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| moid = {{cvt|0.000532|AU|km}} | moid = {{cvt|0.000532|AU|km}}
| physical_ref = | physical_ref =
| mean_diameter = {{val|44|u=cm}}<ref name="Spurný2024"/><br/>{{val|40|-|60|u=cm}}<ref name="Bischoff2024"/> | mean_diameter = {{val|44|u=cm}}<ref name="Spurný2024"/><br/>{{val|40|-|60|u=cm}}<ref name="Bischoff2024" />
| mass = {{val|140|u=kg}}<ref name="Spurný2024"/><br/>>{{val|1.8|u=kg}}<ref name="Bischoff2024"/> | mass = {{val|140|u=kg}} (entry mass)<ref name="Spurný2024"/><br/>{{val|1.8|u=kg}} (recovered)<ref name="Bischoff2024" />
| density = | density =
| rotation = {{val|2.5888|0.0002|u=second}}<ref name="Devogèle2024"/>
| rotation =
| axial_tilt = | axial_tilt =
| albedo = | albedo =
| spectral_type = ]<ref name="Spurný2024"/> | spectral_type = ]<ref name="Spurný2024"/>
| magnitude = | magnitude =
| abs_magnitude = {{val|32.795|0.353}}<ref name="jpldata"/><br/>32.84<ref name="MPC-object"/> | abs_magnitude = {{val|32.795|0.353}}<ref name="jpldata"/><br/>32.84<ref name="MPC-object"/><br/>–14.4 (bolide maximum)<ref name="Spurný2024"/>
}} }}


'''{{mp|2024 BX|1}}''', previously known under its temporary designation '''Sar2736''', was a metre-sized ] or ] that entered Earth's atmosphere on 21 January 2024 00:33 ] and disintegrated as a ] over ].<ref name="MPEC-2024-B76"/><ref name="NYT-20240210"/> It was discovered less than three hours before impact by Hungarian astronomer ] at ]'s ] in the ], ].<ref name="MPEC-2024-B76"/> It was observed with the 60 cm ]. Sárneczky first thought it was a known asteroid because it had a brightness of 18th ], but he could not find it in any catalog, so he reported it to the ].<ref name="Konkoly2024"/> The ] was observed by the cameras of the AllSky7<ref name="allsky7"/> and Fripon<ref name="fripon"/> networks. {{mp|2024 BX|1}} is the eighth asteroid discovered before impacting Earth, and is Sárneczky's third discovery of an impacting asteroid. Before it impacted, {{mp|2024 BX|1}} was a ] on an Earth-crossing ] orbit. '''{{mp|2024 BX|1}}''', previously known under its temporary designation '''Sar2736''', was a 44 ]-sized (17 ])<ref name="Spurný2024" /> ] or ] that entered Earth's atmosphere on 21 January 2024 00:33 ] and disintegrated as a ] over ].<ref name="MPEC-2024-B76"/><ref name="NYT-20240210"/> The recovered fragments are known as the '''Ribbeck meteorite'''.


It was discovered less than three hours before impact by Hungarian astronomer ] at ]'s ] in the ], ].<ref name="MPEC-2024-B76"/> It was observed with the 60 cm ]. Sárneczky first thought it was a known asteroid because it had a brightness of 18th ], but he could not find it in any catalog, so he reported it to the ].<ref name="Konkoly2024"/> The ] was observed by the cameras of the AllSky7<ref name="allsky7"/> and Fripon<ref name="fripon"/> networks. {{mp|2024 BX|1}} is the eighth asteroid discovered before impacting Earth, and is Sárneczky's third discovery of an impacting asteroid. Before it impacted, {{mp|2024 BX|1}} was a ] on an Earth-crossing ] orbit.
⚫ The ] was studied in June 2024. It had a steep entry of 75.6° and an entry speed of 15.20 km/s. The bolide was observed with the SDAFO at ], which took a spectrum of the bolide. The spectrum was low in iron, consistent with an ]-rich body (]). At a hight of 55 km the meteoroid fragmented into smaller pieces. These primary pieces then broke up again at a height of 39-29 km. The size and mass were first estimated at 1 meter and 1700 kg based on ] of ]. The ] from the ] did however suggest a mass of about 100 kg. Considering it was an E-type asteroid, which have higher albedos, the new estimates are 0.44 meters and 140 kg.<ref name="Spurný2024"/>


