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| {{short description| |
{{short description|American botanist (1903 - 1981)}} | ||
| {{Infobox scientist | |||
| ] | |||
| | name = Harold David Harrington | |||
| The '''Edwardine Ordinal'''{{refn|group=note|The adjective "]" makes reference to Edward VI, the ] ] under whom the ordinals were produced. While "Edwardine" is the typical spelling when collectively referencing the 1550 and 1552 ordinals,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6V4wAQAAMAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions|title=Vindication of Anglican Orders|volume=1|first=Arthur|last=Lowndes|date=1897|page=71|location=]|publisher=Edwin S. Gorham}}</ref> "]" may also be used (though this latter spelling typically refers to ]).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/orders/dart1948.html|title=Anglican Orders and the Papal Decree of 1948: On the Matter and Form of Holy Orders|first=John Lovering Campbell|last=Dart|location=]|publisher=Church Literature Association|via=Project Canterbury}}</ref> "Ordinal" itself is an anachronism with regards to the Edwardine Ordinal, as the word was not first applied to such texts until the 17th century.<ref name=EnglishRite1/>{{rp|cxxx}} Additionally, "Edwardine Ordinal" may refer to either the 1550 or 1552 ordinals independent of one another.<ref name=Puller/>{{rp|23}}}} may refer to two ]s primarily written by ] as influenced by ] and first published under ], the first in 1550 and the second in 1552, for the ]. Both ]s were intended to replace the ] liturgies contained within medieval, pre-] ]s. The 1550 ordinal was authorized following the introduction of the ] a year prior and the 1552 ordinal's introduction coincided with the ]–both also largely prepared by Cranmer. The ordinals provided the basis for most ] ordination rites until the 20th century and helped effect the development of the ] from "]" and "intercessory" into a "preaching, catechizing, and ] ministry".<ref name=Hayes>{{cite journal|title=Ordination Ritual and Practice in the Welsh‐English Frontier, circa 1540–1640|last=Hayes|first=Gianetta M.|journal=]|publisher=]|volume=44|number=4|date=October 2005|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/431938#metadata_info_tab_contents|access-date=28 August 2022|via=]}}</ref>{{rp|713}} They also formed the basis for both the ] and, much later, some of the debate over the ] of Anglican Holy Orders and the subsequent 1896 papal bull '']'' where they were declared "absolutely null and utterly void" by the ]. | |||
| | image = Harold Harrington.jpeg | |||
| | image_size = | |||
| ==Medieval ordination liturgies== | |||
| | alt = Portrait photograph of Harold Harrington | |||
| {{History of the Church of England}} | |||
| | caption = | |||
| The word ''Ordinal'' in the Medieval period, rather than applying to a ] containing the rites of ], was the title given to a text associated with the recitation of the ] which was eventually assimilated into the ].<ref name=Maude/>{{rp|2}} While it is the typical name modern name in reference to texts containing ordinations, it was probably not until ]'s 1636 ''The consecration and succession of protestant bishops justified'' that "ordinal" was used in this context.<ref name=EnglishRite1>{{cite book|title=The English Rite: Being a Synopsis of the Sources and Revisions of the Book of Common Prayer|author=]|date=1915|location=]|publisher=]|volume=1|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Brightman/brightman1.pdf|access-date=30 August 2022|via=Society of Archbishop Justus}}</ref>{{rp|cxxx}} | |||
| | birth_date = March 14, 1903 | |||
| | birth_place = ] | |||
| Prior to the ], the liturgies of ordination–for the conferral of ]–in the ] were contained within several versions the ], most prominently the ]s of the ] and the Sarum Pontifical of the ]. These ordination liturgies were a matter of debate between Rome and Reformers; 17th-century scholar ] summarized the ]'s position that the contemporary Roman Pontificals "omit nothing that was present in the older" pontificals,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01491a.htm|chapter=Anglican Orders|last=Smith|first=Sydney|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia|volume=1|location=]|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|date=1907}}</ref> while Anglicans have suggested that the ] by ]s were variously deleted or obscured by other rituals.<ref name=History>{{cite book|title=The History of the Book of Common Prayer|last=Pullan|first=Leighton|date=1901|edition=3rd|series=The Oxford Library of Practical Theology|editor-last1=Newbolt|editor-first1=W.C.E|editor2=]|location=]|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.}}</ref>{{rp|264-265}}<ref name=Perry41>{{cite book|title=Guide to the Scottish Prayer Book|author=]|date=1941|publisher=]|edition=2015 reprint}}</ref>{{rp|56}} | |||
| | death_date = {{Death date and age|1981|01|22|1903|03|14}} | |||
| | death_place = | |||
| The ] ordination liturgies, which had influenced broader Roman Rite practices in the early medieval period, were ritually complex but also possessed clear moments of ordination. As early as the 10th century, English pontificals would feature a ] that accompanied ordination liturgies.<ref name=Classics/>{{rp|788}} For ]ly ordination, the ] laying of hands on a candidate would say it was "the blessing of the presbyterate". The ] of a priest's hand with ] appeared within Gallican and Roman liturgies, including the 11th-century ].<ref name=History/>{{rp|262}} Medieval texts–besides containing the rituals for ordinating ]s, priests, bishops–also included means for conferring ] such as the ].<ref name=History/>{{rp|263}} | |||
| | resting_place = | |||
| | residence = | |||
| Medieval pontificals gradually included and emphasized the conferral of the ]s and other items associated with their new offices, among these being ], ]s, and ], in a custom known as the "tradition of elements" ({{langx|la|traditio instrumentorum}}).<ref name=Perry29>{{cite book|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Scotland/Perry1929.pdf|title=The Scottish Prayer Book: Its Value & History|author=]|date=1929|publisher=]|location=]|via=Society of Archbishop Justus}}</ref>{{rp|131-132}}<ref name=Kennedy/>{{rp|5}} In 1439, this practice was identified by ] as an essential part of ordination.<ref name=Classics/>{{rp|785-786}} These medieval practices and their convoluted nature–duplicated actions were common within the ordination ]–were the result of Roman and Gallican rites being conflated with local permutations. It was not uncommon for elements to be inserted into ordination liturgies that were associated with neither the formal texts or the liturgical actions.<ref name=Leggett/>{{rp|529}} | |||
