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Axis of Resistance
Main components of the Axis of Resistance
Leaders	Ali Khamenei (Supreme Leader of Iran) Bashar al-Assad (President of Syria; 2000–2024) Naim Qassem (Secretary-General of Hezbollah) Falih Al-Fayyadh (Chairman of Popular Mobilization Committee) Abdul-Malik al-Houthi (Leader of the Houthi movement) Hamas temporary committee (Chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau)
Group(s)	Primary List  Islamic Republic of Iran  Artesh  IRGC Quds Force Basij Iran-backed Shia militant groups: Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Hüseynçilər Ba'athist Syria (1979–2024) Ba'ath Party  SAF NDF Baqir Brigade PLA ANG Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas In Lebanon:  Hezbollah Lebanese Resistance Brigades Amal Movement SSNP In Iraq: Popular Mobilization Forces Badr Organization Islamic Resistance in Iraq: Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Kata'ib al-Imam Ali Ashab al-Kahf Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Fatah Alliance State of Law Coalition Islamic Dawa Party In Yemen:  Houthis In Afghanistan: Hezbollah Afghanistan In Palestine: Alliance of Palestinian Forces:  Hamas  Palestinian Islamic Jihad PFLP DFLP PFLP–GC PRC As-Sa'iqa Fatah al-Intifada Free Palestine Movement al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades PPSF (1991) RPCP Galilee Forces Sabireen Movement (until 2019) In Bahrain: Al-Mukhtar Brigades Al-Ashtar Brigades Waad Allah Brigades
Active regions	Currently: Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Northwestern Yemen, Gaza Strip Formerly: Syria
Ideology	Khomeinism Shia Islamism Anti-Zionism Jihadism Anti-Western sentiment Anti-Sunnism (denied)
Political position	Big tent
Status	Active unofficial military alliance
Allies
Allies  North Korea  Venezuela
Opponents
Opponents  Bahrain  Israel  Palestine  United States  Yemen Non-state opponents ISIS Al-Qaeda People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) Former opponents  Ba'athist Iraq (until 2003)  Egypt (2011–2013)  Qatar (until 2017)  Saudi Arabia (until 2023)  United Arab Emirates (until 2018) Syrian Opposition (2011–2024)
Battles and wars	Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Assadist–Saddamist conflict (until 1990) Iran–Iraq War 2011 Bahraini uprising Syrian civil war Spillover in Lebanon Yemeni Civil War Iran–Israel proxy conflict Iraq War Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) Israel–Hamas war Israel–Hezbollah conflict Red Sea crisis 2024 Iran–Israel conflict

The Axis of Resistance is an informal coalition of Iranian-supported militias and political organizations across the Middle East. Formed by Iran, it unites actors committed to countering the influence of the United States and Israel in the region.

It most notably includes the Lebanese Hezbollah, Islamic Resistance in Iraq, the Popular Mobilization Forces, the former Syrian government, and the Yemeni Houthi movement. It sometimes includes Hamas, and a variety of other Palestinian militant groups. The various actions of members of this axis reflect their domestic interests while serving the broader goal of complicating Israel's attacks and imposing a cost on the United States to support Israel. The United States designates most of these groups as terrorist organizations. The coalition is also opposed to Sunni Salafist armed groups such as al-Qaeda and ISIS.

Until the fall of the Assad regime in 2024, Syria has been the only state member beside Iran, hosting fighters trained and recruited by Iran. The coalition has also conducted attacks on US forces in Iraq. Through its Quds Force, a branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Iran has provided extensive military and logistical support, with an estimated $700 million spent annually on these groups before sanctions affected its resources in 2019.

The conflicts engulfing the Middle East in 2023–2024, beginning with the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel, have weakened the Axis of Resistance and the strategy behind it, according to an analysis by Associated Press. The network has suffered blows in the Israel–Hamas war and the Israel–Hezbollah conflict. Additionally, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's fall further disrupted the network. The Houthis and militias in Iraq remain intact as of December 2024.

