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{{short description|IC 5063 is a galaxy in the constellation Indus.}} {{short description|Galaxy in the constellation Indus}}
{{Infobox galaxy {{Infobox galaxy
| name = IC 5063 | name = IC 5063
| image = File:The Crepuscular Rays of IC 5063 - Flickr - geckzilla.png | image = File:The Crepuscular Rays of IC 5063 - Flickr - geckzilla.png
| caption = IC 5063 with Hubble ] and legacy surveys. The image shows the dust lanes and crepuscular rays. Image was created by Judy Schmidt. | caption = IC 5063 with Hubble ] and ]. The image shows the dust lanes and crepuscular rays. Image was created by Judy Schmidt.
| epoch = J2000 | epoch = J2000
| constellation name = ] | constellation name = ]
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| gal_v = {{val|3342|6|u=km/s|fmt=commas}}<ref name="NEDsearch"/> | gal_v = {{val|3342|6|u=km/s|fmt=commas}}<ref name="NEDsearch"/>
| dist_ly = {{cvt|49.30|±|3.45|Mpc|Mly|order=flip|lk=on}}<ref name="NEDsearch"/> | dist_ly = {{cvt|49.30|±|3.45|Mpc|Mly|order=flip|lk=on}}<ref name="NEDsearch"/>
| type = ]<ref name="NEDsearch"/> | type = ] or Sa<ref name="NEDsearch"/>
| size = 46.24 kpc<ref name="NEDsearch"/> | size = 46.24 kpc<ref name="NEDsearch"/>
| appmag_v = 13.60<ref name="Véron-Cetty2010"/> | appmag_v = 13.60<ref name="Véron-Cetty2010"/>
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| names = {{odlist | PGC=65600 |IC=5063 }} | names = {{odlist | PGC=65600 |IC=5063 }}
}} }}
'''IC 5063''' is a ]<ref name="Colina1991"/> and is a ].<ref name="Morganti1998"/> This AGN produces on the one hand interactions with the ] (ISM) and large radio outflows. On the other hand the ] around the ], produces ].<ref name="HubblePress"/><ref name="Maksym2020"/> It is the first discovered case of a black hole disk producing such rays,<ref name="Maksym2020" /> but disks around ] are already known to produce similar shadows.<ref name="Pontoppidan2005"/> '''IC 5063''' is a ]<ref name="Colina1991"/> and is a ].<ref name="Morganti1998"/> This ] (AGN) produces on the one hand interactions with the ] (ISM) and large radio outflows. On the other hand, the ] around the ], produces ].<ref name="HubblePress"/><ref name="Maksym2020"/> It is the first discovered case of a black hole disk producing such rays,<ref name="Maksym2020" /> but ] around some ] are already known to produce similar shadows.<ref name="Pontoppidan2005"/> The crepuscular rays were first noted in an image by Judy Schmidt, who posted her image of IC 5063 on the social media platform ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plait |first=Phil |date=2020-11-22 |title=The tweet that led to a science paper about galactic crepuscular rays |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/the-tweet-that-led-to-a-science-paper-about-galactic-crepuscular-rays |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=SYFY Official Site |language=en-US}}</ref>

A smaller galaxy, called ], is located to the south of IC 5063. These two galaxies have a similar ] and form a pair of galaxies.<ref name="Tully2015"/>


== AGN == == AGN ==
IC 5063 was studied with ] and ] instruments in 1991. This showed that the system is a post-merger system and has an ] (EELR) in the ]. EELRs usually show strong emission due to ] . In this work for the first time the X-shape of the emission was noted.<ref name="Colina1991" /> The first radio observation of the galaxy was published in 1998. This included radio continuum and ] mapping with the ]. The radio emission is aligned with the emission by .<ref name="Morganti1998" /> The oxygen emission of was also imaged in higher resolution with Hubble WFPC2 and published in 2003.<ref name="Schmitt2003"/> In 2021 ] observations were published, including IC 5063. This showed that the extends up to around 10 kpc on each side.<ref name="Venturi2021"/> Modelling has shown that the jet is expanding in a gaseous disk in the nucleus, destroying and displacing clouds in the central region.<ref name="Mukherjee2018"/> IC 5063 was studied with ] and ] instruments in 1991. This showed that the system is a post-merger system and has an ] (EELR) in the ]. EELRs usually show strong emission due to ] . In this work for the first time the X-shape of the emission was noted.<ref name="Colina1991" /> The first radio observation of the galaxy was published in 1998. This included radio continuum and ] mapping with the ]. The radio emission is aligned with the emission by .<ref name="Morganti1998" /> The oxygen emission of was also imaged in higher resolution with Hubble WFPC2 and published in 2003.<ref name="Schmitt2003"/> In 2021 ] observations were published, including IC 5063. This showed that the extends up to around 10 kpc on each side.<ref name="Venturi2021"/> Modelling has shown that the jet is expanding in a gaseous disk in the nucleus, destroying and displacing clouds in the central region.<ref name="Mukherjee2018"/>


