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The history of cinema in India extends to the beginning of the film era. Following the screening of the ] and Robert Paul moving pictures in London in 1896, commercial ] became a worldwide sensation and these films were shown in Bombay (now ]) that same year.<ref name="Burra&Rao252">Burra & Rao, 252</ref>
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== Silent era (1890s–1920s) ==
In 1897, a film presentation by filmmaker Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcutta's Star Theatre. With Stevenson's camera and encouragement, Indian photographer ] filmed scenes from that show, exhibited as ''The Flower of Persia'' (1898).<ref name="Hiralal2">{{Cite web |last=McKernan |first=Luke |date=31 December 1996 |title=Hiralal Sen (copyright British Film Institute) |url=http://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen.htm |access-date=1 November 2006}}</ref> ''The Wrestlers'' (1899), by ], showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay, was the first film to be shot by an Indian and the first Indian documentary film.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} From 1913 to 1931, all the movies made in India were ]s, which had no sound and had ]s.<ref name="IT-2017">{{cite magazine |title=First Indian talkie film Alam Ara was released on this day: Top silent era films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/silent-films-311163-2016-03-14 |access-date=7 August 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=14 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
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In 1913, ] released '']'' (1913) in Bombay, the first film made in India. It was a silent film incorporating ] and English intertitles.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Ishani |title=Dadasaheb Torne, not Dadasaheb Phalke, was pioneer of Indian Cinema |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-dadasaheb-torne-not-dadasaheb-phalke-was-pioneer-of-indian-cinema-1826721 |access-date=7 August 2023 |work=DNA |date=21 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref> It was premiered in ] in ].<ref name="Burra&Rao253" />

Although some claim '']'' (1912) of ] is the first ever film made in India.<ref name="Maharashtratimes">{{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Kumar |date=24 April 2012 |title=दादासाहेब तोरणेंचे विस्मरण नको! |url=http://author.blogs.maharashtratimes.com/kokan/entry/%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%AC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008190417/http://author.blogs.maharashtratimes.com/kokan/entry/%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%AC |archive-date=8 October 2013 |website=] }}</ref><ref name="The Pioneer">{{Cite web |last=Raghavendara |first=MK |date=5 May 2012 |title=What a journey |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/top-story/62942-what-a-journey.html}}</ref><ref name="Burra&Rao253">Burra & Rao, 253</ref> Some film scholars have argued that ''Pundalik'' was not a true Indian film because it was simply a recording of a stage play, filmed by a British cameraman and it was processed in London.<ref name="Times of India">{{Cite news |last=Damle |first=Manjiri |date=21 April 2012 |title=Torne's 'Pundlik' came first, but missed honour |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Tornes-Pundlik-came-first-but-missed-honour/articleshow/12760794.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530104400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-21/pune/31378416_1_english-films-subtitles-bourne |archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Garima |date=3 May 2012 |title=Bid to get Pundalik recognition as first Indian feature film |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bid-to-get-pundalik-recognition-as-first-indian-feature-film/944727/}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> ''Raja Harishchandra'' of Phalke had a story based on Hindu ] legend of ], a truthful King and its success led many to consider him a pioneer of Indian cinema.<ref name="Burra&Rao253" /> Phalke used an all Indian crew including actors ] and ]. He directed, edited, ] the film himself.<ref name=":1" /> Phalke saw ''The Life of Christ'' (1906) by the French director ], While watching Jesus on the screen, Phalke envisioned Hindu deities ] and ] instead and decided to start in the business of "moving pictures".<ref name="Dharap">{{cite book|first=B. V.|last=Dharap|title=Indian films|year=1985|publisher=National Film Archive of India|pages=35}}</ref>

In ], film pioneer ], credited as the father of ], built the first cinemas in Madras (now ]), and a ] was established in the city by Nataraja Mudaliar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2007 |title=Nijam cheppamantara, abaddham cheppamantara... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/nijam-cheppamantara-abaddham-cheppamantara/article2271444.ece |access-date=7 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="velayutham2">{{Cite book |last=Velayutham |first=Selvaraj |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=65Aqrna4o5oCTamil}} |title=Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry |page=2}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |date=7 September 2009 |title=The pioneer 'Tamil' film-maker |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912035730/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300.htm |archive-date=12 September 2009 |access-date=21 April 2014 |work=]}}</ref> In 1921, Naidu produced the silent film, '']'', generally considered to be the first Telugu ].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Thoraval |first1=Yves |title=The cinemas of India |last2=Thoraval |first2=Yves |date=2007 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-0-333-93410-4 |edition=Repr |location=Delhi}}</ref>

The first ] and ], also silent films, were '']'' (1917–1918, ])<ref name="RANDOR">{{Cite news |date=7 September 2009 |title=Metro Plus Chennai / Madras Miscellany: The pioneer 'Tamil' film-maker |work=] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912035730/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300.htm |archive-date=12 September 2009}}</ref> and '']'' (1928, ]). The latter was the first Indian social drama film and featured the first ]-caste film actress.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The first chain of Indian cinemas, ], was owned by ] entrepreneur ], who oversaw the production and distribution of films for the chain.<ref name="Burra&Rao253" /> These included film adaptations from Bengal's popular literature and '']'' (1917), a remake of Phalke's influential film.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Films steadily gained popularity across India as affordable entertainment for the masses (admission as low as an ''anna'' in Bombay).<ref name="Burra&Rao252" /> Young producers began to incorporate elements of Indian social life and culture into cinema, others brought new ideas from across the world. Global audiences and markets soon became aware of India's film industry.<ref name="Burra&Rao252-253">Burra & Rao, 252–253</ref>

In 1927, the British government, to promote the market in India for British films over American ones, formed the ]. The ICC consisted of three British and three Indians, led by ], a Madras lawyer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Purohit |first=Vinayak |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ae1Zrmz6ETwC|page=986}} |title=Arts of transitional India twentieth century, Volume 1 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-86132-138-4 |page=985 |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> This committee failed to bolster the desired recommendations of supporting British Film, instead recommending support for the fledgling Indian film industry, and their suggestions were set aside.

== Sound era (1930s) ==
The first Indian ] was '']'' (1931) made by ].<ref name="Burra&Rao253" /> '']'' (1932) was the first sound film of ].<ref name="IT-2017"/> Irani also produced South India's first sound film, the Tamil–Telugu bilingual talking picture '']'' (1931, ]).<ref>.</ref>

The first ] film with audible dialogue, '']'' (1932), was directed by ], who directed the first bilingual (Telugu and Tamil) talkie ] (1931).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Tollywood turns 85: With the release of Bhakta Prahlada, this is how the industry was born |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tollywood-turns-85-with-the-release-of-bhakta-prahlada-this-is-how-the-industry-was-born-4511000/}}</ref> ] produced its first Telugu film, '']'' (1933, ]), adapted from a stage play by Mylavaram Bala Bharathi Samajam.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=7 November 2010 |title=SATI SAVITHRI (1933) |work=] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece |access-date=8 July 2011}}</ref> The film received an honorary diploma at the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhagwan Das Garg |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ}} |title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India |publisher=Eminence Designs |year=1996 |isbn=81-900602-1-X |page=86}}</ref> ] was one of the first multilingual filmmakers in India.<ref name="hindu.com">{{Cite news |date=8 April 2005 |title=Nagaiah – noble, humble and kind-hearted |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800220400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125162147/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800220400.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005 |work=] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2011 |title=Paul Muni of India – Chittoor V. Nagayya |url=http://bharatjanani.com/paul-muni-of-india-chittoor-v-nagayya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326135647/http://bharatjanani.com/paul-muni-of-india-chittoor-v-nagayya/ |archive-date=26 March 2012 |access-date=21 September 2011 |publisher=Bharatjanani.com}}</ref>