History

Etymology

The term "Axis of Resistance" was first used by the Libyan daily newspaper Al-Zahf Al-Akhdar in response to American president George W. Bush's claim that Iran, Iraq, and North Korea formed an axis of evil. Its 2002 article, "Axis of evil or axis of resistance", said "the only common denominator among Iran, Iraq, and North Korea is their resistance to US hegemony". The Iranian newspaper Jomhuri-ye Eslami subsequently adopted the language in reference to the Shia insurgency in Iraq, writing in 2004: "If the line of Iraq's Shi'is needs to be linked, united, and consolidated, this unity should be realized on the axis of resistance and struggle against the occupiers."

In 2006, the Palestinian minister of the interior, Said Saim, used the term during an interview at Al-Alam television to refer to common political goals among Arabs in opposition to those of Israel or the United States. Noting the large number of Palestinian refugees in Syria, Saim stated, "Syria is also an Islamic Arab country and is also targeted by the Americans and the Zionists. Hence, we see in Syria, Iran, Hezbollah, and Hamas an axis of resistance in front of these pressures."

The term "axis of resistance" was used as early as August 2010. After two years, Ali Akbar Velayati, senior advisor for foreign affairs to Iran's supreme leader, used the term and said:

The chain of resistance against Israel by Iran, Syria, Hezbollah, the new Iraqi government, and Hamas passes through the Syrian highway. ... Syria is the golden ring of the chain of resistance against Israel.

The phrase was used again in August 2012 during a meeting between Syrian president Bashar al-Assad and the secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council, Saeed Jalili, regarding the Syrian civil war. Velayati said:

What is happening in Syria is not an internal issue, but a conflict between the axis of resistance and its enemies in the region and the world. Iran will not tolerate, in any form, the breaking of the axis of resistance, of which Syria is an intrinsic part.

Foundation

In the wake of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, some of the most radical founders of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps such as Mohammad Montazeri (who had been trained by the Palestinian Fatah in Southern Lebanon and maintained close relations with Gaddafi's Libya) and Mostafa Chamran (who had visited Cuba and was influenced by revolutionary internationalism) strove to create what is often called an "Islamic Internationale", drawing upon Ali Shariati's and Ayatollah Khomeini's notions of the "solidarity of the oppressed". Montazeri and Chamran, along with Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur, Iran's ambassador to Syria from 1982, created the Department for Islamic Liberation Movements, as part of the People's Revolutionary Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran, whose aim was to bring together the activities of the outlawed Iraqi Islamic Dawa Party and Badr Organization with those of the Lebanese Amal and Hezbollah movements. The Department for Islamic Liberation Movements is thought to have been the starting point of Iranian attempts of forging what was later to become known as the Axis of Resistance.

Evolution

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At first, the alliance consisted of the Syrian government and Lebanese Hezbollah. Years later, Iran, already closely aligned with Syria and Hezbollah, would form stronger relations between the three, creating the axis. Iraqi and Yemeni militants coordinating with Iran came in as the newest members of this alliance. After the beginning of Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war, a slew of posters showing images of Nasrallah, Assad, Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, and Russian President Vladimir Putin, have appeared with an Arabic caption meaning "men who bow to no one but God". The posters suggest another emerging regional Axis of Resistance, according to The Hill. This coalition has been described as "deeply polarising" for its sectarian targeting of Sunni Syrians. Hezbollah's actions have also arisen denunciation in Lebanon, most notably from Lebanese President Michel Suleiman, who demanded an end to unilateral armed maneuvers by Hezbollah. Grievance is also widespread amongst Lebanon's Sunni minority, who charge Hezbollah with engaging in sectarian violence against other Muslims, and of forfeiting its anti-Zionist stance. With Hezbollah's intensifying participation in the Syrian civil war following the years after 2013, the coalition has become explicitly Khomeinist and anti-Sunni; with the Assad regime becoming beholden and subservient to Iran and its proxies for continued existence. Alienated by sectarian policies, Sunni Islamists such as Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas began publicly opposing Iran and Hezbollah and have aligned closely with Turkey and Qatar, countries which are engaged in geo-political competition with Iran.

2023-2024

The conflicts engulfing the Middle East in 2023–2024, beginning with the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel, have weakened the Axis of Resistance and the strategy behind it, according to an analysis by Associated Press. The network has suffered major blows, in Israel–Hamas war and the Israel–Hezbollah conflict. Additionally, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's fall, marked by rebel forces capturing Damascus and ending over five decades of Assad family rule, further disrupted the network. The Houthis and militias in Iraq remain intact as of December 2024.