Various other ] and ] emission lines associated with the outflow were detected with various telescopes.<ref name="Morganti2013"/><ref name="Tadhunter2014"/><ref name="Morganti2015"/><ref name="Oosterloo2017"/><ref name="Dasyra2015"/><ref name="Dasyra2024"/> A molecular outflow was first detected in ] (CO) in 2013 with the ]. The researchers suggested that the jet is accelerating molecules.<ref name="Morganti2013" /> In 2014 this was confirmed, by showing that the jet is accelerating ] gas molecules (H<sub>2</sub>) in a gaseous disk. This was based on spectroscopic observations with ]/ISAAC. The researchers measured a speed of 600 km/s relative to the disk.<ref name="Tadhunter2014" /> More detailed observations with ] showed a fast outflow of cold gas imaged in ] (CO). The entire jet has a size of 1 ] and CO showed a speed of 650 ] at 0.5 kpc.<ref name="Morganti2015" /> A later study, also using ALMA, found speeds of 800 km/s and a molecular outflow mass of more than 1.2 × 10<sup>6</sup> {{Solar mass|link=true}}.<ref name="Oosterloo2017" /> Near-infrared observations with VLT/SINFONI showed signatures of molecular and atomic gas ( that are distorted by the radio jet.<ref name="Dasyra2015" /> The galaxy was observed with JWST ]. This observation has shown that the gas sometimes exceeds the local ]. ] in H<sub>2</sub> show that the entire jet is more extended than seen in radio.<ref name="Dasyra2024" /> A giant loop of low ionized ] and ] was observed perpendicular to the radio jet.<ref name="Maksym2021"/> Various other ] and ]ic emission lines associated with the outflow were detected with various telescopes.<ref name="Morganti2013"/><ref name="Tadhunter2014"/><ref name="Morganti2015"/><ref name="Oosterloo2017"/><ref name="Dasyra2015"/><ref name="Dasyra2024"/> A molecular outflow was first detected in ] (CO) in 2013 with the ]. The researchers suggested that the jet is accelerating molecules.<ref name="Morganti2013" /> In 2014 this was confirmed, by showing that the jet is accelerating ] gas molecules (H<sub>2</sub>) in a gaseous disk. This was based on spectroscopic observations with ]/ISAAC. The researchers measured a speed of 600&nbsp;km/s relative to the disk.<ref name="Tadhunter2014" /> More detailed observations with ] showed a fast outflow of cold gas imaged in ] (CO). The entire jet has a size of 1 ] and CO showed a speed of 650 ] at 0.5 kpc.<ref name="Morganti2015" /> A later study, also using ALMA, found speeds of 800&nbsp;km/s and a molecular outflow mass of more than 1.2 × 10<sup>6</sup> {{Solar mass|link=true}}.<ref name="Oosterloo2017" /> Near-infrared observations with VLT/SINFONI showed signatures of molecular and atomic gas that are distorted by the radio jet.<ref name="Dasyra2015" /> The galaxy was observed with JWST ]. This observation has shown that the gas sometimes exceeds the local ]. ]s in H<sub>2</sub> show that the entire jet is more extended than seen in radio.<ref name="Dasyra2024" /> A giant loop of low ionized ] and ] was observed perpendicular to the radio jet.<ref name="Maksym2021"/>


The crepuscular rays extending more than 11 kpc were discovered in 2020 with ] observations. These are located perpendicular to the emission line region and the radio jets. Bright rays in the middle of the dark regions might indicate gaps in the obscuring material. From the shape of the dark rays it was estimated that the AGN torus has a wide opening angle of ≥137°.<ref name="Maksym2020" /> The rays could also be explained by LINER-like outflows and bubbles that expand in a lateral direction, as is seen in one bubble in IC 5063.<ref name="Maksym2021" /> The crepuscular rays, extending more than 11 kpc, were discovered in 2020 with ] observations. These are located perpendicular to the emission line region and the radio jets. Bright rays in the middle of the dark regions might indicate gaps in the obscuring material. From the shape of the dark rays it was estimated that the AGN torus has a wide opening angle of ≥137°.<ref name="Maksym2020" /> The rays could also be explained by ]-like outflows and bubbles that expand in a lateral direction, as is seen in one bubble in IC 5063.<ref name="Maksym2021" />