⚫ The ] was studied in June 2024. It had a steep entry of 75.6° and an entry speed of 15.20 km/s. The bolide was observed with the SDAFO at ], which took a spectrum of the bolide. The spectrum was low in iron, consistent with an ]-rich body (]). At a hight of 55 km the meteoroid fragmented into smaller pieces. These primary pieces then broke up again at a height of 39-29 km. The size and mass were first estimated at 1 meter and 1700 kg based on ] of ]. The ] from the ] did however suggest a mass of about 100 kg. Considering it was an E-type asteroid, which have higher albedos, the new estimates are 0.44 meters and 140 kg.<ref name="Spurný2024"/>
⚫ ] fragments of {{mp|2024 BX|1}} were found five days after it entered the Earth's atmosphere.<ref name="skyandtelescope2024" /><ref name="twitterSAL_DLR_Berlin" /> Searches were conducted by the ] (DLR), the Berlin universities, members of the ] and ]. The first samples were found by ] searchers close to the village ].<ref name="Bischoff2024" /> It was later found to be an ], a rare group of meteorites.<ref name="SETI" /> An analysis of the spectrum at ]–] wavelengths found that the sample is consistent with aubrites. It also showed that it had similar 0.5/0.9 μm band depths when compared to ], hinting at a possible linkage.<ref name="Cantillo2024"/> A study from July 2024 describe the meteorite fragments that are called '''Ribbeck'''. About 200 pieces were collected, totalling in about 1.8 kg. The study measured short-lived ] in the samples AKM01 and AKM05. Ribbeck is consistent with a ] aubrite. The samples are made up of 76 ±3 vol% nearly FeO-free enstatite, 15.0 ±2.5 vol% albitic ], 5.5 ±1.5 vol% ] and 3.5 ±1.0 vol% of opaque phases (mainly ] and metals, such as ]), with traces of nearly FeO-free ] and ]. The researchers found that the plagioclase fragments in Ribbeck formed from coarse-grained ] that cooled slowly and that were fragmented by ] on the parent body. The albitic plagioclase content is one of the highest among all aubrites, similar to the aubrite of Bishopville (see ]). This causes ] measurements to be higher in both meteorites. It is suggested that 2024 BX<sub>1</sub> belongs to the ] and therefore is similar to the E/X-type asteroids. The rock showed signs of ] and ]. The 4 days of weathering in the snow/melted snow gave the samples a brown color and the breakdown of sulfides gave the samples a smell of ] (rotten egg smell). Some minerals (], a ]-rich phase and a ]-rich phase) showed strong alteration, but it is unclear if this happened partially before the meteorite impact or if it is only due to weathering.<ref name="Bischoff2024" /> The researchers estimated that the parent body of Ribbeck is 4.5 billion years old.<ref name="UniMuensterPress" /> Aubrites formed very early within a few Million years after the formation of ] (~4.56 billion years old) and for Ribbeck ages were determined with the help of ] (~3.3–3.7 billion years) and ]/]-] dating (~2.3–2.5 billion years). These younger ages are indications for impact events.<ref name="Bischoff2024" />


== Ribbeck meteorite ==
⚫ Researchers described the meteorite fragments as "cosmic pears", in remembrance of the ballad ] by ]. .<ref name="Bischoff2024" /><ref name="UniMuensterPress"/> According to the ballad Ribbeck gave ] to passing children and after his death a legendary pear tree did grow on his grave, providing children with free pears.
⚫ ] fragments of {{mp|2024 BX|1}} were found four days after it entered the Earth's atmosphere.<ref name="skyandtelescope2024" /><ref name="twitterSAL_DLR_Berlin" /><ref name="Bischoff2024" /> Searches were conducted by the ] (DLR), the Berlin universities, members of the ] and ]. The first samples were found by ] searchers close to the village ]. The meteorite fragments are therefore called '''Ribbeck meteorites'''. About 200 pieces were collected, totaling about 1.8 kg. The largest pieces weighed 212 g (sample F13) and 171 g (sample F14).<ref name="Bischoff2024" /> First analysis by scientists of the ] in Berlin showed that it was an ], a rare group of meteorites. The results were submitted to ] in February.<ref name="SETI" /> Later analysis of the spectrum at ]–] wavelengths also found that the sample is consistent with aubrites. It was also shown that it had similar 0.5/0.9 μm band depths when compared to ], hinting at a possible linkage. 2024 BX1 also shows an ] that is consistent with the heliocentric distances of the ].<ref name="Cantillo2024" /> A study from July 2024 describe the meteorite fragments. According to this study Ribbeck is consistent with a ] aubrite. The researchers found that the ] fragments in Ribbeck formed from coarse-grained ] that cooled slowly and that were fragmented by ] on the ]. The albitic plagioclase content is one of the highest among all aubrites, similar to the aubrite of Bishopville (see ]). This causes ] measurements to be higher in both meteorites. The rock showed signs of ] and ]. The 4 days of weathering in the snow/melted snow gave the samples a brown color and the breakdown of sulfides gave the samples a smell of ] (rotten egg smell). Some minerals (], a ]-rich phase and a ]-rich phase) showed strong alteration, but it is unclear if this happened partially before the meteorite impact or if it is only due to weathering.<ref name="Bischoff2024" /> The researchers believe that the parent body of Ribbeck is 4.5 billion years old.<ref name="Bischoff2024" /><ref name="UniMuensterPress" /> Aubrites formed very early within a few Million years after the formation of ] (~4.56 billion years old) and for Ribbeck ages were determined with the help of ] (~3.3–3.7 billion years) and ]/]-] dating (~2.3–2.5 billion years). These younger ages are indications for impact events on the parent body. The cosmic ray exposure (CRE) age of Ribbeck is 55-62 Million years. CRE dating is a technique to determine how long a sample was exposed to space (see ]).<ref name="Bischoff2024" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Composition of 2024 BX<sub>1</sub>
!Mineral
!Bischoff et al.<ref name="Bischoff2024" />
|-
|FeO-free enstatite
|76 ±3 vol%
|-
|albitic plagioclase
|15.0 ±2.5 vol%
|-
|]
|5.5 ±1.5 vol%
|-
|opaque phases<br/>a) Metals, including ] with ]-rich grains (] or ])<br/>b) ]<br/>c) Sulfides: ], ], ], oldhamite, Cr-rich phase, Ti-rich phase
|3.5 ±1.0 vol%
|-
|nearly FeO-free ]
|traces
|-
|]
|traces
|-
|S-bearing K-feldspar-like phase
|traces
|}
⚫ Researchers described the meteorite fragments as "cosmic pears", in remembrance of the ballad ] by ].<ref name="Bischoff2024" /><ref name="UniMuensterPress" /> According to the ballad Ribbeck gave ] to passing children and after his death a legendary pear tree did grow on his grave, providing children with free pears.


