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{{short description|9th–15th century political entity}} {{short description|7th–15th century political entity}}
{{redirect|Si Satchanalai}}
{{Infobox former country {{Infobox former country
| native_name = {{native name|th|แคว้นเชลียง}}<br>{{transliteration|th|Kwaen Chaliang}} | native_name = {{native name|th|แคว้นเชลียง}}<br>{{transliteration|th|Kwaen Chaliang}}
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| common_name = ] or ] | common_name = ] or ]
| era = Post-classical era | era = Post-classical era
| event_start = Establishment | event_start = Early chiefdoms
| date_start = Early 9th century | date_start = Before 620s
| event_end = Demoted to the city under {{ill|Monthon Phitsanulok|th|มณฑลพิษณุโลก|lt=Phitsanulok}} | event_end = Demoted to the city under {{ill|Monthon Phitsanulok|th|มณฑลพิษณุโลก|lt=Phitsanulok}}
| date_end = 1894 | date_end = 1894
| capital = {{bulletedlist|Chaliang (before 13th cen.)|Old ] (13th c.–1786)|] (1786–1894)}} | capital = {{bulletedlist|Chaliang (before 13th cen.)|Old ] (13th c.–1786)|] (1786–1894)}}
| life_span = Late 10th century –1474 | life_span = 620s –1474
| event1 = ] annexed ] | event1 = ] annexed ]
| date_event1 = 927/928 | date_event1 = 927/928
| event2 = First mentioned in Chinese source | event2 = Established relationship with ]'s ]
| date_event2 = 1001 | date_event2 = Late 900s
| event3 = Formation of ] | event3 = First mentioned in Chinese source
| date_event3 = 1238 | date_event3 = 1001
| event4 = Vassal of ] | event4 = Formation of ]
| date_event4 = 1378–1462 | date_event4 = 1238
| event5 = Vassal of ] | event5 = Vassal of ]
| date_event5 = 1462–1474 | date_event5 = 1378–1462
| event6 = Incorporated to ] | event6 = Vassal of ]
| date_event6 = 1474 | date_event6 = 1462–1474
| event7 = Burmese rule over ] | event7 = Incorporated to ]
| date_event7 = 1558–1775 | date_event7 = 1474
| event8 = Under ] control | event8 = Burmese rule over ]
| date_event8 = 1776–1894 | date_event8 = 1558–1775
| event9 = Under ] control
| date_event9 = since 1776
| event_post = | event_post =
| date_post = | date_post =
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}} }}
] depicts the sites of "Chaliang" (former capital) located on the bend of the ] (number 1) and the moated Si Satchanalai to the left.|thumb|260px]] ] depicts the sites of "Chaliang" (former capital) located on the bend of the ] (number 1) and the moated Si Satchanalai to the left.|thumb|260px]]
'''Chaliang''' ({{langx|th|เชลียง}}, {{langx|zh|程良}}) or '''Sawankhalok''', later known as '''Si Satchanalai''', was a political entity in the upper ] in ].<ref name=chusak/> It was founded in the late 10th century by uniting four regional chiefdoms<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|7}} and became part of the ]'s ].<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|32–33}} In 1001, Chaliang was referred to as an independent kingdom ''Chéng Liáng'' in the Chinese text ].<ref name=fine/><ref name=chusak/>{{rp|28}}<ref name=song/> The term ''San-lo'' ({{lang|zh|三濼}}) mentioned in ] in 1178<ref name=briggs/>{{rp|288, 290}} was plausibly referred to the new Chaliang's center, ].<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|8}} '''Chaliang''' ({{langx|th|เชลียง}}, {{langx|zh|程良}}) or '''Sawankhalok''', later known as '''Si Satchanalai''', was a political entity in the upper ] in ].<ref name=chusak/> It was founded in the early 600s by uniting four regional chiefdoms,<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|7}} with Haritvanlee ({{lang|th|นครหริตวัลลีย์}}) as the center,<ref name=rue/> and became part of the ]'s ].<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|32–33}} In 1001, Chaliang was referred to as an independent kingdom ''Chéng Liáng'' in the Chinese text ].<ref name=fine/><ref name=chusak/>{{rp|28}}<ref name=song/> The term ''San-lo'' ({{lang|zh|三濼}}) mentioned in ] in 1178<ref name=briggs/>{{rp|288, 290}} was plausibly referred to Chaliang's new center, ].<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|8}}


Chaliang led by {{ill|Srinaonamthum|th|พ่อขุนศรีนาวนำถุม}}<ref name=boran/> expanded political influence to Sukhothai of ]<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|4}} in 1175.<ref name=boran/> However, nobles of the Lavo faction revolted and recaptured Sukhothai in 1181,<ref name=fine/> which caused Tai kings from Mueang Rad and Mueang Bang Yang to join forces and retake Sukhothai in 1238. This marked the formation of the ].<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|4}} Chaliang led by {{ill|Srinaonamthum|th|พ่อขุนศรีนาวนำถุม}}<ref name=boran/> expanded political influence to Sukhothai of ]<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|4}} in 1175.<ref name=boran/> However, nobles of the Lavo faction revolted and recaptured Sukhothai in 1181,<ref name=fine/> which caused Tai kings from Mueang Rad and Mueang Bang Yang to join forces and retake Sukhothai in 1238. This marked the formation of the ].<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|4}}


During the Sukhothai era, Chaliang was comparable to and equal to Sukhothai, in which both cities were the capital.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|25–26}} However, after the ] became the vassal of ], Chaliang lost its political influence<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|9–12}} and was later demoted to the frontier city after Ayutthaya lost it to ] in the 15th century.<ref name=":0"/> During the Sukhothai era, Chaliang was comparable and equal to Sukhothai, in which both cities were the capitals.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|25–26}} However, after the ] became the vassal of ], Chaliang lost its political influence<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|9–12}} and was later demoted to the frontier city after Ayutthaya lost it to ] in the 15th century.<ref name=":0"/>


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
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The region was inhabited since the ]–]s.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|30}} It then evolved into agricultural communities in the early 4th century and turned into complex societies around the 9th century.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|29–32}} Artifacts found in Chaliang-Si Satchanalai show that the communities engaged in trade with several ] polities, such as {{ill|Si Mahosot|th|แหล่งโบราณคดีเมืองศรีมโหสถ}} in the southeast, and ] and Ban Mueang Fai ({{lang|th|บ้านเมืองฝ้าย}}) in ].<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|32–33}} Chaliang, on the great bend of the ], was likely inhabited by people who had migrated from the lower ] basin, whereas Si Satchanalai, which was situated close to the base of the mountain and along the river, was probably of the people from the northern highlands.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|33–34}} The region was inhabited since the ]–]s.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|30}} It then evolved into agricultural communities in the early 4th century and turned into complex societies around the 9th century.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|29–32}} Artifacts found in Chaliang-Si Satchanalai show that the communities engaged in trade with several ] polities, such as {{ill|Si Mahosot|th|แหล่งโบราณคดีเมืองศรีมโหสถ}} in the southeast, and ] and Ban Mueang Fai ({{lang|th|บ้านเมืองฝ้าย}}) in ].<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|32–33}} Chaliang, on the great bend of the ], was likely inhabited by people who had migrated from the lower ] basin, whereas Si Satchanalai, which was situated close to the base of the mountain and along the river, was probably of the people from the northern highlands.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|33–34}}


