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{{Infobox ethnic group {{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Chaoui people (Shawiya) | group = Chaoui people (Shawiya)
| image = Frederick Arthur Bridgman - The Princess (1870).jpg | image =
| image_caption =
| image_caption = Painting of a Chaoui Berber woman from ],1870, by ]
| population = 2,870,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Centre de Recherche Berbère - Chaouia|url=http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/chaouia.html|website=www.centrederechercheberbere.fr}}</ref> | population = 2,870,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Centre de Recherche Berbère - Chaouia|url=http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/chaouia.html|website=www.centrederechercheberbere.fr}}</ref>
| genealogy = | genealogy =
Line 15: Line 15:
| rels = ] | rels = ]
| related_groups = ] | related_groups = ]
| native_name = | native_name = Išawiyen
| native_name_lang = | native_name_lang = shy
| flag =
| flag_caption =
}} }}
The '''Chaoui people''' or '''''Shawyia''''' ({{lang-shy|Išawiyen}}, {{Lang-ar|الشاوية}}) are a ] ] native to the ] region in northeastern ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shawiya {{!}} Berber Tribe, North Africa & Algeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shawiya |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The '''Chaoui people''' or '''''Shawyia''''' ({{langx|ar|الشاوية}}, {{langx|shy|Išawiyen}}) are a ] ] native to the ] region in northeastern ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shawiya {{!}} Berber Tribe, North Africa & Algeria {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shawiya |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>


They call themselves ''Išawiyen''/''Icawiyen'' (pronounced {{IPA-ber|iʃawijən|}}) and speak the ]. They are the second largest ] ]-speaking ethnicity, alongside the ] and ].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} They call themselves ''Išawiyen''/''Icawiyen'' (pronounced {{IPA|ber|iʃawijən|}}) and speak the ]. They are the second largest ] ]-speaking ethnicity, alongside the ] and ].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}


== Etymology == == Etymology ==
The name Chaoui is taken from the Berber word ‘Ich’, meaning ‘horn’ and is a reference to the Numidian god ], who is portrayed at having a human head with the horns of a ram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chaouis of Algeria |url=https://www.algeria.com/blog/the-chaouis-of-algeria/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Algeria.com |language=en-US |quote=The name Chaoui is taken from the Berber word ‘Ich’, meaning ‘horn’ and is a reference to the Numidian god Amon, who is portrayed at having a human head with the horns of a ram.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=English Department, Mostéfa Benboulaïd Batna-2 University, Algeria. |last2=Nédjai. |first2=Djelloul |date=2017-08-31 |title=AN ANALYTICAL ACCOUNT OF CHAOUI IDENTITY. |url=http://www.journalijar.com/article/19364/an-analytical-account-of-chaoui-identity./ |journal=International Journal of Advanced Research |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=245–249 |doi=10.21474/IJAR01/5057|doi-access=free }}</ref> According to ], translator of the books of Ibn Khaldun, the term Chaoui/Shawi means "]" and designates the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khaldûn |first=ʻAbd al-Raḥman b Muḥammad Ibn |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ANcOAAAAQAAJ |title=Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale |year=1856 |pages= |language=fr |translator-last=de Slane |translator-first=William McGuckin}}</ref> The name Chaoui is taken from the Berber word ‘Ich’, meaning ‘horn’ and is a reference to the Numidian god ], who is portrayed at having a human head with the horns of a ram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chaouis of Algeria |url=https://www.algeria.com/blog/the-chaouis-of-algeria/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Algeria.com |language=en-US |quote=The name Chaoui is taken from the Berber word ‘Ich’, meaning ‘horn’ and is a reference to the Numidian god Amon, who is portrayed at having a human head with the horns of a ram.}}</ref> According to ], translator of the books of Ibn Khaldun, the term Chaoui/Shawi means "]" and designates the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khaldûn |first=ʻAbd al-Raḥman b Muḥammad Ibn |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ANcOAAAAQAAJ |title=Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale |year=1856 |pages= |language=fr |translator-last=de Slane |translator-first=William McGuckin}}</ref>