== Exhibition == == Exhibitions ==
The meteorite was exhibited at the ] in Berlin for a few weeks in March 2024.<ref name="NaturkundeBerlin"/> Seven pieces of the meteorite were exhibited at the Natural History Museum in Berlin for a few weeks in March 2024.<ref name="NaturkundeBerlin"/><ref name="Karmaka2024"/> A 26 g piece discovered by Antal Igaz is exposed at the Konkoly Observatory in Hungary. A 5.3 g piece found by Szymon Kozłowski is on display at the ].<ref name="Karmaka2024" />


== Gallery == == Gallery ==
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File:Maps14245-fig-0009-m(a).jpg|Sample of Ribbeck found after 6 days and showing terrestrial alteration, giving the sample a brown color File:Maps14245-fig-0009-m(a).jpg|Sample of Ribbeck found after 6 days and showing terrestrial alteration, giving the sample a brown color
File:Maps14245-fig-0008-m(a).jpg|] in Ribbeck, showing fracture lines, indicative of shock metamorphism File:Maps14245-fig-0008-m(a).jpg|] in Ribbeck, showing fracture lines, indicative of shock metamorphism
File:Maps14245-fig-0005-m.jpg|Thin sections of 2024 BX<sub>1</sub> samples, with enstatite crystals (En), olivine (Ol), plagioclase (Plag) and metal (Met) File:Maps14245-fig-0005-m.jpg|] of 2024 BX<sub>1</sub> samples, with enstatite crystals (En), olivine (Ol), plagioclase (Plag) and metal (Met)
File:Ribbeck Meteorite (Bullet with white fusion crust, Sample F159), lateral view with Roll-Over Lip.jpg|Ribbeck Meteorite, flight-oriented individual (Bullet with white fusion crust, Sample F159), lateral view with Roll-Over Lip
File:Ribbeck Meteorite with atypical coloration (Dalmatian Stone, Sample F69) with Dalmatian Model.jpg|Ribbeck Meteorite with atypical coloration, Individual (Dalmatian Stone, Sample F69) with Dalmatian Model
File:Ribbeck Meteorite with atypical coloration (Dalmatian Stone, Sample F69).jpg|Ribbeck Meteorite with atypical coloration, Individual (Dalmatian Stone, Sample F69)
File:Ribbeck Meteorite (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, B, Rear-Facing Side).jpg|Ribbeck Meteorite, Individual (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, Rear-Facing Side)
File:Ribbeck Meteorite (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, C, Rear-Facing Side, Detail).jpg|Ribbeck Meteorite, Individual (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, Rear-Facing Side, Detail)
File:Ribbeck Meteorite (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, D, lateral view).jpg|Ribbeck Meteorite, flight-oriented individual (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, lateral view)
File:Ribbeck Meteorite (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, E, lateral view with rim).jpg|Ribbeck Meteorite (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, lateral view with rim)


</gallery> </gallery>


== See also == == See also ==
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
** ]
** {{mpl|2023 CX|1}}, the seventh asteroid discovered before being successfully predicted to impact Earth, and the third asteroid to have its ] collected
** ]
** ]


== References == == References ==
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|accessdate = 21 January 2024}}</ref> |accessdate = 21 January 2024}}</ref>


