Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 00:07, 2 January 2025

1 Wall Street
Seen from the east in 2010
General information
Type	Mixed use (residential and commercial)
Architectural style	Art Deco
Location	Manhattan, New York
Country	United States
Coordinates	40°42′26″N 74°00′42″W / 40.70722°N 74.01167°W / 40.70722; -74.01167
Construction started	1929 (original building) 1963 (annex)
Completed	1931 (original building) 1965 (annex)
Opening	March 24, 1931
Renovated	2018–2023
Owner	Macklowe Properties
Height
Roof	654 ft (199 m)
Top floor	52
Technical details
Floor count	50
Floor area	1,165,645 sq ft (108,292.0 m)
Lifts/elevators	41
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Ralph Walker
Developer	Irving Trust
Main contractor	Marc Eidlitz
References
New York City Landmark
Designated	March 13, 2001
Reference no.	2029
Designated entity	Original building: exterior
New York City Landmark
Designated	June 25, 2024
Reference no.	2679
Designated entity	Red Room: interior
U.S. Historic district Contributing property
Part of	Wall Street Historic District
Reference no.	07000063

1 Wall Street (also known as the Irving Trust Company Building, the Bank of New York Building, and the BNY Mellon Building) is a 654-foot-tall (199 m) Art Deco skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City. The building, which occupies a full city block, consists of two sections. The original 50-story building was designed by Ralph Thomas Walker of the firm Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker and constructed between 1929 and 1931 for Irving Trust, an early-20th-century American bank. A 28-story annex to the south (later expanded to 36 stories) was designed by the successor firm Voorhees, Walker, Smith, Smith & Haines and built between 1963 and 1965.

The limestone facade consists of slight inwardly-curved bays with fluting to resemble curtains. On the lower stories are narrow windows and elaborate entrances. The massing of 1 Wall Street incorporates numerous small setbacks, and there are chamfers at the corners of the original building. The top of the original building consists of a freestanding tower with fluted windowless bays. The facade of the annex is crafted in a style reminiscent of the original structure. The original building has an ornate lobby, known as the Red Room, with colored mosaics. The 10th through 45th floors were originally rented to tenants, while the other floors contained offices, lounges, and other spaces for Irving Trust. After 1 Wall Street was converted to a residential building, the upper stories were divided into 566 condominium apartments.

At the time of its construction, 1 Wall Street occupied what was one of the most valuable plots in the city. The building replaced three previous structures, including the Manhattan Life Insurance Building, which was once the world's tallest building. After Irving Trust was acquired by the Bank of New York (BNY) in 1988, 1 Wall Street served as the global headquarters of BNY and its successor BNY Mellon through 2015. After the developer Harry Macklowe purchased the building, he renovated it from 2018 to 2023, converting the interior to residential units with some commercial space.

The building is one of New York City's Art Deco landmarks, although architectural critics initially ignored it in favor of such buildings as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building. The exterior of the building's original section was designated as a city landmark in 2001, and the Red Room was similarly designated in 2024. In addition, the structure is a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district created in 2007.

Site

1 Wall Street occupies an entire city block in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The site is bounded by Broadway to the west, Wall Street to the north, New Street to the east, and Exchange Place to the south. 1 Wall Street is adjacent to the Adams Express Building, 65 Broadway, the Empire Building, Trinity Church, and Trinity Church's churchyard to the west; the American Surety Company Building to the north; 14 Wall Street to the northeast; the New York Stock Exchange Building to the east; and 52 Broadway to the south. Entrances to the New York City Subway's Wall Street station, served by the 4 and ​5 trains, are adjacent to the building.

Because of the curves in the facade, the original structure does not completely occupy its full land lot; instead, 180 square feet (17 m) is used as a sidewalk. At the chamfered corners of the building, the facade is recessed as much as 7.5 feet (2.3 m) from the lot line. Under municipal law, any private land that was adjacent to public property (but not clearly marked as such) would eventually revert to the government of New York City. Consequently, when 1 Wall Street was built, its main occupant Irving Trust embedded small metal plaques to delineate the boundaries of its lot, thereby preventing the city government from seizing the land.

Architecture

The original building was designed by Ralph Walker of the Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker in the Art Deco style. The annex was designed by Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker's successor firm Voorhees, Walker, Smith, Smith & Haines. Everett Meeks, the dean of the Yale School of Art, was the original building's design consultant. The original building reaches 50 stories and stands 654 feet (199 m) tall. The southern annex was originally 28 stories tall with a height of about 391 feet (119 m), but it was expanded in 2019 to 36 stories with a height of about 494 feet (151 m). SLCE Architects designed the building's residential conversion in the late 2010s and early 2020s, including the addition to the southern annex. Dormer structures of up to two stories are located on the tops of both sections.

Although author Daniel Abramson said 1 Wall Street was "Art Deco in many respects", historian Anthony Robins characterized the building as being "Gothic Modern—a skyscraper reflection of Trinity Church". Walker had designed other Art Deco buildings in the New York City area, mainly telecommunications structures. These included the Barclay–Vesey Building (1927), New Jersey Bell Headquarters Building (1929), 60 Hudson Street (1930), and 32 Avenue of the Americas (1932), as well as telephone buildings in upstate New York. Architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern characterized 1 Wall Street as "Walker's only completed skyscraper".

Form and facade

1 Wall Street's facade is made primarily of limestone. This contrasts with the brick facades of Walker's telecommunications buildings, the use of which was likely influenced by Dutch and German Expressionism. At the time of 1 Wall Street's construction, limestone was a relatively expensive material and was rarely used for a building's entire facade, with cheaper brick being used instead. 1 Wall Street also contains numerous setbacks on its exterior. Though setbacks in New York City skyscrapers were mandated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution to allow light and air to reach the streets below, they later became a defining feature of the Art Deco style. The facade has uninterrupted vertical piers, similar to other Art Deco buildings. Although the piers emphasize the building's height, Walker said this effect was not the main goal of his design.

Original building

The original 1931 building is on the northern portion of the site. The first twenty stories occupy almost the entire site. The building has a series of small setbacks starting at the 21st story and continuing until the 35th story, above which a slender tower rises. The setbacks on the Broadway and Wall Street elevations alternate with each other. The southern portion of the original building rises as high as a dormer on the 37th floor; the 36th floor is the highest that also connects to the annex. The original structure measures 179 feet (55 m) on Broadway by 102 feet (31 m) on Wall Street. The tower stories, from the 37th to the 48th floors, measure 60 by 80 feet (18 by 24 m) each. The top two stories constituted an executive penthouse.

Walker's design emphasized the decorative details of the building's facade; by contrast, other early-20th-century skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan had emphasized the massing. The facade includes indented vertical bays with fluting, which are arranged like curtains, although the facade could also resemble a cliff-like natural shape from different angles. Walker said the building would "have 200 thousand people looking at it from all sides" in a single year, including workers and pedestrians, and he wanted them to have "mental relief and pleasure" when viewing it. Walker also said he "tried to superimpose one rhythm upon a basic rhythm"; as such, he treated the facade as a series of "rhythmic motifs" in different sizes. The resulting concave bays were angled inward at a pitch of 1:9. Each of the bays is separated by curved, projecting piers that rise to each setback. Several piers also have vertical incisions for emphasis. The windows of the original building contained custom curved frames to fit into the facade, which added $40,000 to the construction cost.

The base of the original building is composed of the lowest three stories. The section of the base along Wall Street is eight bays wide, with a double-width entrance in the middle of the Wall Street facade, which is reached by a short flight of stairs and leads to the main lobby. The entryway is framed by a jagged portal. The sections of the base on Broadway and New Street are seventeen bays wide. On the New Street elevation, the name "Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker" is printed in cursive script. There is an exposed granite basement on New Street with a service entrance. On the upper floors, each of the bays has a single sash window on each floor. The northwestern and northeastern corners of the building are both chamfered, which respectively connect the western and eastern elevations of the facade with the northern elevation.