''Jumai Shasthi'' was the first Bengali ] as a ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gokulsing |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_plssuFIar8C&q=Ayodhyecha+Raja+1932&pg=PA24 |title=Indian popular cinema: a narrative of cultural change |author2=] |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |isbn=1-85856-329-1 |page=24}}</ref>

] made his first film '']'' (1935) in Assamese, and later made '']''.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} The first film studio in South India, Durga Cinetone, was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya in ], Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2005 |title=The Hindu News |work=] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050601300300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506025001/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050601300300.htm |archive-date=6 May 2005}}</ref>{{contradictory inline|reason=The previous section states that the first studio of South India was established by Mataraja Mudaliar in Madras|date=October 2022}} The advent of sound to Indian cinema launched musicals such as ''Indra Sabha'' and ''Devi Devyani'', marking the beginning of song-and-dance in Indian films.<ref name="Burra&Rao253" /> By 1935, studios emerged in major cities such as Madras, Calcutta and Bombay as filmmaking became an established industry, exemplified by the success of '']'' (1935).<ref name="Burra&Rao254">Burra & Rao, 254</ref> The first colour film made in India was ''Kisan Kanya'' (1937, Moti B).<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Indian Colour Film |url=http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting-facts/cinema/first-color-film-made-in-india.html |access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> '']'' (1940) was the first Indian film to depict the Indian movie-making world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2003 |title=A revolutionary filmmaker |work=] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117021114/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |archive-date=17 January 2004}}</ref>

], who had built the first cinema of South India in ], introduced the concept of "tent cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land to screen films. The first of its kind was in Madras and called Edison's Grand Cinema Megaphone. This was due to the fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2010 |title=He brought cinema to South |work=] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505150330/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400.htm |archive-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>{{explain|date=October 2022}} ] opened in 1934 and ] in ] began production of Marathi films.<ref name="Burra&Rao254" /> '']'' (1936) was the first Indian film to be screened at an international film festival,{{contradictory inline|reason=It is early stated that a 1935 film was shown at the VFF|date=October 2022}} at the 1937 edition of the Venice Film Festival. The film was judged one of the three best films of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citation on the participation of Sant Tukaram in the 5th Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematographica in 1937 |url=http://www.nfaipune.gov.in/venice_festival.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108014247/http://www.nfaipune.gov.in/venice_festival.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |access-date=14 November 2012 |publisher=]}}</ref> However, while Indian filmmakers sought to tell important stories, the ] banned ''Wrath'' (1930) and '']'' (1938) for broaching the subject of the ].<ref name="Burra&Rao253" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2012 |title=How free is freedom of speech? |url=http://postnoon.com/2012/05/21/how-free-is-freedom-of-speech/49700 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524060853/http://postnoon.com/2012/05/21/how-free-is-freedom-of-speech/49700 |archive-date=24 May 2012 |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=Postnoon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating 100 Years of Indian Cinema: www.indiancinema100.in |url=https://indiancinema100.in/swadeshi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054328/https://indiancinema100.in/swadeshi/ |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

The Indian '']''—a term used for mixed-genre films that combined song, dance, romance, etc.—arose following the Second World War.<ref name="Burra&Rao254" /> During the 1940s, cinema in ] accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls, and cinema came to be viewed as an instrument of cultural revival.<ref name="Burra&Rao254" /> The ] (IPTA), an art movement with a ] inclination, began to take shape through the 1940s and the 1950s.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-679">Rajadhyaksa, 679</ref> IPTA plays, such as '']'' (1944), prepared the ground for ] in Indian cinema, exemplified by ]'s '']'' (''Children of the Earth'', 1946).<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-679" /> The IPTA movement continued to emphasise realism in films '']'' (1957) and '']'' (1957), among India's most recognisable cinematic productions.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-681">Rajadhyaksa, 681</ref>

Following independence, the 1947 ] divided the nation's assets and a number of studios moved to Pakistan.<ref name="Burra&Rao254" /> Partition became an enduring film subject thereafter.<ref name="Burra&Rao254" /> The Indian government had established a ] by 1948, which eventually became one of the world's largest documentary film producers with an annual production of over 200 short documentaries, each released in 18 languages with 9,000 prints for permanent film theatres across the country.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-681-683">Rajadhyaksa, 681–683</ref>

== Golden Age (late 1940s–1960s) ==
] is recognised as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAM/PFA - Film Programs |url=http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/filmseries/ray |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122004852/http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/filmseries/ray |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Critics on Ray - Satyajit Ray Film and Study Center, UCSC |url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/critics.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927033629/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/critics.html |archive-date=27 September 2014 |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satyajit Ray: five essential films |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/satyajit-ray-5-essential-films |website=British Film Institute|date=12 August 2013 }}</ref>|305x305px]]

The period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s is regarded by film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite book |last=K. Moti Gokulsing |first=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake |title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |page=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharpe |first=Jenny |year=2005 |title=Gender, Nation, and Globalization in Monsoon Wedding and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge |journal=Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=58–81 |doi=10.1353/mer.2005.0032 |s2cid=201783566}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gooptu |first=Sharmistha |date=July 2002 |title=Reviewed work(s): ''The Cinemas of India'' (1896–2000) by Yves Thoraval |journal=] |volume=37 |issue=29 |pages=3023–4}}</ref> This period saw the emergence of the ] movement, which emphasised ]. Mainly led by Bengalis,<ref name="Gokulsing-18" /> early examples include '']'' (1946, ]),<ref name="Rajadhyaksha">{{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=QUq1DAAAQBAJ|page=61}} |title=Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction |date=2016 |publisher=] |isbn=9780191034770 |page=61 |language=en}}</ref> '']'' (1946, ]),<ref name="Hindu">. '']'', 15 June 2007</ref> '']'' (1952, ])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghatak |first=Ritwik |title=Rows and Rows of Fences: Ritwik Ghatak on Cinema |publisher=Ritwik Memorial & Trust Seagull Books |year=2000 |pages=ix & 134–36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hood |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialmystery00hood |title=The Essential Mystery: The Major Filmmakers of Indian Art Cinema |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |year=2000 |isbn=9788125018704 |pages= |url-access=registration}}</ref> and '']'' (1953, Bimal Roy), laying the foundations for Indian ]<ref name="filmreference">{{Cite web |date=3 August 1980 |title=Do Bigha Zamin |url=http://dearcinema.com/review-do-bigha-zamin-bimal-roy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115204002/http://dearcinema.com/review-do-bigha-zamin-bimal-roy |archive-date=15 January 2010 |access-date=13 April 2009 |publisher=Dear Cinema}}</ref>

'']'' (1955–1959, ]) won prizes at several major international film festivals and firmly established the parallel cinema movement.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-683">Rajadhyaksa, 683</ref> It was influential on ] and led to a rush of ]s in ] theatres.<ref name="Sragow">{{Cite journal |last=Sragow |first=Michael |year=1994 |title=An Art Wedded to Truth |url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |url-status=dead |journal=] |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212046/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |archive-date=12 April 2009 |access-date=11 May 2009}}</ref> Cinematographer ] developed the technique of ], to recreate the effect of daylight on sets, during the second film of the trilogy<ref name="cinematographers">{{Cite web |title=Subrata Mitra |url=http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm |access-date=22 May 2009 |publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers |archive-date=2 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602164022/http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and later pioneered other effects such as the ] ] and X-ray digressions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nick Pinkerton |date=14 April 2009 |title=First Light: Satyajit Ray From the Apu Trilogy to the Calcutta Trilogy |work=] |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-04-15/film/first-light-satyajit-ray-from-the-apu-trilogy-to-the-calcutta-trilogy |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-date=25 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625154630/http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-04-15/film/first-light-satyajit-ray-from-the-apu-trilogy-to-the-calcutta-trilogy |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the 1950s, Indian cinema reportedly became the world's second largest film industry, earning a gross annual income of {{INRConvert|250|m|year=1953}} in 1953.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pani |first=S. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kH4HAQAAIAAJ |title=The Film Daily Year Book of Motion Pictures |date=1954 |publisher=John W. Alicoate |volume=36 |page=930 |chapter=India in 1953 |quote=THE INDIAN FILM INDUSTRY, said to be the second largest in the world, claims to have invested Rs. {{nowrap|420 million}} and to have a gross annual income of Rs. {{nowrap |access-date=1 May 2022 |250 million}}.}}</ref> The government created the Film Finance Corporation (FFC) in 1960 to provide financial support to filmmakers.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-684">Rajadhyaksa, 684</ref> While serving as Information and Broadcasting Minister of India in the 1960s, ] supported the production of off-beat cinema through the FFC.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-684" />