<ref name="Bischoff2024">{{Cite journal |last=Bischoff |first=Addi |last2=Patzek |first2=Markus |last3=Barrat |first3=Jean‐Alix |last4=Berndt |first4=Jasper |last5=Busemann |first5=Henner |last6=Degering |first6=Detlev |last7=Di Rocco |first7=Tommaso |last8=Ek |first8=Mattias |last9=Harries |first9=Dennis |last10=Godinho |first10=Jose R. A. |last11=Heinlein |first11=Dieter |last12=Kriele |first12=Armin |last13=Krietsch |first13=Daniela |last14=Maden |first14=Colin |last15=Marchhart |first15=Oscar |date=2024-07-31 |title=Cosmic pears from the Havelland (Germany): Ribbeck, the twelfth recorded aubrite fall in history |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/maps.14245 |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |language=en |doi=10.1111/maps.14245 |issn=1086-9379}}</ref> <ref name="Bischoff2024">{{Cite journal |last=Bischoff |first=Addi |author-link=:de:Addi Bischoff |last2=Patzek |first2=Markus |last3=Barrat |first3=Jean-Alix |last4=Berndt |first4=Jasper |last5=Busemann |first5=Henner |last6=Degering |first6=Detlev |last7=Di Rocco |first7=Tommaso |last8=Ek |first8=Mattias |last9=Harries |first9=Dennis |last10=Godinho |first10=Jose R. A. |last11=Heinlein |first11=Dieter |author-link11=:de:Dieter Heinlein |last12=Kriele |first12=Armin |last13=Krietsch |first13=Daniela |last14=Maden |first14=Colin |last15=Marchhart |first15=Oscar |date=2024-07-31 |title=Cosmic pears from the Havelland (Germany): Ribbeck, the twelfth recorded aubrite fall in history |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |volume=59, Nr. 10 |pages=2660-2694 |doi=10.1111/maps.14245 |issn=1086-9379 |doi-access=free |last16=Marshal |first16=Rachael M. |last17=Martschini |first17=Martin |last18=Merchel |first18=Silke |last19=Möller |first19=Andreas |last20=Pack |first20=Andreas |last21=Raab |first21=Herbert |last22=Reitze |first22=Maximilian P. |last23=Rendtel |first23=Ina |last24=Rüfenacht |first24=Miriam |last25=Sachs |first25=Oliver |author-link25=:de:Oliver Sachs |last26=Schönbächler |first26=Maria |last27=Schuppisser |first27=Anja |last28=Weber |first28=Iris |last29=Wieser |first29=Alexander |last30=Wimmer |first30=Karl}}</ref>


<ref name="UniMuensterPress">{{Cite web |last=Design |first=Universität Münster, University of Münster, Web and |title=Ribbeck meteorite from the Havelland is 4.5 billion years old |url=https://www.uni-muenster.de/news/view.php?cmdid=14207&lang=en |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.uni-muenster.de |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="UniMuensterPress">{{Cite web |title=Ribbeck meteorite from the Havelland is 4.5 billion years old |url=https://www.uni-muenster.de/news/view.php?cmdid=14207&lang=en |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.uni-muenster.de |publisher=University of Münster |language=en}}</ref>


<ref name="Konkoly2024">{{Cite web |title=162 minutes from discovery until impact |url=https://konkoly.hu/en/news/science/162-minutes-from-discovery-until-impact |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Konkoly Thege Miklós Astronomical Institute |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Konkoly2024">{{Cite web |title=162 minutes from discovery until impact |url=https://konkoly.hu/en/news/science/162-minutes-from-discovery-until-impact |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Konkoly Thege Miklós Astronomical Institute |language=en}}</ref>


<ref name="NYT-20240210">{{cite news |last=O'Callaghan |first=Jonathan |title=Fragments of Asteroid With Mystery Origin Are Found Outside Berlin - Astronomers tracked the entry of a small space rock into Earth’s atmosphere, and then meteorite hunters made an unexpected discovery. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/10/science/aubrite-asteroid-meteorite-berlin.html |date=10 February 2024 |work=] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240210183139/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/10/science/aubrite-asteroid-meteorite-berlin.html |archivedate=10 February 2024 |accessdate=10 February 2024 }}</ref> <ref name="NYT-20240210">{{cite news |last=O'Callaghan |first=Jonathan |title=Fragments of Asteroid With Mystery Origin Are Found Outside Berlin - Astronomers tracked the entry of a small space rock into Earth's atmosphere, and then meteorite hunters made an unexpected discovery. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/10/science/aubrite-asteroid-meteorite-berlin.html |date=10 February 2024 |work=] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240210183139/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/10/science/aubrite-asteroid-meteorite-berlin.html |archivedate=10 February 2024 |accessdate=10 February 2024 }}</ref>


