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{{Short description|Compendium of Greek myths and heroic legends}} {{Short description|Compendium of Greek myths and heroic legends}}
{{italic title}} {{italic title}}
] ]'s 1805 edition and French translation of the ''Bibliotheca'']]
The '''''Bibliotheca''''' (]: {{lang-grc|Βιβλιοθήκη|lit=Library|translit=Bibliothēkē|label=none}}), also known as the '''''Bibliotheca'' of Pseudo-Apollodorus''', is a ] of ] and ], genealogical tables and histories arranged in three books, generally dated to the first or second century ].<ref>{{harvtxt|Hard|2004|loc=}}; ''Perseus Encyclopedia'', ; {{harvtxt|Simpson|1976|loc=}}.</ref> The author was traditionally thought to be ], but that attribution is now regarded as false. As a result, "]" has been affixed to ]. The '''''Bibliotheca''''' (]: {{langx|grc|Βιβλιοθήκη|lit=Library|translit=Bibliothēkē|label=none}}), is a ] of ] and heroic legends, genealogical tables and histories arranged in three books, generally dated to the first or second century AD.<ref>{{harvtxt|Hard|2004|loc=}}; ''Perseus Encyclopedia'', ; {{harvtxt|Simpson|1976|loc=}}.</ref> The work is commonly described as having been written by '''Apollodorus''' (or sometimes '''Pseudo-Apollodorus'''), a result of its false attribution to the 2nd-century BC scholar ].


== General overview == == General overview ==
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== List of myths == == List of myths ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apollodorus, Library, book 1, chapter 1, section 1 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Library |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref name=":06"/> Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apollodorus, Library, book 1, chapter 1, section 1 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Library |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref name=":06"/>

'''1. Theogony'''
* ], ], and the birth of the ].
* The revolt of the Titans and the rule of ].
* The birth of ] and his war against Cronos and the Titans.
* Descendants of the Titans.
* Descendants of ] and Ge.
* Various children of Zeus and ]; children of the ].
* The births of ] and ].
* ] and ].
* The children of ]; ] and ].
* ].
* The revolt of ].

'''2. The Deucalionids'''

* ] and early man.
* ], ], and the great flood.
* The immediate descendants of Deucalion and Pyrrha.
* ]; The ]; ].
* Early Aetolian genealogies; ] and ].
* ], ], and the hunt for the ].
* The later history of Oineus, and the birth and exile of ].
* ], ], and the origin of the ].
* ], ], and other sons of ].
* ] and ].
* The earlier history of Bias and ].
* ] and ].

'''3. Jason and the Argonauts'''


* ] orders ] to fetch the golden fleece. * ] orders ] to fetch the golden fleece.
* Catalogue of the ]. * Catalogue of the ].
* The women of Lemnos; in the land of the Doliones. * The women of ]; in the land of the ].
* The loss of Hylas and abandonment of ], Polydeuces, and Amycos; Phineus and the ]; the Clashing Rocks. * The loss of ] and abandonment of ].
* ], and Amycos; ] and the ]; the ].
* Jason, ], and the seizure of the fleece. * Jason, ], and the seizure of the fleece.
* The murder of Apsyrtos and journey to ]. * The murder of ] and journey to ].
* To the land of the Phaeacians Anaphe; Talos in Crete. * To the land of the ].
* ]; ] in Crete.
* The return to lolcos and murder of Pelias. * The return to ] and murder of Pelias.
* The later history of Medea. * The later history of Medea.


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* The early descendants of ]. * The early descendants of ].
* The wanderings of ], and division of the Inachid line. * The wanderings of ], and division of the Inachid line.
* Aigyptos, Danaus, and the Danaids, Proitos and Acrisios divide the Argolid Bias, Melampous, and the daughters of Proitos Excursus: the story of ] Danae and the birth of ]. * ], ], and the ].
* ] and ] divide the Argolid.
* Bias, Melampus|Melampous, and the daughters of Proitos.
* Excursus: the story of ].
* ] and the birth of ].
* Perseus fetches the ]'s head (]) Perseus and ]. * Perseus fetches the ]'s head (])
* Perseus and ].
* The later history of Perseus. * The later history of Perseus.
* The immediate descendants of Perseus. * The immediate ].
* The exile of ]. * The exile of ].