] of '']'' called ]'s '']'' (1951) an "inspiring motion picture" which would "save us the blush when compared with the best of motion pictures of the world".<ref name="The Hindu BFP">{{Cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=16 March 2013 |title='Malleeswari' (1951) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/malleeswari-1951/article4515823.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320174648/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/malleeswari-1951/article4515823.ece |archive-date=20 March 2013 |access-date=26 December 2015 |website=]}}</ref> Film historian ] called ''Malliswari'' scripted by ] a "poem in celluloid, told with rare artistic finesse, which lingers long in the memory".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |page=323 |orig-date=1994}}</ref>

Commercial ] began thriving, including acclaimed films '']'' (1957) and '']'' (1959, ]) '']'' (1951) and '']'' (1955, ]). These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class urban life in India; ''Awaara'' presented Bombay as both a nightmare and a dream, while ''Pyaasa'' critiqued the unreality of city life.<ref name="Gokulsing-18">{{Cite book |last=K. Moti Gokulsing |first=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake |title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |page=18}}</ref>

] '']'' (1957, ]) was the first Indian film to be nominated for the US-based Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' ]{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} and defined the conventions of Hindi cinema for decades.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sridharan |first=Tarini |date=25 November 2012 |title=Mother India, not Woman India |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mother-india-not-woman-india/article4131747.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106095550/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mother-india-not-woman-india/article4131747.ece |archive-date=6 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wChe8xWDwbo |title=Bollywood Blockbusters: ''Mother India'' (Part 1) |date=2009 |type=Documentary |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715143942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wChe8xWDwbo&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL8D9A71E9A0EED3C4 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnRef|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1|2009}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kehr |first=Dave |date=23 August 2002 |title=Mother India (1957). Film in review; 'Mother India' |work=] |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C03E5DE153CF930A1575BC0A9649C8B63 |access-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> It spawned a new genre of ]s.<ref name="Teo">{{Cite book |last=Teo |first=Stephen |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=pi8lDwAAQBAJ|page=122}} |title=Eastern Westerns: Film and Genre Outside and Inside Hollywood |date=2017 |publisher=] |isbn=9781317592266 |page=122 |language=en}}</ref> '']'' (1961, ]) was a dacoit ] about two brothers on opposite sides of the law, a theme that became common in Indian films in the 1970s.<ref name="Ganti">{{Cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=GTEa93azj9EC|page=153}} |title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-28854-5 |pages=153–}}</ref> '']'' (1958, ]) popularised the theme of ] in ].<ref name="Doniger">{{Cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |title=The woman who pretended to be who she was: myths of self-imitation |publisher=] |year=2005 |pages=112–136 |chapter=Chapter 6: Reincarnation}}</ref>

Actor ] rose to fame in the 1950s, and was the biggest Indian ] of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Yasser |date=16 January 2021 |title=Dilip Kumar as 'Pyaasa' hero is what Guru Dutt wanted. But first day of shoot changed it all |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/dilip-kumar-as-pyaasa-hero-is-what-guru-dutt-wanted-but-first-day-of-shoot-changed-it-all/586596/ |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Bollywood legend Dilip Kumar became India's biggest star |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-bollywood-legend-dilip-kumar-became-indias-biggest-star-1.75765994 |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=Gulf News |date=9 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He was a pioneer of ], predating Hollywood method actors such as ]. Much like Brando's influence on ] actors, Kumar inspired Hindi actors, including ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mazumder |first1=Ranjib |title=Before Brando, There Was Dilip Kumar |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/12/11/before-brando-there-was-dilip-kumar |access-date=2 August 2023 |work=TheQuint |date=11 December 2015}}</ref>

'']'' (1946) won the ] at Cannes<ref name="Hindu" /> and Indian films competed for the award most years in the 1950s and early 1960s.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} Ray is regarded as one of the greatest ] of ],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Santas |first=Constantine |title=Responding to film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8304-1580-9 |page=18}}</ref> along with his contemporaries Dutt<ref name="Lee">{{Cite web |last=Kevin Lee |date=5 September 2002 |title=A Slanted Canon |url=http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224432/http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026.html |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=24 April 2009 |publisher=Asian American Film Commentary}}</ref> and Ghatak.<ref name="Totaro">{{Cite journal |last=Totaro |first=Donato |date=31 January 2003 |title=The "Sight & Sound" of Canons |url=http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/new_offscreen/canon.html |journal=Offscreen Journal |publisher=] |access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref> In 1992, the '']'' Critics' Poll ranked Ray at {{abbr|No.|number}}&nbsp;7 in its list of Top 10 Directors of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sight and Sound Poll 1992: Critics |url=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1992_1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016212355/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1992_1.html |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=29 May 2009 |publisher=]}}</ref> Multiple films from this era are included among the ] in various critics' and directors' polls, including ''The Apu Trilogy'',<ref name="Caldwell">{{Cite web |last=Aaron and Mark Caldwell |year=2004 |title=Sight and Sound |url=http://www.geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729180509/http://geocities.com/aaronbcaldwell/dimsscri.html |archive-date=29 July 2009 |access-date=19 April 2009 |publisher=Top 100 Movie Lists}}</ref> '']'', '']''<ref name="SS-1992-ranking">{{Cite web |title=Sight and Sound 1992 Ranking of Films |url=http://www.geocities.com/the7thart/ranking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022115725/http://geocities.com/the7thart/ranking.html |archive-date=22 October 2009 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> '']'',<ref name="SS-1982-ranking">{{Cite web |title=Sight and Sound 1982 Ranking of Films |url=http://www.geocities.com/the7thart/1982.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022225459/http://geocities.com/the7thart/1982.html |archive-date=22 October 2009 |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> ''Pyaasa'', ''Kaagaz Ke Phool'', '']'', ''Komal Gandhar'', ''Awaara'', '']'', ''Mother India'', ''Mughal-e-Azam''<ref name="Cinemacom">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=2002 Sight & Sound Top Films Survey of 253 International Critics & Film Directors |url=http://www.cinemacom.com/2002-sight-sound.html |access-date=19 April 2009 |publisher=Cinemacom}}</ref> and '']'' (also tied at No.&nbsp;11).<ref name=Totaro/>

] became India's first actor to receive an international award when he won the Best Actor award at the Afro-Asian film festival in 1960 and was awarded the title of Chevalier in the ] by the ] in 1995.<ref name="Sivaji Ganesan's birth anniversary">{{Cite news |date=1 October 2013 |title=Sivaji Ganesan's birth anniversary |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Sivaji-Ganesans-birth-anniversary/articleshow/23338524.cms |access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref> Tamil cinema is ],<ref name="Gokulsing&Dissanayake132-33">Gokulsing & Dissanayake, 132–133</ref> with prominent film personalities ], ], ] and ] becoming ].<ref name="Kasbekar 2006 215">{{Cite book |last=Kasbekar |first=Asha |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C|page=215}} |title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-636-7 |page=215}}</ref>{{clarify timeframe|date=October 2022}}

==1970s–present==
By 1986, India's annual film output had increased to 833 films annually, making India the world's largest film producer.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ah1CAQAAIAAJ |title=Films in Review |date=1986 |publisher=Then and There Media, LCC. |page=368 |quote=And then I had forgotten that lndia leads the world in film production, with 833 motion pictures (up from 741 the previous year).}}</ref> Hindi film production of Bombay, the largest segment of the industry, became known as "Bollywood".