== Gallery == == Gallery ==
<gallery> <gallery>
File:IC 5063 MUSE.jpg|MUSE image of the X-shaped EELR and other emission features near the nucleus. Oxygen is blue, ] is orange, sulfur is green File:IC 5063 MUSE.jpg|MUSE image of the X-shaped EELR and other emission features near the nucleus. Oxygen is blue, ] is orange, sulfur is green
File:IC 5063 WFC3 center.jpg|Hubble image of the EELR, with blue being H-alpha and nitrogen and green being sulfur. A faint giant loop is seen extending to the lower right, first discovered in 2021.<ref name="Maksym2021"/>
File:Dark Rays in IC 5063 (2020-58-4778).png|Hubble image showing both crepuscular rays and emission from the EELR in blue File:Dark Rays in IC 5063 (2020-58-4778).png|Hubble image showing both crepuscular rays and emission from the EELR in blue
File:Scenario for Mysterious Light Beams from Active Galaxy (2020-58-4781).png|Artist's illustration depicting the explanation both the dark shadows and bright rays produced by a disk around the black hole File:Scenario for Mysterious Light Beams from Active Galaxy (2020-58-4781).png|Artist's illustration depicting the explanation both the dark shadows and bright rays produced by a disk around the black hole
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<ref name="HubblePress">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Hubble Catches 'Shadow Play' of the Disk Around a Black Hole |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2020/news-2020-58 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="HubblePress">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Hubble Catches 'Shadow Play' of the Disk Around a Black Hole |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2020/news-2020-58 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref>


<ref name="Maksym2020">{{Cite journal |last=Maksym |first=W. Peter |last2=Schmidt |first2=Judy |last3=Keel |first3=William C. |last4=Fabbiano |first4=Giuseppina |last5=Fischer |first5=Travis C. |last6=Bland-Hawthorn |first6=Joss |last7=Barth |first7=Aaron J. |last8=Elvis |first8=Martin |last9=Oosterloo |first9=Tom |last10=Ho |first10=Luis C. |last11=Kim |first11=Minjin |last12=Hwang |first12=Hyunmo |last13=Mayer |first13=Evan |date=2020-10 |title=Crepuscular Rays from the Highly Inclined Active Galactic Nucleus in IC 5063 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ApJ...902L..18M/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=902 |issue=1 |pages=L18 |arxiv=2009.10153 |bibcode=2020ApJ...902L..18M |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/abb9b6 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> <ref name="Maksym2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Maksym |first1=W. Peter |last2=Schmidt |first2=Judy |last3=Keel |first3=William C. |last4=Fabbiano |first4=Giuseppina |last5=Fischer |first5=Travis C. |last6=Bland-Hawthorn |first6=Joss |last7=Barth |first7=Aaron J. |last8=Elvis |first8=Martin |last9=Oosterloo |first9=Tom |last10=Ho |first10=Luis C. |last11=Kim |first11=Minjin |last12=Hwang |first12=Hyunmo |last13=Mayer |first13=Evan |date=October 2020 |title=Crepuscular Rays from the Highly Inclined Active Galactic Nucleus in IC 5063 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=902 |issue=1 |pages=L18 |arxiv=2009.10153 |bibcode=2020ApJ...902L..18M |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/abb9b6 |doi-access=free |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>


<ref name="Pontoppidan2005">{{Cite journal |last=Pontoppidan |first=K. M. |last2=Dullemond |first2=C. P. |date=2005-05 |title=Projection of circumstellar disks on their environments |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...435..595P/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=435 |issue=2 |pages=595–610 |arxiv=astro-ph/0502103 |bibcode=2005A&A...435..595P |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20042059 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> <ref name="Pontoppidan2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Pontoppidan |first1=K. M. |last2=Dullemond |first2=C. P. |date=May 2005 |title=Projection of circumstellar disks on their environments |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...435..595P/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=435 |issue=2 |pages=595–610 |arxiv=astro-ph/0502103 |bibcode=2005A&A...435..595P |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20042059 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>