<ref name="allsky7">{{Cite web |title=german@allsky7.groups.io {{!}} SAR2736 |url=https://allsky7.groups.io/g/german/topic/103861190#5030 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=allsky7.groups.io}}</ref> <ref name="allsky7">{{Cite web |title=german@allsky7.groups.io {{!}} SAR2736 |url=https://allsky7.groups.io/g/german/topic/103861190#5030 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=allsky7.groups.io}}</ref>
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<ref name="skyandtelescope2024">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Bob |authorlink= Bob P. King |date=26 January 2024 |title=ASTEROID 2024 BX1: FROM A DOT OF LIGHT TO FIREBALL TO ROCKS ON THE GROUND |url=https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/asteroid-2024-bx1-from-a-dot-of-light-to-fireball-to-rocks-on-the-ground/ |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Sky & Telescope}}</ref> <ref name="skyandtelescope2024">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Bob |authorlink= Bob P. King |date=26 January 2024 |title=ASTEROID 2024 BX1: FROM A DOT OF LIGHT TO FIREBALL TO ROCKS ON THE GROUND |url=https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/asteroid-2024-bx1-from-a-dot-of-light-to-fireball-to-rocks-on-the-ground/ |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Sky & Telescope}}</ref>


<ref name="twitterSAL_DLR_Berlin">{{Cite tweet|user=SAL_DLR_Berlin|number=1750931305351504356|title=And here we go! The joint team from @DLR_en, @mfnberlin and @FU_Berlin managed to recover two fragments that are thought to be from asteroid #2024BX1. We will still be going to the field in the next few days with the hope of finding more material to study! #meteorites}}</ref> <ref name="twitterSAL_DLR_Berlin">{{Cite tweet|user=SAL_DLR_Berlin|number=1750931305351504356|title=And here we go! The joint team from @DLR_en, @mfnberlin and @FU_Berlin managed to recover two fragments that are thought to be from asteroid #2024BX1. We will still be going to the field in the next few days with the hope of finding more material to study! #meteorites}}</ref>


<ref name="SETI">{{cite news|title=Asteroid that impacted near Berlin identified as a rare Aubrite|url=https://www.seti.org/press-release/asteroid-impacted-near-berlin-identified-rare-aubrite|website=SETI|date=5 February 2024|accessdate=6 February 2024}}</ref> <ref name="SETI">{{cite news|title=Asteroid that impacted near Berlin identified as a rare Aubrite|url=https://www.seti.org/press-release/asteroid-impacted-near-berlin-identified-rare-aubrite|website=SETI|date=5 February 2024|accessdate=6 February 2024}}</ref>
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<ref name="NaturkundeBerlin">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Spectacular meteorite to be exhibited at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin |url=https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/press/press-releases/spectacular-meteorite-be-exhibited-museum-fur-naturkunde-berlin |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Museum für Naturkunde |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="NaturkundeBerlin">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Spectacular meteorite to be exhibited at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin |url=https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/press/press-releases/spectacular-meteorite-be-exhibited-museum-fur-naturkunde-berlin |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Museum für Naturkunde |language=en}}</ref>


<ref name="Spurný2024">{{Cite journal |last=Spurný |first=P. |last2=Borovička |first2=J. |last3=Shrbený |first3=L. |last4=Hankey |first4=M. |last5=Neubert |first5=R. |date=2024-06-01 |title=Atmospheric entry and fragmentation of the small asteroid 2024 BX1: Bolide trajectory, orbit, dynamics, light curve, and spectrum |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024A&A...686A..67S |arxiv=2403.00634 |bibcode=2024A&A...686A..67S |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=686 |pages=A67 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202449735 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> <ref name="Spurný2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Spurný |first1=P. |last2=Borovička |first2=J. |last3=Shrbený |first3=L. |last4=Hankey |first4=M. |last5=Neubert |first5=R. |date=2024-06-01 |title=Atmospheric entry and fragmentation of the small asteroid 2024 BX1: Bolide trajectory, orbit, dynamics, light curve, and spectrum |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024A&A...686A..67S |arxiv=2403.00634 |bibcode=2024A&A...686A..67S |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=686 |pages=A67 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202449735 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>

⚫ <ref name="Cantillo2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Cantillo |first1=David C. |last2=Ridenhour |first2=Kaycee I. |last3=Battle |first3=Adam |last4=Joyce |first4=Thomas |last5=Nunez Breceda |first5=Juliana |last6=Pearson |first6=Neil |last7=Reddy |first7=Vishnu |date=2024-06-01 |title=Laboratory Spectral Characterization of Ribbeck Aubrite: Meteorite Sample of Earth-impacting Near-Earth Asteroid 2024 BX1 |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=138 |bibcode=2024PSJ.....5..138C |doi=10.3847/PSJ/ad4885 |doi-access=free |issn=2632-3338}}</ref>