{{Pie chart
|caption= Summary of the 2022 box office revenues.
|value1 = 33
|label1 = Hindi
|value2 = 20
|label2 = Telugu
|value3 = 16
|label3 = Tamil
|value4 = 8
|label4 = Kannada
|value5 = 6
|label5 = Malayalam
|other = yes
}} }}

By 1996, the Indian film industry had an estimated domestic cinema viewership of 600{{nbsp}}million people, establishing India as one of the largest film markets, with the largest regional industries being Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 1996 |title=Business India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9wiAQAAMAAJ |journal=] |publisher=A. H. Advani |issue=478–481 |page=82 |quote=As the Indian film industry (mainly Hindi and Telugu combined) is one of the world's largest, with an estimated viewership of 600 million, film music has always been popular.}}</ref> In 2001, in terms of ticket sales, Indian cinema sold an estimated 3.6&nbsp;billion tickets annually across the globe, compared to ]'s 2.6&nbsp;billion tickets sold.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2 December 2002 |title=Bollywood: Can new money create a world-class film industry in India? |url=https://people.well.com/user/willard/Kripalani-%20Bollywood%20Investments%20BizWeek12-02-2002.txt |journal=] |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727012740/https://people.well.com/user/willard/Kripalani-%20Bollywood%20Investments%20BizWeek12-02-2002.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lorenzen |first=Mark |date=April 2009 |title=Go West: The Growth of Bollywood |url=http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/7796/CreativeEncounters%20Working%20Papers%2026.pdf?sequence=1 |website=Creativity at Work |publisher=]}}</ref>

===Hindi===
Realistic ] continued throughout the 1970s,<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-685">Rajadhyaksa, 685</ref> practised in many Indian film cultures. The FFC's art film orientation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-688">Rajadhyaksa, 688</ref>

Hindi commercial cinema continued with films such as '']'' (1969), '']'' (1970), '']'' (1971), '']'' (1971), '']'' (1971) '']'' (1972), '']'' (1972) and '']'' (1973).{{importance inline|date=October 2022}}

{{multiple image
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| footer = The screenwriting duo ], consisting of ] (l) and ] (r), revitalised Indian cinema in the 1970s<ref name="Pandolin">{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=Salim-Javed: Writing Duo that Revolutionized Indian Cinema |url=https://pandolin.com/salim-javed-writing-duo-that-revolutionized-indian-cinema/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035749/https://pandolin.com/salim-javed-writing-duo-that-revolutionized-indian-cinema/ |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |website=Pandolin}}</ref> and are considered ]'s greatest ]s.<ref name="Chaudhuri">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ}} |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=1 October 2015 |publisher=] |isbn=9789352140084}}</ref>
}}

By the early 1970s, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation,<ref name="raj">{{Cite book |last=Raj |first=Ashok |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ|page=21}} |title=Hero Vol.2 |date=2009 |publisher=] |isbn=9789381398036 |page=21 |language=en}}</ref> dominated by musical ]s.<ref name="indianexpress2">{{Cite news |date=20 June 2017 |title=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan |work=] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/}}</ref> Screenwriter duo ] (] and ]) revitalised the industry.<ref name="raj" /> They established the genre of gritty, violent, ] ]s with '']'' (1973) and '']'' (1975).<ref name="ganti">{{Cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=GTEa93azj9EC|page=153}} |title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema |date=2004 |publisher=] |isbn=9780415288545 |page=153 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ|page=72}} |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=2015 |publisher=] |isbn=9789352140084 |page=72 |language=en}}</ref> They reinterpreted the rural themes of ''Mother India'' and ''Gunga Jumna'' in an urban context reflecting 1970s India,<ref name="raj" /><ref name="legends">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Surendra |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=AfJkAAAAMAAJ|page=51}} |title=Legends of Indian cinema: pen portraits |date=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |page=51 |language=en}}</ref> channelling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses,<ref name="raj" /> unprecedented growth of ]s<ref name="Mazumdar" /> and urban poverty, corruption and crime,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ|page=74}} |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=2015 |publisher=] |isbn=9789352140084 |page=74 |language=en}}</ref> as well as ] themes.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{Cite news |date=29 January 2017 |title=Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar-was-the-perfect-script-amitabh-bachchan-on-42-years-of-the-cult-film/story-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html}}</ref> This resulted in their creation of the "angry young man", personified by ],<ref name="hindustantimes" /> who reinterpreted Kumar's performance in ''Gunga Jumna''<ref name="raj" /><ref name="legends" /> and gave a voice to the urban poor.<ref name="Mazumdar">{{Cite book |last=Mazumdar |first=Ranjani |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=xenNBrRKOGoC|page=14}} |title=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City |publisher=] |year=2007 |isbn=9781452913025 |page=14 |language=en}}</ref>
] dominated the Indian cinema in 1970s and 1980s.]]
By the mid-1970s, Bachchan's position as a lead actor was solidified by crime-action films ''Zanjeer'' and '']'' (1975).<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-688" /> He emerged as the most popular and significant star in India in 1970s onwards. The devotional classic '']'' (1975) was made on a low budget and became a box office success and a cult classic.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-688" /> Another important film was '']'' (1975, ]),<ref name="Ganti" /> a ] with brothers on opposite sides of the law which ] described as "absolutely key to Indian cinema".<ref name="Kumar" />

The term "]" was coined in the 1970s,<ref name="collaco">{{Cite news |last=Anand |date=7 March 2004 |title=On the Bollywood beat |work=] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234115/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600.htm |archive-date=3 April 2004}}</ref><ref name="khanna">{{Cite web |last=Subhash K Jha |date=8 April 2005 |title=Amit Khanna: The Man who saw 'Bollywood' |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13713296 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409171523/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13713296 |archive-date=9 April 2005 |access-date=31 May 2009 |website=]}}</ref> when the conventions of commercial Bombay-produced Hindi films were established.<ref name="Chaudhuri58">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ|page=58}} |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=1 October 2015 |publisher=] |isbn=9789352140084 |page=58}}</ref> Key to this was ] and Salim–Javed's creation of the ] genre, which combines elements of ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="Chaudhuri58" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2017 |title=How film-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-film-maker-nasir-husain-created-the-prototype-for-bollywood-masala-films/story-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html}}</ref> Their film '']'' (1973) has been identified as the first masala film and the first quintessentially Bollywood film.<ref name="Chaudhuri58" /><ref name="bhaumik">Kaushik Bhaumik, , ], 12 March 2016</ref> Masala films made Bachchan the biggest Bollywood movie star of the period. Another landmark was '']'' (1977, ]).<ref name="bhaumik" /><ref name="Dwyer2005">{{Cite book |last=Rachel Dwyer |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=4EBNAQAAIAAJ}} |title=100 Bollywood films |publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7436-433-3 |page=14 |access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref> Desai further expanded the genre in the 1970s and 1980s.

Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the 1980s, with films such as '']'' (1981), '']'' (1982), '' ]'' (1983), '']'' (1984), '']'' (1986), '']'' (1987), and '']'' (1988).