Annex

The southern annex, completed in 1965, is also mostly made of limestone. On the New Street side, there are setbacks above the 5th and 10th floors; the building then rises as a slender slab with setbacks on the 29th, 34th, and 35th floors. Along Broadway, the facade of the annex was originally recessed behind that of the original building by two bays.

In 2018, a glass-clad entrance to the retail space was constructed in front of the annex. The entrance structure ranges between one and seven stories high. The facade of the 2018 addition projects forward to the facade of the original structure. Eight stories were also built atop the initial portion of the annex. In total, according to zoning documents, the annex measures 180 feet (55 m) on Broadway and 132.5 feet (40.4 m) on Exchange Place.

Features

External videos
Tour an Art Deco Masterpiece, The Daily 360 , The New York Times

The building contains 10 elevators as of 2019, compared with 43 elevators and 14 escalators prior to the building's residential conversion. When built, 1 Wall Street had 29 elevators, some of which were near the building's exterior walls. Irving Trust had six private elevators accessed from Wall Street. There were three groups of elevators in the rest of the building, serving the lower, intermediate, or upper floors; these elevators could be reached from Broadway, New Street, or the subway. Because the New Street side of the building was lower than the Broadway side, engineers configured the original elevator shafts so that double-deck elevators could be installed if necessary, but these double-deck elevators were never built. At its completion, 1 Wall Street was the first office structure in Lower Manhattan to use alternating current for electric power. It included a network of pneumatic tubes for sending documents between floors. When 1 Wall Street was converted to residential use, all of the elevators were moved to the center of the building.

There is 1,165,645 sq ft (108,292 m) of interior space, of which the original building had 500,000 square feet (46,000 m) of floor space. The original building's first through 21st stories each spanned 15,000 square feet (1,400 m). There are also five basement levels under the original structure, three of which are below sea level. A corridor inside 1 Wall Street's basement, stretching between Broadway and New Street, provided access to the northbound platform of the Wall Street station, but it had been converted to a communications room by 2000. Upon the building's opening, Irving Trust occupied the basements, lowest ten floors, and uppermost three floors. Following its residential conversion, 1 Wall Street contained 678,000 square feet (63,000 m) of residential space and 166,000 square feet (15,400 m) of commercial space. The top stories of the annex (completed in 2023) were largely built as voided slabs; hollow plastic spheres were embedded into the concrete floor slabs to reduce the slabs' weight. The glass retail addition is cantilevered outward from the original annex, avoiding the need to drill into the Wall Street subway station, which is located directly underneath the retail addition.

Red Room and lobby

At ground level is the Red Room. Walker and his associate Perry Coke Smith designed the room, while artist Hildreth Meière was hired as a "color consultant". The space was intended mainly as a reception room for the bank and was accessed primarily from Wall Street to the north. The Red Room had no tellers' counters since Irving Trust was a commercial bank, rather than a savings bank. Lewis Pierson of Irving Trust described the Red Room as a place "where we shall meet our customers and friends". Unlike earlier banking rooms such as those in the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Building and National City Bank Building, the Red Room did not contain classical-style decorations.

The Red Room measures 100 feet (30 m) long from west to east and 40 feet (12 m) wide from north to south. The ceiling is variously cited as measuring 30 feet (9.1 m), 33 feet (10 m), or 37 feet (11 m) high. The room is shaped like an oblong polygon, and there are few right angles within the space. On the north wall is a bronze-clad entrance vestibule, while on the south wall are frosted double glass doors leading to the elevator foyer. There are arched windows on the eastern and western walls, as well as doors on the northern and southern walls. Each of the windows to the east and west has a deep sill, and there are also lancet windows on either side of the entrance to the north. There are radiators with ornate bronze grilles beneath each window. When Irving Trust occupied the building, the Red Room had some chairs and desks. The brokers' loan officers had desks next to the eastern wall, while the officers of Irving Trust's city office sat at desks near the western wall.

Because the building was completed just after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Red Room's design included ornate materials to attract customers. The floor is made of red terrazzo tiles. Walker and Smith personally supervised the creation of the floor tiles in Berlin. The walls and ceilings are decorated with 8,911 square feet (827.9 m) or 13,000 square feet (1,200 m) of mosaics, which were designed by Meière and manufactured by the Ravenna Mosaic Company in Long Island City and Berlin. The color scheme of the mosaic ranges from red-on-blue on the walls to gold-on-black on the ceiling. The tiles gradually become lighter on the upper portions of the walls, drawing visitors' attention toward the ceiling. The mosaic also contains abstract gold patterns. The rest of the walls is made of Pyrenees black marble, and the columns are made of Verona red marble, similar to a design used in the Stockholm City Hall. The two columns are placed on an east-west axis and have bronze capitals. At the northern and southern ends of the room, the ceiling slants slightly upward.

South of the entrance is a foyer that runs between Broadway and New Street, with two polygonal piers. The foyer in turn connected directly to the building's elevators. The Broadway and New Street lobby had walls made of Pyrenees black marble. The ceiling also had an allegorical painting measuring 20 by 66 feet (6.1 by 20.1 m), depicting the influence of wealth on the creation of beauty. Meière and Kimon Nicolaïdes designed the painting. When the annex was built, the expanded lobby floor was clad in travertine, and the original lobby's ceiling was covered with a dropped ceiling.

Upper floors

As with other early-20th-century skyscrapers in the Financial District, the lower stories had large floor areas for the building's primary tenant, Irving Trust, while the upper stories were smaller. The lowest 21 floors each spanned about 15,000 square feet (1,400 m). Irving Trust occupied the first ten stories, using their large floor areas to house its clerical staff. The second floor originally contained Irving Trust's Wall Street office, which served businesses in the Financial District. The third floor was for the bank's corporate and personal trust divisions. The fifth floor had the bank's executive offices, wainscoted with wood from around the world, while the sixth floor accommodated the out-of-town and foreign divisions and a telephone room for long-distance calls.

The 10th through 45th floors were rented to outside tenants. Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker were not responsible for the layout of the offices, instead hiring specialists for that task. Architectural firms also designed some of the offices; for example, the Fiduciary Trust Company's 30th-story offices were designed by Delano and Aldrich, while the offices on the 31st story were designed by Cross & Cross. Generally, law firms and financial firms leased entire stories for themselves. These included brokerage house Bear Stearns, which hired H. J. Horvath & Company and designer W. A. Zwicke to subdivide its 10th-floor space into various offices and other rooms.

Irving Trust's dining room was on the 46th floor. The directors' room, on the 47th floor, was decorated with 18-foot-high (5.5 m) wooden wainscoting, and there were directors' chairs arranged in a semicircle. The stories above it had dining spaces and a three-story observation lounge; these spaces had Art Deco furnishings. The executive lounge, at the 49th story, had a ceiling made of gold-leaf seashells, as well as walls covered with multicolored patterned fabrics. The executive lounge also had a triple-height ceiling, fluted walls, teak floors, and a fireplace, as well as four full-height windows that faced each of the cardinal directions. The walls were also decorated with depictions of Native American war bonnets.