According to the {{ill|Northern Chronicle|th|พงศาวดารเหนือ}}, Chaliang was founded by a hermit, Satchanalai ({{lang|th|สัชนาลัย}}), who united four surrounding chiefdoms and built moats and walls to define the city's boundaries.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|37}}<ref name=rp60>]</ref>{{rp|7}} Its initial territory included {{ill|Thung Yung|th|เมืองทุ่งยั้ง}} or {{ill|Wiang Chao Ngo|th|เวียงเจ้าเงาะ}} to northeast, and met ] to the south. According to the {{ill|Northern Chronicle|th|พงศาวดารเหนือ}}, Chaliang was founded in the early 600s by a hermit, Satchanalai ({{lang|th|สัชนาลัย}}; or Anusit {{lang|th|อนุสิสส}} in the {{ill|Tamnan Mulasasana|th|ตำนานมูลศาสนา}}<ref name=rue/>), who united four surrounding chiefdoms and built moats and walls to define the city's boundaries.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|37}}<ref name=rp60>]</ref>{{rp|7}} Chaliang layout is also the model for ]'s plan, which Hermit ] built,<ref name=rue>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_618306|title=ตามหา 'ฤๅษีสัชนาไลย' ผู้นำหอยสังข์มาเป็นแบบสร้างเมืองหริภุญไชย|author=Pensupa Sukkata|date=23 October 2023|accessdate=8 January 2025|language=th|work=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023090112/https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_618306 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |trans-title=Searching for 'Satchanalai' the hermit who brought conch shells as a model for building Haripuñjaya city.}}</ref> indicating that it existed before ]'s establishment in 629. In the first era, Chaliang's initial territory included {{ill|Thung Yung|th|เมืองทุ่งยั้ง}} or {{ill|Wiang Chao Ngo|th|เวียงเจ้าเงาะ}} to the northeast and met ] to the south.


Hermit Satchanalai had four colleagues, each of whom played an important role in the establishment of the ancient kingdoms in modern-day Thailand, as detailed below.
⚫ The kingdom established relations with ]'s ] in the late 10th century when the princess of King Supojarat married the King of Chiang Saen, Sri Thammasokkarat,<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|18}} and the son of them later enthroned the king of Chaliang.<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|21}} This marked the beginning of ] influence over the ], which had been devastated by the invasion of ] in the mid-10th century<ref name=week/><ref name=noonsuk/>{{rp|23}}<ref name=week2/> and was destructed by the ] in the early 11th century.<ref name=monwar/>
#Satchanalai, founder of Chaliang and assisted ] in establishing ].<ref name=rue/>
#Suthep, founder of ], who seek advice from another hermit Sukkatanta ({{lang|th|สุกกทันตะ}}) in ] for selecting the first Haripuñjaya ruler.<ref name=rue/> Lavo princess, ], was then introduced.<ref name=rue/><ref name=rue2>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_328545|work=]|date=23 July 2020|accessdate=8 January 2025|title="ชุหะบรรพต" ของฤๅษีพุทธชฎิลอยู่ไหน "ดอยไซ" หรือ "ดอยบาไห้"?|trans-title=Where is the “Chuhabanpot” of Hermit Phutthachatil? “Doi Sai” or “Doi Bahai”?|author=Pensupa Sukkata}}</ref>
#Sukkatanta, teacher of ].<ref name=rue2/>
#Phutthachatil ({{lang|th|พุทธชฎิล}} or {{lang|th|พุทธชลิต}}) was asked by Anantayot ({{lang|th|เจ้าอนันตยศ}}), prince of ], to build a new city for him but refused and advised him to meet his colleague, Hermit Suprom.<ref name=rue2/>
#Suprom ({{lang|th|สุพรม}} or {{lang|th|สุพรหมยาน}} or {{lang|th|อสีพรหมสิฤาษี}} or {{lang|th|พรหมิสิ}}), founded ] for Anantayot.<ref name=rue2/>

⚫ The kingdom established relations with ]'s ] in the late 10th century when the princess of King Supojarat married the King of ], Sri Thammasokkarat,<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|18}} and the son of them later enthroned the king of Chaliang.<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|21}} This marked the beginning of ] influence over the ], which had been devastated by the invasion of ] and the ] in 928<ref name=week/><ref name=noonsuk/>{{rp|23}}<ref name=week2/> and 1002,<ref name=monwar/> respectively.


===Early Tai city-state=== ===Early Tai city-state===
Initially, Chaliang was under Sukhothai, which itself was a trading hotspot of the ].<ref name=test/>{{rp|3}} At least in 1001, it was potentially ruled by the ] as it was mentioned as an independent polity centered in ''Chéng Liáng'' (程良) in the 4th year of ''Xián Píng'' era {{lang|zh|咸平}} (1001 CE) in the Chinese ] volume 489 section 248.<ref name=fine>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/ziM4S|title=การศึกษาพัฒนาการทางสังคมก่อนสมัยสุโขทัยในจังหวัดสุโขทัย: กรณีศึกษาพื้นที่เมืองเชลียง-ศรีสัชนาลัย|trans-title=A study of pre-Sukhothai social development in Sukhothai Province: A case study of Mueang Cheliang-Sri Satchanalai area|work=Fine Arts Department|accessdate=18 December 2024|date=2023}}</ref><ref name=chusak/>{{rp|28}} It was said to be located 60 ''chéng'' (程) from the north of ], and to the southeast met the ].<ref name=song/> Initially, Chaliang was under Sukhothai, which itself was a trading hotspot of the ].<ref name=test/>{{rp|3}} At least in 1001, it was potentially ruled by the ] as it was mentioned as an independent polity centered in ''Chéng Liáng'' (程良) in the 4th year of ''{{ill|Xián Píng|zh|咸平}}'' era {{lang|zh|咸平}} (1001 CE) in the Chinese ] volume 489 section 248.<ref name=fine>{{cite web|url=https://archive.is/ziM4S|title=การศึกษาพัฒนาการทางสังคมก่อนสมัยสุโขทัยในจังหวัดสุโขทัย: กรณีศึกษาพื้นที่เมืองเชลียง-ศรีสัชนาลัย|trans-title=A study of pre-Sukhothai social development in Sukhothai Province: A case study of Mueang Cheliang-Sri Satchanalai area|work=Fine Arts Department|accessdate=18 December 2024|date=2023}}</ref><ref name=chusak/>{{rp|28}} It was said to be located 60 ''chéng'' (程) from the north of ], and to the southeast met the ].<ref name=song/>