<ref name="Colina1991">{{Cite journal |last=Colina |first=L. |last2=Sparks |first2=W. B. |last3=Macchetto |first3=F. |date=1991-03 |title=IC 5063: A Merger Remnant with a Hidden Luminous Active Nucleus |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...370..102C/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=370 |pages=102 |bibcode=1991ApJ...370..102C |doi=10.1086/169795 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> <ref name="Colina1991">{{Cite journal |last1=Colina |first1=L. |last2=Sparks |first2=W. B. |last3=Macchetto |first3=F. |date=March 1991 |title=IC 5063: A Merger Remnant with a Hidden Luminous Active Nucleus |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...370..102C/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=370 |pages=102 |bibcode=1991ApJ...370..102C |doi=10.1086/169795 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>


<ref name="Morganti1998">{{Cite journal |last=Morganti |first=R. |last2=Oosterloo |first2=T. |last3=Tsvetanov |first3=Z. |date=1998-03 |title=A Radio Study of the Seyfert Galaxy IC 5063: Evidence for Fast Gas Outflow |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....115..915M/abstract |journal=The Astronomical Journal |language=en |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=915–927 |arxiv=astro-ph/9711285 |bibcode=1998AJ....115..915M |doi=10.1086/300236 |issn=0004-6256}}</ref> <ref name="Morganti1998">{{Cite journal |last1=Morganti |first1=R. |last2=Oosterloo |first2=T. |last3=Tsvetanov |first3=Z. |date=March 1998 |title=A Radio Study of the Seyfert Galaxy IC 5063: Evidence for Fast Gas Outflow |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....115..915M/abstract |journal=The Astronomical Journal |language=en |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=915–927 |arxiv=astro-ph/9711285 |bibcode=1998AJ....115..915M |doi=10.1086/300236 |issn=0004-6256}}</ref>


<ref name="Schmitt2003">{{Cite journal |last=Schmitt |first=H. R. |last2=Donley |first2=J. L. |last3=Antonucci |first3=R. R. J. |last4=Hutchings |first4=J. B. |last5=Kinney |first5=A. L. |date=2003-10 |title=A Hubble Space Telescope Survey of Extended λ5007 Emission in a Far-Infrared Selected Sample of Seyfert Galaxies: Observations |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJS..148..327S/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |language=en |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=327–352 |arxiv=astro-ph/0307254 |bibcode=2003ApJS..148..327S |doi=10.1086/377440 |issn=0067-0049}}</ref> <ref name="Schmitt2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Schmitt |first1=H. R. |last2=Donley |first2=J. L. |last3=Antonucci |first3=R. R. J. |last4=Hutchings |first4=J. B. |last5=Kinney |first5=A. L. |date=October 2003 |title=A Hubble Space Telescope Survey of Extended λ5007 Emission in a Far-Infrared Selected Sample of Seyfert Galaxies: Observations |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJS..148..327S/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |language=en |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=327–352 |arxiv=astro-ph/0307254 |bibcode=2003ApJS..148..327S |doi=10.1086/377440 |issn=0067-0049}}</ref>


<ref name="Venturi2021">{{Cite journal |last=Venturi |first=G. |last2=Cresci |first2=G. |last3=Marconi |first3=A. |last4=Mingozzi |first4=M. |last5=Nardini |first5=E. |last6=Carniani |first6=S. |last7=Mannucci |first7=F. |last8=Marasco |first8=A. |last9=Maiolino |first9=R. |last10=Perna |first10=M. |last11=Treister |first11=E. |last12=Bland-Hawthorn |first12=J. |last13=Gallimore |first13=J. |date=2021-04 |title=MAGNUM survey: Compact jets causing large turmoil in galaxies. Enhanced line widths perpendicular to radio jets as tracers of jet-ISM interaction |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021A&A...648A..17V/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=648 |pages=A17 |arxiv=2011.04677 |bibcode=2021A&A...648A..17V |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202039869 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> <ref name="Venturi2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Venturi |first1=G. |last2=Cresci |first2=G. |last3=Marconi |first3=A. |last4=Mingozzi |first4=M. |last5=Nardini |first5=E. |last6=Carniani |first6=S. |last7=Mannucci |first7=F. |last8=Marasco |first8=A. |last9=Maiolino |first9=R. |last10=Perna |first10=M. |last11=Treister |first11=E. |last12=Bland-Hawthorn |first12=J. |last13=Gallimore |first13=J. |date=April 2021 |title=MAGNUM survey: Compact jets causing large turmoil in galaxies. Enhanced line widths perpendicular to radio jets as tracers of jet-ISM interaction |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021A&A...648A..17V/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=648 |pages=A17 |arxiv=2011.04677 |bibcode=2021A&A...648A..17V |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202039869 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>