| | citizenship = | |||
| | nationality = American | |||
| ==First Edwardine Ordinal== | |||
| | fields = Botany | |||
| {{multiple image | |||
| | workplaces = ] | |||
| | alma_mater = ] (B.A.)<br/>] (M.S., Ph.D.) | |||
| | image1 = Thomas Cranmer by Gerlach Flicke.jpg | |||
| | thesis_title = | |||
| | thesis_url = | |||
| | caption1 = Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury | |||
| | thesis_year = | |||
| | doctoral_advisor = | |||
| | academic_advisors = | |||
| | caption2 = Martin Bucer, German reformer and liturgist | |||
| | doctoral_students = | |||
| | notable_students = | |||
| | known_for = | |||
| | author_abbrev_bot = H.D.Harr. | |||
| | influences = | |||
| | influenced = | |||
| | awards = | |||
| | signature = <!--(filename only)--> | |||
| | signature_alt = | |||
| | footnotes = | |||
| | spouse = Edith Jirsa | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Harold David Harrington''' (1903 - 1981) was an American ] who specialized in flora of ] and the ]. He worked on the faculty of ] (CSU) and collected over 10,000 ]s from across the state. His 1954 book, ''Manual of the Plants of Colorado'', the first comprehensive coverage of Colorado's flora in nearly 50 years that remains an authoritative work. With his wife and fellow botanist Edith, he traveled around the United States, Europe, and Pacific, bringing back photographs for use in teaching. He published 17 books while at CSU, where the majority of his collection of specimen's are kept as part of the university's herbarium that he had previously curated. | |||
| With the ] and independence of the ] from ], ] mandated that the oath of obedience to the pope be deleted from the Sarum and Roman pontificals still in use; these modifications can be seen in some preserved copies of these texts.<ref name=Walcott >{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keZGAAAAcAAJ&dq=ordinal+hymn&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=The English Ordinal: Its History, Validity and Catholicity, with an Introduction on the Three Holy Orders of Ministers in the Church|author=]|date=1851|publisher=Francis & John Rivington|location=]|via=]}}</ref>{{rp|228-229}}{{refn|group=note|Not all pontificals were defaced in accordance with Henry VIII's declaration. As they were never printed and were the property of the bishops rather than parishes, pontificals were never called in and continued to be used at the discretion of the bishops.<ref name=EnglishRite1/>{{rp|cxxx}}}} In 1547, a meeting between parliament and ] resulted in an act of convocation that permitted ] in the Church of England.<ref name=Marriage>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42610201#metadata_info_tab_contents|title=The Beginning of Clerical Marriage In the English Reformation: The Reigns of Edward and Mary|last=Spielmann|first=Richard M.|journal=Anglican and Episcopal History|volume=56|number=3|publisher=]|via=]}}</ref>{{rp|251}} However, no wholly revised ] immediately accompanied the ] and the Church of England continued to use the Sarum ordination form for the first year of the prayer book's authorization.<ref name=Dearmer>{{cite book|title=The Story of the Prayer Book in the Old and New World and Throughout the Anglican Church|author=]|publisher=]|location=]|year=1933|edition=1948 third impression}}</ref>{{rp|259}} | |||
| He is the namesake of two species of flowering plants endemic to Colorado: '']'' and '']''. In the case of ''P. harringtonii'', Harrington was credited with the first collection of the species when it was first described. | |||
| German reformer ]–who had been exiled to England in 1548–drew on the discussions that had already occurred among his fellow reformed countrymen in Germany regarding the role of the priesthood and compiled an ordination liturgy in Latin, ''De ordinatione legitima ministrorum ecclesiæ reuocanda'', for the English reformers to study.<ref name=Classics/>{{rp|786}}<ref name=EnglishRite1/>{{rp|cxxxi}} ], the ] and liturgist behind the 1549 prayer book, would perform an ordination with ], the ], at ] in 1549 according to the ritual soon to be legally codified.<ref name=Thesis>{{cite thesis|title=The English Books of Common Prayer (1549 - 1552 - 1559)|last=Smith|first=Ralph Burns|publisher=]|date=June 1948|chapter=Chapter V: The Ordinal and other significant services|url=https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/104740/RICE2376.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|120}} | |||
| ==Early life and education== | |||
| The authorization and production of an ordinal was formally requested in a ] bill on 8 January 1550 and authorized by an ] on 31 January that mandated its preparation under the authority of the king "before the first day of April" of 1550. A commission was set up to authorize a form for the new ordinal. ], a moderate Catholic and the ], is the only person known to have been on the commission; Heath was imprisoned 18 months for refusing to sign off on the ritual form produced for the commission. The ordinal was completed and published by 25 March that year,{{refn|group=note|Because of its publication before 25 March, its title page is dated to 1549.<ref name=Hayes/>{{rp|715}}}} with the liturgy accompanied by a literary preface.<ref name=Maude>{{cite book|title=The History of the Book of Common Prayer|last=Maude|first=J.H.|series=Oxford Church Text Books|publisher=]|location=]|date=1949|edition=11th impression, 6th}}</ref>{{rp|8}}<ref name=Everyman>{{cite book|title=The First and Second Prayer Books of Edward VI|author=]|chapter=Introduction|date=1910|edition=1964 reprint|location=]|publisher=]}}</ref>{{rp|x}}<ref name=Leggett/>{{rp|528}} This form, largely arranged by Cranmer, was derived from Bucer's work with some additions traced to ] and featured some "personal creative contribution" from Cranmer.<ref name=Kennedy>{{cite book|url=https://issuu.com/churchofireland/docs/comm5|title=The Study of the Liturgy: The Ordinal, Book of Common Prayer 2004|last=Kennedy|first=M.C.|publisher=]|date=2004|via=]}}</ref>{{rp|5}} The authorized ordinal was printed by ], bound separately from the prayer book, under the full name ''A forme and maner of makyng and consecratyng of Archebisshopes, Bisshopes, Priestes and Deacons''.<ref name=Classics/>{{rp|786}}<ref name=Hayes/>{{rp|715}}{{refn|group=note|The same year as the first ordinal's approval and publication, ] published his ''The Booke of Common Praier Noted'', a highly-successful ] of the 1549 prayer book that drew on a common 14th-century Folk Mass; Merbecke's text emphasized the role of the congregation.<ref name=Morgan/>{{rp|50-51}}}} | |||