== History == == History ==
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The patriarch of Berbers is believed to have been ''Madghacen'', the common ancestor of the ] and of the Botri as well. ] identified the Zenata as Berbers. Modern historians rank this Berber region within the group of ] and ] or the much more ancient ], ] and Mazaxes, from whom the Zenata formed, the main inhabitants of the Aurès in the ]. Chaoui clans known by Ibn Khaldoun were the Ifren, Maghrawa, Djerawa, Abdalwadides, Howara and Awarba.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The patriarch of Berbers is believed to have been ''Madghacen'', the common ancestor of the ] and of the Botri as well. ] identified the Zenata as Berbers. Modern historians rank this Berber region within the group of ] and ] or the much more ancient ], ] and Mazaxes, from whom the Zenata formed, the main inhabitants of the Aurès in the ]. Chaoui clans known by Ibn Khaldoun were the Ifren, Maghrawa, Djerawa, Abdalwadides, Howara and Awarba.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

⚫ ]
After the independence of Algeria, the Chaouis remained localized mainly in the Auresian region. They are the second largest Berber-speaking group in terms of number of speakers, the first being the ].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} After the independence of Algeria, the Chaouis remained localized mainly in the Auresian region. They are the second largest Berber-speaking group in terms of number of speakers, the first being the ].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}


== Language == == Language ==
{{main|Shawiya language}} {{main|Shawiya language}}
⚫ ]
The Chaoui traditionally speak the ] (''Berber:'' Tachawit). It belongs to the ] branch of the ] family, and is a variety of the ]. Shawiya is a closely related cluster of dialects spoken in the Aurès region (''Berber:'' Awras) of eastern Algeria and surrounding areas including ], ], south ], ], ], ], and the north part of ]. Recently the Shawiya language, together with the ], has begun to achieve some cultural prominence due to the Berber cultural and political movements in ].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The Chaoui traditionally speak the ] (''Berber:'' Tachawit). It belongs to the ] branch of the ] family, and is a variety of the ]. Shawiya is a closely related cluster of dialects spoken in the Aurès region (''Berber:'' Awras) of eastern Algeria and surrounding areas including ], ], south ], ], ], ], and the north part of ]. Recently the Shawiya language, together with the ], has begun to achieve some cultural prominence due to the Berber cultural and political movements in ].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}