<ref name="Mukherjee2018">{{Cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Dipanjan |last2=Wagner |first2=Alexander Y. |last3=Bicknell |first3=Geoffrey V. |last4=Morganti |first4=Raffaella |last5=Oosterloo |first5=Tom |last6=Nesvadba |first6=Nicole |last7=Sutherland |first7=Ralph S. |date=2018-05 |title=The jet-ISM interactions in IC 5063 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.476...80M/abstract |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |volume=476 |issue=1 |pages=80–95 |arxiv=1801.06875 |bibcode=2018MNRAS.476...80M |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty067 |issn=0035-8711}}</ref> <ref name="Mukherjee2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Dipanjan |last2=Wagner |first2=Alexander Y. |last3=Bicknell |first3=Geoffrey V. |last4=Morganti |first4=Raffaella |last5=Oosterloo |first5=Tom |last6=Nesvadba |first6=Nicole |last7=Sutherland |first7=Ralph S. |date=May 2018 |title=The jet-ISM interactions in IC 5063 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |volume=476 |issue=1 |pages=80–95 |arxiv=1801.06875 |bibcode=2018MNRAS.476...80M |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty067 |doi-access=free |issn=0035-8711}}</ref>


<ref name="Morganti2013">{{Cite journal |last=Morganti |first=R. |last2=Frieswijk |first2=W. |last3=Oonk |first3=R. J. B. |last4=Oosterloo |first4=T. |last5=Tadhunter |first5=C. |date=2013-04 |title=Tracing the extreme interplay between radio jets and the ISM in IC 5063 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A&A...552L...4M/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=552 |pages=L4 |arxiv=1302.2236 |bibcode=2013A&A...552L...4M |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220734 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> <ref name="Morganti2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Morganti |first1=R. |last2=Frieswijk |first2=W. |last3=Oonk |first3=R. J. B. |last4=Oosterloo |first4=T. |last5=Tadhunter |first5=C. |date=April 2013 |title=Tracing the extreme interplay between radio jets and the ISM in IC 5063 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A&A...552L...4M/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=552 |pages=L4 |arxiv=1302.2236 |bibcode=2013A&A...552L...4M |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220734 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>


<ref name="Tadhunter2014">{{Cite journal |last=Tadhunter |first=C. |last2=Morganti |first2=R. |last3=Rose |first3=M. |last4=Oonk |first4=J. B. R. |last5=Oosterloo |first5=T. |date=2014-07 |title=Jet acceleration of the fast molecular outflows in the Seyfert galaxy IC 5063 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.511..440T/abstract |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=511 |issue=7510 |pages=440–443 |arxiv=1407.1332 |bibcode=2014Natur.511..440T |doi=10.1038/nature13520 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> <ref name="Tadhunter2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Tadhunter |first1=C. |last2=Morganti |first2=R. |last3=Rose |first3=M. |last4=Oonk |first4=J. B. R. |last5=Oosterloo |first5=T. |date=July 2014 |title=Jet acceleration of the fast molecular outflows in the Seyfert galaxy IC 5063 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.511..440T/abstract |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=511 |issue=7510 |pages=440–443 |arxiv=1407.1332 |bibcode=2014Natur.511..440T |doi=10.1038/nature13520 |pmid=25043049 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>


<ref name="Morganti2015">{{Cite journal |last=Morganti |first=Raffaella |last2=Oosterloo |first2=Tom |last3=Oonk |first3=J. B. Raymond |last4=Frieswijk |first4=Wilfred |last5=Tadhunter |first5=Clive |date=2015-08 |title=The fast molecular outflow in the Seyfert galaxy IC 5063 as seen by ALMA |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A&A...580A...1M/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=580 |pages=A1 |arxiv=1505.07190 |bibcode=2015A&A...580A...1M |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201525860 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> <ref name="Morganti2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Morganti |first1=Raffaella |last2=Oosterloo |first2=Tom |last3=Oonk |first3=J. B. Raymond |last4=Frieswijk |first4=Wilfred |last5=Tadhunter |first5=Clive |date=August 2015 |title=The fast molecular outflow in the Seyfert galaxy IC 5063 as seen by ALMA |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015A&A...580A...1M/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=580 |pages=A1 |arxiv=1505.07190 |bibcode=2015A&A...580A...1M |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201525860 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>