| Harold David Harrington was born on March 14, 1903 in ]. He moved with his family from De Motte to ], in 1909 and then to ], in 1911. Harrington would remain in Graettinger for most of his childhood, growing up on a farm there with seven siblings.<ref name=Flora>{{cite book|title=Flora of Colorado|edition=1st|first=Jennifer|last=Ackerfield|date=2015|page=4–5|isbn=9781889878898|publisher=BRIT Press}}</ref> | |||
| Due to financial strains spurred by the ], Harold and his older brother Elbert alternated years in college so that one could work while the other was in school. Harrington completed two years of college before returning to Graettinger as a high school teacher. He would also coach the school's basketball and football teams.<ref name=Flora/> | |||
| The Sarum ordination liturgies were the foundations of this ordinal, as the revisers did not have the means to review the precedents to the contemporary Sarum usage. As such, the 1550 ordinal was largely a simplification of those rituals with an intent to emphasize the imposition of hands and associate prayers, including the ancient hymn '']''.<ref name=CummingsShort/>{{rp|71}} Additionally, the minor orders were wholly deleted in favor of what were deemed the "necessary" orders of deacon, priest, and bishop. According to the ordinal's preface, this was based on an interpretation of Scripture and ancient tradition that established a "existence of the threefold ministry" during the ].<ref name=Lampe>{{cite journal|url=https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/churchman/076-01_022.pdf|title=The English Ordinal|author=]|journal=]|volume=lxxvi|date=1962|access-date=31 August 2022|via=Biblical Studies.org.uk}}</ref>{{rp|22}} The examination of candidates, which in the Sarum Use had been exclusive to episcopal consecrations, was also extended to the candidates for the diaconate and priesthood.<ref name=Maude/>{{rp|117-118}} | |||
| Harrington completed his ] in biology in 1927 at ]. At the ], Harrington completed his ] in 1931 and ] in 1933, both in botany.<ref name=Wilken/><ref name=CSU/> The same year of his doctorate, he married fellow botanist Edith Jirsa in ].<ref name=CSU/> | |||
| The essential elements of the ordination liturgy were interpolated into a Holy Communion office that included ].<ref name=Classics>{{cite book|title=The Book of the Common Prayer: The Text of 1549, 1559, 1662|series=Oxford World's Classics|author=]|date=2011|edition=2013|location=]|publisher=]}}</ref>{{rp|786}} As with the medieval ordination Masses, these elements were dispersed throughout the 1550 ordinal liturgies with less attention to cohesion than inclusion of the actions; there is a different ordering of share events within the three ordination rites relative to the Holy Communion office.<ref name=Leggett>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey|editor-last1=Hefling|editor-first1=Charles|editor-last2=Shattuck|editor-first2=Cynthia|date=2006|publisher=]|location=]|isbn=978-0-19-529762-1|last=Leggett|first=Richard Geoffrey|chapter=Anglican Ordinals}}</ref>{{rp|529}} Laypersons could and would attend ordinations, with an opportunity for those gathered to "declare 'any impediment'" and give negative endorsement of the candidates to prevent their ordination.<ref name=Hayes/>{{rp|715}} | |||
| ==Career== | |||
| The 1550 ordinal retained the practice of giving a newly-ordained priest certain items, with the addition of a ] in addition to paten and chalice.<ref name=Morgan>{{cite book|title=1662 and All That: Commemorating the Third Centenary of the Book of Common Prayer|last=Morgan|first=Dewi|location=]|publisher=A.R. Mowbray & Co. Limited|date=1961}}</ref> Among the requirements for an ordinand present in the 1550 ordinal were that they be educated and intimately connected with their community. This requirement proved a challenge among clergy emanating from ] and the linguistic and cultural frontiers on the border between England and Wales–particularly in the ]–as many English-speaking clergy had trouble communicating with the local Welsh-speaking laity.<ref name=Hayes/>{{rp|713-714}} In ], Reformation efforts were decelerated by stalled efforts to translate and print ] liturgies in the country and its language. Among the instances of these was a failure to introduce the ordinal alongside a 1551 printing of the prayer book.<ref name=Tong/>{{rp|120}} | |||
| Harold Harrington accepted a position at the ] (renamed Colorado A&M and now named Colorado State University) in ], where he taught taxonomy.<ref name=CSU/> He worked as assistant to Ernest Charles Smith, the curator of the college's ].<ref name=Flora/> Harrington then taught at the ] (now Chicago State University) before returning to Colorado A&M in 1943 to become the curator of its herbarium{{snd}} a position he would hold for 25 years{{snd}} and a professor of botany.<ref name=Wilken/><ref name=CSU/> | |||
| Whereas his mentor Smith had been concerned primarily with collecting willow specimens,<ref name=Flora/> Harrington eventually contributed approximately 6,200 specimens to CSU's herbarium. While he did not collect to describe new species, he would identify unusual examples and submit them to the relevant experts.<ref name=CSU/> One such collection, made in June 1951, resulted the identification of a new '']'' species, which was named for him.<ref name=CSU/><ref name=Penland/> | |||
| The ordinal was not received positively from Catholic bishops in England. Despite accepting the 1549 prayer book, ] refused to accept the 1550 ordinal, as he believed that it eroded the Church of England's ]. He was deprived of his ] and imprisoned.<ref>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Heath, Nicholas |volume=13 |page=157 |inline=1 |first=Albert |last=Pollard |author-link=Albert Pollard}}</ref> A similar fate befell the Catholic ].<ref name=Tong>{{cite thesis|title=Evangelical Ecclesiology and Liturgical Reform in the Edwardian Reformation, C.1545-1555|first=Stephen Nicholas|last=Tong|publisher=]|date=16 April 2018}}</ref>{{rp|82}} | |||