{{blockquote|text= {{blockquote|text=
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To the southeast, ]'s ] faced several circumstances, such as the conquest of Lavo by ] in 927/928<ref name=week>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichonweekly.com/culture/article_459113|title=ปริศนาโบราณคดี l 'สงครามสามนคร' (1): กษัตริย์หริภุญไชยผู้พลัดถิ่นหนีไปแถบเมืองสรรคบุรี?|author=เพ็ญสุภา สุขคตะ|date=28 August 2019|accessdate=25 December 2023|language=th|publisher=]|archivedate=25 December 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231225154450/https://www.matichonweekly.com/culture/article_459113}}</ref><ref name=noonsuk>{{cite web|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4728545b-8038-464f-a61d-72689420fb7a/content|title=The Significance of Peninsular Siam in the Southeast Asia Maritime World during 500 BC to AD 1000|author=Wannasarn Noonsuk|publisher=]|date=2005|archivedate=24 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424154723/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4728545b-8038-464f-a61d-72689420fb7a/content}}</ref>{{rp|23}} and the 9-year-long ]ian civil wars, which led to the destruction of ] by the Angkorian king ] in 1002.<ref name=monwar>{{cite web|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/fad4/view/34507-%E0%B9%91-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87--%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1-?fbclid=IwAR0j9kuODrTD6Baej1RxJvG53o1IeTkjjJrvhLYebX-kYCJfL2vv0ZzD2ts|title=๑ สหัสวรรษ แห่ง "พระนิยม"|language=th|access-date=26 October 2023|work=]|archive-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231025205650/https://www.finearts.go.th/fad4/view/34507-%E0%B9%91-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87--%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1-?fbclid=IwAR0j9kuODrTD6Baej1RxJvG53o1IeTkjjJrvhLYebX-kYCJfL2vv0ZzD2ts}}</ref> These were potentially the reasons for Lavo's decrease in influence over northern polities, which included Chaliang and Sukhothai, in the mid-10th century. To the southeast, ]'s ] faced several circumstances, such as the conquest of Lavo by ] in 927/928<ref name=week>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichonweekly.com/culture/article_459113|title=ปริศนาโบราณคดี l 'สงครามสามนคร' (1): กษัตริย์หริภุญไชยผู้พลัดถิ่นหนีไปแถบเมืองสรรคบุรี?|author=เพ็ญสุภา สุขคตะ|date=28 August 2019|accessdate=25 December 2023|language=th|publisher=]|archivedate=25 December 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231225154450/https://www.matichonweekly.com/culture/article_459113}}</ref><ref name=noonsuk>{{cite web|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4728545b-8038-464f-a61d-72689420fb7a/content|title=The Significance of Peninsular Siam in the Southeast Asia Maritime World during 500 BC to AD 1000|author=Wannasarn Noonsuk|publisher=]|date=2005|archivedate=24 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424154723/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4728545b-8038-464f-a61d-72689420fb7a/content}}</ref>{{rp|23}} and the 9-year-long ]ian civil wars, which led to the destruction of ] by the Angkorian king ] in 1002.<ref name=monwar>{{cite web|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/fad4/view/34507-%E0%B9%91-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87--%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1-?fbclid=IwAR0j9kuODrTD6Baej1RxJvG53o1IeTkjjJrvhLYebX-kYCJfL2vv0ZzD2ts|title=๑ สหัสวรรษ แห่ง "พระนิยม"|language=th|access-date=26 October 2023|work=]|archive-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231025205650/https://www.finearts.go.th/fad4/view/34507-%E0%B9%91-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87--%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1-?fbclid=IwAR0j9kuODrTD6Baej1RxJvG53o1IeTkjjJrvhLYebX-kYCJfL2vv0ZzD2ts}}</ref> These were potentially the reasons for Lavo's decrease in influence over northern polities, which included Chaliang and Sukhothai, in the mid-10th century.


In the late 10th century, after ] and ] joined forces and retook ] from the ] in 1052<ref name=yonok>{{cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81_-_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84_-_%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%94%E0%B9%97%E0%B9%99.pdf|title=Yonok Chronicle|date=1936|access-date=16 December 2024|language=th}}</ref>{{rp|532}}<ref name=ch>{{cite book|last=Thepthani|first=Phra Borihan|title=Thai National Chronicles: the history of the nation since ancient times|date=1953|access-date=5 November 2023|language=th|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105023428/http://www.car.chula.ac.th/rarebook/book2/clra53_0235/mobile/index.html#p=1|publisher=S. Thammasamakkhi|url=http://www.car.chula.ac.th/rarebook/book2/clra53_0235/mobile/index.html}}</ref>{{rp|42}} and moved the capital to ].<ref name=sum/> The seat at the former capital, Lavapura, was vacant from 1087–1106, Chaliang or Si Satchanalai's king, Kraisornrat ({{lang|th|ไกรศรราช}}) then took over the seat.<ref name=ch/>{{rp|109}} An attempt to re-expand influence to Lavo by the Angkor occurred in 1181 when ] appointed his lineage Narupatidnavarman to govern Lavapura.<ref name=indra>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichonacademy.com/tour-story/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81-%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82|title=จาก 'ลวะปุระ' สู่ 'เมืองละโว้' ลูกหลวงแห่งเมืองพระนคร|trans-title=From 'Lavapura' to 'Lavo City', the frontier city of the capital of Phra Nakhon|author=ศานติ ภักดีคำ|language=th|access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref> Due to this political pressure, a Tai ruler Sri Thammasokkarat In the late 10th century, after ] and ] joined forces and retook ] from the ] in 1052<ref name=yonok>{{cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81_-_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84_-_%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%94%E0%B9%97%E0%B9%99.pdf|title=Yonok Chronicle|date=1936|access-date=16 December 2024|language=th}}</ref>{{rp|532}}<ref name=ch>{{cite book|last=Thepthani|first=Phra Borihan|title=Thai National Chronicles: the history of the nation since ancient times|date=1953|access-date=5 November 2023|language=th|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105023428/http://www.car.chula.ac.th/rarebook/book2/clra53_0235/mobile/index.html#p=1|publisher=S. Thammasamakkhi|url=http://www.car.chula.ac.th/rarebook/book2/clra53_0235/mobile/index.html}}</ref>{{rp|42}} and moved the capital to ] in 1080s.<ref name=sum/> The seat at the former capital, Lavapura, was vacant from 1087–1106, Chaliang or Si Satchanalai's king, Kraisornrat ({{lang|th|ไกรศรราช}}) then took over the seat.<ref name=ch/>{{rp|109}} An attempt to re-expand influence to Lavo by the Angkor occurred in 1181 when ] appointed his lineage Narupatidnavarman to govern Lavapura.<ref name=indra>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichonacademy.com/tour-story/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81-%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82|title=จาก 'ลวะปุระ' สู่ 'เมืองละโว้' ลูกหลวงแห่งเมืองพระนคร|trans-title=From 'Lavapura' to 'Lavo City', the frontier city of the capital of Phra Nakhon|author=ศานติ ภักดีคำ|language=th|access-date=6 November 2023}}</ref> Due to this political pressure, a Tai ruler Sri Thammasokkarat
({{lang|th|ศรีธรรมโศกราช}}), who was also from Si Satchanalai, fled to ].<ref name=ori>{{cite web|url=http://dspace.nstru.ac.th:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/337/1/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A.pdf|title=พระเจ้าศรีธรรมาโศกราช|trans-title=Sri Thammasokaraj|language=th|author=Chatchai Sukrakarn|accessdate=6 November 2024|date=October 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812062734/http://dspace.nstru.ac.th:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/337/1/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2024 }}</ref>{{rp|38–39}} However, Lavapura was probably taken back by a ] royal from Phraek Si Racha ({{lang|th|แพรกศรีราชา}}; present-day ]) in the 13th century.<ref name=ch/>{{rp|109}} ({{lang|th|ศรีธรรมโศกราช}}), who was also from Si Satchanalai, fled to ].<ref name=ori>{{cite web|url=http://dspace.nstru.ac.th:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/337/1/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A.pdf|title=พระเจ้าศรีธรรมาโศกราช|trans-title=Sri Thammasokaraj|language=th|author=Chatchai Sukrakarn|accessdate=6 November 2024|date=October 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812062734/http://dspace.nstru.ac.th:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/337/1/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2024 }}</ref>{{rp|38–39}} However, Lavapura was probably taken back by a ] royal from Phraek Si Racha ({{lang|th|แพรกศรีราชา}}; present-day ]) in the 13th century.<ref name=ch/>{{rp|109}}