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* Dejeux J., "Le bandit d’honneur en Algérie, de la réalité et l’oralité à la fiction", ''Études et Documents Berbères'', 4, 1988, p.&nbsp;39-60 (deux poèmes sur Ben Zelmat, p.&nbsp;56-7). * Dejeux J., "Le bandit d’honneur en Algérie, de la réalité et l’oralité à la fiction", ''Études et Documents Berbères'', 4, 1988, p.&nbsp;39-60 (deux poèmes sur Ben Zelmat, p.&nbsp;56-7).
* Dejeux J., ''Les femmes d’Algérie; légendes, tradition, histoire, littérature'', Paris, la Boîte à documents, 1987, 347 p. * Dejeux J., ''Les femmes d’Algérie; légendes, tradition, histoire, littérature'', Paris, la Boîte à documents, 1987, 347 p.
* {Djarallah A.}, "Un conte chaouï: Hend utteγyult", ''Awal, Cahiers d’études berbères'', 1, 1985, p.&nbsp;163-175. * Djarallah A., "Un conte chaouï: Hend utteγyult", ''Awal, Cahiers d’études berbères'', 1, 1985, p.&nbsp;163-175.
* Djarallah A., "Baγyay, un conte chaouï", ''Awal, Cahiers d’études berbères'', 3, 1987, p.&nbsp;198-201. * Djarallah A., "Baγyay, un conte chaouï", ''Awal, Cahiers d’études berbères'', 3, 1987, p.&nbsp;198-201.
* Djarallah A., "Un conte dans le parler des Aït Abdi (Aurès méridional)", ''Études et Documents Berbères'', 4, 1988, p.&nbsp;139-142. * Djarallah A., "Un conte dans le parler des Aït Abdi (Aurès méridional)", ''Études et Documents Berbères'', 4, 1988, p.&nbsp;139-142.
* Djeghloul A., ''Éléments d’histoire culturelle algérienne'', Alger : ENAL, 1984, 244 p. * Djeghloul A., ''Éléments d’histoire culturelle algérienne'', Alger : ENAL, 1984, 244 p.
* Faublée J. "A propos de Thérèse Rivière (1901-1970) et de ses missions dans l’Aurès",''Études et Documents Berbères'', 4, 1988, 94–102. * Faublée J. "A propos de Thérèse Rivière (1901-1970) et de ses missions dans l’Aurès", ''Études et Documents Berbères'', 4, 1988, 94–102.
* Fery R., "Aurès (Le Haf)", ''Encyclopédie Berbère'', (43), 1988, 1p. * Fery R., "Aurès (Le Haf)", ''Encyclopédie Berbère'', (43), 1988, 1p.
* Galand L., "Libyque et berbère", ''Annuaire EPHE'' (IVe section), 1977–78, p.&nbsp;199-212. * Galand L., "Libyque et berbère", ''Annuaire EPHE'' (IVe section), 1977–78, p.&nbsp;199-212.
Line 105: Line 104:
* Huyghe R.P., ''Dictionnaire français-chaouïa'' (Qamūs rūmi-caui), Alger, Jourdan, 1906, 750 p. * Huyghe R.P., ''Dictionnaire français-chaouïa'' (Qamūs rūmi-caui), Alger, Jourdan, 1906, 750 p.
* Huyghe R.P., ''Dictionnaire chaouïa-arabe-kabyle- français'', Alger, 1907, 571 p. * Huyghe R.P., ''Dictionnaire chaouïa-arabe-kabyle- français'', Alger, 1907, 571 p.
* Joly A., ''Le chaouiya des Ouled Sellem, suivi d’un vocabulaire'', Alger, 1912, 88 p. (= Revue africaine, 1911–4, p.&nbsp;441-449 et 1912–2, p.&nbsp;219-266). * Joly A., ''Le chaouiya des Ouled Sellem, suivi d’un vocabulaire'', Alger, 1912, 88 p. (Revue africaine, 1911–4, p.&nbsp;441-449 et 1912–2, p.&nbsp;219-266).
* Lafkioui M. & Merolla D., ''.'' Köln, Köppe, 2002. * Lafkioui M. & Merolla D., ''.'' Köln, Köppe, 2002.
* Maougal M., "L’arabisation des Chaouïa", ''Nedjma'', Paris, 1, 1981, p.&nbsp;20-42. * Maougal M., "L’arabisation des Chaouïa", ''Nedjma'', Paris, 1, 1981, p.&nbsp;20-42.
Line 122: Line 121:
* ''Note concernant les Aoulad-Daoud du Mont-Aurès'' (Aourâs), Alger, A. Jourdan, 1879 * ''Note concernant les Aoulad-Daoud du Mont-Aurès'' (Aourâs), Alger, A. Jourdan, 1879
* Papier A., "De l’étymologie des mots employés par les Grecs, les Romains, les Arabes pour désigner le Djebel Aurès", ''Revue de l’Afrique française'', 1887. * Papier A., "De l’étymologie des mots employés par les Grecs, les Romains, les Arabes pour désigner le Djebel Aurès", ''Revue de l’Afrique française'', 1887.
* Penchoen Th.G., ''Etude syntaxique d'un parler ber''bère (Ait Frah de l'Aurès), Napoli, Istituto Universitario Orientale(= Studi magrebini V), 1973, 217p. * Penchoen Th.G., ''Etude syntaxique d'un parler ber''bère (Ait Frah de l'Aurès), Napoli, Istituto Universitario Orientale (Studi magrebini V), 1973, 217p.
* Plault, "Études berbères, La langue berbère dans la commune mixte de Barika", ''Revue africaine'', 1946, p.&nbsp;194-207, (vocabulaire, bovins). * Plault, "Études berbères, La langue berbère dans la commune mixte de Barika", ''Revue africaine'', 1946, p.&nbsp;194-207, (vocabulaire, bovins).
* Riviere Th., "Coutumes agricoles de l’Aurès", ''Études et Documents berbères'', 3, 1987, p.&nbsp;124-152 (informations sur les documents recueillis par Th. R., Cinq textes de chansons, p.&nbsp;148-152). * Riviere Th., "Coutumes agricoles de l’Aurès", ''Études et Documents berbères'', 3, 1987, p.&nbsp;124-152 (informations sur les documents recueillis par Th. R., Cinq textes de chansons, p.&nbsp;148-152).

Latest revision as of 11:33, 8 January 2025

Berber ethnic group in northeast Algeria
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Ethnic group
Chaoui people (Shawiya)
Išawiyen
Total population
2,870,000
Regions with significant populations
Aurès, Algeria
Languages
Shawiya
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Kabyles

The Chaoui people or Shawyia (Arabic: الشاوية, Tachawit: Išawiyen) are a Berber ethnic group native to the Aurès region in northeastern Algeria.

They call themselves Išawiyen/Icawiyen (pronounced [iʃawijən]) and speak the Shawiya language. They are the second largest Tell Atlas Berber-speaking ethnicity, alongside the Kabyles and Chenouas.

Etymology

The name Chaoui is taken from the Berber word ‘Ich’, meaning ‘horn’ and is a reference to the Numidian god Amon, who is portrayed at having a human head with the horns of a ram. According to de Slane, translator of the books of Ibn Khaldun, the term Chaoui/Shawi means "shepherd" and designates the Zenata Berbers.