Since 1 Wall Street's residential conversion, there have been 566 condominium apartments, of which 304 are studios and one-bedroom units. Forty-seven of the condominiums have private decks. The condominiums were designed by SLCE Architects. The upper three floors were converted into a three-story penthouse apartment with 12,965 square feet (1,204.5 m), four bedrooms and four bathrooms, as well as a private library and chef's kitchen. Several of the units are model apartments, which are shown to prospective buyers and were designed by FrenchCalifornia, Elizabeth Graziolo, and Cyril Vergniol. The amenities include a 75-foot (23 m) indoor swimming pool, 39th-floor observation deck, library, golf simulator, dog spa, and playroom, as well as a lounge and a private restaurant. The building also contains communal spaces with kitchens, phone booths, AV equipment, and printers. These amenities are mostly clustered in the annex, occupying the 38th and 39th floors. Lifetime Fitness operates an athletic club within the building, and there is also a coworking space known as One Works.

Vault

Irving Trust's bank vault, weighing 5,000 short tons (4,500 long tons; 4,500 t), was located 69 to 72 feet (21 to 22 m) below ground level. At the time of the building's 1931 completion, the vault was the second-largest in the city and third-largest in the world, behind those of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building and the Bank of England. The vault was encased on three sides by a 6-foot-thick (1.8 m) wall composed of iron, steel, and concrete; the fourth side was composed of 3 feet (0.91 m) of concrete and a thick layer of metal.

The vault had three stories, of which the top level was used by safe-deposit customers, and the lower floors stored Irving Trust's own fortunes. Each story had 2,700 square feet (250 m) of space. There were six vault doors, each measuring 30 inches (760 mm) thick; the doors were laced with chemicals that reportedly emitted "paralyzing fumes" if a robber tried to open the door using a blowtorch. The two main doors on the upper level, and one door on each of the other levels, weighed 45 short tons (40 long tons; 41 t) each. A tank of water, as well as chemical, electrical, and mechanical systems, were used to deter break-ins.

History

Previous structures

Northern portion

Since the settlement of New Amsterdam in the 17th century, only three buildings on the northern portion of the current skyscraper's site had carried the address 1 Wall Street. The first was a 17th-century stone house, and the second was built in the 19th century. The third such structure was an 18-story office building built in 1907 and designed by St. Louis-based firm Barnett, Haynes & Barnett. The structure was known as the "Chimney Building" or the "'chimney corner' building", and its footprint measured only 29 by 39 feet (8.8 by 11.9 m). The Chimney Building was developed by a syndicate from St. Louis, headed by Festus Wade of the St. Louis Mercantile Trust Company. In mid-1905, the company paid $700,000 for the 1,131-square-foot (105.1 m) plot, or an average of $576 per square foot ($6,200/m). The next year, the syndicate announced that it would start erecting an 18-story structure at 1 Wall Street. The Chimney Building was completed in 1907, and for years afterward, its site was the world's most valuable.

Adjoining the Chimney Building were between three and five other structures, ranging from approximately 10 to 20 stories high. The oldest of these was the Union Trust Building, which was erected in 1889 and had 8-foot-thick (2.4 m) masonry walls because engineers of the time did not know how much steel the building required. One of the twelve-story structures surrounded the Chimney Building, and in 1926, this structure and the Chimney Building were sold to a syndicate of bankers. The writer Washington Irving, the namesake of the Irving Trust Company, had occupied a house at 3 Wall Street several years before the building's development.

Southern portion

The southern half of the block had two structures: the Manhattan Life Insurance Building on the north and the Knickerbocker Trust Company Building to the south. The 18-story Manhattan Life Building, completed in 1894, was in the middle of the block, at 64 Broadway. That structure was slightly extended north in 1904 to encompass all lots between 64 and 70 Broadway.

The Knickerbocker Trust Company bought the land immediately south of the Manhattan Life Building in early 1906, and finalized building plans the next year. The 22-story Knickerbocker Trust building at 60 Broadway was completed in 1909 and contained a ground-floor banking room, a private penthouse restaurant, and eight elevators. There was a 23-foot-wide (7.0 m) space between the Manhattan Life and Knickerbocker Trust buildings. A 10-inch (0.3 m) strip of land on the northern side of the gap was sold to John E. Schermerhorn in 1912. The Schermerhorn family subsequently built an eight-story taxpayer building at 62 Broadway, within the 23-foot-10-inch-wide (7.3 m) gap.

Development

The idea for the current skyscraper was attributed to Irving Trust president Harry Ward. Since its founding in 1851, Irving Trust had merged with numerous other banks in preceding years, and the firm had outgrown its offices, which were scattered across 60 Broadway, the Equitable Building, and the Woolworth Building. When the building was proposed, the bank was known as American Exchange Irving Trust, having merged in 1926 with the American Exchange-Pacific National Bank. During the mid- and late-1920s, many Art Deco office buildings were constructed in New York City, peaking around 1929 and 1930. Additionally, banks in Manhattan were clustering around Wall Street, and the corner of Broadway and Wall Street was seen as a valuable location.

Planning

By April 1928, the Central Union Trust Company controlled the buildings from 64 to 80 Broadway, and reportedly planned to build a 36-story structure at the site of the Chimney Building. The following month, American Exchange Irving Trust bought the Chimney Building along with three adjacent structures at 7 Wall Street, and 74 and 80 Broadway, in exchange for $5.5 million in cash and a $9 million mortgage. The transaction cost approximately $725 per square foot ($7,800/m). Following the sale, the Central Union Trust Company moved to the Manhattan Life Building and modified the structures at 60, 62, and 70 Broadway.

Immediately after the purchase, Irving Trust announced it would erect an office building on the site. This announcement occurred amid an increase in the number of large banks in New York City. The company's board of directors founded a sub-committee for construction oversight, and several Irving Trust employees formed the One Wall Street Unit to coordinate logistical planning for the new skyscraper. Thirty-five potential architects were identified and interviewed extensively. Ultimately, in June 1928, Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker were hired to design the structure, and Marc Eidlitz was hired as builder. Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker filed plans with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings the next month. The initial plans, known as Scheme B1, called for a 46- or 52-story building on a plot of 178 by 101 feet (54 by 31 m); they called for two banking rooms at ground level. Walker and his associate Perry Coke Smith designed a large banking room called the Red Room for the lower stories, and Walker hired Hildreth Meière to design the mosaics for the Red Room. Smith and Meière collaborated on the Red Room's color scheme, while Lynn Fausett helped draw out the designs for the room.

An August 1928 memorandum between the architects and Irving Trust prompted several changes to the plans. Among those were separate elevators for bank employees and rental tenants; the removal of retail spaces and luncheon clubs; and the addition of a common reception lobby. In October 1928, local newspapers reported that Irving Trust had accepted "final plans" for a 44-story building rising 560 feet (170 m). This design resembled the current structure, with setbacks and a curving facade. The actual final plans, filed in June 1929, provided for a 50-story structure. The 1929 plans were released after Irving Trust applied for, and received, a zoning variance that allowed the base's first setback to be higher than would normally be allowed. The variance also allowed for a shallower setback, and the tower was allowed to cover more than 25 percent of the lot, the maximum lot coverage ratio typically allowed under the 1916 Zoning Resolution.

Construction

Construction on the site of 1 Wall Street began in May 1929, with the demolition of the four buildings on the northern portion of the site. Several engineering professors from Columbia University were hired as consultants for the demolition process. Work was complicated by the fact that one of the previous buildings on the site had extremely sturdy walls ranging from 4 to 10 feet (1.2 to 3.0 m) thick. The Indiana Limestone Company was hired to supply the building's Indiana limestone. During December 1929, Ward sent engraved letters to 500 nearby property owners, apologizing for the noise created during the riveting process; this generated positive publicity for the building in both the local and national press.

The ceremonial cornerstone was laid on January 15, 1930. During the construction process, nearby structures such as Trinity Church were shored up. That March, Irving Trust signed an agreement with the Interborough Rapid Transit Company—at the time, one of the operators of the city's subway system—to build three new entrances to the Wall Street station on Broadway and another entrance in 1 Wall Street's basement. Excavations began in July 1930, and work on the building itself began that August. The frame involved the installation of 250,000 rivets and was completed within five months of the groundbreaking without any serious incidents. The Ravenna Mosaic Company was hired to manufacture mosaics for the Red Room, and six workers from a mosaic-tile labor union helped Ravenna's workers install the mosaics.