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===Sukhothai period=== ===Sukhothai period===
{{main|Sukhothai Kingdom}}
] ]
], built by a princess of king Thammaracha in the 10th century.|thumb|260px]] ], built by a princess of king Thammaracha in the 10th century.|thumb|260px]]
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According to the text given in several Sukhothai inscriptions, Chaliang or Si Satchanalai was a city-level settlement, comparable to and equal to ], both of which were considered capital cities ruled by the kings of the ]-] Kingdom.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|25–26}} According to the text given in several Sukhothai inscriptions, Chaliang or Si Satchanalai was a city-level settlement, comparable to and equal to ], both of which were considered capital cities ruled by the kings of the ]-] Kingdom.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|25–26}}

In the 14th century, Sukhothai-Si Satchanalai expanded its territory to the north by destroying and annexed a ]'s city-state of {{ill|Li (city-state)|th|นครรัฐลี้|lt=Mueang Li}}. A large number of Li people were forcibly moved to Sukhothai-Si Satchanalai.<ref name="somjet" >{{cite book | author = Somjet Anusan | title = ลี้ เมืองสำคัญในประวัติศาสตร์ล้านนา | url = https://publication.npru.ac.th/bitstream/123456789/1104/1/ลี้%20เมืองสำคัญในประวัติศาสตร์ล้านนา.pdf | publisher = {{ill|Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University|de|Rajabhat-Universität Nakhon Pathom}} | location = ] | year = 2020 |trans-title=Li, an important city in Lanna history|archivedate=12 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612025820/https://publication.npru.ac.th/bitstream/123456789/1104/1/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%20%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|2210}}<ref name="แอ่วเมืองลี้1" >{{cite book | author = กรมวิชาการ | title = แอ่วเมืองลี้ |trans-title=Visit Muang Li| url = https://www.finearts.go.th/chiangmailibrary/view/15655-แอ่วเมืองลี้ | publisher = โรงพิมพ์คุรุสภาลาดพร้าว | location =Bangkok | year = 2001 }}</ref>{{rp|3}}