<ref name="Devogèle2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Devogèle |first1=Maxime |title=Aperture photometry on asteroid trails |date=2024-04-01 |arxiv=2404.04142 |last2=Buzzi |first2=Luca |last3=Micheli |first3=Marco |last4=Cano |first4=Juan Luis |last5=Conversi |first5=Luca |last6=Jehin |first6=Emmanuel |last7=Ferrais |first7=Marin |last8=Ocaña |first8=Francisco |last9=Föhring |first9=Dora|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=689 |pages=A211 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202450263 }}</ref>


<ref name="Karmaka2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=RIBBECK (2024 BX1) Aubrite meteorite fall (~ 1760 g) between Selbelang (Paulinenaue), Ribbeck, Berge and Lietzow (Nauen), Havelland, Brandenburg, Germany at 00:32:38-44 UT on 21 January 2024 |url=https://karmaka.de/?p=34832 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=karmaka.de}}</ref>
⚫ <ref name="Cantillo2024">{{Cite journal |last=Cantillo |first=David C. |last2=Ridenhour |first2=Kaycee I. |last3=Battle |first3=Adam |last4=Joyce |first4=Thomas |last5=Nunez Breceda |first5=Juliana |last6=Pearson |first6=Neil |last7=Reddy |first7=Vishnu |date=2024-06-01 |title=Laboratory Spectral Characterization of Ribbeck Aubrite: Meteorite Sample of Earth-impacting Near-Earth Asteroid 2024 BX1 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PSJ.....5..138C |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |volume=5 |pages=138 |bibcode=2024PSJ.....5..138C |doi=10.3847/PSJ/ad4885 |issn=2632-3338}}</ref>


}} }}
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* on the Meteoritical Bulletin Database * on the Meteoritical Bulletin Database
* of a Ribbeck fragment * of a Ribbeck fragment
* with a lot of information, images of fragments and videos


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Latest revision as of 13:05, 30 December 2024

2024 meteoroid

52°37′15″N 12°45′40″E / 52.62083°N 12.76111°E / 52.62083; 12.76111

2024 BX1
A fragment of 2024 BX1
Discovery
Discovered byKrisztián Sárneczky
Discovery sitePiszkéstető Stn.
Discovery date20 January 2024
Designations
MPC designation2024 BX1
Alternative designationsSar2736, Ribbeck
Minor planet categoryNEO · Apollo
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 13 September 2023 (JD 2460200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 6
Observation arc2.49 h (150 min)
Aphelion1.833 AU
Perihelion0.835 AU
Semi-major axis1.334 AU
Eccentricity0.3740
Orbital period (sidereal)1.54 yr (563.0 d)
Mean anomaly246.680°
Mean motion0° 38 22.038 / day
Inclination7.266°
Longitude of ascending node300.141°
Argument of perihelion243.604°
Earth MOID0.000532 AU (79,600 km)
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter44 cm
40–60 cm
Mass140 kg (entry mass)
1.8 kg (recovered)
Synodic rotation period2.5888±0.0002 s
Spectral typeE-type asteroid
Absolute magnitude (H)32.795±0.353
32.84
–14.4 (bolide maximum)

2024 BX1, previously known under its temporary designation Sar2736, was a 44 centimetre-sized (17 inches) asteroid or meteoroid that entered Earth's atmosphere on 21 January 2024 00:33 UTC and disintegrated as a meteor over Berlin. The recovered fragments are known as the Ribbeck meteorite.

It was discovered less than three hours before impact by Hungarian astronomer Krisztián Sárneczky at Konkoly Observatory's Piszkéstető Station in the Mátra Mountains, Hungary. It was observed with the 60 cm Schmidt Telescope. Sárneczky first thought it was a known asteroid because it had a brightness of 18th magnitude, but he could not find it in any catalog, so he reported it to the Minor Planet Center. The fireball was observed by the cameras of the AllSky7 and Fripon networks. 2024 BX1 is the eighth asteroid discovered before impacting Earth, and is Sárneczky's third discovery of an impacting asteroid. Before it impacted, 2024 BX1 was a near-Earth asteroid on an Earth-crossing Apollo-type orbit.

The bolide was studied in June 2024. It had a steep entry of 75.6° and an entry speed of 15.20 km/s. The bolide was observed with the SDAFO at Tautenburg, which took a spectrum of the bolide. The spectrum was low in iron, consistent with an enstatite-rich body (E-type asteroid). At a hight of 55 km the meteoroid fragmented into smaller pieces. These primary pieces then broke up again at a height of 39-29 km. The size and mass were first estimated at 1 meter and 1700 kg based on albedos of S-type asteroids. The radiometric measurements from the European Fireball Network did however suggest a mass of about 100 kg. Considering it was an E-type asteroid, which have higher albedos, the new estimates are 0.44 meters and 140 kg.