| In 1954, Harrington's ''Manual of the Plants of Colorado'' was published after years of research.<ref name=CSU>{{cite web|url=https://www.biology.colostate.edu/cns-announcement/former-herbarium-curator-harringtons-legacy/|title=Harold Harrington's Legacy as Curator of the Colorado State University Herbarium|first=Jennifer|last=Ackerfield|date=January 28, 2022|website=biology.colostate.edu|publisher=]|access-date=December 9, 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240624002702/https://www.biology.colostate.edu/cns-announcement/former-herbarium-curator-harringtons-legacy/|archive-date=June 24, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> This was the first comprehensive account of the state's flora of since the 1906 ''Flora of Colorado'' by Axel Rydberg.<ref name=Wilken/> Harrington's book remains an authoritative text on Colorado's flora and one in 30 of its entries were the first time a plant was recorded in the state. In order to make the text affordable to students, the book was self-published. Edith, who aided in collecting specimens and preparing her husband's publications, hand-typed the 1954 book and called it "her small way" of helping.<ref name=Flora/> | |||
| ===Episcopal consecration=== | |||
| The ordering and contents of the 1550 form for consecrating bishops differed from both that present in the Sarum Pontifical and and Bucer's Latin liturgy:<ref name=EnglishRite1/>{{rp|cxl}} | |||
| {|role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;{{#if:{{{no-special|}}}|display:none;}}" | |||
| |+Consecration of Bishops | |||
| ! Sarum Pontifical{{refn|group=note|Derived from a Sarum Pontifical as printed within ]'s ''Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesiae Anglicanae'', Vol. III.}} | |||
| ! Bucer | |||
| ! 1550 | |||
| |- | |||
| | | |||
| *Examination with Oath of Obedience | |||
| *Officium ] | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *] of the day | |||
| *] of the day | |||
| *] of the day | |||
| | | |||
| *] | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *], ], and ] | |||
| *Collect of the day | |||
| *Epistle of the day | |||
| *] of the day | |||
| | | |||
| *] (Psalm 132 or 135) | |||
| *Kyrie (in English) | |||
| *Gloria (in English) | |||
| *Collect of the day | |||
| *Epistle of the day | |||
| *Gospel of the day | |||
| |- | |||
| | | |||
| *Vesting of the elect | |||
| *''Episcopum oportet''{{refn|group=note|A statement regarding the duties of a bishop attributed to ], likely instead originating in ] or Gallican practice.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoQton8wg7kC&dq=episcopum+oportet&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Episcopal Ordination and Ecclesial Consensus|last=McMillan|first=Sharon L.|publisher=]|series=Publeo Books|location=], ]|date=2005|page=143}}</ref>}} | |||
| *''Oremus dilectissimi'' | |||
| *] | |||
| *Imposition of hands accompanied by Gospel,<br/>simultaneous with ''Veni Creator Spiritus'' and<br/>''Oremus Propitiare domine'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *''Gratias orgamus'' | |||
| *''Vere dignum et'' | |||
| | | |||
| *] | |||
| *Examination | |||
| *''Dominus vobiscum'' | |||
| *''Oremus'' | |||
| *''Deus omnipotens, Pater domini'' | |||
| | | |||
| *Presentation | |||
| *King's Mandate | |||
| *Oath of Supremacy | |||
| *Oath of Obedience | |||
| *"Brethren it is written" | |||
| *Cranmer's litany | |||
| *Collect | |||
| *] | |||
| *''Dominus vobiscum'' | |||
| *''Gratias orgamus'' | |||
| *"Almightie God and most mercifull" | |||
| |- | |||
| | | |||
| *] of the head with oil and ] | |||
| *''Hoc domine copiose'' | |||
| *''Pater sancte omnipotens'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *] (''Unguentum in capite'') | |||
| *Unction of the head with chrism | |||
| *Unction of the hands | |||
| | | |||
| *Imposition of the hands<br/>of the ordainer and presbyters | |||
| *''Manus Dei omnipotentis''{{refn|group=note|Prayer reads in full as "Manus Dei omnipotentis Patris Filii et Spiritus Sancti sit super vos, protegat et gubernet vos, ut eatis et fructum vestro ministerio quamplurimum afferatis, isque maneat in vitam æternam, amen."<ref name=FrereProcter>{{cite book|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Procter&Frere/ch16.htm|title= | |||
| A New History of the Book of Common Prayer with a Rationale of its Offices|date=1901|edition=1910|author1=]|last2=Procter|first2=Francis|chapter=Chapter XVI: The Ordinal|publisher=Macmillan & Co.|location=]|via=Society of Archbishop Justus|access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref>}} | |||
| | | |||
| *Imposition of the hands of the<br/>] and other bishops | |||
| *"Take the Holy Ghost"{{refn|group=note|While the ordaining of priests is accompanied by the prayer "Receive the Holy Ghost: whose sins..." as derived from ], the consecration of bishops reads "Take the Holy Ghost: and remember that thou stir up..." as derived from ].<ref name=FrereProcter/>}} | |||
| |- | |||
| | | |||
| *Blessing of ] (''Sustentator human.'') | |||
| *Tradition of staff (''Accipe baculum.'') | |||
| *Blessing of ] (''Creator et conserv.'') | |||
| *Blessing of ] (''Deus cuius provid.'') | |||
| *Tradition of mitre (''Deus qui mitrae.'') | |||
| *Tradition of Gospels (''Accipe euanglium.'') | |||
| *''Pax tibi'' | |||
| | | |||
| Harrington ultimately published 17 books. These included collaborations with Y. Matsumura on the 1955 ''The True Aquatic Vascular Plants of Colorado'' and 1967 ''Edible Native Plants''.<ref name=CSU/><ref name=Wilken/> The Harringtons also traveled, visiting Europe in 1964 and taking photographs of various plants for educational use back on the ]. Their travels led them to visit every state in the continental U.S.<ref name=CSU/> | |||
| | | |||
| * "Be to the flock"{{refn|group=note|The rubric in 1550 read "''The Archbishop shall lay the Bible upon his neck, saying'' 'Give heed unto reading,' ''&c.; secondly, There shall the Archbishop put into his hand the pastoral staff, saying'' 'Be to the flock of Christ a shepherd...'" This retention of the tradition of elements would be modified in 1552 with a full deletion of vestments.<ref name=FrereProcter/>}} | |||
| |- | |||
| | | |||
| *Gospel of the day | |||
| *'']'' to ] | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| | | |||
| *Creed to Communion | |||
| *Prayer | |||
| *Blessing | |||
| | | |||
| *Creed to ] | |||
| *"Moste merciful Father" | |||
| *Blessing | |||
| |} | |||