Members

Hezbollah, a Shi'ite Islamist group founded to fight Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982, is the network's most prominent member. Other significant participants include Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Yemenite Houthi movement, and several Shi'ite militias in Iraq and Syria. Until the fall of the Assad regime in 2024, Syria has been the only state member beside Iran, hosting fighters trained and recruited by Iran.

Iran

Ali Khamenei, who has served as the Supreme Leader of Iran since 1989, has repeatedly defined the Islamic Republic government as a "resistance government" (i.e., against Western and Israeli influence). Qasem Soleimani played an important role in Iran's battle with ISIS in Iraq. He has been described as the focal point for bringing together Kurdish and Shia forces for the war against ISIS. Soleimani's achievements led to the creation of an axis of Shia influence throughout the Middle East centered on Iran. During a meeting with Cuban president Miguel Díaz-Canel in December 2023, Khamenei said that the political and economic potentials of Iran and Cuba should be used to form a coalition against the "bullying" of United States and its Western allies, in order to adopt a "common and effective position" on important global issues such as the Palestinian issue.

Hezbollah

Hezbollah was founded by Lebanese clerics to fight Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982. The group is an influential political actor in Lebanon, shares the Shiite Islam ideology of Iran. It has increased its attacks on Israeli targets on the Lebanon-Israel border almost daily since the start of Israel-Hamas war on October 7, 2023, in order to stop Israel from attacking Gaza, sparking the heaviest exchange of fire between the adversaries since full-scale war in 2006. Iran was Hezbollah's chief supplier of arms. In a direct reference to the axis of resistance, Hezbollah leader, Sheikh Naim Qassem, said in December 2024 that since the fall of the Assad regime, "Hezbollah has lost the military supply route through Syria at this stage, but this loss is a detail in the resistance's work."

Syria

According to Jubin Goodarzi, an assistant professor and researcher at Webster University, the Iranian–Syrian alliance that was formed in 1979 is of great importance to the emergence and continuity of the axis of resistance. Both countries are in key locations of the Middle East, and they have been affecting Middle Eastern politics during the past three decades. Also, the alliance is considered to be an enduring one, lasting 34 years "in spite of the many challenges that it has faced and periodic strains in the relationship". The axis has been described as altering "the strategic balance in the Middle East" by assisting Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad to remain in power and backing his war-crimes against Syrian civilians. According to Marisa Sullivan, the programme and aims of the Axis have three main pillars; shared regional objective in preserving the Assad regime, maintaining access to supplies of weapons and money from Iran, and stopping a Sunni-majority government from ever coming to power in Syria. The current ruling Syrian Ba'ath party elites are primarily made up of Alawites, who are an offshoot sect of Shiism, which is also the majority sect of Iran. This common background has made them strategic allies on various issues, including defense. The Syrian state-run news agency, SANA, has stated that the two governments discussed their "strategic cooperation relationship" and "attempts by some Western countries and their allies to strike at the axis of resistance by targeting Syria and supporting terrorism there". The alliance has been described as an "Axis of Terror" by the prime minister and ambassadors of Israel.

The fall of the Assad regime in 2024 was described by several Western media as a crippling blow to the Axis of Resistance: the collapse of the Ba'athist government in Syria undermining Iran's ability to supply Hezbollah. This was denied by Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who reiterated that the Axis will continue.

Iraqi groups

Armed militias emerged in Iraq after the US invasion of the country in 2003. These groups became exponentially stronger when they organized as a collective front to counter the terrorist group ISIS.

Iranian officials claimed on 30 October 2023 that attacks against U.S. forces in Iraq and other parts of the region were the consequence of "wrong American policies", which included Washington's backing of Israel during the Israel–Hamas war.

Yemeni Houthis

Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, the commander of the Houthi movement in Yemen, declared on 10 October 2023 that the organisation would retaliate by using missiles and drones in addition to other military measures if the United States got involved in the Gaza conflict.