Ribbeck meteorite

Meteorite fragments of 2024 BX1 were found four days after it entered the Earth's atmosphere. Searches were conducted by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the Berlin universities, members of the Meteor Working Group and meteorite hunters. The first samples were found by Polish searchers close to the village Ribbeck (Nauen). The meteorite fragments are therefore called Ribbeck meteorites. About 200 pieces were collected, totaling about 1.8 kg. The largest pieces weighed 212 g (sample F13) and 171 g (sample F14). First analysis by scientists of the Natural History Museum in Berlin showed that it was an aubrite, a rare group of meteorites. The results were submitted to the Meteoritical Society in February. Later analysis of the spectrum at UV–mid-infrared wavelengths also found that the sample is consistent with aubrites. It was also shown that it had similar 0.5/0.9 μm band depths when compared to 434 Hungaria, hinting at a possible linkage. 2024 BX1 also shows an aphelion that is consistent with the heliocentric distances of the Hungaria family. A study from July 2024 describe the meteorite fragments. According to this study Ribbeck is consistent with a brecciated aubrite. The researchers found that the plagioclase fragments in Ribbeck formed from coarse-grained magmatic rock that cooled slowly and that were fragmented by impacts on the parent body. The albitic plagioclase content is one of the highest among all aubrites, similar to the aubrite of Bishopville (see Meteorite fall). This causes Europium measurements to be higher in both meteorites. The rock showed signs of shock metamorphism and terrestrial weathering. The 4 days of weathering in the snow/melted snow gave the samples a brown color and the breakdown of sulfides gave the samples a smell of hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell). Some minerals (oldhamite, a Cr-rich phase and a Ti-rich phase) showed strong alteration, but it is unclear if this happened partially before the meteorite impact or if it is only due to weathering. The researchers believe that the parent body of Ribbeck is 4.5 billion years old. Aubrites formed very early within a few Million years after the formation of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (~4.56 billion years old) and for Ribbeck ages were determined with the help of K–Ar dating (~3.3–3.7 billion years) and Uranium/Thorium-Helium dating (~2.3–2.5 billion years). These younger ages are indications for impact events on the parent body. The cosmic ray exposure (CRE) age of Ribbeck is 55-62 Million years. CRE dating is a technique to determine how long a sample was exposed to space (see surface exposure dating).

Composition of 2024 BX1
Mineral Bischoff et al.
FeO-free enstatite 76 ±3 vol%
albitic plagioclase 15.0 ±2.5 vol%
forsterite 5.5 ±1.5 vol%
opaque phases
a) Metals, including kamacite with Nickel-rich grains (taenite or tetrataenite)
b) Schreibersite
c) Sulfides: troilite, djerfisherite, alabandite, oldhamite, Cr-rich phase, Ti-rich phase 		3.5 ±1.0 vol%
nearly FeO-free diopside traces
K-feldspar traces
S-bearing K-feldspar-like phase traces

Researchers described the meteorite fragments as "cosmic pears", in remembrance of the ballad Herr von Ribbeck auf Ribbeck im Havelland by Theodor Fontane. According to the ballad Ribbeck gave pears to passing children and after his death a legendary pear tree did grow on his grave, providing children with free pears.

Exhibitions

Seven pieces of the meteorite were exhibited at the Natural History Museum in Berlin for a few weeks in March 2024. A 26 g piece discovered by Antal Igaz is exposed at the Konkoly Observatory in Hungary. A 5.3 g piece found by Szymon Kozłowski is on display at the Astronomical Observatory of the University of Warsaw.

Gallery

  • 2024 BX1 bolide on 21 January 2024 over Berlin
  • Sample of Ribbeck found after 6 days and showing terrestrial alteration, giving the sample a brown color Sample of Ribbeck found after 6 days and showing terrestrial alteration, giving the sample a brown color
  • Olivine in Ribbeck, showing fracture lines, indicative of shock metamorphism Olivine in Ribbeck, showing fracture lines, indicative of shock metamorphism
  • Thin sections of 2024 BX1 samples, with enstatite crystals (En), olivine (Ol), plagioclase (Plag) and metal (Met) Thin sections of 2024 BX1 samples, with enstatite crystals (En), olivine (Ol), plagioclase (Plag) and metal (Met)
  • Ribbeck Meteorite, flight-oriented individual (Bullet with white fusion crust, Sample F159), lateral view with Roll-Over Lip Ribbeck Meteorite, flight-oriented individual (Bullet with white fusion crust, Sample F159), lateral view with Roll-Over Lip
  • Ribbeck Meteorite with atypical coloration, Individual (Dalmatian Stone, Sample F69) with Dalmatian Model Ribbeck Meteorite with atypical coloration, Individual (Dalmatian Stone, Sample F69) with Dalmatian Model
  • Ribbeck Meteorite with atypical coloration, Individual (Dalmatian Stone, Sample F69) Ribbeck Meteorite with atypical coloration, Individual (Dalmatian Stone, Sample F69)
  • Ribbeck Meteorite, Individual (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, Rear-Facing Side) Ribbeck Meteorite, Individual (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, Rear-Facing Side)
  • Ribbeck Meteorite, Individual (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, Rear-Facing Side, Detail) Ribbeck Meteorite, Individual (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, Rear-Facing Side, Detail)
  • Ribbeck Meteorite, flight-oriented individual (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, lateral view) Ribbeck Meteorite, flight-oriented individual (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, lateral view)
  • Ribbeck Meteorite (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, lateral view with rim) Ribbeck Meteorite (Spectacular fusion crust, Sample F82, lateral view with rim)