| During trips to collect specimens with students, he would play the ] at the campfire after the day's work. He could also play the ] and ], the latter of which he had taught himself to play while in college and had played to supplement his income while in school.<ref name=Flora/> Harrington was also a poet and included one of his poems in the introduction to his final book.<ref name=Flora/><ref name=Wilken/> | |||
| ==Second Edwardine Ordinal== | |||
| {{see also|Vestments controversy}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Resistance to the first ordinal was not exclusive to the Catholic party. ] was nominated to become the ] on ] 1550, but refused to be consecrated in accordance to the ]s–a surplice and ]–which were prescribed by the 1550 ordinal.<ref name=OxDictVes>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|editor1=]|editor2=]|publisher=]|location=]|date=1997|edition=3rd|chapter=Vestiarian Controversy|isbn=0-19-211655-X|page=1689-1690}}</ref> He further rejected an oath within the ordinal which made reference to the ]s having publicly pronounced as much on 5 March in a sermon on '']''.<ref name=EnglishRite1/>{{rp|clxiv-clxv}} At the urging of Cranmer and Ridley–and following internment at ]–Hooper acceded to being consecrated and became a bishop in a legal ceremony on 8 March 1551.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-teAAAAcAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=John Hooper (Bishop and Martyr) His Times, Life, Death, and Opinions|author=]|date=1868|publisher=William Hunt & Co|location=]|page=24-26|via=]}}</ref> This incident would form the basis of the long-running ].<ref name=Thesis/>{{rp|122-123}} | |||
| {{Botanist|H.D.Harr.}} | |||
| Edward VI is said to have been so moved by Hooper's words that he personally struck the passage from the ordinal's oath; it would be the modified passage which appeared in the 1552 ordinal.<ref name=EnglishRite1/>{{rp|clxiv-clxv}}<ref name=EnglishRite2>{{cite book|title=The English Rite: Being a Synopsis of the Sources and Revisions of the Book of Common Prayer|author=]|date=1915|location=]|publisher=]|volume=2|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Brightman/brightman2.pdf|access-date=30 August 2022|via=Society of Archbishop Justus}}</ref>{{rp|950-951}} The ordinal, as authorized in the ] and inaugurated on 1 November, would drop the vestment requirement; ordinands would not be required to wear an ].<ref name=Tong/>{{rp|60-61}} | |||
| ==Later life and death== | |||
| {{Quote | |||
| In 1968, Harrington retired as ]. He continued writing on botany, publishing ''Western Edible Wild Plants'' in 1972 and his final work, ''How to Identify Grasses and Grasslike Plants'', in 1977.<ref name=Wilken>{{cite journal|title=In Memoriam: Harold D. Harrington (1903-1981)|first=Dieter H.|last=Wilken|journal=]|volume=34|number=1|date=1982|page=11|jstor=2806392}}</ref> | |||
| |text="This day all copes and vestments were put downe through England, and the prebendaries of ] left of their hoodes, and the Bishops their crosses, so that all prestes and clarkes should use none other vestmentes, at service nor communion, but surplisses onely." | |||
| |author=] | |||
| |source='']'', on the inauguration of the 1552 prayer book and ordinal<ref name=Tong/>{{rp|61}} | |||
| }} | |||
| He and his wife performed a final round trip through the Colorado Rockies during the summer of 1980. The same year, the couple visited a variety of Pacific islands, including ], and Australia.<ref name=CSU/> Harold Harrington died on January 22, 1981.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Deaths|journal=]|date=August 1982|volume=31|number=3|page=613|jstor=1220711}}</ref> | |||
| As with most later prayer books, the 1552 prayer book was now typically bound together with the ordinal; every parish in the ] was legally required to purchase a copy 1552 prayer book.<ref name=Classics/>{{rp|786}}<ref name=Hayes/>{{rp|715}} However, the ordinal retained its own ] and at least one printing gave it a separate 16-page ].<ref name=EnglishRite1/>{{rp|cl}} | |||
| ==Legacy== | |||
| This new ordinal deleted the giving of items outside of the Bible to the priestly candidate;<ref name=CummingsShort>{{cite book|title=The Book of Common Prayer: A Very Short Introduction|last=Cummings|first=Brian|publisher=]|series=]|date=2018|location=]|isbn=978-0-19-880392-8}}</ref>{{rp|71}} the giving of the Bible a practice in the subsequent Church of England prayer books.<ref name=Dearmer/>{{rp|260}} ], Catholic ] and Mary I's ] Archbishop of Canterbury, reiterated Eugenius IV's position that the tradition of elements that had been deleted in the 1552 ordinal were necessary for ordination.<ref name=Classics/>{{rp|786}} These changes from the practices of the pontificals implied an alteration in the purpose of the priesthood, from a Catholic understanding a "consecrating" and "sacrificing priest" to one where an "Anglican priest is a presbyter, not a sacrificing priest."<ref name=Lampe/>{{rp|28}} Unlike certain portions of the 1552 prayer book that use the word "]", the 1552 ordinal used the word "priest" for the presbyterial office. "Priest" was considered too "]" by some English clergy and laity and by the late 16th century many would independently adopt "minister" as their preferred word for the station.<ref name=Hayes/>{{rp|713}} | |||
| Two species of flowering plants endemic to Colorado are named for Harrington: '']'' and '']''.<ref name=CSU/><ref name=Ladyman>{{cite web|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5206869.pdf|title=''Oenothera harringtonii'' Wagner, Stockhouse & Klein (Colorado Springs evening-primrose): A Technical Conservation Assessment|first=Jaunita A. R.|last=Ladyman|date=February 1, 2005|location=], ]|publisher=] ], ]|work=Species Conservation Project|pages=11–12}}</ref> In the case of ''P. harringtonii'', Harrington was credited with the first collection of the species when it was first described by C. William T. Penland in 1958. Penland pointed to a specimen Harrington collected in ], on June 7, 1951, as the first of two collections of the species that month.<ref name=Penland>{{cite journal|title=Two new species of ''Penstemon'' in Colorado|first=C. William T.|last=Penland|date=January 1958|journal=]|volume=14|issue=5|page=154|jstor=41422929}}</ref> | |||