After the reign of ], ] declined; both Sukhothai and Chaliang were vassals of the ]. According to the legend, Khottrabong ({{lang|th|โคตรบอง}}) was appointed the ruler.<ref name=test/>{{rp|32, 35}} He was dethroned probably in 1429 by an usurper, Saeng Hang ({{lang|th|แสงหัง}}).<ref name=test>{{cite book|url=https://finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/NsiBYkTrppTZdZs0nPcUxO89poRuiq6N73eUZ74B.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425162408/https://finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/NsiBYkTrppTZdZs0nPcUxO89poRuiq6N73eUZ74B.pdf|title=Ayutthaya Testimonies|language=th|access-date=12 December 2024|date=1968|author=Phraya Pariyattithamthada|archive-date=25 April 2023|publisher=Rung Rueang Tham}}</ref>{{rp|35}} After the reign of ], ] declined; both Sukhothai and Chaliang were vassals of the ]. According to the legend, Khottrabong ({{lang|th|โคตรบอง}}) was appointed the ruler.<ref name=test/>{{rp|32, 35}} He was dethroned probably in 1429 by an usurper, Saeng Hang ({{lang|th|แสงหัง}}).<ref name=test>{{cite book|url=https://finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/NsiBYkTrppTZdZs0nPcUxO89poRuiq6N73eUZ74B.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425162408/https://finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/NsiBYkTrppTZdZs0nPcUxO89poRuiq6N73eUZ74B.pdf|title=Ayutthaya Testimonies|language=th|access-date=12 December 2024|date=1968|author=Phraya Pariyattithamthada|archive-date=25 April 2023|publisher=Rung Rueang Tham}}</ref>{{rp|35}}
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During this era, Chaliang was known as ''Sawankalok''.<ref name=sawan>{{cite web|url=http://old-book.ru.ac.th/e-book/t/TH231/th231-25.pdf|title=ตอนที่ 5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019151923/http://old-book.ru.ac.th/e-book/t/TH231/th231-25.pdf |trans-title=Chapter 5|language=th|accessdate=1 January 2025|archive-date=19 October 2021 }} in <span class="official-website"><span class="url"></span></span></ref>{{rp|174}} Historical records on Chaliang during this period are sparse.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|9–12}} After Sukhothai became the vassal of Ayutthaya, it is speculated that Chaliang together with ] and ] were separated from the ] by ] under the ] policy to annex and reduce the power of Sukhothai.<ref name=prasert>{{Citation|author=Prasert Na Nakhon|title=ปาฐกถาชุด "สิรินธร" ครั้งที่ ๔ เรื่อง "ประวัติศาสตร์สุโขทัยจากจารึก"|trans-title=The 4th Sirindhorn Lecture Series: "History of Sukhothai from Inscriptions"|language=th|url=https://cca.chula.ac.th/protocol/images/book/pdf/book-sirinthorn04.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117142855/https://cca.chula.ac.th/protocol/images/book/pdf/book-sirinthorn04.pdf|publisher=]|access-date=1 January 2025|archive-date=17 January 2024}}</ref>{{rp|10}} ] and the aforementioned principalities were collectively called by ] as the Northern cities ({{lang|th|หัวเมืองเหนือ}}).<ref name=nakhon>{{Citation|author=Prasert Na Nakhon|title=สารัตถคดี ประเสริฐ ณ นคร|trans-title=The essence of Prasert Na Nakhon|language=th|year=1984|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531154657/https://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/kukr_es/kukr/search_detail/dowload_digital_file/23721/18308|chapter=Legend of the foundation of the religion, Wat Pa Daeng, Chiang Tung|chapter-url=https://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/kukr_es/index.php?/kukr/search_detail/result/23721|publication-place=]|isbn=974-551-897-2|access-date=1 January 2025|archive-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> Thai chronicles revised during the ] list these four cities as four of the sixteen vassal states of the ] during the reign of King ]. However, since the information about these vassals conflicts with other evidence, it is assumed that they were added to the chronicles later, perhaps during the reign of King ].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Trongjai Hutangkoon|title=การปรับแก้เทียบศักราช และ การอธิบายความพระราชพงศาวดารกรุงเก่า ฉบับหลวงประเสริฐ|trans-title=The revision of the calendar and the explanation of the Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya, Luang Prasit version|year=2018|publication-place=]|publisher=]|language=th|isbn=978-616-7154-73-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ศรีสรรเพชญ์|date=14 December 2015|title=อยุธยาเพิ่งก่อตั้ง เหตุใดจึงมีเมืองประเทศราชถึง 16 เมืองครับ (พงศาวดารฉบับพันจันทนุมาศ) หรือผมเข้าใจผิด|url=https://pantip.com/topic/34561288|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116183408if_/https://pantip.com/topic/34561288|archive-date=2023-01-16|access-date=2024-05-28|website=Pantip}}</ref> During this era, Chaliang was known as ''Sawankalok''.<ref name=sawan>{{cite web|url=http://old-book.ru.ac.th/e-book/t/TH231/th231-25.pdf|title=ตอนที่ 5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019151923/http://old-book.ru.ac.th/e-book/t/TH231/th231-25.pdf |trans-title=Chapter 5|language=th|accessdate=1 January 2025|archive-date=19 October 2021 }} in <span class="official-website"><span class="url"></span></span></ref>{{rp|174}} Historical records on Chaliang during this period are sparse.<ref name=chusak/>{{rp|9–12}} After Sukhothai became the vassal of Ayutthaya, it is speculated that Chaliang together with ] and ] were separated from the ] by ] under the ] policy to annex and reduce the power of Sukhothai.<ref name=prasert>{{Citation|author=Prasert Na Nakhon|title=ปาฐกถาชุด "สิรินธร" ครั้งที่ ๔ เรื่อง "ประวัติศาสตร์สุโขทัยจากจารึก"|trans-title=The 4th Sirindhorn Lecture Series: "History of Sukhothai from Inscriptions"|language=th|url=https://cca.chula.ac.th/protocol/images/book/pdf/book-sirinthorn04.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117142855/https://cca.chula.ac.th/protocol/images/book/pdf/book-sirinthorn04.pdf|publisher=]|access-date=1 January 2025|archive-date=17 January 2024}}</ref>{{rp|10}} ] and the aforementioned principalities were collectively called by ] as the Northern cities ({{lang|th|หัวเมืองเหนือ}}).<ref name=nakhon>{{Citation|author=Prasert Na Nakhon|title=สารัตถคดี ประเสริฐ ณ นคร|trans-title=The essence of Prasert Na Nakhon|language=th|year=1984|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531154657/https://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/kukr_es/kukr/search_detail/dowload_digital_file/23721/18308|chapter=Legend of the foundation of the religion, Wat Pa Daeng, Chiang Tung|chapter-url=https://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/kukr_es/index.php?/kukr/search_detail/result/23721|publication-place=]|isbn=974-551-897-2|access-date=1 January 2025|archive-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> Thai chronicles revised during the ] list these four cities as four of the sixteen vassal states of the ] during the reign of King ]. However, since the information about these vassals conflicts with other evidence, it is assumed that they were added to the chronicles later, perhaps during the reign of King ].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Trongjai Hutangkoon|title=การปรับแก้เทียบศักราช และ การอธิบายความพระราชพงศาวดารกรุงเก่า ฉบับหลวงประเสริฐ|trans-title=The revision of the calendar and the explanation of the Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya, Luang Prasit version|year=2018|publication-place=]|publisher=]|language=th|isbn=978-616-7154-73-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ศรีสรรเพชญ์|date=14 December 2015|title=อยุธยาเพิ่งก่อตั้ง เหตุใดจึงมีเมืองประเทศราชถึง 16 เมืองครับ (พงศาวดารฉบับพันจันทนุมาศ) หรือผมเข้าใจผิด|url=https://pantip.com/topic/34561288|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116183408if_/https://pantip.com/topic/34561288|archive-date=2023-01-16|access-date=2024-05-28|website=Pantip}}</ref>


Due to the succession issue of ] which was determined by Ayutthaya, {{ill|Yutthisathian|th|พระยายุทธิษเฐียร}}, the son of ] of Sukhothai, was not satisfying to be appointed as the ruler of a lower-tier city, ]. He therefore pledged allegiance to ] in 1452 and advised King ] of Lan Na to invade the northern cities of Ayutthaya.<ref name=jam>{{cite book|title=Popular History of Thailand|location=Bangkok, Thailand|publisher=Claremint|year=1976|asin=B002DXA1MO|last=Jumsai|first=Manich|chapter=King Tilokarat (1441–1485)}}</ref>{{rp|54–57}} As a result, Ayutthaya demoted three of its four northern cities, including ], ], and ], from vassals to frontier cities and sent nobles to govern instead, but Chaliang remained its vassal status until it was conquered by ] in 1462 and renamed Chienjuen ({{lang|th|เชียงชื่น}}).<ref name=":0"/> Due to the succession issue of ] which was determined by Ayutthaya, {{ill|Yutthisathian|th|พระยายุทธิษเฐียร}}, the son of ] of Sukhothai, was not satisfying to be appointed as the ruler of a lower-tier city, ]. He therefore pledged allegiance to ] in 1452 and advised King ] of Lan Na to invade the northern cities of Ayutthaya.<ref name=jam>{{cite book|title=Popular History of Thailand|location=Bangkok, Thailand|publisher=Claremint|year=1976|asin=B002DXA1MO|last=Jumsai|first=Manich|chapter=King Tilokarat (1441–1485)}}</ref>{{rp|54–57}} As a result, Ayutthaya demoted three of its four northern cities, including ], ], and ], from vassals to frontier cities and sent nobles to govern instead, but Chaliang remained its vassal status until it was conquered by ] in 1462 and was renamed Chienjuen ({{lang|th|เชียงชื่น}}).<ref name=":0"/>