In the late 1980s,{{clarify timeframe|date=October 2022|reason=The following sentence talks about a revival in 1982, not the late 1980s}} Hindi cinema experienced another period of stagnation, with a decline in box office turnout, due to increasing violence, decline in musical melodic quality, and rise in video piracy, leading to middle-class family audiences abandoning theatres. The turning point came with Indian blockbuster '']'' (1982) which began the era of disco music in Indian cinema. Lead actor ] and music director ] had the highest number of mainstream Indian hit movies that decade. At the end of the decade, ]'s '']'' (1989) created a new formula for Bollywood musical romance films, reviving the genre and defining Hindi cinema in the years that followed.<ref name="iDiva">{{Cite web |last=iDiva |date=13 October 2011 |title=Sridevi – The Dancing Queen |url=http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/sridevi-the-dancing-queen/8403 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224051712/http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/sridevi-the-dancing-queen/8403 |archive-date=24 February 2013 |access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Ray">{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Kunal |date=18 December 2016 |title=Romancing the 1980s |language=en-IN |work=] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Romancing-the-1980s/article16898867.ece}}</ref> Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the late 1980s and 1990s, with the release of '']'' (1987), '']'' (1988), '']'' (1989), '']'' (1989), '']'' (1991), '']'' (1991), '']'' (1992), '']'' (1993), '']'' (1993),<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-688" /> '']'' (1994), '']'' (1995), '']'' (1997), '']'' (1998) and '']'' (1998). Cult classic '']'' (1994) directed by ] received international recognition and controversy.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124103723/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html |date=24 November 2010 }} ''india-today.com''. Retrieved 16 June 2013</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182145/http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html|date=14 April 2016}}, SAWNET – The South Asian Women's NETwork. Retrieved 25 November 2011</ref>

] (2012) was regarded as the most popular female star in Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From India Today Magazine {{!}} When Sridevi emerged as the highest paid Indian actress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19870630-sridevi-emerges-as-the-undisputed-empress-of-tinsel-town-the-highest-paid-indian-actress-799027-1987-06-29 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=India Today |date=30 June 1987 |language=en}}</ref>]]

In the late 1990s, there was a resurgence of parallel cinema in Bollywood, largely due to the critical and commercial success of ] such as '']'' (1998) and '']'' (1999). These films launched a genre known as "Mumbai noir",<ref name="Nayar">{{Cite news |last=Aruti Nayar |date=16 December 2007 |title=Bollywood on the table |work=The Tribune |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11.htm |access-date=19 June 2008}}</ref> reflecting social problems in the city.<ref name="Jungen">{{Cite web |last=Christian Jungen |date=4 April 2009 |title=Urban Movies: The Diversity of Indian Cinema |url=http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian_cinema_chjungen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225942/http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian_cinema_chjungen.htm |archive-date=17 June 2009 |access-date=11 May 2009 |publisher=]}}</ref> ] directed the ], and the ]; film critic Rajeev Masand had labelled the latter series as one of the "most influential movies of Bollywood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-contract-mangled-mess-of-satya-company/69135-8.html|title=Masand's Verdict: ''Contract'', mangled mess of ''Satya'', ''Company''|work=CNN-News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?227527|title=Behind The Scenes - Rachel Dwyer - May 30, 2005|work=outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref name="The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|work=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> The first instalment of the trilogy, ], was also listed in ]'s 100 greatest ] of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200.html|title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time|work=IBNLive|access-date=18 May 2013|archive-date=24 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003536/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, the three biggest Bollywood movie stars have been the "]": ], ], and ].<ref name="desiblitz">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=The Three Khans of Bollywood – DESIblitz |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the-three-khans-of-bollywood}}</ref><ref name="forbes">{{Cite web |last=Cain |first=Rob |title=Are Bollywood's Three Khans The Last Of The Movie Kings? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2016/03/20/are-bollywoods-three-khans-the-last-of-the-movie-kings/ |website=]}}</ref> Combined, they starred in the top ten ],<ref name="desiblitz" /> and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=MK |date=16 October 2016 |title=After Aamir, SRK, Salman, why Bollywood's next male superstar may need a decade to rise |language=en |work=Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after-aamir-srk-salman-why-bollywoods-next-male-superstar-may-need-a-decade-to-rise-3049864.html |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=12 July 2017 |title=Why Aamir Khan Is The King Of Khans: Foreign Media |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aamir-khan-is-the-king-of-the-king-khans-moved-ahead-of-shah-rukh-salman-1723117 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful for most of the 1990s and 2000s, while Aamir Khan has been the most successful since the late 2000s;<ref name="forbes-2017-1-23">{{Cite web |last=D'Cunha |first=Suparna Dutt |title=Why 'Dangal' Star Aamir Khan Is The New King Of Bollywood |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/suparnadutt/2017/01/23/why-dangal-star-aamir-khan-is-the-new-king-of-bollywood/ |website=]}}</ref> according to '']'', Shah Rukh Khan is "arguably the world's biggest movie star" as of 2017, due to his immense popularity in India and China.<ref name="aamir-forbes">{{Cite web |last=Cain |first=Rob |date=5 October 2017 |title=Why Aamir Khan Is Arguably The World's Biggest Movie Star, Part 2 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/05/heres-why-aamir-khan-is-arguably-the-worlds-biggest-movie-star-part-2/ |website=]}}</ref> Other notable Hindi film stars of recent decades include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].

'']'' (2014, ]), the third instalment of the Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after '']'' (2003) and '']'' (2006),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muzaffar Raina |date=25 November 2013 |title=Protests hit Haider shoot on Valley campus |work=] |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story_17609286.jsp |url-status=dead |access-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150420041308/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story_17609286.jsp%23.VTR8zH3LfK4 |archive-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> The 2000s and 2010s also saw the rise of a new generation of popular actors like ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], as well as actresses like ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] with Balan, Ranaut and Bhatt gaining wide recognition for successful female-centric films such as '']'' (2011), '']'' (2012), '']'' (2014), '']'' (2014), '']'' (2015), '']'' (2018) and '']'' (2022).

] were highly influential in ]. In addition to writing two ], many of their Bollywood films had remakes produced in other regions, including Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam cinema. While the Bollywood directors and producers held the rights to their films in Northern India, Salim–Javed retained the rights in South India, where they sold remake rights for films such as ''Zanjeer'', ''Yaadon Ki Baarat'' and ''Don''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kishore |first1=Vikrant |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=wQLeCwAAQBAJ|page=238}} |title=Salaam Bollywood: Representations and Interpretations |last2=Sarwal |first2=Amit |last3=Patra |first3=Parichay |date=2016 |publisher=] |isbn=9781317232865 |page=238 |language=en}}</ref> Several of these remakes became breakthroughs for actor ].<ref name="indianexpress2" /><ref name="Mint">{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=18 July 2016 |title=10 Rajinikanth films that were remakes of Amitabh Bachchan starrers |work=] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/1zecmlLkbhchQlpXOOOsxN/10-Rajinikanth-films-that-were-remakes-of-Amitabh-Bachchan-s.html}}</ref>

] is widely regarded as the first female superstar of Indian cinema due to her pan-Indian appeal with equally successful careers in ], ], ], ] and ]. She is the only Bollywood actor to have starred in a top 10 grossing film each year of her active career (1983–1997).{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==== Telugu====
]'s '']'' (1957) is a landmark film in Indian cinema, a classic of ] that inspired generations of filmmakers. It blends myth, fantasy, romance and humour in a timeless story, captivating audiences with its fantastical elements. The film excelled in various departments like cast performances, production design, music, cinematography and is particularly revered for its use of technology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2015 |title=Mayabazar (1957) |website=] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mayabazar-1957/article7159111.ece |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502053722/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mayabazar-1957/article7159111.ece |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2013 |title="1" The Hindu |website=] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/1/article4395126.ece}}</ref> The use of special effects, innovative for the 1950s, like the first illusion of moonlight, showcased technical brilliance.. Powerful performances and relatable themes ensure Mayabazar stays relevant, a classic enjoyed by new generations. On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013, ] included ''Mayabazar'' in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-60.html |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312062626/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-60.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In a poll conducted by CNN-IBN among those 100 films, ''Mayabazar'' was voted by the public as the "Greatest Indian film of all time."<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2013 |title=Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar-is-indias-greatest-film-ever-ibnlive-poll-608772.html |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106080737/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar-is-indias-greatest-film-ever-ibnlive-poll-608772.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