<ref name="Oosterloo2017">{{Cite journal |last=Oosterloo |first=Tom |last2=Raymond Oonk |first2=J. B. |last3=Morganti |first3=Raffaella |last4=Combes |first4=Françoise |last5=Dasyra |first5=Kalliopi |last6=Salomé |first6=Philippe |last7=Vlahakis |first7=Nektarios |last8=Tadhunter |first8=Clive |date=2017-12 |title=Properties of the molecular gas in the fast outflow in the Seyfert galaxy IC 5063 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A&A...608A..38O/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=608 |pages=A38 |arxiv=1710.01570 |bibcode=2017A&A...608A..38O |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201731781 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> <ref name="Oosterloo2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Oosterloo |first1=Tom |last2=Raymond Oonk |first2=J. B. |last3=Morganti |first3=Raffaella |last4=Combes |first4=Françoise |last5=Dasyra |first5=Kalliopi |last6=Salomé |first6=Philippe |last7=Vlahakis |first7=Nektarios |last8=Tadhunter |first8=Clive |date=December 2017 |title=Properties of the molecular gas in the fast outflow in the Seyfert galaxy IC 5063 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A&A...608A..38O/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=608 |pages=A38 |arxiv=1710.01570 |bibcode=2017A&A...608A..38O |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201731781 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>


<ref name="Dasyra2015">{{Cite journal |last=Dasyra |first=K. M. |last2=Bostrom |first2=A. C. |last3=Combes |first3=F. |last4=Vlahakis |first4=N. |date=2015-12 |title=A Radio Jet Drives a Molecular and Atomic Gas Outflow in Multiple Regions within One Square Kiloparsec of the Nucleus of the nearby Galaxy IC5063 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...815...34D/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=815 |issue=1 |pages=34 |arxiv=1503.05484 |bibcode=2015ApJ...815...34D |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/815/1/34 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> <ref name="Dasyra2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Dasyra |first1=K. M. |last2=Bostrom |first2=A. C. |last3=Combes |first3=F. |last4=Vlahakis |first4=N. |date=December 2015 |title=A Radio Jet Drives a Molecular and Atomic Gas Outflow in Multiple Regions within One Square Kiloparsec of the Nucleus of the nearby Galaxy IC5063 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...815...34D/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=815 |issue=1 |pages=34 |arxiv=1503.05484 |bibcode=2015ApJ...815...34D |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/815/1/34 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>


<ref name="Dasyra2024">{{Cite journal |last=Dasyra |first=Kalliopi M. |last2=Paraschos |first2=Georgios F. |last3=Combes |first3=Francoise |last4=Patapis |first4=Polychronis |last5=Helou |first5=George |last6=Papachristou |first6=Michalis |last7=Fernandez-Ontiveros |first7=Juan-Antonio |last8=Bisbas |first8=Thomas G. |last9=Spinoglio |first9=Luigi |last10=Armus |first10=Lee |last11=Malkan |first11=Matthew |date=2024-12 |title=A Case Study of Gas Impacted by Black-hole Jets with the JWST: Outflows, Bow Shocks, and High Excitation of the Gas in the Galaxy IC 5063 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ApJ...977..156D/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=977 |issue=2 |pages=156 |arxiv=2406.03218 |bibcode=2024ApJ...977..156D |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ad89ba |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> <ref name="Dasyra2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Dasyra |first1=Kalliopi M. |last2=Paraschos |first2=Georgios F. |last3=Combes |first3=Francoise |last4=Patapis |first4=Polychronis |last5=Helou |first5=George |last6=Papachristou |first6=Michalis |last7=Fernandez-Ontiveros |first7=Juan-Antonio |last8=Bisbas |first8=Thomas G. |last9=Spinoglio |first9=Luigi |last10=Armus |first10=Lee |last11=Malkan |first11=Matthew |date=December 2024 |title=A Case Study of Gas Impacted by Black-hole Jets with the JWST: Outflows, Bow Shocks, and High Excitation of the Gas in the Galaxy IC 5063 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=977 |issue=2 |pages=156 |arxiv=2406.03218 |bibcode=2024ApJ...977..156D |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ad89ba |doi-access=free |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>