'''5. Heracles, and the Heraclids''' '''5. Heracles, and the Heraclids'''


* Amphitryon in Thebes, and the war against the Teleboans. * Amphitryon in ], and the war against the ].
* The birth and early life of ] * The birth and early life of ]
* Heracles and the Minyans; his first marriage, and madness. * Heracles and the ]; his first marriage, and madness.
* First labour: the ]. * First labour: the ].
* Second labour: the ]. * Second labour: the ].
* Third labour: the ]. * Third labour: the ].
* Fourth labour: the ]. * Fourth labour: the ].
* Fifth labour: the cattle of Augeias. * Fifth labour: the cattle of ].
* Sixth labour: the ]. * Sixth labour: the ].
* Seventh labour: the ]. * Seventh labour: the ].
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* Eleventh labour: the ]. * Eleventh labour: the ].
* Twelfth labour: the capture of ]. * Twelfth labour: the capture of ].
* The murder of Iphitos and Heracles' enslavement to Omphale. * The murder of ] and Heracles' enslavement to ].
* The first sack of ]. * The first sack of ].
* Campaigns in the Peloponnese. * Campaigns in the Peloponnese.
* Marriage to Deianeira; Heracles in northern Greece The sack of Oichalia; the death and apotheosis of Heracles. * Marriage to ]; Heracles in northern Greece
* The sack of Oechalia;<ref group="lower-roman">The location of Oechalia is uncertain, and this could be any one of several places in Ancient Greece named ]. See, for example, ] or ].</ref> the death and apotheosis of Heracles.
* The children of Heracles. * The children of Heracles.
* The return of the Heraclids. * The return of the ].


'''6. Cretan and Theban mythology (the Inachids, Agenorid line).''' '''6. Cretan and Theban mythology (the Inachids, Agenorid line).'''


* The abduction of Europa to Crete, and dispersal of the sons of Agenor Minos and his brothers. * The abduction of ] to Crete, and dispersal of the sons of ].
* ] and his brothers.
* ], Pasiphae, and the origin of the ] Catreus and Althaimenes. * Minos, ], and the origin of the ]
* ] and ].
* Polyidos and the revival of Glaucos. * ] and the revival of ].
* Cadmos and the foundation of Thebes Semele and Dionysos; the death of Actaion Successors and usurpers at Thebes Amphion, Niobe, and their children Laios and ].
* ] and the foundation of Thebes.
* ] and ]; the death of ].
* Successors and usurpers at Thebes.
* ], ], and their children.
* ] and ].


'''7. The Theban Wars''' '''7. The Theban Wars'''


* ] and the exile of ] to ]. * ] and the exile of ] to ].
* Prelude in Argos: Amphiaraos and Eriphyle. * Prelude in Argos: ] and ].
* The advance against ] and stationing of the champions. * The advance against ] and stationing of the champions.
* Excursus: the earlier history of ]. * Excursus: the earlier history of ].
* The Theban victory and its aftermath. * The Theban victory and its aftermath.
* The Epigoni and the Second Theban War. * The ] and the Second Theban War.
* The later history of Alcmaion. * The later history of ].


'''8. Arcadian mythology (the Pelasgids)''' '''8. Arcadian mythology (the Pelasgids)'''
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* ] and his sons. * ] and his sons.
* ] and the birth of ]; early Arcadian genealogies. * ] and the birth of ]; early Arcadian genealogies.
* Atalante. * ].


'''9. Laconian and Trojan mythology (the Atlantids)''' '''9. Laconian and Trojan mythology (the Atlantids)'''
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* The birth and early exploits of ]. * The birth and early exploits of ].
* Early ] (]n) genealogies; the story of ]. * Early ] (]n) genealogies; the story of ].
* Tyndareus, Leda, and their children ] and her suitors. * ], ], and their children.
* ] and her suitors.
* The fate of the ]. * The fate of the ].
* Early Trojan mythology. * Early Trojan mythology.
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'''10. The Asopids''' '''10. The Asopids'''


* Aiacos in ]. * ] in ].
* The exile of ] and ] * The exile of ] and ].
* Peleus in ], Calydon, and lolcos. * Peleus in ], Calydon, and Iolcos.
* The marriage of ] and ], and early life of ]. * The marriage of ] and ], and early life of ].