On 19 October 2023, Yemen begun their missile and drone campaign against Israel in which the United States Navy destroyer USS Carney shot down three land-attack cruise missiles and several drones heading toward Israel. This was the first action by the Houthis in Yemen on Israel. It was later reported that the ship shot down four cruise missiles and 15 drones. Another missile was reportedly intercepted by Saudi Arabia. More were intercepted by Israel's Arrow anti-ballistic missiles; others fell short of their targets or were intercepted by the Israeli Air Force and the French Navy.

The Houthis then launched attacks on ships they claim are linked to Israel in a self-proclaimed bid to end the war, prompting a military response from a number of countries led by the United States.

Palestinian groups

Despite the Axis of Resistance being composed of primarily Shia Islamist factions, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, a secular Marxist–Leninist formation, is generally considered part of the Axis of Resistance, and receives support from Iran. The Sunni Palestinian Islamist movement Hamas has also at times been considered part of the axis due to its opposition to Israel and the United States. As of March 2012, the group has since pulled its headquarters out of Damascus and thrown its support behind the anti-Assad Syrian opposition. In October 2022, Hamas restored ties with Syria after reconciliation with the support of mediation by Iran.

Opponents

Despite the alliance members' differing ideologies and domestic interests, they serve the broader goal of complicating Israel's attacks and imposing a cost on the United States to support Israel.

Israel and United States

The axis claims to be against Israel in order to shore up popular support across the Islamic world, according to Tallha Abdulrazaq, writing in the Middle East Monitor, and it took a severe blow after the Israeli Mazraat Amal air strike. Three days before that airstrike against the Hezbollah convoy, Hezbollah leader, Hassan Nasrallah said: "We consider that any strike against Syria is a strike against the whole of the resistance axis, not just against Syria." The Guardian pointed out that it "is a network of autonomous militant Islamist groups through which Iran can project power, determine the course of events and deter attack by Israel or the US".

As a result of the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war on 7 October 2023, Hezbollah of Lebanon, the Yemeni Houthis, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, and other factions in Syria have launched drone and missile attacks on Israel. Hezbollah launched its operations against Israel on 8 October 2023, whereas Yemen began launching its operations on 19 October 2023, and the Islamic Resistance of Iraq began launching its operations on 2 November 2023. In April 2024, Iran launched a missile and drone attack against Israel with its supporting factions in response to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian embassy complex in Damascus.

The United States has given Israel extensive military aid and vetoed multiple UN Security Council ceasefire resolutions, concerning Israel–Hamas war. Groups of the Axis of Resistance have attacked American military bases in the Middle East. Additionally, the Yemeni Houthi movement have engaged in attacks in the Red Sea on commercial vessels allegedly linked to Israel, incurring a US-led military response. The United States designates most of the members of the axis of resistance as terrorist organizations.

ISIS

This axis became the main fighters against ISIS after the group took over almost a third of Iraq in 2014. According to the Los Angeles Times Amirli was the first city to successfully resist an ISIS offensive and was secured thanks to an unusual cooperation between Iraqi and Kurdish troops, Iranian-backed Shia militias and US warplanes. In 2012, Hezbollah deployed troops to support Syrian government forces against the FSA rebels, al-Qaeda and the Islamic State. In 2013, Iran began deploying troops to support the Syrian government against the rebels and other factions. In both instances, the Iraqi government provided support, even having volunteers joining the battlefields in Syria. Also, the Popular Mobilization Forces, which was established in 2014, became the main force in the fight against ISIS in Iraq. In 2014, Hezbollah rejected the idea of Lebanon helping in the US-led intervention in Iraq, against the Islamic State arguing that it may lead to the U.S. domination in the region or "substituting terrorism with flagrant US occupation". During the war against ISIS in Iraq and Syria, the Axis of Resistance became more united, forming the 4+1 coalition which was a joint military cooperation coalition with Iran, Iraq, Syria, Russia and Hezbollah of Lebanon.

The coalition supported one another in many battles in the Syrian civil war, such as in Hama Governorate, Palmyra, Aleppo and Idlib Governorate. The Russian Air Force has used Iranian airbases for refueling namely the Hamadan Airbase.