See also

References

  1. ^ "2024 BX1". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  2. ^ "MPEC 2024-B76 : 2024 BX1". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. Minor Planet Center. 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  3. ^ "Small-Body Database Lookup: (2024 BX1)" (2024-01-21 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  4. ^ Spurný, P.; Borovička, J.; Shrbený, L.; Hankey, M.; Neubert, R. (1 June 2024). "Atmospheric entry and fragmentation of the small asteroid 2024 BX1: Bolide trajectory, orbit, dynamics, light curve, and spectrum". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 686: A67. arXiv:2403.00634. Bibcode:2024A&A...686A..67S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449735. ISSN 0004-6361.
  5. ^ Bischoff, Addi ; Patzek, Markus; Barrat, Jean-Alix; Berndt, Jasper; Busemann, Henner; Degering, Detlev; Di Rocco, Tommaso; Ek, Mattias; Harries, Dennis; Godinho, Jose R. A.; Heinlein, Dieter ; Kriele, Armin; Krietsch, Daniela; Maden, Colin; Marchhart, Oscar; Marshal, Rachael M.; Martschini, Martin; Merchel, Silke; Möller, Andreas; Pack, Andreas; Raab, Herbert; Reitze, Maximilian P.; Rendtel, Ina; Rüfenacht, Miriam; Sachs, Oliver ; Schönbächler, Maria; Schuppisser, Anja; Weber, Iris; Wieser, Alexander; Wimmer, Karl (31 July 2024). "Cosmic pears from the Havelland (Germany): Ribbeck, the twelfth recorded aubrite fall in history". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 59, Nr. 10: 2660–2694. doi:10.1111/maps.14245. ISSN 1086-9379.
  6. Devogèle, Maxime; Buzzi, Luca; Micheli, Marco; Cano, Juan Luis; Conversi, Luca; Jehin, Emmanuel; Ferrais, Marin; Ocaña, Francisco; Föhring, Dora (1 April 2024). "Aperture photometry on asteroid trails". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 689: A211. arXiv:2404.04142. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450263.
  7. O'Callaghan, Jonathan (10 February 2024). "Fragments of Asteroid With Mystery Origin Are Found Outside Berlin - Astronomers tracked the entry of a small space rock into Earth's atmosphere, and then meteorite hunters made an unexpected discovery". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  8. "162 minutes from discovery until impact". Konkoly Thege Miklós Astronomical Institute. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  9. "german@allsky7.groups.io | SAR2736". allsky7.groups.io. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  10. "Single event view (773388)". fireball.fripon.org. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  11. King, Bob (26 January 2024). "ASTEROID 2024 BX1: FROM A DOT OF LIGHT TO FIREBALL TO ROCKS ON THE GROUND". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  12. @SAL_DLR_Berlin (26 January 2024). "And here we go! The joint team from @DLR_en, @mfnberlin and @FU_Berlin managed to recover two fragments that are thought to be from asteroid #2024BX1. We will still be going to the field in the next few days with the hope of finding more material to study! #meteorites" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  13. "Asteroid that impacted near Berlin identified as a rare Aubrite". SETI. 5 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  14. Cantillo, David C.; Ridenhour, Kaycee I.; Battle, Adam; Joyce, Thomas; Nunez Breceda, Juliana; Pearson, Neil; Reddy, Vishnu (1 June 2024). "Laboratory Spectral Characterization of Ribbeck Aubrite: Meteorite Sample of Earth-impacting Near-Earth Asteroid 2024 BX1". The Planetary Science Journal. 5 (6): 138. Bibcode:2024PSJ.....5..138C. doi:10.3847/PSJ/ad4885. ISSN 2632-3338.
  15. ^ "Ribbeck meteorite from the Havelland is 4.5 billion years old". www.uni-muenster.de. University of Münster. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  16. "Spectacular meteorite to be exhibited at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin". Museum für Naturkunde. 5 March 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  17. ^ "RIBBECK (2024 BX1) Aubrite meteorite fall (~ 1760 g) between Selbelang (Paulinenaue), Ribbeck, Berge and Lietzow (Nauen), Havelland, Brandenburg, Germany at 00:32:38-44 UT on 21 January 2024". karmaka.de. 29 May 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.

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