When the steel frame topped out on May 12, 1930, workers hoisted an evergreen tree to the top of the frame. While the workers were securing the final rivets, a hot steel rivet fell from the building's top and hit a truck below, narrowly missing the truck driver's head and causing a small fire on the street. The exterior was completed by August 1930. Several hundred boxcars were used to transport the building's Indiana limestone to New York City; according to railroad workers, it was the largest-ever such order. Before being used in the building, the limestone blocks went to a workshop in Long Island City, where they were carved to meet the building's specifications.

Irving Trust use

By December 1930, Irving Trust announced that 80 percent of the space had been leased in the nearly-completed building. Tenants started moving into 1 Wall Street by mid-March 1931, before its formal opening, at which point it was 85 percent occupied. Among the tenants were several members of the New York Stock Exchange and Curb Exchange. The Irving Trust Company moved into the building on March 23, 1931. Two hundred guards armed with machine guns moved the bank's $8 billion holdings from its former location at the Woolworth Building. The same day, 1 Wall Street opened to public use, with thousands of visitors. By that time, the building was 90 percent occupied. Shortly afterward, the Fiduciary Trust Company of New York moved its banking quarters to the 30th floor, making that space the highest banking quarters in New York City. In a 1938 incident, an electrical transformer on the 21st-story setback blew up; though the windows shook, nobody was injured. An air-conditioning system was installed at 1 Wall Street in 1953, which was one of the largest air-conditioning retrofits ever undertaken in the New York City area at the time.

The original building soon became too small to accommodate the operations of Irving Trust and its tenants. Accordingly, in 1961, Irving Trust purchased the three buildings at 60, 62, and 70 Broadway from Hanover Bank, thereby giving Irving Trust control of the entire block between Broadway, Wall Street, New Street, and Exchange Place. The company initially anticipated that the annex would cost $25 million. Voorhees, Walker, Smith, Smith & Haines were hired to design the annex, while Turner Construction was hired as the main contractor. By mid-1963, the site had been cleared; in advance of the work, Irving Trust subleased space at 2 Broadway. To finance construction, Irving Trust sold the building to a subsidiary, which then sold $30 million of secured notes to investors. Renovations also took place in the original building; tenants continued to use 1 Wall Street during construction, but the vault in the basement was emptied. A refrigeration plant was installed on the annex's roof to provide air-conditioning to both buildings, and cooling machinery was also installed in the basement. The project was finished by late 1965.

By 1980, Irving Trust had decided to relocate its operations center to another building near the World Trade Center. Between 1987 and 1988, Irving Trust was negotiating to merge with the Bank of New York (BNY), which at the time was headquartered nearby at 48 Wall Street. Irving Trust initially rejected buy-out offers from BNY because the latter had "undervalued" Irving Trust's assets such as 1 Wall Street. By October 1988, with a merger imminent, Irving Trust placed 1 Wall Street for auction; at the time, the building was valued at $250 million. BNY acquired Irving Trust in December 1988. BNY decided to sell its old headquarters at 48 Wall Street and relocate its headquarters to 1 Wall Street.

BNY (renamed BNY Mellon in 2007) opened a museum on the 10th floor in 1998, which was dedicated to the history of both banks. During the same time, BNY hired Hoffmann Architects to conduct mortar repair and window replacements. While 1 Wall Street was not damaged following the September 11 attacks at the nearby World Trade Center in 2001, BNY's operations were disrupted, and 1 Wall Street had to be cleaned up.

Sale and conversion

By January 2014, BNY Mellon was looking to sell its headquarters, as it was moving to a location with less space. In May 2014, BNY Mellon sold the building to a joint venture led by Harry B. Macklowe's Macklowe Properties for $585 million, though BNY Mellon continued to occupy the building until September 2015. Macklowe wanted to add up to 174,000 square feet (16,200 m) of retail space at the base.

Renovation

Macklowe initially planned to make 1 Wall Street a mixed-use residential and office building, and he wanted to rent out 65 percent of the residences. In early 2017, Macklowe announced that the building would be almost entirely residential condominiums, since an all-residential building, owned by its tenants, would require less debt. Macklowe Properties partnered with former Prime Minister of Qatar Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani in a bid to convert the office property into 566 condos with retail at the base. The renovation was originally supposed to be designed by Robert A.M. Stern Architects, who were replaced by SLCE Architects. Ashe Leandro, Deborah Berke Partners, and Moed de Armas and Shannon also redesigned parts of the building, and Deutsche Bank provided a $750 million mortgage loan for the conversion. At the time, the project was the largest conversion of office space to residential space in New York City, covering nearly 1.2 million square feet (110,000 m).

As part of the renovation, 34 elevators and 16 escalators were removed. The original layout of the building included elevators near the perimeter wall, but this took up usable space near windows. As such, Macklowe removed 20 of the elevators that served upper floors and added 10 new elevators in the building core; new stairs were also constructed to replace the existing stairs. The demolition of the interior was completed in November 2018. The Red Room was restored between 2016 and 2018, in advance of its conversion into a retail space. The Red Room's restoration used tiles that had been placed in storage and unused when the building was originally erected. The facade was restored using stone from the quarry that had supplied the material for Walker's original building. Eight stories were added to the southern annex, and the third floor was demolished to make a higher ceiling for the retail space. A new entrance was also constructed on Broadway, with a design based on one of Walker's unrealized plans for the building.

Whole Foods Market leased a 44,000-square-foot (4,100 m) storefront in 2016, and Life Time Fitness signed a 74,000-square-foot (6,900 m) lease for a gym on the lowest four floors in 2019. Macklowe originally hired Core Real Estate to market the apartments. However, he replaced Core with Compass, Inc., in December 2020, prompting Core to sue Macklowe for unpaid brokerage fees. Sales of residential units were launched in September 2021. By March 2022, Macklowe and Al Thani planned to refinance 1 Wall Street for $1.1 billion, using the proceeds to pay off construction costs and outstanding debt. At that point, the renovation was projected to be completed by the end of 2022. French department store Printemps announced that September that it would open a store at 1 Wall Street, covering 55,000 square feet (5,100 m) on two floors. The Printemps store, which is planned to open in early 2025, will use the Red Room.

Post-renovation and sales struggles

The Whole Foods store at the building's base opened in January 2023. The first residents were scheduled to move into the building that March, and construction was officially completed that month. Macklowe received a $300 million inventory loan for the building in October 2023 after sales underperformed expectations. At the time, there were 479 unsold units out of 566 total apartments, and the project had cost $2.9 billion to date. Sales remained lower than expected; by February 2024, only about 100 apartments had been sold. Asian investors comprised about half of the condominium owners by that year, but such sales were slowing down due to new export controls in China. Industry experts consulted by The Real Deal cited two other reasons for the lagging sales: the condos were overpriced compared to similar units nearby, and there was a general oversupply of vacant residential units in the Financial District. In May 2024, Macklowe replaced the sales agents from Compass, Inc., with two brokers from Macklowe Properties.

Impact

Critical reception

1 Wall Street received an accolade from the Broadway Association in 1931; the association designated the building as the "most worthy of civic endorsement" out of all structures erected around Broadway in 1930. A writer for the New York Evening Post called Meière's lobby mural "one of the most costly and beautiful pieces of mural decoration ever attempted in the United States". Eugene Clute of Metal Arts magazine described the walls as "a rich, free-hanging fabric" and "a cage set within the frame of the building and finished with a lining that has no more structural significance than the lining of my lady's work basket".

