.

Orbit

Alex Parker, the leader of the team that performed the analysis of the discovery images at the Southwest Research Institute, said that from the discovery images, S/2015 (136472) 1's orbit appears to be aligned edge-on to Earth-based observatories. This would make it difficult to detect because it would be lost in Makemake's glare much of the time, which, along with its dark surface, would contribute to previous surveys failing to observe it. Observations taken in 2018 and 2019 may be enough to determine whether the orbit is close to circular, which would suggest that S/2015 (136472) 1 was formed by an ancient impact event, or if it is significantly eccentric, which would suggest that it was captured.

Name

See also: Makemake (deity)

As of 2024, the satellite has no official name. The designation S/2015 (136472) 1 is the satellite's provisional designation, with "S/" indicating satellite, "2015" being the satellite's year of discovery, and "1" being the satellite's order of discovery in that year. "(136472)" is Makemake's minor-planet number.

The nickname 'MK2' simply means object 2 in the Makemake system. A permanent name may be chosen from an associated figure in the mythology of Easter Island.

Notes

  1. ^ For a nominal absolute magnitude of 7.8, a geometric albedo of 0.02 gives a diameter of 250 km (160 mi) while a geometric albedo of 0.04 gives a diameter of 175 km (109 mi).
  2. Given S/2015 (136472) 1's diameter of D M K 2 = 175  km {\displaystyle D_{MK2}=175{\text{ km}}} (radius R M K 2 = 87.5  km {\displaystyle R_{MK2}=87.5{\text{ km}}} ) and Makemake's dark terrain area-equivalent diameter of D d a r k = 310  to  380  km {\displaystyle D_{dark}=310{\text{ to }}380{\text{ km}}} (radius R d a r k = 155  to  190  km {\displaystyle R_{dark}=155{\text{ to }}190{\text{ km}}} )), the ratio of S/2015 (136472) 1's surface area over the dark terrain surface area is 4 π R M K 2 2 4 π R d a r k 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {4\pi R_{MK2}^{2}}{4\pi R_{dark}^{2}}}} , which gives 21–31%.

References

  1. ^ Parker, A. H.; Buie, M. W.; Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S. (25 April 2016). "Discovery of a Makemakean Moon". The Astrophysical Journal. 825 (1): L9. arXiv:1604.07461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...825L...9P. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/825/1/L9. S2CID 119270442.
  2. ^ "HubbleSite – NewsCenter – Hubble Discovers Moon Orbiting the Dwarf Planet Makemake (04/26/2016) – The Full Story". hubblesite.org. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  3. ^ William M. Grundy (13 February 2020). "Makemake (136472 2005 FY9)". Lowell Observatory. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  4. ^ Parker, A. (2 May 2016). "A Moon for Makemake". Planetary Society blogs. Planetary Society. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  5. ^ Green, Daniel W. E. (26 April 2016). "S/2015 (136472) 1". Central Bureau Electronic Telegram (4275). Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Bibcode:2016CBET.4275....1P.
  6. ^ Mike Wall (26 April 2016). "Distant Dwarf Planet Makemake Has Its Own Moon". Space.com. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  7. ^ T. A. Hromakina; I. N. Belskaya; Yu. N. Krugly; V. G. Shevchenko; J. L. Ortiz; P. Santos-Sanz; R. Duffard; N. Morales; A. Thirouin; R. Ya. Inasaridze; V. R. Ayvazian; V. T. Zhuzhunadze; D. Perna; V. V. Rumyantsev; I. V. Reva; A. V. Serebryanskiy; A. V. Sergeyev; I. E. Molotov; V. A. Voropaev; S. F. Velichko (9 April 2019). "Long-term photometric monitoring of the dwarf planet (136472) Makemake". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 625: A46. arXiv:1904.03679. Bibcode:2019A&A...625A..46H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935274. S2CID 102350991.
  8. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 136472 Makemake (2005 FY9)". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (2019-05-12 last obs). Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  9. "Naming of Astronomical Objects". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  10. International Astronomical Union (19 July 2008). "Fourth dwarf planet named Makemake" (Press release). International Astronomical Union (News Release – IAU0806). Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2008.

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