==Rulers== ==Rulers==
Line 153: Line 166:
| Satchanalai<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|4}}||สัชนาไลย|| ||Chiefdom of Panchamatchakam (Later evolved to "Sawankalok" ("Chaliang" or "Si Satchanalai") | Satchanalai<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|4}}||สัชนาไลย|| ||Chiefdom of Panchamatchakam (Later evolved to "Sawankalok" ("Chaliang" or "Si Satchanalai")
|- |-
| Thammaracha<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|5–6}}||ธรรมราชา|| ||Son of the previous? | Thammaracha<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|5–6}}||ธรรมราชา||Early 600s||Son of the previous?
|- |-
| colspan=2 align=center|''Unknown''|| || | colspan=2 align=center|''Unknown''|| || Thammaracha's lineage
|- |-
| colspan=2 align=center|''Unknown''|| || | colspan=2 align=center|''Unknown''|| || Thammaracha's lineage
|- |-
| colspan=2 align=center|''Unknown''|| || Died with no heir.<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|10}} | colspan=2 align=center|''Unknown''|| || Thammaracha's lineage. Died with no heir.<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|10}}
|- |-
| Arun Ratchakuman<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|9–10}}||อรุณราชกุมาร/พระร่วง|| || Son of Aphai Kaminee (อภัยคามินี) | Arun Ratchakuman<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|9–10}}||อรุณราชกุมาร/พระร่วง|| 900s|| Son of Aphai Kaminee (อภัยคามินี; Noble from ]; Refounder of Sukhothai)
|- |-
| Pasuchakuman<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|15}}/ Supojarat<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|17–19}}||พสุจกุมาร/ สุพจราช|| || | Pasuchakuman<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|15}}/ Supojarat<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|17–19}}||พสุจกุมาร/ สุพจราช|| Late 900s||
* Younger brother of the previous.<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|13}} * Younger brother of the previous.<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|13}}
* Grandfather of Kraisornrat, King of ]'s Lopburi (r. 1106–1115) * Grandfather of Kraisornrat, King of ]'s Lopburi (r. 1106–1115)
Line 175: Line 188:
| colspan=2 align=center|''Unknown''|| || | colspan=2 align=center|''Unknown''|| ||
*Father-in-law of Kraisornrat *Father-in-law of Kraisornrat
*First mentioned as ''Chéng Liáng'' ({{lang|zh|程良}}) in the Chinese text ] (1001) *Chaliang was mentioned as ''Chéng Liáng'' ({{lang|zh|程良}}) in the Chinese text ] (1001)
|- |-
| Kraisornrat<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|21}} || ไกรศรราช || ?–1106|| | Kraisornrat<ref name=rp60/>{{rp|21}} || ไกรศรราช || ?–1106||
Line 189: Line 202:
| Dhammatrilokthi<ref name=sum>{{cite web|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_106970|title=พงศาวดารอโยธยาศรีรามเทพนคร ฉบับ มานิต วัลลิโภดม : อโยธยา เก่าแก่กว่าสุโขทัย ต้นกำเนิดอยุธยา ต้นแบบรัตนโกสินทร์|language=th|date=21 April 2023|access-date=25 December 2023|author=สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ|website=www.silpa-mag.com|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231224213234/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_106970}}</ref>||ธรรมไตรโลกฒิ||?– 1157/58||Son of the previous, father of ]'s Ayodhya kings, Thammaraja and Boromracha | Dhammatrilokthi<ref name=sum>{{cite web|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_106970|title=พงศาวดารอโยธยาศรีรามเทพนคร ฉบับ มานิต วัลลิโภดม : อโยธยา เก่าแก่กว่าสุโขทัย ต้นกำเนิดอยุธยา ต้นแบบรัตนโกสินทร์|language=th|date=21 April 2023|access-date=25 December 2023|author=สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ|website=www.silpa-mag.com|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231224213234/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_106970}}</ref>||ธรรมไตรโลกฒิ||?– 1157/58||Son of the previous, father of ]'s Ayodhya kings, Thammaraja and Boromracha
|- |-
| colspan=6 {{n/a|Chaliang annexed Sukhothai in 1208 and assigned it the new seat, which continued to the formation of ] in 1238.}} | colspan=6 {{n/a|Chaliang annexed Sukhothai in 1157 and assigned it the new seat, which continued to the formation of ] in 1238.}}
|- |-
| {{ill|Srinaonamthum|th|พ่อขุนศรีนาวนำถุม}}||พ่อขุนศรีนาวนำถุม||1157/58–1181/82|| | {{ill|Srinaonamthum|th|พ่อขุนศรีนาวนำถุม}}||พ่อขุนศรีนาวนำถุม||1157/58–1181/82||

Latest revision as of 13:31, 8 January 2025

7th–15th century political entity "Si Satchanalai" redirects here. For other uses, see Si Satchanalai (disambiguation).
Chaliang Kingdomแคว้นเชลียง (Thai)
Kwaen Chaliang
620s –1474
Mueang Chaliang is located in ThailandChaliangChaliangSukhothaiSukhothaiSongkwaeSongkwaeKamphaeng PhetKamphaeng PhetAyutthayaAyutthayaLocation of four northern cities (Chaliang marks as red pog), vassal states of the Ayutthaya Kingdom
Capital
Monarch 
• Unknown Satchanalai (first)
• 1157–1182 Srinaonamthum [th]
Historical eraPost-classical era
• Early chiefdoms Before 620s
• Tambralinga annexed Lavo 927/928
• Established relationship with Tai's Chiang Saen Late 900s
• First mentioned in Chinese source 1001
• Formation of Sukhothai 1238
• Vassal of Ayutthaya 1378–1462
• Vassal of Lan Na 1462–1474
• Incorporated to Lan Na 1474
• Burmese rule over Lan Na 1558–1775
• Under Siam control since 1776
• Demoted to the city under Phitsanulok [th] 1894
Preceded by Succeeded by
Lavo
Dvaravati
Lan Na Kingdom
Today part ofThailand
Map of Si Satchanalai Historical Park depicts the sites of "Chaliang" (former capital) located on the bend of the Yom River (number 1) and the moated Si Satchanalai to the left.

Chaliang (Thai: เชลียง, Chinese: 程良) or Sawankhalok, later known as Si Satchanalai, was a political entity in the upper Chao Phraya Valley in central Thailand. It was founded in the early 600s by uniting four regional chiefdoms, with Haritvanlee (นครหริตวัลลีย์) as the center, and became part of the Dvaravati's Lavo. In 1001, Chaliang was referred to as an independent kingdom Chéng Liáng in the Chinese text Song Shi. The term San-lo (三濼) mentioned in Lingwai Daida in 1178 was plausibly referred to Chaliang's new center, Sawankhalok.

Chaliang led by Srinaonamthum [th] expanded political influence to Sukhothai of Lavo in 1175. However, nobles of the Lavo faction revolted and recaptured Sukhothai in 1181, which caused Tai kings from Mueang Rad and Mueang Bang Yang to join forces and retake Sukhothai in 1238. This marked the formation of the Sukhothai Kingdom.

During the Sukhothai era, Chaliang was comparable and equal to Sukhothai, in which both cities were the capitals. However, after the Sukhothai Kingdom became the vassal of Ayutthaya, Chaliang lost its political influence and was later demoted to the frontier city after Ayutthaya lost it to Lan Na in the 15th century.