| Harrington's collection of roughly 10,000 specimens remains part of the Charles Mauer Herbarium at CSU.<ref name=SRMH>{{cite web|url=https://www.soroherbaria.org/portal/collections/misc/collprofiles.php?collid=30|title=Collection Profile for: Charles Maurer Herbarium at Colorado State University (CS)|publisher=Consortium of Southern Rocky Mountain Herbaria|access-date=January 2, 2025}}</ref> Edith created the Harold David Harrington Graduate Fellowship at CSU in his memory to fund students in the field of plant taxonomy.<ref name=CSU/> Charles Maurer, for whom the herbarium was renamed in 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://herbarium.colostate.edu/charles-maurer/|title=Charles Maurer|publisher=Charles Maurer Herbarium Collection, ]|website=herbarium.colostate.edu|date=December 13, 2018|access-date=January 2, 2024|location=], ]}}</ref> was a student of Harrington{{snd}} who Maurer found "a large, gentle man who was easy to talk to"{{snd}} and recalled using the ''Manual of the Plants of Colorado'' as a textbook.<ref name=Aquilegia/> Maurer helped fund the publication ''Flora of Colorado'' by Jennifer Ackerfield,<ref name=Aquilegia>{{cite news|url=https://conps.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Aquilegia-39-1-Spring-2015.pdf|title=It Happened! Flora of Colorado will be printed!|work=Aquilegia|volume=39|number=1|date=Spring 2015|page=17|publisher=Colorado Native Plant Society}}</ref> the CSU herbarium's curator.<ref name=SRMH/> The 2015 book features a biography of Harrington.<ref name=Flora/> | |||
| With the death of Edward VI in July 1553, the Catholic ] ascended to throne and initiated the ] against the English Reformers. Mary I restored a "Pre-Reformation Catholicism" and the medieval liturgical books in England during her 1553-1558 reign, suppressing the 1552 ordinal in favor of the Roman and Sarum pontificals. She further reintroduced the minor orders and deprived married clergy of their benefices.<ref name=Hayes/>{{rp|715, 718}}<ref name=Marriage/>{{rp|254}} | |||
| Harrington's coworker Dieter H. Wilken wrote an obituary for Harrington in 1982, recalling his "kindness, sensitivity", and regular visits to the CSU to discuss unexplored and undocumented aspects of Colorado's flora.<ref name=Wilken/> In 1991, botanist ] identified Harrington as part of a tradition of botanists collecting specimens in the Colorado Rockies from ] and ] on ] through to ] that saw the region's close as a "botanical frontier".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Botanical Explorations in the American West-1889-1989: An Essay on the Last Century of a Floristic Frontier|first=James L.|last=Reveal|author-link=James L. Reveal|work=]|volume=78|number=1|page=71|doi=10.2307/2399591|jstor=2399591}}</ref> | |||
| ===Elizabethan restoration and revision=== | |||
| Following ] assuming the throne and the ]'s return of Reformation values, the 1552 ordinal that had accompanied the 1552 prayer book was thought to have been authorized under the ]. However, ], Elizabeth's ], advised the queen that the act made no mention of the ordinal and that ]'s ordination liturgy was illegal.<ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|title=Absolutely Null and Utter Void: The Papal Condemnation of Anglican Orders, 1896|last=Hughes|first=John Jay|publisher=Corpus Books|location=]|date=1968}}</ref>{{rp|13-14}} Despite this, the text was accepted alongside with the subsequent 1559 ''Book of Common Prayer'';<ref name=Classics/>{{rp|786}} though, unlike in 1552, the "orphaned ordinal" would not appear in the ] of the 1559 prayer book and instances of the ordinal not bound with the prayer book comprise the sole extant copies of at least one printer's ordinals. It is possible that the ordinal was intended for sale independent of the 1559 prayer book.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Printing and the Printers of The Book of Common Prayer, 1549–1561|chapter=Chapter 7: The Orphaned Ordinal|publisher=]|date=2021|first=Peter W. M.|last=Blayney |chapter-url-access=subscription|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/printing-and-the-printers-of-the-book-of-common-prayer-15491561/orphaned-ordinal/EEBB4BA431BD9EC0CDDEC1993D9F5EF5}}</ref> | |||
| The ] saw a significant degree of ] and associated tendencies towards ] alongside Catholic ]. In 1562, the pope had forbade Catholics from attending Church of England services while some ] rejected the official liturgies on their own theological grounds.<ref name=Morgan/>{{rp|56}} ] became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1583 and, despite his Calvinist deferences, supported the "]" of the Church of England in its view priesthood as a sacred office as defined in the '']'' and the ordinal's ritual for ordaining priests and consecrating bishops.<ref name=CummingsShort/>{{rp|70-71}}{{refn|group=note|The late 16th century featured several nonconformist Protestant alternatives to the ''Book of Common Prayer'' and the Church of England's other approved texts, sometimes secretly used inside England. Among the most prominent of these was ]'s adaption of ]'s ''La Forme des Prières'' that developed into the '']'' which was approved by the ] in 1564.<ref name=CummingsShort/>{{rp|71}}}} | |||
| In 1604, a canon was appended to specify the minimum age of a candidate for the priesthood and mandated that all candidates to that office hold a university degree.<ref name=Classics/>{{rp|788}} In preparation for the ], ] annotated his personal copy of the 1552 ordinal.<ref name=Classics/>{{rp|786}} The most significant deviation between the second Edwardine ordinal and the ordinal as contained within the ] was the phrasing in the imperative formula in the episcopal and priestly ordinations; these were expanded to included reference to the particular office a candidate was being ordained to.<ref name=Puller>{{cite book|title=The Bull Apostolicae Curae and the Edwardine Ordinal|first=Frederick William|last=Puller|date=1908|location=]|series=The Church Historical Society|volume=XVI|publisher=]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRYtVRdA4Y8C&dq=%22edwardine+ordinals%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s|via=]}}</ref>{{rp|22-24}} Unlike prior editions, the ordinal was not only bound together with the 1662 prayer book but considered a part of the prayer book.<ref name=Classics/>{{rp|786}} | |||
| ==Later influence== | |||
| Following the ]'s adoption of ''An Australian Prayer Book'' in 1978 and the introduction of the ], longtime ] principal ] fostered a movement in ] that saw deference towards the 1552 conceptualization of the priesthood. This saw an increase in ], an aversion to "cultic" ] and ] worship, and "exclusive" ].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey|editor-last1=Hefling|editor-first1=Charles|editor-last2=Shattuck|editor-first2=Cynthia|date=2006|publisher=]|location=]|isbn=978-0-19-529762-1|last=Sherlock|first=Charles|chapter=The Anglican Church in Australia|page=327}}</ref> | |||