], one of the prominent auteurs of Indian cinema, he received international recognition for his works, and is known for blending ] with mainstream cinema. His works such as '']'' (1980) about revitalisation of Indian classical music won the "Prize of the Public" at the ] Film Festival of ] in the year 1981.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/88_29thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=K. Viswanath Film craft Page 6 DFF|access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> '']'' included ]'s performance in the film on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<ref name=":1a">{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0|title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema|magazine=]|first1=Shishir|last1=Prasad|first2=N. S.|last2=Ramnath|first3=Sohini|last3=Mitter|date=27 April 2013 |access-date = 27 January 2015}}</ref> '']'' (1986) was ] to the ].<ref name=":0" /> '']'' (1988) the dance film choreographed by ], and ] was featured at the ], fetching three ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/020517/dance-without-frontiers-k-viswanath-director-who-aims-to-revive-classical-arts.html|title=Dance without frontiers: K Viswanath – Director who aims to revive classical arts|date=2 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=30 June 2011 - Ranjana Dave |url=http://archive.asianage.com/dance/meaning-movement-323|title=The meaning in movement |publisher=The Asian Age |date=30 June 2011 |access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref>

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], ], and ] garnered international recognition for their works in new-wave cinema.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Arts / Cinema: Conscientious filmmaker |date=7 May 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948.ece |access-date=25 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509045951/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948.ece |archive-date=9 May 2011 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from NelloreOne Nellore |url=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu-pattabhirama-reddy-poet-film-maker-of-international-fame/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu-pattabhirama-reddy-poet-film-maker-of-international-fame/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=1nellore.com |publisher=One Nellore}}</ref> Narsing Rao's '']'' (1992) won the "]" of Hungary; '']'' (1988) and '']'' (1990) won the Diploma of Merit awards at the ] and ] ] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mwave.irq.hu/index.php?modul=menupontok&kod=18028&nyelv=+/index.php|title=MEDIAWAVE ARCHÍVUM (1991-2022) :: 1992 :: FILMES DÍJLISTA - www.mediawave.hu|website=mwave.irq.hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Narsing Rao's films regale Delhi |date=21 December 2008 |publisher=webindia123.com |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20081221/1134082.html |access-date=25 August 2012 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106105835/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20081221/1134082.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Plus Hyderabad / Travel : Unsung moments |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/01/stories/2005030100530300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305213636/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/01/stories/2005030100530300.htm |archive-date=5 March 2005 |website=]}}</ref> Sastry's '']'' (2000) received "New Currents Award" at the ];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=http://www.biff.kr/Template/Builder/00000001/page.asp?page_num=4892 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620083906/http://biff.kr/Template/Builder/00000001/page.asp?page_num=4892 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |website=Busan International Film Festival}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=How Kamli came alive onscreen |date=31 December 2004 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/30sastry.htm |access-date=25 August 2012 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> Rajnesh Domalpalli's '']'' (2006) won "Best First Feature Award" at the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2008 |title=Vanaja Best First Feature |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2007/03_preistraeger_2007/03_preistraeger_2007.html |access-date=22 August 2012 |website=57th Berlinale}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=The year's ten best films and other shenanigans {{pipe}} Roger Ebert's Journal |date=19 December 2012 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/the-years-ten-best-films-and-other-shenanigans |access-date=26 August 2019 |publisher=Roger Ebert}}</ref>

]'s '']'' (1989), which attained ]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=4 October 2010 |title=A saga in the making? |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-saga-in-the-making/article812802.ece |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420093100/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-saga-in-the-making/article812802.ece |archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> introduced ]s and new sound recording techniques to Indian films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=29 October 2015 |title=Raj Tarun to star in a silent film by RGV |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Raj-Tarun-to-star-in-a-silent-film-by-RGV/articleshow/49567908.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419120901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Raj-Tarun-to-star-in-a-silent-film-by-RGV/articleshow/49567908.cms |archive-date=19 April 2016 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Siva'' attracted the young audience during its theatrical run, and its success encouraged filmmakers to explore a variety of themes and make experimental films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2014 |title=Nagarjuna's Shiva completes 25 years |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas-Shiva-completes-25-years/articleshow/44401475.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419025043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas-Shiva-completes-25-years/articleshow/44401475.cms |archive-date=19 April 2016 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Varma introduced ] and ] to Indian screen with '']'' (1991).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20120528-edouard-waintrop-on-the-new-indian-cinema-758464-2012-05-18 |title=Cannes critic on RGV's film craft at fribourg festival|date=18 May 2012 |publisher=Indiatoday.in |access-date=21 January 2023}}</ref> Varma experimented with close-to-life performances by the lead actors, which bought a rather fictional storyline a sense of authenticity at a time when the industry was being filled with commercial fillers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopalrao|first=Griddaluru|date=18 October 1991|title=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: క్షణ క్షణం|language=te|page=7|work=]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18-oct-1991.pdf|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913133558/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18-oct-1991.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

] introduced ] to the Indian screen with '']'' (1991). The film dealt with exploratory dystopian and apocalyptic themes, taking the audience through a post-apocalyptic experience via time travel and folklore from 1526 CE, including a romantic subplot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=12 October 2018 |title=The story behind the song ' Nerajaanavule' from the movie Aditya 369 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-story-behind-the-song-nerajaanavule-from-the-movie-aditya-369/article25201254.ece |access-date=28 August 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Singeetam Srinivasa Rao was inspired by the classic sci-fi novel '']''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Interview: "The Golden Rule Of Cinema Is That There Is No Golden Rule" |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103175919/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=7 September 2010 |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/20100907.htm |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudeep's excited about film with Ram Gopal Varma |work=] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeeps-excited-about-film-with-Ram-Gopal-Varma/articleshow/18046826.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news-interviews/36373029_1_sudeep-ram-gopal-varma-rgv |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>

]'s works such as the social ] '']'' (1987), ] '']'' (1986), the ] '']'' (1990),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondaveeti Donga (1990) |url=http://www.REPLACE |publisher=IMDb}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024}}</ref> the ] '']'' (1990), and the ], '']'' (1991), popularised genre films with the highest estimated cinema footfalls.<ref name="gang_leader">{{Cite news |last=Gopalan |first=Krishna |date=30 August 2008 |title=Southern movie stars & politics: A long love affair |work=] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3424194.cms |access-date=19 September 2010}}</ref> ]'s '']'' (2000), which explored the conflict between American dreams and human feelings, re-introduced ] to Telugu film which had stagnated in formulaic commercialism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangadhar |first=V |date=17 July 2000 |title=rediff.com, Movies: The Dollar Dreams review |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/17dream.htm |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> War drama '']'' (2015, ]) explored the 1944 Nazi attack on the Indian army in the ] of the Second World War.<ref name="Hans India MR">{{Cite web |last=Kalyanam |first=Rajeswari |date=24 October 2015 |title=Breaking new grounds |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-24/Breaking-new-grounds--182145 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025164933/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-24/Breaking-new-grounds--182145 |archive-date=25 October 2015 |access-date=5 February 2016 |website=The Hans India}}</ref>

] has been described as "the biggest Indian film director ever" and "India's most significant director today".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |date=30 April 2022 |title=Indian director Rajamouli scores a global hit with new film RRR |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/30/indian-director-ss-rajamouli-rrr-film-teluga-cinema}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |date=1 April 2022 |title=Director's Roar |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/directors-roar/}}</ref>]]