Etymology

The English term "Chaliang" is the romanization of the Thai word "เชลียง" per the Royal Thai General System of Transcription. The Thai word for the historical country was plausible a transliteration of the combination of two words: the Sanskrit word Chala (Sanskrit: जल) which means "water" and the Old Mon word Wang which means "city". Together, the combined word can be interpreted as meaning "city of water," as the city is almost surrounded by the Yom River.

History

Formation

The region was inhabited since the Neolithic–Iron Ages. It then evolved into agricultural communities in the early 4th century and turned into complex societies around the 9th century. Artifacts found in Chaliang-Si Satchanalai show that the communities engaged in trade with several Dvaravati polities, such as Si Mahosot [th] in the southeast, and Mueang Fa Daet Song Yang and Ban Mueang Fai (บ้านเมืองฝ้าย) in northeastern Thailand. Chaliang, on the great bend of the Yom River, was likely inhabited by people who had migrated from the lower Chao Phraya basin, whereas Si Satchanalai, which was situated close to the base of the mountain and along the river, was probably of the people from the northern highlands.

According to the Northern Chronicle [th], Chaliang was founded in the early 600s by a hermit, Satchanalai (สัชนาลัย; or Anusit อนุสิสส in the Tamnan Mulasasana [th]), who united four surrounding chiefdoms and built moats and walls to define the city's boundaries. Chaliang layout is also the model for Haripuñjaya's plan, which Hermit Suthep built, indicating that it existed before Haripuñjaya's establishment in 629. In the first era, Chaliang's initial territory included Thung Yung [th] or Wiang Chao Ngo [th] to the northeast and met Sukhothai to the south.

Hermit Satchanalai had four colleagues, each of whom played an important role in the establishment of the ancient kingdoms in modern-day Thailand, as detailed below.

  1. Satchanalai, founder of Chaliang and assisted Suthep in establishing Haripuñjaya.
  2. Suthep, founder of Haripuñjaya, who seek advice from another hermit Sukkatanta (สุกกทันตะ) in Lavo for selecting the first Haripuñjaya ruler. Lavo princess, Camadevi, was then introduced.
  3. Sukkatanta, teacher of Camadevi.
  4. Phutthachatil (พุทธชฎิล or พุทธชลิต) was asked by Anantayot (เจ้าอนันตยศ), prince of Camadevi, to build a new city for him but refused and advised him to meet his colleague, Hermit Suprom.
  5. Suprom (สุพรม or สุพรหมยาน or อสีพรหมสิฤาษี or พรหมิสิ), founded Lampang for Anantayot.

The kingdom established relations with Tai's Chiang Saen in the late 10th century when the princess of King Supojarat married the King of Chiang Saen, Sri Thammasokkarat, and the son of them later enthroned the king of Chaliang. This marked the beginning of Tai influence over the Chao Phraya Valley, which had been devastated by the invasion of Tambralinga and the Angkor in 928 and 1002, respectively.

Early Tai city-state

Initially, Chaliang was under Sukhothai, which itself was a trading hotspot of the Lavo Kingdom. At least in 1001, it was potentially ruled by the Tai as it was mentioned as an independent polity centered in Chéng Liáng (程良) in the 4th year of Xián Píng [zh] era 咸平 (1001 CE) in the Chinese Song Shi volume 489 section 248. It was said to be located 60 chéng (程) from the north of Tambralinga, and to the southeast met the Lavo Kingdom.

丹眉流國，東至占臘五十程，南至羅越水路十五程，西至西天三十五程，北至程良六十程，東北至羅斛二十五程，

...Tambralinga is 50 chéng (程) from Chenla in the east, 15 chéng from Luoyue waterway in the south, 35 chéng from Xītiān (西天) in the west, 60 chéng from Chéng Liáng in the north, 25 chéng from Luohu in the northeast...

— History of Song, volume 489

The Chinese term San-lo 三濼 mentioned in Lingwai Daida in 1178, which Lawrence P. Briggs speculated to have been an early Chinese attempt to transcribe the name of the country or the people of the upper and central Menam, was probably Chaliang. The Chinese were soon to call the region Xiān (暹) and Xiānluó (暹羅) in the 13th century. The timeframe mentioned in Chinese writings conforms to various archeological findings, which show that the region was occupied since the prehistoric period and continued until the Dvaravati period when the region was influenced by the Lavo Kingdom.

To the southeast, Lavo's Lavapura faced several circumstances, such as the conquest of Lavo by Tambralinga in 927/928 and the 9-year-long Angkorian civil wars, which led to the destruction of Lavapura by the Angkorian king Suryavarman I in 1002. These were potentially the reasons for Lavo's decrease in influence over northern polities, which included Chaliang and Sukhothai, in the mid-10th century.

In the late 10th century, after Suphannabhum and Haripuñjaya joined forces and retook Lavapura from the Angkor in 1052 and moved the capital to Ayodhya in 1080s. The seat at the former capital, Lavapura, was vacant from 1087–1106, Chaliang or Si Satchanalai's king, Kraisornrat (ไกรศรราช) then took over the seat. An attempt to re-expand influence to Lavo by the Angkor occurred in 1181 when Jayavarman VII appointed his lineage Narupatidnavarman to govern Lavapura. Due to this political pressure, a Tai ruler Sri Thammasokkarat (ศรีธรรมโศกราช), who was also from Si Satchanalai, fled to Nakhon Si Thammarat. However, Lavapura was probably taken back by a Tai royal from Phraek Si Racha (แพรกศรีราชา; present-day Sankhaburi) in the 13th century.

The text given in the Pu Khun Chit Khun Jot Inscription (จารึกปู่ขุนจิดขุนจอด) shows the family relationship between Nan [th] and Chaliang, which later expanded its influence on Sukhothai. This corresponds with the detail provided in the Nan Chronicles, Wat Phra That Chang Kham version.

Sukhothai period

Main article: Sukhothai Kingdom
Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat Chaliang [th], built in the 13th century located in the former captital, Chaliang.
Wat Chedi Chet Thaeo [th] in Si Satchanalai, built by a princess of king Thammaracha in the 10th century.

After Chaliang led by Srinaonamthum [th] annexed Sukhothai in 1157, the seat was moved to Sukhothai, which subsequently led to the establishment of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238. Due to the change in the direction of the Yom River, bank erosion occurred; Chaliang was moved 2.5 kilometers westward to the present-day Si Satchanalai Historical Park and was also called Sawankhalok/Si Satchanalai around the early 13th century during the reign of Si Inthrathit (Phra Ruang I; r. 1238–1270). In the first era, Sukhothai kings were also considered the rulers of Chaliang until the end of the reign of Ram Khamhaeng in 1298, when Sukhothai's influence waned, allowing other vassals to gain independence; Chaliang went nearly 50 years without a ruler until Lithai was appointed to the title in 1340.

According to the text given in several Sukhothai inscriptions, Chaliang or Si Satchanalai was a city-level settlement, comparable to and equal to Sukhothai, both of which were considered capital cities ruled by the kings of the Sukhothai-Si Satchanalai Kingdom.