'''11. The Kings of Athens'''
'''11. Cecrops and his descendants; the story of Adonis Three early kings: Cranaos, Amphictyon, and Erichthonios.'''


* ] and his descendants; the story of ].
⚫ * Pandion I and his children; Icarios and Erigone; Tereus, Procne, and Philomele.
* Three early kings: ], ], and ].
⚫ * Procris and Cephalos; Oreithuia and her children Eumolpos, and the war with Eleusis; the exile of Pandion II Aigeus and the conception of ].

⚫ * ] and his children; ] and ]; ], ], and ].
* ] and ]; Oreithuia and her children.
⚫ * ], and the war with Eleusis; the exile of ].
* ] and the conception of ].
* The war with Minos and the origin of the tribute to the Minotaur. * The war with Minos and the origin of the tribute to the Minotaur.
* The labours of Theseus, and his arrival at Athens. * The labours of Theseus, and his arrival at Athens.
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'''Epitome''' '''Epitome'''


* ], Ariadne, and the killing of the ] * Theseus, ], and the killing of the Minotaur.
* Excursus: ] and ], and the death of ]. * Excursus: ] and ], and the death of Minos.
* Theseus and ]; Phaedra and Hippolytos. * Theseus and ]; ] and ].
* Theseus and Peirithoos. * Theseus and ].


'''12. The Pelopids''' '''12. The Pelopids'''


* ]. * ].
* Pelops and Hippodameia * ] and ].
* ] and Thyestes. * ] and ].
* ] and ]. * ] and ].


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* The attack on ]; the Greeks assemble for a second time. * The attack on ]; the Greeks assemble for a second time.
* The Greeks call in at Tenedos. * The Greeks call in at Tenedos.
* The landing at Troy, and the first nine years of the war. * The landing at ], and the first nine years of the war.
* The wrath of ] (a summary of the Iliad) Penthesileia the Amazon; Memnon and the death of Achilles; the suicide of ]. * The wrath of ] (a summary of the ''Iliad'').
* ] the Amazon; Memnon and the death of Achilles; the suicide of ].
* Philoctetes and the death of Paris; conditions for the ] * ] and the death of ]; conditions for the ]
* The ]. * The ].
* The sack of Troy. * The sack of Troy.
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'''14. The returns''' '''14. The returns'''


* ] and Agamemnon quarrel; Calchas and Mopsos. * Menelaos and Agamemnon quarrel; ] and ].
* Agamemnon sails with the main fleet; the storm at Tenos, and Nauplios the wrecker. * Agamemnon sails with the main fleet; the storm at Tenos, and ].
* The fate of ]; various wanderings and returns. * The fate of ]; various wanderings and returns.
* The later history of the Pelopids. * The later history of the Pelopids.
* The return of ] (a summary of the ]). * The return of ] (a summary of the '']'').
* The later history of Odysseus. * The later history of Odysseus.


== Authorship == == Authorship ==
A certain "Apollodorus" is indicated as author on some surviving manuscripts,<ref name=":15"/> this Apollodorus has been mistakenly identified with ] (born {{circa|180 BC}}E), a student of ] who also worked in Alexandria. It is known—from references in the minor ] on Homer—that Apollodorus of Athens did leave a similar comprehensive repertory on mythology, in the form of a verse chronicle.<ref name=":15"/> The mistaken attribution was made by scholars following Photius' mention of the name, though Photius did not name him as the Athenian and the name was in common use at the time.<ref name=":06"/> For chronological reasons, Apollodorus of Athens could not have written the book, the author of the ''Bibliotheca'' is at times referred to as the "Pseudo-Apollodorus", to distinguish him from Apollodorus of Athens.<ref name=":15"/> Modern works often simply call him "Apollodorus".<ref name=":06"/> The form of the text that has survived is generally placed in late 1st or second century BCE.<ref name=":06"/> A certain "Apollodorus" is indicated as author on some surviving manuscripts,<ref name=":15"/> this Apollodorus has been mistakenly identified with ] (born {{circa|180 BC}}E), a student of ] who also worked in Alexandria. It is known—from references in the minor ] on Homer—that Apollodorus of Athens did leave a similar comprehensive repertory on mythology, in the form of a verse chronicle.<ref name=":15"/> The mistaken attribution was made by scholars following mention of the name by ], though Photius did not name him as the Athenian and the name was in common use at the time.<ref name=":06"/> For chronological reasons, Apollodorus of Athens could not have written the book, the author of the ''Bibliotheca'' is at times referred to as the "Pseudo-Apollodorus", to distinguish him from Apollodorus of Athens.<ref name=":15"/> Modern works often simply call him "Apollodorus".<ref name=":06"/> The form of the text that has survived is generally placed in late 1st or second century BCE.<ref name=":06"/>