] film is a term related to Indian cinema that originated with ] as a mainstream commercial film appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=The secret of the pan-Indian success of films from the south: Balancing the local and universal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-secret-of-the-pan-indian-success-of-films-from-the-south-8068662/}}</ref> ] pioneered the pan-Indian films movement with duology of epic action films '']'' (2015) and '']'' (2017), that changed the face of Indian cinema. ''Baahubali: The Beginning'' became the first Indian film to be nominated for American ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2016 |title='Baahubali' nominated for Saturn Awards in five categories |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/baahubali-nominated-for-saturn-awards-in-five-categories/}}</ref> It received national and international acclaim for Rajamouli's direction, story, visual effects, cinematography, themes, action sequences, music, and performances, and became a record-breaking box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title="Baahubali-the-beginning" |website=] |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/baahubali-the-beginning/}}</ref> The sequel ''Baahubali 2'' (2017) went on to win the American "]" & emerged as the ] of all time.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=27 June 2018 |title='Black Panther' Leads Saturn Awards; 'Better Call Saul,' 'Twin Peaks' Top TV Trophies |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/saturn-awards-2018-black-panther-better-call-saul-twin-peaks-1202860077/ |access-date=9 January 2019 |magazine=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhir |first=TS |date=May 2017 |title=Is Baahubali 2 a Hindu film? Dissecting religion, folklore, mythology in Rajamouli's epic saga |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/is-baahubali-2-a-hindu-film-bahubali-2-religion-rajamouli-3416228.html |access-date=26 October 2022 |work=FirstPost}}</ref>

S.S Rajamouli followed up with the alternate historical film '']'' (2022) that received universal critical acclaim for its direction, screenwriting, cast performances, cinematography, soundtrack, action sequences and ], which further consolidated the Pan-Indian film market. The film was considered one of the ten best films of the year by the ], making it only the seventh non-English language film ever to make it to the list.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2022 |title='RRR' Oscar campaign gets a boost: Rajamouli's film named among National Board of Review's 10 best films |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/rrr-oscar-campaign-gets-a-boost-rajamoulis-film-named-among-national-board-of-reviews-10-best-films/articleshow/96109907.cms}}</ref> It also became the first Indian film by an Indian production to win an ].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=13 March 2023 |title=Oscars 2023: RRR's Naatu Naatu wins best original song |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64935389}}</ref> The film went on to receive several other nominations at the ], ] including ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=12 December 2022 |title='RRR' Roars With Golden Globe Noms for Original Song and Non-English Language Film |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/rrr-golden-globes-nominated-1235456635/}}</ref> Films like '']'', '']'' and '']'' have further contributed to the pan-Indian film wave.

Actors like ], ], ] and ] enjoy a nationwide popularity among the audiences after the release of their respective Pan-Indian films. ], journalists and analysts, such as ] and Vishal Menon, have labelled Prabhas as the "first legit Pan-Indian Superstar".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2020 |title="Is Prabhas India's First Legit PAN Indian Star?'". |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu-movies-is-prabhas-indias-first-legit-pan-indian-star-baradwaj-rangan}}</ref>

] has been remaking ] films since the late 1940s, some of which went on to become landmark films. Between 2000 and 2019, one in every three successful films made in Hindi was either a remake or part of a series. And most of the star actors, have starred in the hit remakes of Telugu films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2023 |title=Bollywood's Telugu takeover: 'Shehzada' to 'Jersey', remakes of hit South films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bollywoods-telugu-takeover-shehzada-to-jersey-remakes-of-hit-south-films/photostory/98038983.cms?picid=98039072 |access-date=8 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Tamil ====
<!--This section shouldn't have anything prior to 1970-->
Tamil cinema established Madras (now ]) as a secondary film production centre in India, used by ], other South Indian film industries, and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act, 1939 |url=http://www.tnvat.gov.in/English/TN_ENTERTAINMENT%20TAX_ACT_1939.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015202926/http://tnvat.gov.in/English/TN_ENTERTAINMENT%20TAX_ACT_1939.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2011 |access-date=26 September 2011 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Over the last quarter of the 20th century, Tamil films from India established a global presence through distribution to an increasing number of overseas theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |title=A gold mine around the globe |language=en |work=] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-business-in-overseas-market/article8483410.ece |access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eros buys Tamil film distributor |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=290977 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903230315/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=290977 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |access-date=6 October 2011 |website=]}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-12/news/29649940_1_big-cinemas-anil-arjun-screens|title=With high demand for Indian movies, Big Cinemas goes global|access-date=26 September 2011|work=The Times of India|date=12 June 2011}}</ref> The industry also inspired independent filmmaking in Sri Lanka and ] populations in Malaysia, Singapore, and the ].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Symposium: Sri Lanka's Cultural Experience |work=] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1604/16040780.htm |access-date=26 September 2011}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2339090.ece|title=Celebration of shared heritage at Canadian film festival|work=]|access-date=26 September 2011|location=Chennai, India|date=9 August 2011}}</ref>

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'']'' (1991, ]) and '']'' (2007) each won the ].<ref name="Baskaran2013">{{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=Sundararaj Theodore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jBcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT164 |title=The Eye Of The Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema |publisher=Westland |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-83260-74-4 |pages=164–}}</ref> Tamil films receive significant patronage in neighbouring Indian states ], ], ], ], Gujarat and New Delhi. In Kerala and Karnataka the films are directly released in Tamil but in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana they are generally dubbed into Telugu.<ref name="sify1">{{Cite web |last=Movie Buzz |date=14 July 2011 |title=Tamil films dominate Andhra market |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-films-dominate-andhra-market-news-tamil-lhnlKUabgib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065723/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-films-dominate-andhra-market-news-tamil-lhnlKUabgib.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=27 April 2013 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 December 2006 |title=A few hits and many flops |work=] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103213349/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100.htm |archive-date=3 January 2007}}</ref>

Tamil films have had international success for decades. Since '']'' (1948), '']'' (1995) was the second Tamil film to be dubbed into Japanese (as ''Mutu: Odoru Maharaja''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutu: Odoru Maharaja |url=http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71_011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073202/http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71_011.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=12 May 2011}}</ref>) and grossed a record $1.6&nbsp;million in 1998.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gautaman Bhaskaran |date=6 January 2002 |title=Rajnikanth casts spell on Japanese viewers |work=] |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/06/stories/2002010601320900.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520060231/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/06/stories/2002010601320900.htm |archive-date=20 May 2007 }}</ref> In 2010, '']'' grossed a record $4&nbsp;million in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2018 |title=Agni Natchathiram & Kaakha Kaakha {{!}} 12 Unknown facts in Kollywood history! |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/15-unknown-facts-in-kollywood-history/angi-natachathiram-kaakha-kaakha.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Tamil-language films appeared at multiple film festivals. '']'' (Ratnam), '']'' (]) and '']'' (]), '']'' (]) premiered at the ]. Tamil films were submitted by India for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film on eight occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Oscar failures (25 Images) |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/GalleryDetails.aspx?ID=3290&category=Movies&picno=1&Section=Bollywood |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922140550/http://movies.ndtv.com/GalleryDetails.aspx?ID=3290&category=Movies&picno=1&Section=Bollywood |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=12 May 2011 |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com}}</ref> Chennai-based music composer ] achieved global recognition with two ] and is nicknamed as "Isai Puyal" (musical storm) and "Mozart of Madras". '']'' (1987, ]) was included in ] list.<ref>, ], '']'', 2005</ref>

====Malayalam====
]]]