<ref name="Maksym2021">{{Cite journal |last=Maksym |first=W. Peter |last2=Fabbiano |first2=Giuseppina |last3=Elvis |first3=Martin |last4=Ho |first4=Luis C. |last5=Oosterloo |first5=Tom |last6=Ma |first6=Jingzhe |last7=Travascio |first7=Andrea |last8=Fischer |first8=Travis C. |last9=Keel |first9=William C. |date=2021-08 |title=A Giant Loop of Ionized Gas Emerging from the Tumultuous Central Region of IC 5063 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...917...85M/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=917 |issue=2 |pages=85 |arxiv=2010.14542 |bibcode=2021ApJ...917...85M |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac0976 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> <ref name="Maksym2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Maksym |first1=W. Peter |last2=Fabbiano |first2=Giuseppina |last3=Elvis |first3=Martin |last4=Ho |first4=Luis C. |last5=Oosterloo |first5=Tom |last6=Ma |first6=Jingzhe |last7=Travascio |first7=Andrea |last8=Fischer |first8=Travis C. |last9=Keel |first9=William C. |date=August 2021 |title=A Giant Loop of Ionized Gas Emerging from the Tumultuous Central Region of IC 5063 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=917 |issue=2 |pages=85 |arxiv=2010.14542 |bibcode=2021ApJ...917...85M |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac0976 |doi-access=free |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>


<ref name="Koss2022">{{Cite journal |last=Koss |first=Michael J. |last2=Ricci |first2=Claudio |last3=Trakhtenbrot |first3=Benny |last4=Oh |first4=Kyuseok |last5=den Brok |first5=Jakob S. |last6=Mejía-Restrepo |first6=Julian E. |last7=Stern |first7=Daniel |last8=Privon |first8=George C. |last9=Treister |first9=Ezequiel |last10=Powell |first10=Meredith C. |last11=Mushotzky |first11=Richard |last12=Bauer |first12=Franz E. |last13=Ananna |first13=Tonima T. |last14=Baloković |first14=Mislav |last15=Bär |first15=Rudolf E. |date=2022-07 |title=BASS. XXII. The BASS DR2 AGN Catalog and Data |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJS..261....2K/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |language=en |volume=261 |issue=1 |pages=2 |arxiv=2207.12432 |bibcode=2022ApJS..261....2K |doi=10.3847/1538-4365/ac6c05 |issn=0067-0049}}</ref> <ref name="Koss2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Koss |first1=Michael J. |last2=Ricci |first2=Claudio |last3=Trakhtenbrot |first3=Benny |last4=Oh |first4=Kyuseok |last5=den Brok |first5=Jakob S. |last6=Mejía-Restrepo |first6=Julian E. |last7=Stern |first7=Daniel |last8=Privon |first8=George C. |last9=Treister |first9=Ezequiel |last10=Powell |first10=Meredith C. |last11=Mushotzky |first11=Richard |last12=Bauer |first12=Franz E. |last13=Ananna |first13=Tonima T. |last14=Baloković |first14=Mislav |last15=Bär |first15=Rudolf E. |date=July 2022 |title=BASS. XXII. The BASS DR2 AGN Catalog and Data |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |language=en |volume=261 |issue=1 |pages=2 |arxiv=2207.12432 |bibcode=2022ApJS..261....2K |doi=10.3847/1538-4365/ac6c05 |doi-access=free |issn=0067-0049}}</ref>


<ref name="NEDsearch">{{Cite web |title=IC 5063 {{!}} NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database |url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=IC+5063&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref> <ref name="NEDsearch">{{Cite web |title=IC 5063 {{!}} NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database |url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=IC+5063&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref>


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}} }}


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Latest revision as of 19:27, 26 December 2024

Galaxy in the constellation Indus
IC 5063
IC 5063 with Hubble ACS and DESI legacy imaging surveys. The image shows the dust lanes and crepuscular rays. Image was created by Judy Schmidt.
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationIndus
Right ascension20 52 02.15
Declination−57° 04′ 06.7″
Redshift0.01126748±0.0005
Heliocentric radial velocity3,402±6 km/s
Galactocentric velocity3,342±6 km/s
Distance160.8 ± 11.3 Mly (49.30 ± 3.45 Mpc)
Apparent magnitude (V)13.60
Apparent magnitude (B)12.92
magnitude (J)9.705
magnitude (H)9.024
magnitude (K)8.750
Characteristics
TypeS0 or Sa
Size46.24 kpc
Other designations
IC 5063, PGC 65600