| Tthe ''traditio instrumentorum'' remained excluded from most Anglican ordination rituals following the 1552 ordinal, though it was reintroduced as an optional ceremony within ordinations according to the Church of England's '']''. There, the vessels are presented before the Holy Communion so that they be used within the liturgy.<ref name=Kennedy/>{{rp|20}} | |||
| ==Debate over validity of ordinations== | |||
| {{main|Apostolicae curae}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Among the reasons cited by Catholics in the 19th and 20th century in asserting Anglican orders were invalid were the Edwardine Ordinals and their formulae. The Edwardine Ordinals, according to the Catholic position, failed to proclaim that candidates were being raised to a "sacrificial office" in the ordination to the priesthood and episcopate.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Faith and Order|last=St. John|first=Henry|publisher=]|journal=]|date=November 1937|volume=18|number=212|page=831|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43811006?seq=4#metadata_info_tab_contents|access-date=28 August 2022|via=]}}</ref> This "defect of form" within the Edwardine Ordinals, in association a "defect of that intention" present in at least the 16th century required for ordination, were evaluated by ] as invalidating Anglican Holy Orders in his ] on the matter, the 1896 '']''.<ref name=Puller/>{{rp|4}} Additionally, the sacramental theology of the ordinals' authors were identified by Leo XIII as invalidating Anglican orders.<ref name=NCE>{{cite book|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/apostolicae-curae|chapter=Apostolicae Curae|title=New Catholic Encyclopedia|last=Tavard|first=G. H.|via=Encyclopedia.com|publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| ] and ]–the Archbishops of Canterbury and York respectively–sent a response in 1897, '']'', addressing the criticisms and arguments made in ''Apostolicae curae''. This letter was not received with much notice and has been given little academic consideration despite its direct disputation of Leo XIII's points. Of particular note were its liturgical discussion and the authors' belief that the papal bull would find defects "in the catechisms of the ]".<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1474225X.2016.1225941?journalCode=rjsc20|title=The role of liturgy in Apostolicae curae and Saepius officio|first=Joris|last=Geldhof|journal=International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church|volume=16|number=3|date=13 September 2016|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=NCE/> | |||
| The preface to the 1552 also drew Catholic criticism. Unlike the 1552 ordinal's form, which Catholic authorities held were "definitively and unambiguously heretical", the preface was "ambiguous" on certain matters of doctrine, namely that of the ]. The belief priests are able to ] the Eucharist rather than simply perform a "commemorative ritual feast" is considered a necessary component of valid ordinations; the lack of specificity in the 1552 ordinal's preface has been presented as potential evidence of an implied deficient theology.<ref>{{cite book|title=Anglican Orders|last=Stephenson|first=Anthony A.|publisher=The Newman Press|location=], ]|date=1956|page=9}}</ref> | |||
| The matter of whether certain bishops from whom later Anglicans derive their apostolic succession were consecrated according to the 1552 ordinal or revived Sarum Pontifical was another point of debate. One such challenged consecration was that of ], who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1559. Despite some 20th-century efforts to place Parker's consecration in October 1559 and thus according to the Sarum Pontifical, later review have placed the date in December and determined it was according to the second Edwardine Ordinal.<ref name=Quarterly>{{cite journal|title='A noughtye and a false lyeng boke': William Barlow and the Lutheran Factions|publisher=] on behalf of ]|work=Renaissance Quarterly|date=Summer 1978|volume=31|number=2|page=182|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2860127?seq=10#metadata_info_tab_contents|access-date=31 August 2022|via=]}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{notelist|group=note}} | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| {{Portal bar|Biography|Biology|Colorado|Plants}} | |||
| {{Anglican Liturgy|state=}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Harrington, Harold}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 21:24, 6 January 2025
American botanist (1903 - 1981)| Harold David Harrington | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | March 14, 1903 Graettinger, Iowa |
| Died | January 22, 1981(1981-01-22) (aged 77) |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Iowa State Teachers College (B.A.) University of Northern Iowa (M.S., Ph.D.) |
| Spouse | Edith Jirsa |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Botany |
| Institutions | Colorado State University |
| Author abbrev. (botany) | H.D.Harr. |
Harold David Harrington (1903 - 1981) was an American botanist who specialized in flora of Colorado and the Rocky Mountains. He worked on the faculty of Colorado State University (CSU) and collected over 10,000 botanical specimens from across the state. His 1954 book, Manual of the Plants of Colorado, the first comprehensive coverage of Colorado's flora in nearly 50 years that remains an authoritative work. With his wife and fellow botanist Edith, he traveled around the United States, Europe, and Pacific, bringing back photographs for use in teaching. He published 17 books while at CSU, where the majority of his collection of specimen's are kept as part of the university's herbarium that he had previously curated.
He is the namesake of two species of flowering plants endemic to Colorado: Oenothera harringtonii and Penstemon harringtonii. In the case of P. harringtonii, Harrington was credited with the first collection of the species when it was first described.
Early life and education
Harold David Harrington was born on March 14, 1903 in De Motte, Indiana. He moved with his family from De Motte to Mitchell, South Dakota, in 1909 and then to Graettinger, Iowa, in 1911. Harrington would remain in Graettinger for most of his childhood, growing up on a farm there with seven siblings.