Architectural critics of the mid-20th century generally ignored the building in favor of more widely renowned structures, such as the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and 40 Wall Street. Lewis Mumford criticized 1 Wall Street's facade for not accurately representing its internal design, saying: "Chaste though that exterior is, it is mere swank, and unconvincing swank at that". Because of Irving Trust's role as a receiver for bankrupt companies, 1 Wall Street was called the "Central Repair Shop for Broken Businesses". Architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern wrote in his 1987 book New York 1930 that 1 Wall Street's proximity to other skyscrapers including 70 Pine Street, 20 Exchange Place, 40 Wall Street, and the Downtown Athletic Club "had reduced the previous generation of skyscrapers to the status of foothills in a new mountain range". Daniel Abramson wrote in 2001 that the "corner and tower treatments appear blocky and conventional" compared to 70 Pine Street, though 1 Wall Street was still distinguished in its massing and the curves in its facade.

Later architectural critics also praised the structure. Ada Louise Huxtable of The New York Times wrote in 1975 that 1 Wall Street was an "Art Deco masterpiece". In a 2001 analysis, the Times characterized the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and 1 Wall Street as three great Art Deco buildings in New York City. Stern stated that in 1 Wall Street's design, "structure became an unseen prop for poetry"; he further called the building's form "a natural precipice of stone shaped by erosion". Architectural writer Eric P. Nash called 1 Wall Street "one of the most delicate, even feminine, skyscrapers ever built". After the building's residential conversion was completed in 2023, a Daily Beast reporter wrote that the structure's conversion could be a model for other office-to-residence conversions. Adriane Quinlan of Curbed contrasted the building with Macklowe's ultra-luxury tower at 432 Park Avenue, calling 1 Wall Street "Macklowe's tower for the working, rather than the obscenely, rich". Ian Volner, writing for Curbed in 2024, described the Red Room as "an over-the-top dream of period pizzazz that makes Baz Luhrmann's Gatsby look like a work of sober realism".

Landmark designations

In 2001, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the original portion of 1 Wall Street as an official city landmark. The designation only included the exterior of the original building and did not extend to the southern annex. The Red Room's interior was not given a separate interior-landmark designation because such designations at the time were reserved for publicly accessible spaces. Since the Red Room could only be used by BNY Mellon workers at the time of the exterior designation, the LPC considered it to be closed to the public. The LPC agreed in December 2023 to hold hearings on whether to designate the Red Room's interior as a landmark, and the Red Room was designated as an interior landmark on June 25, 2024.

As a result of the exterior landmark designation's limited scope, most of the modifications made during the 2010s condominium conversion, such as the glass retail addition, were made to the annex. Changes to designated landmarks required the commission's approval, but the annex was out of the commission's scope. In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district.

See also

• Art Deco architecture of New York City
• List of buildings and structures on Broadway in Manhattan
• List of tallest buildings in New York City
• List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street

References

Notes

Explanatory notes

1. There are officially 50 floors, excluding two extra dormer floors on the roof.
2. ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
3. The Brooklyn Citizen quotes the builders as saying 288 boxcars had been used. However, the New York Herald Tribune and the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission state that over 400 boxcars were used.

Inflation figures

1. About $645,000 in 2023
2. About $18,406,000 in 2023
3. About $15,146 per square foot ($163,030/m) in 2023
4. The cash amount is about $77.1 million, and the mortgage about $126.2 million, in 2023
5. Equivalent to about $10,166 per square foot ($109,430/m) in 2023
6. About $129 billion in 2023
7. About 195 million in 2023
8. About 234 million in 2023
9. About 556 million in 2023