== Manuscript tradition == == Manuscript tradition ==
Line 146: Line 197:


== Scholarship == == Scholarship ==
The ''Bibliotheca'' has been referenced in scholarship throughout history. As a mythographical work It has influenced scholarship on Greek Mythology.<ref>{{harvtxt|Diller|1935|loc=pp. , }}.</ref> An ] recorded by the important intellectual ] expressed its purpose:<ref group="lower-roman">Victim of its own suggestions, the ], ironically, does not survive in the manuscripts. For the classic examples of ]s and ]s substituting in Christian hands for the literature of ] itself, see ]'s '']'' and ].</ref><blockquote>It has the following not ungraceful epigram: 'Draw your knowledge of the past from me and read the ancient tales of learned ]. Look neither at the page of ], nor of ], nor ], nor ]. Seek not the vaunted verse of the ]; but look in me and you will find in me all that the world contains'.</blockquote>Photius is one of the first surviving reviews of the use of the ''Bibliotheca'' in the field.<ref name=":15"/> Throughout the 12th and 13th centuries BCE, the ''Bibliotheca'' was referred to in scholarship about Ancient Greece most often found in letters from scholars of the time.<ref name=":15" /> Much of the modern scholarship on the work has focused on the interpretation of its manuscripts by various translators and compilers of the ''Bibliotheca'' in later editions.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":22"/> A critical view of past interpretations, compilations, and organization has also been a source of contention. The sources of information that may have informed the creation of the ''Bibliotheca'' are also studied in the modern scholarship.<ref name=":22" /> The question of authorship is another area of study that has shaped the interpretation of the work throughout history.<ref name=":06"/> The ''Bibliotheca'' has been referenced in scholarship throughout history. As a mythographical work it has influenced scholarship on Greek mythology.<ref>{{harvtxt|Diller|1935|loc=pp. , }}.</ref> An ] recorded by the important intellectual Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople expressed its purpose:<ref group="lower-roman">Victim of its own suggestions, the ], ironically, does not survive in the manuscripts. For the classic examples of ]s and ]s substituting in Christian hands for the literature of ] itself, see ]'s '']'' and ].</ref><blockquote>It has the following not ungraceful epigram: 'Draw your knowledge of the past from me and read the ancient tales of learned ]. Look neither at the page of ], nor of ], nor ], nor ]. Seek not the vaunted verse of the ]; but look in me and you will find in me all that the world contains'.</blockquote>Photius is one of the first surviving reviews of the use of the ''Bibliotheca'' in the field.<ref name=":15"/> Throughout the 12th and 13th centuries BCE, the ''Bibliotheca'' was referred to in scholarship about Ancient Greece most often found in letters from scholars of the time.<ref name=":15" /> Much of the modern scholarship on the work has focused on the interpretation of its manuscripts by various translators and compilers of the ''Bibliotheca'' in later editions.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":22"/> A critical view of past interpretations, compilations, and organization has also been a source of contention. The sources of information that may have informed the creation of the ''Bibliotheca'' are also studied in the modern scholarship.<ref name=":22" /> The question of authorship is another area of study that has shaped the interpretation of the work throughout history.<ref name=":06"/>