Malayalam cinema experienced its Golden Age during this time with works of filmmakers such as ], ], ] and ].<ref name="malayalamcinema1">{{Cite web |title=Cinema History Malayalam Cinema |url=http://malayalamcinema.com/Content-4/CinemaHistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223132036/http://malayalamcinema.com/Content-4/CinemaHistory.html |archive-date=23 December 2008 |access-date=30 December 2008 |publisher=Malayalamcinema.com}}</ref> Gopalakrishnan is often considered to be Ray's spiritual heir.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=31 July 1997 |title=The Movie Interview: Adoor Gopalakrishnan |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/jul/31adoor.htm |access-date=21 May 2009 |publisher=]}}</ref> He directed some of his most acclaimed films during this period, including '']'' (1981) which won the ] at the ].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} In 1984 '']'', directed by Jijo Punnoose under ], was released and it was the first Indian film to be filmed in ] format. Karun's debut film '']'' (1989) won the ] at ], while his second film '']'' (1994) was in competition for the ]. '']'' was screened at the ] section of the Cannes Film Festival.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} ]'s '']'' (1999), inspired by the first execution by ] in India, the film was screened in the ] section at the ] where it won the ].<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/5370/year/1999.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Throne of Death |access-date=10 October 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref><ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/08mur.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: An interview with Murali Nair |publisher=M.rediff.com |date=8 July 1999 |access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> The film received special reception at the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b82b6db57 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826075649/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b82b6db57 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2019 |title=Marana Simhasanam (1999) |newspaper=BFI |access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=site admin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19990607-london-based-indian-filmmaker-murali-nair-wins-coveted-best-first-film-award-at-cannes-781050-1999-06-07 |title=Golden windfall - Society & The Arts News - Issue Date: Jun 7, 1999 |publisher=Indiatoday.in |date=7 June 1999 |access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref>

]'s '']'' (1993), scripted by ], is inspired by a tragedy that happened in an ] '']'' of ] meda' (an old traditional house) located at Muttom, Alappuzha district, with a central ] ] family, in the 19th century.<ref name="Mani01">{{Cite book |last1=Osella |first1=Filippo |url={{GBurl|rMRw0gTZSJwC|p=264}} |title=Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict |last2=Osella |first2=Caroline |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-7453-1693-X |page=264}}</ref> It was remade in four languages&nbsp;– in ] as '']'', in ] as '']'' , in ] as '']'' and in ] as '']''&nbsp;– all being commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shobana reminisces on impact of Manichitrathazhu on film's "27 birthday" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shobana-reminisces-on-impact-of-manichitrathazhu-on-films-27-birthday/articleshow/79880037.cms|access-date=8 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Mathews |first1=Anna }}</ref> ]'s '']'' (2013) was remade into four other Indian languages: '']'' (2014) in ], '']'' (2014) in ], '']'' (2015) in ] and '']'' (2015) in ]. Internationally, it was remade in ] language as '']'' (2017) and in ] as '']'' (2019), and also in ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2020 |title=Wu Sha: The Chinese remake of Mohanlal starrer Drishyam is minting moolah |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-drishyam-chinese-remake-box-office-6228054/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1438519432154730500|user=antonypbvr|title=ഇൻഡോനേഷ്യൻ ഭാഷയിലേക്ക് റീമേക്ക് ചെയ്യുന്ന ആദ്യ മലയാള ചിത്രമായി 'ദൃശ്യം' മാറിയ വിവരം സന്തോഷപൂർവം അറിയിക്കുന്നു. ജ...|date=16 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |title=Mohanlal's 'Drishyam' to be remade in Indonesian |work=] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/big-update-mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-drishyam-to-get-an-indonesian-remake/articleshow/86284816.cms}}</ref>

====Kannada====
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Ethnographic works took prominence such as ]'s '']'' (1975), (based on ''Chomana Dudi'' by ]), ]'s '']'' (1973), (based on ''Kaadu'' by ]), ]'s '']'' (1970) (based on ''Samskara'' by ]), fetching the Bronze Leopard at ],<ref name="1nellore.com">{{Cite web |title=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from Nellore |url=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu-pattabhirama-reddy-poet-film-maker-of-international-fame/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu-pattabhirama-reddy-poet-film-maker-of-international-fame/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> and ]'s ] (based on the works of poet ]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=TS Nagabharana movies list |url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/ts-nagabharana-movies.htm |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=bharatmovies.com}}</ref> ]'s '']'' (1977), won the Ducats Award at the Manneham Film Festival Germany,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Asiatic Film Mediale |url=http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116041627/http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html |archive-date=16 November 2008 |publisher=asiaticafilmmediale.it }}</ref> '']'' (2002), made to Best Film at ],<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=25 April 2011 |title=Girish Kasaravalli to be felicitated |work=] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/girish-kasaravalli-to-be-felicitated/article1765035.ece |access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="awa">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2002 |title=A genius of theatre |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1920/stories/20021011005912100.htm |access-date=14 March 2009 |website=The Frontline |archive-date=6 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206090143/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1920/stories/20021011005912100.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

]'s '']'' (2018, 2022) is a ] ] series based on the ].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The story of KGF is fresh and special for Indian cinema: Yash |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/05/no-technology-can-replace-the-theatrical-experience-1907707.html |access-date=12 September 2022 |newspaper=The New Indian Express | first=Shilajit | last=Mitra | date=5 December 2018 }}</ref> Set in the late 1970s and early 1980s the series follows Raja Krishnappa Bairya aka Rocky (]), a Mumbai-based high ranking ] born in poverty, to his rise to power in the Kolar Gold Fields and the subsequent uprising as one of the biggest gangster and businessman at that time.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/yash-prashanth-neel-kgf-chapter-2-total-world-wide-box-office-closing-collections-ta-1327904.html | title=KGF Chapter 2 Closing Collections : యశ్ కేజీఎఫ్ ఛాప్టర్ 2 క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఎన్ని వందల కోట్ల లాభం అంటే | date=9 June 2022 }}</ref><ref name="newsable.asianetnews.com">{{cite web |title=Yash's KGF: Chapter 2 makes multiple records in Canada |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/yash-kgf-chapter-2-makes-multiple-records-in-canada-drb-rcfwqh |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref> The film gathered cult following becoming the ].<ref name="kgf12">{{citation|title=Yash's film KGF: Chapter 1 made more than Rs 250 crore at the box office worldwide and became a magnum-opus. Now, the makers are busy with pre-production work of KGF: Chapter 2.|date=9 February 2019|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-reveals-he-has-approached-sanjay-dutt-for-kgf-chapter-2-1452187-2019-02-09|work=indiatoday}}</ref> ]'s '']'' (2022), received acclaim for showcasing the ], a native ] performance prevalent among the ] of coastal Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kantara Twitter review: Celebs and netizens hail Rishab Shetty's film as a masterpiece |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara-twitter-review-celebs-and-netizens-hail-rishab-shettys-film-as-a-masterpiece/a62eac765e36.html |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=Ottplay |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Marathi====
] also known as Marathi film industry, is a film industry based in ], ]. It is the oldest film industry of India. The first Marathi movie, ''Raja Harishchandra'' of Dadasaheb Phalke was made in 1912, released in 1913 in ], it was a silent film with ]-English ]s made with full Marathi actors and crew, after the film emerged successful, Phalke made many movies on Hindu mythology.

In 1932, the first ], ] was released, just five years after 1st Hollywood sound film '']'' (1927). The first Marathi film in colour, '']'' (1972), was made by ]. In 1960s{{En dash}}70s movies was based on rural, social subjects with drama and humour genre, ] was prominent villain that time. In 1980s, M. Kothare and ] made many hit movies on thriller, and comedy genre respectively. ] and ] starred in many of these and emerged as top actors. Mid-2000s onwards, the industry frequently made hit movies.<ref name="IT-2017" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Goldsmith" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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