In the 14th century, Sukhothai-Si Satchanalai expanded its territory to the north by destroying and annexed a Tai Yuan's city-state of Mueang Li [th]. A large number of Li people were forcibly moved to Sukhothai-Si Satchanalai.

After the reign of Lithai, Sukhothai declined; both Sukhothai and Chaliang were vassals of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. According to the legend, Khottrabong (โคตรบอง) was appointed the ruler. He was dethroned probably in 1429 by an usurper, Saeng Hang (แสงหัง).

Ayutthaya period

Further information: Ayutthaya–Lan Na War (1441–1474)

During this era, Chaliang was known as Sawankalok. Historical records on Chaliang during this period are sparse. After Sukhothai became the vassal of Ayutthaya, it is speculated that Chaliang together with Phitsanulok and Kamphaeng Phet were separated from the Sukhothai Kingdom by Ayutthaya under the divide and rule policy to annex and reduce the power of Sukhothai. Sukhothai and the aforementioned principalities were collectively called by Ayutthaya as the Northern cities (หัวเมืองเหนือ). Thai chronicles revised during the Rattanakosin period list these four cities as four of the sixteen vassal states of the Ayutthaya Kingdom during the reign of King Ramathibodi I. However, since the information about these vassals conflicts with other evidence, it is assumed that they were added to the chronicles later, perhaps during the reign of King Intharacha.

Due to the succession issue of Sukhothai which was determined by Ayutthaya, Yutthisathian [th], the son of Maha Thammaracha IV of Sukhothai, was not satisfying to be appointed as the ruler of a lower-tier city, Songkwae–Phitsanulok. He therefore pledged allegiance to Lan Na in 1452 and advised King Tilokaraj of Lan Na to invade the northern cities of Ayutthaya. As a result, Ayutthaya demoted three of its four northern cities, including Songkwae, Sukhothai, and Kamphaeng Phet, from vassals to frontier cities and sent nobles to govern instead, but Chaliang remained its vassal status until it was conquered by Lan Na in 1462 and was renamed Chienjuen (เชียงชื่น).

Rulers

Ruler Reign Notes/Contemporary events
Romanized name Thai Name
Under Dvaravati of Lavo, until the mid–9th century.
Satchanalai สัชนาไลย Chiefdom of Panchamatchakam (Later evolved to "Sawankalok" ("Chaliang" or "Si Satchanalai")
Thammaracha ธรรมราชา Early 600s Son of the previous?
Unknown Thammaracha's lineage
Unknown Thammaracha's lineage
Unknown Thammaracha's lineage. Died with no heir.
Arun Ratchakuman อรุณราชกุมาร/พระร่วง 900s Son of Aphai Kaminee (อภัยคามินี; Noble from Haripuñjaya ; Refounder of Sukhothai)
Pasuchakuman/ Supojarat พสุจกุมาร/ สุพจราช Late 900s
  • Younger brother of the previous.
  • Grandfather of Kraisornrat, King of Lavo's Lopburi (r. 1106–1115)
King of Chiang Saen, Sri Thammasokkarat II, invaded Chaliang. To avoid the devastation, Supojarat had his daughter marry Sri Thammasokkarat II. Later, their son Kraisornrat ascended to the throne of Chaliang.
In 927/28, Lavo's Lavapura was conquered by Tambralinga's king, Sujita. Since then, several polities in the Menam valley, as well as Lavo's rival Haripuñjaya in the north were attacked by Sujita and his son, Kampoch.
Under Tai rulers since 1001
(Lavo's Lavapura declined and was destroyed by the Angkorin king, Suryavarman I, in 1002.)
Unknown
  • Father-in-law of Kraisornrat
  • Chaliang was mentioned as Chéng Liáng (程良) in the Chinese text History of Song (1001)
Kraisornrat ไกรศรราช ?–1106
  • Grandson of Supojarat. Before claiming Lavo's Lopburi throne
  • Son of King of Chiang Saen, Sri Thammasokkarat II, who married the only Supojarat offspring, Pathumdevi.
Sai Nam Peung สายน้ำผึ้ง 1106–1115?
  • Son of the previous. Before claiming Lavo's Ayodhya throne
  • Father of Sri Thammasokkarat III who was king of Lavo's Lavapura (r. 1115–1181) and ruler of Phitsanulok (r. ?–1115)
Patthasucharat พัตตาสุจราช 1115?–? Grandfather of Lavo's Ayodhya kings, Thammaraja (r. 1301–1310) and Boromracha (r. 1310–1344)
Dhammatrilokthi ธรรมไตรโลกฒิ ?– 1157/58 Son of the previous, father of Lavo's Ayodhya kings, Thammaraja and Boromracha
Chaliang annexed Sukhothai in 1157 and assigned it the new seat, which continued to the formation of Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238.
Srinaonamthum [th] พ่อขุนศรีนาวนำถุม 1157/58–1181/82
Khom Sabad Khlon Lamphong [th] ขอมสบาดโขลญลำพง r. 1181/82–1208?
  • Usurper, possibly relative of Srinaonamthum [th]
  • Also King of Sukhothai (r.1181/82–1237/38)
Chantaracha จันทราชา 1208?–1238 Father of the 1st Sukhothai's king, Si Inthrathit. Also ruler of Sukhothai.
As Sukhothai Kingdom: 1238–1423
Si Inthrathit ศรีอินทราทิตย์ 1238–1270
  • Son of the previous.
  • Young brother of the King of Fang.
  • Also the first king of Sukhothai
  • Chaliang was moved westward and renamed Sawankhalok (สวรรคโลก).
Ban Mueang บานเมือง 1270–1271 Son of the previous. Also king of Sukhothai
Ram Khamhaeng รามคำแหง 1279–1298 Younger brother of the previous. Also king of Sukhothai
After the reign of Ram Khamhaeng, several vassals of the Sukhothai Kingdom broke away and the throne of Chaliang/Sawankhalok was vacant for almost 50 years.
Lithai ลิไทย 1340–1368
Under Sukhothai Kingdom, which itself as the vassal of Ayutthaya Kingdom: 1378–1423
Kottrabong (legend) โคตรบอง 1368–1429? Appointed ruler
Saenghung แสงหัง 1429?–? Usurper
As direct vassal of Ayutthaya Kingdom: 1423–1462
Sri Yotsarat ศรียศราช Before 1423
Unknown 1434
Saen แสน before 1462–1468
During the reign of Saen, Ayutthaya Kingdom lost Chaliang to Lan Na.
As vassal of Lan Na: 1462–1474
Yutthisathian [th] ยุทธิษเฐียร 1468–1474
  • Son of Sukhothai's king, Maha Thammaracha IV.
  • As king of Sukhothai–Chiang Chuean (Si Satchanalai)
Chiang Chuean was incorporated into Lan Na and was governed from Lampang.

Notes

  1. Founder of Sukhothai. However, another source, Legend of Kalawandith, says Sukhothai was founded in 500 by Phraya Pali Rat (พระยาพาลีราช).

References

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