== See also == == See also ==
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* *
* (condensed text) * (condensed text)
*{{cite book | last =Michels | first =Johanna Astrid | title =Agenorid Myth in the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus: A Philological Commentary of Bibl. III.1-56 and a Study Into the Composition and Organization of the Handbook | publisher =De Gruyter | date =2022 | language =English | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=rbWbEAAAQBAJ | isbn = 9783110610529 | accessdate=2024-08-25}}



{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}

Latest revision as of 20:58, 31 December 2024

Compendium of Greek myths and heroic legends

The title page of Étienne Clavier's 1805 edition and French translation of the Bibliotheca

The Bibliotheca (Ancient Greek: Βιβλιοθήκη, Bibliothēkē, 'Library'), is a compendium of Greek myths and heroic legends, genealogical tables and histories arranged in three books, generally dated to the first or second century AD. The work is commonly described as having been written by Apollodorus (or sometimes Pseudo-Apollodorus), a result of its false attribution to the 2nd-century BC scholar Apollodorus of Athens.

General overview

The Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus is a compressive collection of myths, genealogies and histories that presents a continuous history of Greek mythology from the Theogony to the death of Odysseus. The narratives are organized by genealogy, chronology and geography in summaries of myth. The myths are sourced from a wide number of sources like early epic, early Hellenistic poets, and mythographical summaries of tales. Homer and Hesiod are the most frequently named along with other poets. Oral tradition and the plays written by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides also factored into the compilation of myth in the Bibliotheca. The Bibliotheca was written in the first or second century CE by an author who is referred to as Pseudo-Apollodorus to differentiate from Apollodorus of Athens, who did not write the Bibliotheca. The text is largely intact except for the last section, ending in the middle of the narrative of Theseus. In the later scholarship it is used as a reference material.

List of myths

Source:

1. Theogony

2. The Deucalionids

3. Jason and the Argonauts

4. Early Argive mythology (the Inachids, Belid line)

5. Heracles, and the Heraclids

6. Cretan and Theban mythology (the Inachids, Agenorid line).

7. The Theban Wars

8. Arcadian mythology (the Pelasgids)

9. Laconian and Trojan mythology (the Atlantids)

10. The Asopids

11. The Kings of Athens

Epitome

12. The Pelopids

13. The Trojan war

14. The returns

  • Menelaos and Agamemnon quarrel; Calchas and Mopsos.
  • Agamemnon sails with the main fleet; the storm at Tenos, and Nauplios the wrecker.
  • The fate of Neoptolemos; various wanderings and returns.
  • The later history of the Pelopids.
  • The return of Odysseus (a summary of the Odyssey).
  • The later history of Odysseus.

Authorship

A certain "Apollodorus" is indicated as author on some surviving manuscripts, this Apollodorus has been mistakenly identified with Apollodorus of Athens (born c. 180 BCE), a student of Aristarchus of Samothrace who also worked in Alexandria. It is known—from references in the minor scholia on Homer—that Apollodorus of Athens did leave a similar comprehensive repertory on mythology, in the form of a verse chronicle. The mistaken attribution was made by scholars following mention of the name by Photius I of Constantinople, though Photius did not name him as the Athenian and the name was in common use at the time. For chronological reasons, Apollodorus of Athens could not have written the book, the author of the Bibliotheca is at times referred to as the "Pseudo-Apollodorus", to distinguish him from Apollodorus of Athens. Modern works often simply call him "Apollodorus". The form of the text that has survived is generally placed in late 1st or second century BCE.

Manuscript tradition

The first mention of the work is by Photius, patriarch of Constantinople in 9th century CE, in his "account of books read". The last section of the Bibliotheca which breaks off during the section on Theseus is missing in surviving manuscripts, Photius had the full work and mentions that the lost section had myths about the heroes of the Trojan War. Byzantine author John Tzetes, who lived in Constantinople in the twelfth century, often cited the Bibliotheca in his writings. It was almost lost in the 13th century, surviving in one now-incomplete manuscript, which was copied for Cardinal Bessarion in the 15th century. Any surviving manuscripts of the Bibliotheca are descended from a fourteenth century manuscript in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, in Paris.