History

Historically, the Aurès Mountains served as a refuge for Berber peoples, forming a base of resistance against the Roman Empire, the Vandals, the Byzantine Empire and Arabs.

Madghacen, the burial of Numidias kings

The patriarch of Berbers is believed to have been Madghacen, the common ancestor of the Zenata and of the Botri as well. Ibn Khaldun identified the Zenata as Berbers. Modern historians rank this Berber region within the group of Numidians and Gaetuli or the much more ancient Meshwesh, Maesulians and Mazaxes, from whom the Zenata formed, the main inhabitants of the Aurès in the Middle Ages. Chaoui clans known by Ibn Khaldoun were the Ifren, Maghrawa, Djerawa, Abdalwadides, Howara and Awarba.

After the independence of Algeria, the Chaouis remained localized mainly in the Auresian region. They are the second largest Berber-speaking group in terms of number of speakers, the first being the Kabyle.

Language

Main article: Shawiya language
Map of linguistic areas in North-Eastern Algeria (in French)

The Chaoui traditionally speak the Shawiya language (Berber: Tachawit). It belongs to the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic family, and is a variety of the Zenati languages. Shawiya is a closely related cluster of dialects spoken in the Aurès region (Berber: Awras) of eastern Algeria and surrounding areas including Batna, Khenchela, south Sétif, Oum El Bouaghi, Souk Ahras, Tébessa, and the north part of Biskra. Recently the Shawiya language, together with the Kabyle language, has begun to achieve some cultural prominence due to the Berber cultural and political movements in Algeria.

Culture and art

Chaoui music is a specific style of Berber music. The Shawia dance is called Rahaba; men and women dancing at weddings. There are many 20th century singers, such as Aïssa Djermouni, Ali Khencheli, Massinissa, Ishem Boumaraf, Djamel Sabri, Groupe Iwal, Houria Aïchi, etc.

Chaoui painters and sculptors (of whom there are many) include Cherif Merzouki, Abdelkhader Houamel, Hassane Amraoui, Adel Abdessemed, and Mohamed Demagh.

The fantasia is a traditional exhibition of horsemanship in the Aurès performed during cultural festivals.

The Chaoui were featured in Amor Hakkar's 2008 film La Maison jaune.

See also: Chaoui music Examples of Chaoui craftwork
  • Bendir with snares Bendir with snares.
  • Chaoui jewelry, Museum of Man, Paris, during an exhibition Germaine Tillion. Chaoui jewelry, Museum of Man, Paris, during an exhibition Germaine Tillion.
  • Chaoui bread. Chaoui bread.
  • A girl wearing traditional berbère chaoui A woman wearing traditional chaoui dress.
  • A girl wearing traditional algerien chaoui An Algerian girl wearing traditional chaoui dress.

References

  1. "Centre de Recherche Berbère - Chaouia". www.centrederechercheberbere.fr.
  2. "Shawiya | Berber Tribe, North Africa & Algeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  3. "The Chaouis of Algeria". Algeria.com. Retrieved 2024-07-10. The name Chaoui is taken from the Berber word 'Ich', meaning 'horn' and is a reference to the Numidian god Amon, who is portrayed at having a human head with the horns of a ram.
  4. Khaldûn, ʻAbd al-Raḥman b Muḥammad Ibn (1856). Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale (in French). Translated by de Slane, William McGuckin. pp. 495.