The IRGC Quds Force leader claimed: "the resistance of the Iraqi and Syrian governments and the perseverance of the armies and young men of these two countries ... played an important role in overturning this dangerous event … the termination of the rule of this vicious cursed entity, following the liberation operation of Abu Kamal, as the last fort of ISIS, bringing down the flag of this US-Zionist made terrorist group and raising the flag of Syria".

Relationships with other countries

Relations with Russia

Russia's effort to expand its role in the Middle East is entwined with its relations with the Iranian-led Axis of Resistance. It is not a meaningful strategic alliance, but Russia and Iran share a common interest in preserving the government of Bashar al-Assad in Syria, where Russia has military bases (e.g. at Latakia and Tartus). Both countries seek to block US influence and regime change in Syria, which they believe would challenge their own power in the region and potentially lead to regime change in Iran. Since 2015, there has been Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war in support of the Assad government. It was allegedly prompted by a visit to Moscow by Iran's Qasem Soleimani, where he asked Moscow to directly support the regime against the Syrian opposition forces. Russia has provided air support to the regime and to Iranian-backed forces in Syria. However, despite cooperation with Iran in Syria, Russia has maintained close ties with Israel and Arab Gulf states and has been pursuing normalisation of ties between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Russia has allowed repeated Israeli airstrikes inside Syria. During the Israel–Hamas war, Russia condemned both the Hamas attack and Israel's response, but Russia's foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said that Israel's goals in Gaza were similar to Russia's goals in its invasion of Ukraine.

Relations with Afghanistan

Iran was accused of supporting the Taliban during the war in Afghanistan. Ali Akbar Velayati and Hassan Kazemi Qomi claim that the Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is also part of Iran's Axis of Resistance. However, commander of the Quds Force Esmail Qaani believes the Taliban government was "no friend of Iran".

See also

• Arab–Israeli alliance
• Axis of Upheaval
• Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition, another military alliance that involves Iran and Syria
• Shia crescent
• Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
• Iran–Israel proxy conflict
• Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war
• Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Notes

1. Persian: محور مقاومت, romanized: Mehvar-e Moqâvemat;
   Arabic: محور المقاومة, romanized: Miḥwar al-Muqāwamah
2. Officially the Ansarullah movement, de facto government in Northwestern Yemen since 28 July 2016 under the Supreme Political Council
3. Islamic Resistance Movement, de facto government of the Gaza Strip since 2006.

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v t e Iran–Russia relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of Iran, Moscow Embassy of Russia, Tehran Ambassadors of Russia to Iran Consulate General of Russia, Isfahan
Diplomacy	Treaty of Gulistan Treaty of Kurakchay Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723) Treaty of Turkmenchay Anglo-Russian Convention Tehran Conference P5+1 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Marine Security Belt
Conflicts	Russo-Persian Wars 1651–1653 1722–1723 1804–1813 1826–1828 Abbasabad Russian conquest of the Caucasus Persian Constitutional Revolution Persian Campaign Battle of Robat Karim Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Iranian famine of 1942–1943
Incidents	1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots Siege of Tabriz (1908–1909) 1908 bombardment of the Majlis Russian occupation of Tabriz
Individuals	Abbas Mirza Mohammad Taqi Pessian Shafi Khan Qajar Ali Qulu Mirza Qajar Amir Kazim Mirza Qajar
Related	Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict Axis of Resistance Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine Axis of Upheaval
Category:Iran–Russia relations

v t e Iran–Saudi Arabia relations
Diplomatic posts	Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran
Diplomacy	Safari Club
Conflicts	Iranian revolution 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising Iran–Iraq War Action of June 5, 1984 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Bahraini uprising Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain 2011 Libyan civil war Syrian civil war Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance Iranian intervention in Iraq Yemeni crisis Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni revolution Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Second Libyan civil war
Incidents	1987 Mecca incident Khobar Towers bombing 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2015 Mina stampede 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 2017–2020 Qatif unrest 2018 Riyadh missile strike International Maritime Security Construct United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Afif attack Abha International Airport attacks Abqaiq–Khurais attack
Iranian relations with GCC member states	Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar United Arab Emirates
Related	Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iran–Israel proxy conflict Arab League–Iran relations Arab–Israeli alliance Warsaw Middle East conference Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Opposition to military action against Iran Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition Gulf Cooperation Council Iran International Shia–Sunni relations Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia
Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations

v t e Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
Background	Iranian revolution 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising
Conflicts	Assadist–Saddamist conflict (until 1990) Iran–Iraq War Action of June 5, 1984 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Bahraini uprising Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain First Libyan civil war Syrian civil war Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance War in Iraq (2013–2017) Iranian intervention in Iraq Yemeni crisis Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni revolution Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Second Libyan civil war
Incidents	1987 Mecca incident Khobar Towers bombing 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2015 Mina stampede 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 2017–2020 Qatif unrest 2018 Riyadh missile strike International Maritime Security Construct United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Afif attack Abha International Airport attacks Abqaiq–Khurais attack
Iranian relations with GCC member states	Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar United Arab Emirates
Related topics	Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iran–Israel proxy conflict Arab League–Iran relations Arab–Israeli alliance Warsaw Middle East conference Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Opposition to military action against Iran Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition Gulf Cooperation Council Iran International Shia–Sunni relations Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia
Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

v t e Iran–Israel proxy conflict
Background	Iranian revolution Iran–Iraq war 1999 arrest of Iranian Jews
2024 Iran–Israel conflict	Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus reactions Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries Iranian strikes on Israel April 2024 October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran April 2024 October 2024 intelligence leak
Hezbollah–Israel conflict	Israeli–Lebanese conflict South Lebanon conflict 1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi 1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing AMIA bombing 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid 2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid 2006 Lebanon War Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh 2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange 2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt Francop Affair January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident Operation Northern Shield 2019 Beirut drone crash 2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) Assassination of Fuad Shukr 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks 20 September 2024 Beirut attack September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon 2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike Assassination of Hashem Safieddine 2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement Projectile attacks from Lebanon
Israeli–Palestinian conflict	Karine A affair Victoria Affair Operation Full Disclosure
Gaza–Israel conflict	Gaza War (2008–2009) 2014 Gaza War Israel–Hamas war Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh
Syrian civil war	January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015) March 2017 Israel–Syria incident February 2018 Israel–Syria incident Operation House of Cards September 2018 Syria missile strikes August 2019 Syria missile strikes November 2019 Syria missile strikes January 2021 Syria airstrikes 2023 Damascus airstrike Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents Hezbollah involvement
International incidents	Operation Outside the Box 2009 Sudan airstrikes 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats 2012 Bangkok bombings 2012 Cyprus terrorist plot 2012 Burgas bus bombing Yarmouk munitions factory explosion 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq 2022 Erbil missile attacks 2022 Istanbul terror plot 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria 20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
Nuclear program of Iran	Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists Ardeshir Hosseinpour Massoud Ali-Mohammadi Majid Shahriari Fereydoon Abbasi Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan Mohsen Fakhrizadeh AMAD Project Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive Bid Kaneh explosion Stuxnet 2020 Iran explosions 2021 Natanz incident 2023 Iran drone attacks
Related	Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict Russia–Hamas relations Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Ahmad Reza Djalali Axis of Resistance Arab–Israeli alliance Abraham Accords Warsaw Middle East conference People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran Little Satan Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel Views on military action against Iran Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iranian support for Hamas Israel and state-sponsored terrorism Quds Day Prisoner X2 Tehran
Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict

• Axis of Resistance
• Shia Islam and politics
• Anti-Americanism
• Anti-Israeli sentiment in Iran
• Anti-Israeli sentiment in Iraq
• Anti-Israeli sentiment in Lebanon
• Anti-Israeli sentiment in Palestine
• Anti-Israeli sentiment in Syria
• Anti-Israeli sentiment in Yemen
• Anti-Zionism in the Middle East
• Anti-Western sentiment
• Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
• Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war
• Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war
• Foreign relations of Iran
• Foreign relations of Syria
• Khomeinist groups
• Iran–Iraq relations
• Iran–Syria relations
• Iran–Syria military relations
• Iran–Venezuela relations
• Iran–Yemen relations
• Iran–Israel proxy conflict
• Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
• Military alliances involving Iran
• Military alliances involving Iraq
• Military alliances involving Syria
• Military alliances involving Yemen
• 2002 quotations
• 2002 neologisms