Citations

1. ^ "One Wall Street". Skyscraper Center. CTBUH. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
2. ^ "Bank of New York Building". Emporis. Archived from the original on May 17, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
3. ^ Kurshan 2001, p. 1.
4. ^ "National Register of Historic Places 2007 Weekly Lists" (PDF). National Park Service. 2007. p. 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
5. "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
6. "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Lower Manhattan" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
7. ^ "Adds to Sidewalk Space; But Irving Trust Company Reserves Right to Wall Street Corners". The New York Times. October 7, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
8. ^ "Public Wins Free Strolls On Private Wall St. Walk" (PDF). New York Evening Post. October 8, 1930. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via fultonhistory.com.
9. ^ "Irving Trust Co. Moves March 23: Will Occupy 18 Floors at One Wall Street—new Building 85% Rented". The Wall Street Journal. March 16, 1931. p. 15. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 130884599.
10. ^ Robins 2017, p. 18.
11. ^ Kurshan 2001, p. 6.
12. ^ Nash, Eric (2005). "One Wall Street (Originally Irving Trust Company Building)". Manhattan Skyscrapers. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-56898-652-4. OCLC 407907000.
13. ^ Abramson 2001, pp. 136–137.
14. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 62.
15. "One Wall Street Annex – The Skyscraper Center". The Skyscraper Center. April 7, 2016. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
16. ^ "Zoning Diagram; Premises: 60 Broadway Manhattan". New York City Department of Buildings. April 20, 2018. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
17. "One Wall Street South Building – The Skyscraper Center". The Skyscraper Center. April 7, 2016. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
18. ^ Hughes, C. J. (July 20, 2018). "One Wall Street Becomes Condos". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
19. Horn, Franziska. "One Wall Street: The biggest transformation in NYC's history". Stylepark. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
20. Abramson 2001, p. 107.
21. Robins 2017, p. 17.
22. ^ Kurshan 2001, p. 4.
23. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, pp. 567–568.
24. ^ Kurshan 2001, p. 5.
25. ^ Lopate, Phillip (April 21, 1991). "Architecture View; The Man Behind Manhattan's Deco Mountains". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
26. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 108.
27. Robinson, Cervin (1975). Skyscraper Style: Art Deco, New York. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-502112-7. OCLC 1266717.
28. ^ Stichweh, Dirk (2016). New York Skyscrapers. Prestel Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 978-3-7913-8226-5. OCLC 923852487.
29. Willis, Carol (March 1986). "Zoning and "Zeitgeist": The Skyscraper City in the 1920s". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 45 (1): 47–59. doi:10.2307/990128. JSTOR 990128.
30. "Salvaging Landmark Buildings Near Ground Zero". Weekend Edition Sunday. March 10, 2002. National Public Radio (NPR). Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
31. ^ Nash, Eric (2005). Manhattan Skyscrapers. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-56898-652-4. OCLC 407907000.
32. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 57.
33. ^ "Banking World Engaged in Struggle for Control". Brooklyn Standard Union. May 3, 1928. p. 13. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
34. ^ Kurshan 2001, p. 3.
35. ^ Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, pp. 568–569.
36. Abramson 2001, pp. 57, 62.
37. ^ "Shipment of Stone for 1 Wall Street is Four Miles Long: Largest Consignment of Building Stone to Enter City, Say Railroad Men". New York Herald Tribune. February 16, 1930. p. E2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113128200.
38. Walker 1930, p. 694 (PDF p. 72).
39. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 109.
40. ^ Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 568.
41. Walker 1930, p. 695 (PDF p. 73).
42. Kurshan 2001, pp. 6–7.
43. ^ Kurshan 2001, p. 7.
44. Robins 2017, p. 19.
45. ^ Kurshan 2001, p. 8.
46. ^ Plitt, Amy (March 21, 2019). "Art Deco Landmark One Wall Street Prepares for Its Condo Transformation". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
47. ^ Lane, Matthew (March 13, 2020). "Destination Downtown – What Does New York's One Wall Street Offer?". Property Investor Today. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
48. ^ Smith, Lilla (March 5, 2020). "The Challenges and Rewards of Adaptive Reuse: One Wall Street Case Study". Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
49. ^ Baird-Remba, Rebecca (December 14, 2023). "How an Innovative Construction Technique Made One Wall Street Possible". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on December 18, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
50. ^ Caulfield, John (March 24, 2019). "New York's Largest Office-to-Condo Conversion Nearing Completion". Building Design & Construction. ProQuest 2196548902.
51. ^ Bankers' Magazine 1931, p. 10.
52. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 139.
53. ^ "Irving Trust Building Exterior Completed". Brooklyn Citizen. August 17, 1930. p. 8. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
54. ^ "Double-Headers". Democrat and Chronicle. February 9, 1930. p. 34. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
55. ^ Gray, Christopher (August 1, 1999). "Streetscapes /1 Wall Street; A Bank's Art Deco Signature". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
56. ^ Quinlan, Adriane (April 28, 2023). "The City's Largest Office-to-Residential Conversion is Move-in Ready". Curbed. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
57. ^ "Irving Trust Co. Building Unique: Structure Houses One of Largest Vaults in the World—Beauty Keynote". The Wall Street Journal. March 25, 1931. p. 9. ProQuest 130912816.
58. ^ "Cornerstone is Placed for Irving Trust Home: Financial Leaders Take Part in Elaborate Services". New York Herald Tribune. January 15, 1930. p. 32. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114346908.
59. Eleventh Annual Report for the Calendar Year 1931. New York State Transit Commission. 1922. p. 78.
60. "New York MPS Wall Street Subway Station (IRT)". Records of the National Park Service, 1785 – 2006, Series: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records, 2013 – 2017, Box: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York, ID: 75313935, pp. 5–6. National Archives.
61. June 2000 Board Action Items. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. p. 117. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
62. ^ "Irving Trust's 50-Story Building Ready Soon; To Be Headquarters". Brooklyn Times-Union. December 20, 1930. p. 8. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
63. ^ Bankers' Magazine 1931, p. 3.
64. ^ Solomont, E.B. (September 8, 2017). "Revealed: Inside Macklowe's 1 Wall Street". The Real Deal. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
65. Sisson, Patrick (December 19, 2023). "This one weird technique makes concrete floors more sustainable". Fast Company. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
66. ^ Abramson 2001, pp. 135–136.
67. ^ Buckley 2024, p. 6.
68. ^ Buckley 2024, p. 13.
69. ^ Pembrey, Daniel (May 20, 2019). "Behind the Painstaking Restoration of a Hidden Art Deco Gem on Wall Street". Architectural Digest. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
70. ^ Buckley 2024, p. 15.
71. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 137.
72. ^ Buckley 2024, p. 14.
73. ^ Dunlap, David W. (March 11, 2001). "Postings: The 70-Year-Old, 50-Story 1 Wall Street is Declared a Landmark; a Quiet Art Deco Masterpiece". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
74. ^ Robins 2017, pp. 18–19.
75. Buckley 2024, p. 7.
76. Abramson 2001, p. 146.
77. Abramson 2001, pp. 27–28.
78. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 71.
79. ^ Bankers' Magazine 1931, pp. 3, 10.
80. Abramson 2001, pp. 45–46.
81. Abramson 2001, p. 46.
82. Abramson 2001, pp. 69–71.
83. Abramson 2001, p. 69.
84. "Kapa Shells Cover the Grand Lounge Ceiling". American Architect. Vol. 140. November 1931. p. 47.
85. Abramson 2001, p. 129.
86. Abramson 2001, p. 128.
87. ^ Russell, James S. (October 4, 2023). "Continuing Education: Office Conversions". Architectural Record. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
88. ^ Nelson, Dustin (May 28, 2023). "One Wall Street's $9.75 Million 'Trophy Apartment' is Bedecked in Art". Observer. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
89. ^ Howarth, Dan (March 19, 2023). "One Wall Street Skyscraper Completes Conversion from Offices to Apartments". Dezeen. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
90. ^ Taillon, Keith (May 17, 2023). "You Can Now Live in What Was Once 'The World's Costliest Real Estate Plot'". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
91. Pau, Valida (August 10, 2023). "Luxury NYC Buildings Woo Residents with Coworking Spaces as Remote Work Lingers". CNBC. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
92. Smith, Candace Cordelia (September 9, 2022). "Life Time Expands in NYC with One Wall Street Location". Athletech News. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
93. Isaacson, Bea (August 23, 2022). "A First Look Inside One Wall Street". Elite Traveler. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
94. ^ "200 In Armed Guard Move Bank Billions; Lower Broadway Like Arsenal as Irving Trust Cargo Goes to New Building". The New York Times. March 23, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
95. ^ "Irving Trust Co. Vault 2d Largest". Brooklyn Standard Union. February 4, 1929. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
96. Charles, F.I. (June 1931). "How Planning Built a Home for Irving Trust". System. Vol. 59. pp. 456–457.
97. ^ "New Irving Trust Building to Have Huge Vaults". Bankers' Magazine. Vol. 118, no. 3. March 1929. p. 470. ProQuest 124376143.
98. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 154.
99. "Gigantic Vault in Wall Street to Defy Thieves: Irving Trust Company Building Will Have Compartment Below Water Level Doors 30 Inches Thick Built to Withstand Siege as Well as Safe Cracksmen". New York Herald Tribune. February 3, 1929. p. A12. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1112027861.
100. "American Ex-Irving Building". Brooklyn Standard Union. October 28, 1928. p. 10. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
101. "To Lay Stone Today for Irving Trust; Ceremony to Be Held at New 50-Story Building at 1 Wall Street at 3 P.M." The New York Times. January 14, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
102. Gray, Christopher (August 8, 2014). "When Downtown Real Estate Turned Upward". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
103. Number One Wall Street. Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide, Volume 77. June 16, 1906. p. 1140. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
104. ^ "Sale of Chimney Building Plot Recalls Ownership of Late Benjamin D. Silliman". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 9, 1928. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
105. ^ "World's Costliest Realty Plot Sold; Western Bankers Buy the Chimney Building, 1 Wall Street, Corner of Broadway". The New York Times. January 19, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
106. ^ Buckley 2024, p. 8.
107. ^ "News of Bankers and Banks". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 2, 1928. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
108. ^ "Demolish Four Buildings.; Wreckers Busy on Site of Irving Trust Skyscraper". The New York Times. May 3, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
109. ^ "Chimney Building". The Buffalo Commercial. June 8, 1907. p. 11. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
110. "Valuable Building Purchased". Stanberry Headlight. June 14, 1905. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
111. "Most Costly Site in New York Sold; The Old Drug Store at Wall Street and Broadway". The New York Times. June 7, 1905. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
112. "To Build New Skyscraper; St. Louis Owners Will Start Structure at 1 Wall Street". The New York Times. February 4, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
113. ^ "Highest 'Taxpayer' Being Demolished; 18-Story Building at 1 Wall St. Coming Down With Five Other Large Structures". The New York Times. June 30, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
114. ^ Oser, Alan S. (May 28, 1980). "Real Estate; New Center for Irving Trust Mitsubishi Lease". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
115. "66 Broadway Sold; Long a Landmark; Central Union Trust Reported Buyer of Manhattan Life Insurance Building". The New York Times. February 18, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
116. Korom, Joseph A. (2008). The American Skyscraper, 1850–1940: A Celebration of Height. Branden Books. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-8283-2188-4. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
117. ^ "Lower Broadway Skyscraper for Knickerbocker Trust; Twenty-Two-Story Building On Exchange Place Corner". The New York Times. October 6, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
118. "New Broadway Skyscraper; Plans for Knickerbocker Trust Building at Exchange Place". The New York Times. August 18, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
119. "To Move Its Millions To-Day; Police to Guard Transfer of Knickerbocked Cash into Its New Home". The New York Times. May 22, 1909. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
120. "The Real Estate Field; A Ten-Inch Strip of Lower Broadway Property Purchased by the Schermerhorn Estate". The New York Times. August 7, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
121. "The Real Estate Field; $1,000,000 Long Term Lease on Small Times Square Corner – Union Methodist Church in the Market – New 62 Broadway Building – Bronx and Suburban Deals". The New York Times. June 29, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
122. "Harry Ward Dies; Ex-Head Of Bank". The New York Times. September 24, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
123. Kurshan 2001, p. 9.
124. ^ Buckley 2024, pp. 8–9.
125. ^ Kurshan 2001, p. 2.
126. "Banks' Merger Complete; American Exchange and Irving Begin Functioning as a Unit". The New York Times. December 14, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
127. Robinson, Cervin; Bletter, Rosemarie Haag (1975). Skyscraper Style: Art Deco, New York. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–. ISBN 9780195018738. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
128. Kurshan 2001, pp. 2–3.
129. ^ "Design Skyscraper for 1 Wall Street; Irving Trust Architects Have New Setback Idea for Edifice on Chimney Corner Site". The New York Times. October 23, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