Printed editions

The first printed edition of the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus was published in Rome in 1555. Benedetto Egio (Benedictus Aegius) of Spoleto, was the first to divide the text in three books. Hieronymus Commelinus [fr] published an improved text at Heidelberg, 1559. The first text based on comparative manuscripts was that of Christian Gottlob Heyne, Göttingen, 1782–83. Subsequent editions Jurgen Muller (1841) and Richard Wagner (1894) collated earlier manuscripts. In 1921 Sir James George Frazer published an epitome of the book by conflating two manuscript summaries of the text, which included the lost section.

Scholarship

The Bibliotheca has been referenced in scholarship throughout history. As a mythographical work it has influenced scholarship on Greek mythology. An epigram recorded by the important intellectual Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople expressed its purpose:

It has the following not ungraceful epigram: 'Draw your knowledge of the past from me and read the ancient tales of learned lore. Look neither at the page of Homer, nor of elegy, nor tragic muse, nor epic strain. Seek not the vaunted verse of the cycle; but look in me and you will find in me all that the world contains'.

Photius is one of the first surviving reviews of the use of the Bibliotheca in the field. Throughout the 12th and 13th centuries BCE, the Bibliotheca was referred to in scholarship about Ancient Greece most often found in letters from scholars of the time. Much of the modern scholarship on the work has focused on the interpretation of its manuscripts by various translators and compilers of the Bibliotheca in later editions. A critical view of past interpretations, compilations, and organization has also been a source of contention. The sources of information that may have informed the creation of the Bibliotheca are also studied in the modern scholarship. The question of authorship is another area of study that has shaped the interpretation of the work throughout history.

See also

References

Notes

  1. The location of Oechalia is uncertain, and this could be any one of several places in Ancient Greece named Oechalia. See, for example, Oechalia (Euboea) or Oechalia (Thessaly).
  2. Bessarion's copy, deposited in the Biblioteca Marciana, Venice, found its way into the Greek manuscripts of Archbishop Laud and came with them to the Bodleian Library in 1636. (Diller 1935:308, 310).
  3. He based his division on attributions in the scholia minora on Homer to Apollodorus, in three books. (Diller (1935, pp. 298, 308–9)).
  4. Victim of its own suggestions, the epigraph, ironically, does not survive in the manuscripts. For the classic examples of epitomes and encyclopedias substituting in Christian hands for the literature of Classical Antiquity itself, see Isidore of Seville's Etymologiae and Martianus Capella.

Citations

  1. Hard (2004, p. 3); Perseus Encyclopedia, "Apollodorus (4)"; Simpson (1976, p. 1).
  2. ^ Aldrich, Keith (January 1, 1975). The Library of Greek Mythology. Lawrence, Kan : Coronado Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 0872910725.
  3. Fletcher, K. F. B. 2008. "Systematic Genealogies in Apollodorus’ Bibliotheca and the Exclusion of Rome from Greek Myth." Classical Antiquity 27:59–91. JSTOR 10.1525/ca.2008.27.1.59.
  4. ^ Kenens, Ulrike. 2011. "The Sources of Ps.-Apollodorus' Library: A Case Study." Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 97:129–46. JSTOR 23048902.
  5. Huys, Marc. 1997. "Euripides and the Tales from Euripides: Sources of Apollodoros' Bibliotheca?" Rheinisches Museum 140 308–27.
  6. ^ Diller, Aubrey. 1983. "The Text History of the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus." Pp. 199–216 in Studies in Greek Manuscript Tradition, edited by A. Diller. Amsterdam: A. M. Hakkert.
  7. "Apollodorus, Library, book 1, chapter 1, section 1". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-10.
  8. Bibliothèque nationale, Paris.
  9. Wagner, Richard (1894). Mythographi Graeci: Apollodorus .Bibliotheca; Pediasimi Libellus De Duodecim Herculis Labores [Greek mythology: Bibliotheca of Apollodorus, a small book of the twelve labors of Hercules] (in Ancient Greek and German). Nabu Press (published 2010). ISBN 978-1142820275.
  10. Frazer, James G. 1913. Apollodorus. Loeb Classical Library.
  11. Diller (1935, pp. 296, 300).

Works cited

External links

Library resources about
Bibliotheca


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