Due to financial strains spurred by the Great Depression, Harold and his older brother Elbert alternated years in college so that one could work while the other was in school. Harrington completed two years of college before returning to Graettinger as a high school teacher. He would also coach the school's basketball and football teams.
Harrington completed his B.A. in biology in 1927 at Iowa State Teachers College. At the University of Northern Iowa, Harrington completed his M.S. in 1931 and Ph.D. in 1933, both in botany. The same year of his doctorate, he married fellow botanist Edith Jirsa in Waterloo, Iowa.
Career
Harold Harrington accepted a position at the Colorado Agricultural College (renamed Colorado A&M and now named Colorado State University) in Fort Collins, Colorado, where he taught taxonomy. He worked as assistant to Ernest Charles Smith, the curator of the college's herbarium. Harrington then taught at the Chicago Teachers College (now Chicago State University) before returning to Colorado A&M in 1943 to become the curator of its herbarium – a position he would hold for 25 years – and a professor of botany.
Whereas his mentor Smith had been concerned primarily with collecting willow specimens, Harrington eventually contributed approximately 6,200 specimens to CSU's herbarium. While he did not collect to describe new species, he would identify unusual examples and submit them to the relevant experts. One such collection, made in June 1951, resulted the identification of a new Penstemon species, which was named for him.
In 1954, Harrington's Manual of the Plants of Colorado was published after years of research. This was the first comprehensive account of the state's flora of since the 1906 Flora of Colorado by Axel Rydberg. Harrington's book remains an authoritative text on Colorado's flora and one in 30 of its entries were the first time a plant was recorded in the state. In order to make the text affordable to students, the book was self-published. Edith, who aided in collecting specimens and preparing her husband's publications, hand-typed the 1954 book and called it "her small way" of helping.
Harrington ultimately published 17 books. These included collaborations with Y. Matsumura on the 1955 The True Aquatic Vascular Plants of Colorado and 1967 Edible Native Plants. The Harringtons also traveled, visiting Europe in 1964 and taking photographs of various plants for educational use back on the Front Range. Their travels led them to visit every state in the continental U.S.
During trips to collect specimens with students, he would play the ukulele at the campfire after the day's work. He could also play the Spanish guitar and violin, the latter of which he had taught himself to play while in college and had played to supplement his income while in school. Harrington was also a poet and included one of his poems in the introduction to his final book.
The standard author abbreviation H.D.Harr. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.Later life and death
In 1968, Harrington retired as professor emeritus. He continued writing on botany, publishing Western Edible Wild Plants in 1972 and his final work, How to Identify Grasses and Grasslike Plants, in 1977.
He and his wife performed a final round trip through the Colorado Rockies during the summer of 1980. The same year, the couple visited a variety of Pacific islands, including Hawai'i, and Australia. Harold Harrington died on January 22, 1981.
Legacy
Two species of flowering plants endemic to Colorado are named for Harrington: Oenothera harringtonii and Penstemon harringtonii. In the case of P. harringtonii, Harrington was credited with the first collection of the species when it was first described by C. William T. Penland in 1958. Penland pointed to a specimen Harrington collected in Routt County, Colorado, on June 7, 1951, as the first of two collections of the species that month.
Harrington's collection of roughly 10,000 specimens remains part of the Charles Mauer Herbarium at CSU. Edith created the Harold David Harrington Graduate Fellowship at CSU in his memory to fund students in the field of plant taxonomy. Charles Maurer, for whom the herbarium was renamed in 2018, was a student of Harrington – who Maurer found "a large, gentle man who was easy to talk to" – and recalled using the Manual of the Plants of Colorado as a textbook. Maurer helped fund the publication Flora of Colorado by Jennifer Ackerfield, the CSU herbarium's curator. The 2015 book features a biography of Harrington.
Harrington's coworker Dieter H. Wilken wrote an obituary for Harrington in 1982, recalling his "kindness, sensitivity", and regular visits to the CSU to discuss unexplored and undocumented aspects of Colorado's flora. In 1991, botanist James L. Reveal identified Harrington as part of a tradition of botanists collecting specimens in the Colorado Rockies from Thomas Say and Edwin James on Long's Expedition of 1820 through to William Alfred Weber that saw the region's close as a "botanical frontier".
References
- ^ Ackerfield, Jennifer (2015). Flora of Colorado (1st ed.). BRIT Press. p. 4–5. ISBN 9781889878898.
- ^ Wilken, Dieter H. (1982). "In Memoriam: Harold D. Harrington (1903-1981)". Brittonia. 34 (1): 11. JSTOR 2806392.
- ^ Ackerfield, Jennifer (January 28, 2022). "Harold Harrington's Legacy as Curator of the Colorado State University Herbarium". biology.colostate.edu. Colorado State University. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
- ^ Penland, C. William T. (January 1958). "Two new species of Penstemon in Colorado". Madroño. 14 (5): 154. JSTOR 41422929.
- International Plant Names Index. H.D.Harr.
- "Deaths". Taxon. 31 (3): 613. August 1982. JSTOR 1220711.
- Ladyman, Jaunita A. R. (February 1, 2005). "Oenothera harringtonii Wagner, Stockhouse & Klein (Colorado Springs evening-primrose): A Technical Conservation Assessment" (PDF). Species Conservation Project. Centennial, CO: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Center for Plant Conservation. pp. 11–12.
- ^ "Collection Profile for: Charles Maurer Herbarium at Colorado State University (CS)". Consortium of Southern Rocky Mountain Herbaria. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
- "Charles Maurer". herbarium.colostate.edu. Fort Collins, CO: Charles Maurer Herbarium Collection, Colorado State University. December 13, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
- ^ "It Happened! Flora of Colorado will be printed!" (PDF). Aquilegia. Vol. 39, no. 1. Colorado Native Plant Society. Spring 2015. p. 17.
- Reveal, James L. "Botanical Explorations in the American West-1889-1989: An Essay on the Last Century of a Floristic Frontier". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 78 (1): 71. doi:10.2307/2399591. JSTOR 2399591.