130. "May Be Built on Wall St.; 36-Story Skyscraper Reported for "Chimney Building" Site". The New York Times. April 17, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
131. "Expansion of Bank Involves Alterations to Cost $100,000". The New York Times. January 20, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
132. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 56.
133. ^ "American Exchange Irving Trust Buys Building Site". Bankers' Magazine. Vol. 116, no. 6. June 1928. p. 916. ProQuest 124383960.
134. "Architects Chosen by Am. Ex. Irving Trust". Brooklyn Standard Union. June 23, 1928. p. 9. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
135. ^ "$5,000,000 Structure Planned to Replace 'Chimney' Building". The New York Times. July 28, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
136. Brawer, Catherine Coleman; Skolnik, Kathleen Murphy (2014). The Art Deco Murals of Hildreth Meière. Andrea Monfried Editions LLC. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-9910263-0-2. OCLC 864090420.
137. Abramson 2001, pp. 56–57.
138. "New No. 1 Wall St. to Tower 4 Stories". Brooklyn Standard Union. October 23, 1928. p. 71. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
139. "Plans for American Exchange Irving Trust Building Completed". Bankers' Magazine. Vol. 117, no. 6. December 1928. p. 1058. ProQuest 124368096.
140. Abramson 2001, p. 74.
141. "Chimney Corner Building Ends Disappointing Career: Wreckers Write Last Chapter in Story of Highest Taxpayer as Site is Cleared for 44-Story Irving Trust Company Home". New York Herald Tribune. May 5, 1929. p. D2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1111966778.
142. Abramson 2001, p. 75.
143. "Wreckers Busy on Wall Street: Thick Walls at 80 Broadway Offer New Problems for Workers". The New York Times. June 30, 1929. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 104973514.
144. "Ind. Limestone Gets Contracts". The Wall Street Journal. July 16, 1929. p. 5. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 130713476.
145. Abramson 2001, pp. 25–26.
146. "Cornerstone is Laid for the Irving Trust; Ceremonies Held in Rain for New 51-Story Building at 1 Wall Street". The New York Times. January 15, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
147. "Lay Cornerstone of Irving Trust". Brooklyn Times-Union. January 14, 1930. p. 48. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
148. "New Subway Entrance Planned in Irving Trust Building". New York Herald Tribune. March 18, 1930. p. 41. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113147650.
149. ^ "Ancient Guild Rite Marks End of Irving Steelwork" (PDF). New York Evening Post. May 12, 1930. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via fultonhistory.com.
150. ^ "Skeleton of Irving Trust Building Is Completed". New York Herald Tribune. May 13, 1930. p. 45. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113271132.
151. ^ "Big Bank Building Opens Next Monday; 50-Story Structure at 1 Wall St. To Be Dedicated to Irving Trust's Own Use Friday". The New York Times. March 17, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
152. "$3,000,000,000 Treasure Heavily Guarded by Guns Moved Through Streets". Brooklyn Standard Union. March 23, 1931. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
153. ^ "Irving Trust in New Home: Moves Into Building at 1 Wall Street—Significance of New Location". The Wall Street Journal. March 23, 1931. p. 13. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 130906826.
154. "Irving Trust Opens New 50-Story Home; Building at 1 Wall Street is Visited by Thousands on First Day in Use". The New York Times. March 24, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
155. "Financial News: Irving Trust Opens New 50-Story Home". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 42, no. 57. March 24, 1931. p. 9. ProQuest 1653927678.
156. "Fiduciary Trust 30 Stories in Air; New Company to Open May 15 in Irving Trust Building". The New York Times. April 2, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
157. "Wages and Dividends: Journal of Commerce Replies to Matthew Woll's Article in the March Number". Bankers' Magazine. Vol. 122, no. 4. April 1931. p. 554. ProQuest 124388543.
158. "50-Story Building Shaken by Blast" (PDF). Rochester Times-Union. December 23, 1938. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via fultonhistory.com.
159. "Blast on a Roof Of Irving Trust Rocks Wall St: Transformer Explodes on 21st Floor Setback, And Spatters Oil Over Street". New York Herald Tribune. December 24, 1938. p. 5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1244690043.
160. "Conditioner for 50 Floors". New York Herald Tribune. August 2, 1953. p. A8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1322088662.
161. "Irving Trust Plans" (PDF). The Northwestern Banker. No. 794. September 1953. p. 8.
162. "Irving Trust Widens Broadway Holdings". The New York Times. June 7, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
163. "Irving Trust Buys Site From Webb & Knapp to Expand Headquarters". The Wall Street Journal. June 7, 1961. p. 18. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132673791.
164. "Irving Trust Expects to Spend $25 Million for a New Addition: Unit, Present Building to Give New York Bank a Full Block's Frontage; No Merger Planned". The Wall Street Journal. February 1, 1962. p. 9. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132757003.
165. "Irving Trust Will Spend $25 Million on Its Building". New York Herald Tribune. February 1, 1962. p. 24. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325670698.
166. ^ "Irving Trust Office to Get Annex". The New York Times. July 28, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
167. "Job at 1 Wall St. Given to Turner". The New York Times. June 27, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
168. "Sublease Taken by Irving Trust; Broadway Space to Be Used Till New Home is Ready". The New York Times. April 3, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
169. "Irving Trust Finances Addition of 30 Floors to 1 Wall St. Building". The Wall Street Journal. March 15, 1963. p. 25. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132835275.
170. "Vault is Problem in Bank Renewal". The New York Times. February 14, 1965. p. R11. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 116763781.
171. Miller, Jerry (September 1, 1963). "Air-Conditioners Hoisted High Free Space for Rental Purposes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
172. Vartan, Vartanig G. (August 17, 1965). "Wall Street is Reshaping Its Skyline in Press for Space". The New York Times. p. 43. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 116966460.
173. Bennett, Robert A. (October 10, 1987). "Irving Sets Defense and Rejects Bid". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
174. Guenther, Robert (October 7, 1988). "Bank of New York Faces Daunting Task – Assimilating Irving Will Be Harder Than Takeover". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398069333.
175. Bartlett, Sarah (December 16, 1988). "An Uneven Transition for Irving". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
176. ^ McNatt, Robert (December 19, 1988). "Bank of N.Y. Drops Ax in Broad Restructuring". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 4, no. 51. p. 1. ProQuest 219096464.
177. "(Former) Bank of New York & Trust Company Building" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. October 13, 1998. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
178. Tascarella, Patty (July 2, 2007). "Bank of New York, Mellon complete merger". Pittsburgh Business Times. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
179. Hansell, Saul (September 29, 2001). "A Nation Challenged: The Banks; Bank of New York Estimates Its Loss Will Be $125 Million". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
180. Bagli, Charles V. (January 28, 2014). "Lower Manhattan Landlords Compete for BNY Mellon". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
181. Brown, Eliot; Morris, Keiko (May 22, 2014). "Bank of New York Mellon in Deal to Sell NYC Headquarters". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
182. Levitt, David M (May 22, 2014). "BNY Mellon Reaches Deal for $585 Million Office Sale". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
183. Budin, Jeremiah (May 22, 2014). "Harry Macklowe Buys One Wall Street, May Take It Residential". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
184. ^ Stahel, Walter R. (2019). The Circular Economy: A User's Guide. Taylor & Francis. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-429-53491-1. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
185. ^ "Macklowe Says One Wall Street Will Now Mostly Be Condos". The Real Deal New York. March 27, 2017. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
186. ^ Carmiel, Oshrat; Schatzker, Erik (March 27, 2017). "More Condos, Less Debt in Macklowe's New Wall Street Game Plan". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
187. ^ Bockmann, Rich; Balbi, Danielle (November 21, 2018). "Harry Macklowe Closes on $750M Construction Loan for One Wall Street". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
188. Leung, Shirley (July 9, 2023). "Time, Money, Tax Breaks. What Boston Can Learn About Creating a Downtown That Never Sleeps". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 2, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
189. Pogoff, Adam; Muldowney, Decca (March 26, 2019). "WATCH: Inside Macklowe's Gut Renovation of Historic One Wall Street". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
190. Walker, Ameena (November 27, 2018). "FiDi's Landmark One Wall Street Condo Conversion Hits a Construction Milestone". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
191. ^ "A Wall Street Lobby Restored to Its Former Glory". The Art Newspaper. July 19, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
192. "Whole Foods Leases 44K Sf at Macklowe's 1 Wall Street". The Real Deal New York. July 28, 2016. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
193. "Whole Foods Secures 44K-SF Lease at Macklowe's One Wall Street". Commercial Observer. July 27, 2016. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
194. Schram, Lauren (January 7, 2019). "Life Time Takes 74K SF at 1 Wall Street for Its Second Manhattan Fitness Center". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
195. Solomont, E.B. (December 3, 2020). "Macklowe Properties Swap Core for Compass at 1 Wall Street". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
196. Hudson, Erin (July 30, 2021). "Dumped by Macklowe and Churchill, Core Real Estate Demands Fees". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
197. "Sales Launch at One Wall Street: Art Deco Icon Reinvented by – Market Insight". CityRealty. September 16, 2021. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
198. Coen, Andrew (March 30, 2022). "Macklowe Seeking $1.1B Refi for One Wall Street". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
199. ^ Walter-Warner, Holden (March 30, 2022). "Macklowe Seeking $1.1B Refi of One Wall Street". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
200. Baird-Remba, Rebecca (September 8, 2022). "French Luxury Retailer Printemps Opening Store at One Wall Street". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
201. Dilakian, Steven (September 7, 2022). "Printemps Opening First U.S. Store at Macklowe's One Wall Street". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
202. Moin, David (August 29, 2023). "What to Watch: Printemps' New York City Venture". WWD. Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
203. Rahmanan, Anna (June 5, 2024). "This legendary Parisian luxury department store is opening in NYC". Time Out New York. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
204. ^ Volner, Ian (July 24, 2024). "Printemps is Coming to One Wall Street". Curbed. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
205. "Whole Foods One Wall Street Has Opened in Fidi". Tribeca Citizen. January 12, 2023. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
206. Rahmanan, Anna (January 13, 2023). "Four Things to Know About the Brand New Whole Foods on Wall Street". Time Out New York. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
207. Epstein, Jennifer (February 23, 2023). "New York City's Largest Office-To-Condo Conversion Prepares to Open". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
208. ^ Jones, Orion (October 3, 2023). "Harry Macklowe Gets Inventory Loan at 1 Wall Street". The Real Deal. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
209. "Harry Macklowe's 1 Wall Street Lands $300M Inventory Loan". Connect CRE. October 10, 2023. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
210. Clarke, Katherine (March 22, 2024). "Mansion—Making Sense of NYC's Confusing Luxury Market—From Where the Big Deals Are Happening to New Condo Inventory, Here's Everything You Need to Know About What's Happening at the High End". The Wall Street Journal. p. M.1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 2973019140. Archived from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
211. ^ Jones, Orion (May 17, 2024). "Macklowe Drops Compass from One Wall Street Sales". The Real Deal. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
212. "Irving Trust Building Gets Broadway Prize; Association Votes Architecture Award for 1930—Wide Traffic Reforms Are Outlined". The New York Times. January 13, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
213. "Broadway Award Made: Tablet Goes to New Irving Trust Company Building". New York Herald Tribune. January 13, 1931. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114042656.
214. McCarroll, Marion Clyde (April 13, 1931). "Noted Woman Mural Artist Finds Idea for New Design in Daily Routine of Average American "Working Girl"" (PDF). New York Evening Post. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via fultonhistory.com.
215. Abramson 2001, p. 110.
216. Mumford, Lewis (1998). Sidewalk Critic: Lewis Mumford's Writings on New York. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-56898-133-8. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
217. Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 603.
218. Huxtable, Ada Louise (December 21, 1975). "Architecture View". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
219. "(Proposed) 1 Wall Street Banking Room Interior" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. December 19, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
220. Roche, Daniel Jonas (June 25, 2024). "1 Wall Street Banking Room Designated Interior Landmark by New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission". The Architect's Newspaper. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024.
221. "Wall Street Historic District" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. February 20, 2007. pp. 4–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.