Bibliography

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  • Basset A., "Présentation de cartes linguistiques berbères", Comptes Rendus du Groupe Linguistique d’Études Chamito-Sémitiques, 1–2, 1934/1937, p. 42/p. 81-82.
  • Basset, A., "Sur la toponymie berbère et spécialement sur la toponymie chaouïa Aït Frah", Onomastica, 1948, p. 123-126.
  • Basset A., Textes berbères de l'Aurès (parler des Aït Frah), Paris, Publ. de l'Institut d'Etudes Orientales, 1961.
  • Basset R., Loqmân berbère ... , Paris, 1890 (15 textes de l’Aurès).
  • Basset R., "Notice sur le chaouïa de la province de Constantine (Sedrata)", Journal asiatique, 1896, 36p.
  • Boughida B.K., Bibliographie sur l’Aurès de 1830 à 1880, 103p., 2cartes, 760 réf. Bibl.:Mémoirede Licence Institut de bibliothéconomie Univ. De Constantine.
  • Boulhaïs, N., "Recherches sur l'Aurès, bibliographie ordonnée", Etudes et Documents Berbères 15-16 (1998), pp. 284–312.
  • Chaker S., "Chaoui/Chaouia (linguistique/littérature)", Encyclopédie berbère, XII, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1993, p. 1875-1877.
  • Chaker S., "Aurès (linguistique)", Encyclopédie berbère, VIII, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1989–90, p. 1162-1169.
  • Dejeux J., "La Kahina: de l’Histoire à la fiction littéraire. Mythe et épopée", Studi Magrebini, 15, 1983, p. 1-42.
  • Dejeux J., "Le bandit d’honneur en Algérie, de la réalité et l’oralité à la fiction", Études et Documents Berbères, 4, 1988, p. 39-60 (deux poèmes sur Ben Zelmat, p. 56-7).
  • Dejeux J., Les femmes d’Algérie; légendes, tradition, histoire, littérature, Paris, la Boîte à documents, 1987, 347 p.
  • Djarallah A., "Un conte chaouï: Hend utteγyult", Awal, Cahiers d’études berbères, 1, 1985, p. 163-175.
  • Djarallah A., "Baγyay, un conte chaouï", Awal, Cahiers d’études berbères, 3, 1987, p. 198-201.
  • Djarallah A., "Un conte dans le parler des Aït Abdi (Aurès méridional)", Études et Documents Berbères, 4, 1988, p. 139-142.
  • Djeghloul A., Éléments d’histoire culturelle algérienne, Alger : ENAL, 1984, 244 p.
  • Faublée J. "A propos de Thérèse Rivière (1901-1970) et de ses missions dans l’Aurès", Études et Documents Berbères, 4, 1988, 94–102.
  • Fery R., "Aurès (Le Haf)", Encyclopédie Berbère, (43), 1988, 1p.
  • Galand L., "Libyque et berbère", Annuaire EPHE (IVe section), 1977–78, p. 199-212.
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  • Huyghe R.P., Dictionnaire chaouïa-arabe-kabyle- français, Alger, 1907, 571 p.
  • Joly A., Le chaouiya des Ouled Sellem, suivi d’un vocabulaire, Alger, 1912, 88 p. (Revue africaine, 1911–4, p. 441-449 et 1912–2, p. 219-266).
  • Lafkioui M. & Merolla D., Contes berbères chaouis de l'Aurès d'après Gustave Mercier. Köln, Köppe, 2002.
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  • Masqueray, E., Formation des cités chez les populations sédentaires de l’Algérie. Kabyles du Djurdjura, Chaouia de l’Aourâs, Beni Mezâb. (Réed.) Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1886–1983, 374 p. (Archives maghrébines, CRESM) (Fac-sim. Del’éd. De Paris, Leroux, 1886).
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  • Mercier G., Le chaouïa de l'Aurès (dialecte de l'Ahmar-Khaddou) (Étude grammaticale, texte en dialecte chaouïa) Paris, Publications de la Faculté des Lettres d'Alger, 1896, 326 p. (Bulletin de correspondance africaine 17).
  • Mercier G., "Les noms des plantes en dialecte chaouïa de l’Aurès", XVIe Congrès International des Orienatlistes, Alger, 1905, 2/4, p. 79-92.
  • Merolla D., "Il ‘Tempo di Roma’ in alcuni racconti orali dei gruppi berberofoni chaouia dell Aures (Algéria)", Studi e materiali di Storia delle religioni, 54 (12-1), 1988, p. 133-150.
  • Morizot J., L’Aurès ou le mythe de la montagne rebelle, Paris, l’Harmattan, 1991, 273 p.
  • Note concernant les Aoulad-Daoud du Mont-Aurès (Aourâs), Alger, A. Jourdan, 1879
  • Papier A., "De l’étymologie des mots employés par les Grecs, les Romains, les Arabes pour désigner le Djebel Aurès", Revue de l’Afrique française, 1887.
  • Penchoen Th.G., Etude syntaxique d'un parler berbère (Ait Frah de l'Aurès), Napoli, Istituto Universitario Orientale (Studi magrebini V), 1973, 217p.
  • Plault, "Études berbères, La langue berbère dans la commune mixte de Barika", Revue africaine, 1946, p. 194-207, (vocabulaire, bovins).
  • Riviere Th., "Coutumes agricoles de l’Aurès", Études et Documents berbères, 3, 1987, p. 124-152 (informations sur les documents recueillis par Th. R., Cinq textes de chansons, p. 148-152).
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