IC 5063 is a post-merger system and is a Seyfert 2 galaxy. This active galactic nucleus (AGN) produces on the one hand interactions with the interstellar medium (ISM) and large radio outflows. On the other hand, the accretion disk around the supermassive black hole, produces crepuscular rays. It is the first discovered case of a black hole disk producing such rays, but circumstellar disks around some young stars are already known to produce similar shadows. The crepuscular rays were first noted in an image by Judy Schmidt, who posted her image of IC 5063 on the social media platform Twitter.

A smaller galaxy, called IC 5064, is located to the south of IC 5063. These two galaxies have a similar redshift and form a pair of galaxies.

AGN

IC 5063 was studied with ESO and CTIO instruments in 1991. This showed that the system is a post-merger system and has an extended-emission line region (EELR) in the galaxy nucleus. EELRs usually show strong emission due to doubly-ionized oxygen . In this work for the first time the X-shape of the emission was noted. The first radio observation of the galaxy was published in 1998. This included radio continuum and H I region mapping with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. The radio emission is aligned with the emission by . The oxygen emission of was also imaged in higher resolution with Hubble WFPC2 and published in 2003. In 2021 VLT/MUSE observations were published, including IC 5063. This showed that the extends up to around 10 kpc on each side. Modelling has shown that the jet is expanding in a gaseous disk in the nucleus, destroying and displacing clouds in the central region.

Various other molecular and atomic emission lines associated with the outflow were detected with various telescopes. A molecular outflow was first detected in carbon monoxide (CO) in 2013 with the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment. The researchers suggested that the jet is accelerating molecules. In 2014 this was confirmed, by showing that the jet is accelerating hydrogen gas molecules (H2) in a gaseous disk. This was based on spectroscopic observations with VLT/ISAAC. The researchers measured a speed of 600 km/s relative to the disk. More detailed observations with ALMA showed a fast outflow of cold gas imaged in carbon monoxide (CO). The entire jet has a size of 1 kpc and CO showed a speed of 650 km/s at 0.5 kpc. A later study, also using ALMA, found speeds of 800 km/s and a molecular outflow mass of more than 1.2 × 10 M☉. Near-infrared observations with VLT/SINFONI showed signatures of molecular and atomic gas that are distorted by the radio jet. The galaxy was observed with JWST MIRI. This observation has shown that the gas sometimes exceeds the local escape velocity. Bow shocks in H2 show that the entire jet is more extended than seen in radio. A giant loop of low ionized sulfur and nitrogen was observed perpendicular to the radio jet.

The crepuscular rays, extending more than 11 kpc, were discovered in 2020 with Hubble observations. These are located perpendicular to the emission line region and the radio jets. Bright rays in the middle of the dark regions might indicate gaps in the obscuring material. From the shape of the dark rays it was estimated that the AGN torus has a wide opening angle of ≥137°. The rays could also be explained by LINER-like outflows and bubbles that expand in a lateral direction, as is seen in one bubble in IC 5063.

Gallery

  • MUSE image of the X-shaped EELR and other emission features near the nucleus. Oxygen is blue, Hydrogen-alpha is orange, sulfur is green MUSE image of the X-shaped EELR and other emission features near the nucleus. Oxygen is blue, Hydrogen-alpha is orange, sulfur is green
  • Hubble image of the EELR, with blue being H-alpha and nitrogen and green being sulfur. A faint giant loop is seen extending to the lower right, first discovered in 2021. Hubble image of the EELR, with blue being H-alpha and nitrogen and green being sulfur. A faint giant loop is seen extending to the lower right, first discovered in 2021.
  • Hubble image showing both crepuscular rays and emission from the EELR in blue Hubble image showing both crepuscular rays and emission from the EELR in blue
  • Artist's illustration depicting the explanation both the dark shadows and bright rays produced by a disk around the black hole Artist's illustration depicting the explanation both the dark shadows and bright rays produced by a disk around the black hole

References

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  4. Lauberts, Andris; Valentijn, Edwin A. (1989). "The surface photometry catalogue of the ESO-Uppsala galaxies". Garching: European Southern Observatory. Bibcode:1989spce.book.....L.
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