Sources

• Abramson, Daniel (2001). Skyscraper Rivals: the AIG Building and the Architecture of Wall Street. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1-56898-244-1. OCLC 44467412.
• "Irving Trust Company Opens New Building". Bankers' Magazine. Vol. 122, no. 5. May 1931. pp. 695–704. ProQuest 124378200.
• Buckley, Lisa (June 25, 2024). 1 Wall Street Banking Room Interior (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.
• Kurshan, Virginia (March 13, 2001). 1 Wall Street Building (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.
• Robins, Anthony W. (2017). New York Art Deco: A Guide to Gotham's Jazz Age Architecture. Albany, NY: Excelsior Editions (State University of New York Press). ISBN 978-1-4384-6396-4. OCLC 953576510. At Google Books.
• Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977.
• Walker, Ralph T. (May 1930). "The Relation of Skyscrapers to Our Life" (PDF). Architectural Forum. Vol. 52, no. 5. pp. 689–695.

External links

• Official website

v t e BNY
Founders	Alexander Hamilton Aaron Burr Thomas Mellon
Notable executives	Former Gerald Hassell Tom Renyi
Subsidiaries	BNY Investments Dreyfus Insight Investment Newton Walter Scott CIBC Mellon Eagle Investment Systems Pershing LLC
Historical components	Irving Trust Mechanics' and Farmers' Bank of Albany Mellon Financial
Buildings	1 Wall Street BNY Mellon Center (Philadelphia) BNY Mellon Center (Pittsburgh) Mellon National Bank Building
Others	NEXEN

• Architecture
• New York City
• United States

• Media from Commons

• 1930s architecture in the United States
• 1931 establishments in New York City
• Art Deco architecture in Manhattan
• Art Deco skyscrapers
• Bank buildings in Manhattan
• BNY Mellon
• Broadway (Manhattan)
• Financial District, Manhattan
• Historic district contributing properties in Manhattan
• New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
• New York City interior landmarks
• Office buildings completed in 1931
• Ralph Thomas Walker buildings
• Residential buildings completed in 1931
• Residential skyscrapers in Manhattan
• Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan
• Wall Street