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Revision as of 01:25, 2 January 2025 editOrnithoptera (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users10,529 edits ←Created page with '{{Short description|Tribe of butterflies}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Dira clytus clytus 367171124.jpg | image_caption = ''Dira clytus'' | taxon = Dirini | authority =Verity, 1953 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See text }} '''Dirini''' is one of the tribes in the butterfly subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae. Consisting of 29 species{{efn|name=fn1|Price ''et al.'' recognizes 28 species in 7 genera,...'  Latest revision as of 19:32, 9 January 2025 edit undoOrnithoptera (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users10,529 edits →Systematics and taxonomy 
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'''Dirini''' is one of the ] in the butterfly subfamily ] of the family ]. Consisting of 29 species{{efn|name=fn1|Price ''et al.'' recognizes 28 species in 7 genera, while Williams' ''Afrotropical Butterflies and Skippers'' (2016) and Wahlberg (2018) elevated ''Torynesis mintha hawequas'' to full species status as ''Torynesis hawequas''.}} in 6 genera,{{efn|name=fn2|Genomic analysis by Zhang ''et al.'' conducted in 2023 revealed that ''Serradinga'' was better suited as a subspecies of ''Dingana''.<ref name="zhangea">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jing |last2=Cong |first2=Qian |last3=Shen |first3=Jinhui |last4=Song |first4=Leina |last5=Grishin |first5=Nick V. |title=Genomic analysis reveals new species and subspecies of butterflies. |journal=The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey |date=13 December 2023 |volume=11 |issue=6 |page=9 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.10372378 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1097&context=taxrpt |language=en-us |issn=2643-4806}}</ref><ref name="williams3">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Mark C. |title=AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES |date=29 January 2024 |publisher=Lepidopterists' Society of Africa |page=17 |url=https://metamorphosis.org.za/articlesPDF/1090/708%20Genus%20Dingana%20van%20Son%20rev%20DAE.pdf |access-date=2 January 2025 |chapter=Genus Dingana van Son, 1955 Widows}}</ref>}} the group's members are exclusively found in southern Africa. '''Dirini''' is one of the ] in the butterfly subfamily ] of the family ]. Consisting of 29 species{{efn|name=fn1|Price ''et al.'' recognizes 28 species in 7 genera, while Williams' ''Afrotropical Butterflies and Skippers'' (2016) and Wahlberg (2018) elevated ''Torynesis mintha hawequas'' to full species status as ''Torynesis hawequas''.}} in 6 genera,{{efn|name=fn2|Genomic analysis by Zhang ''et al.'' conducted in 2023 revealed that ''Serradinga'' was better suited as a subspecies of ''Dingana''.<ref name="zhangea">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jing |last2=Cong |first2=Qian |last3=Shen |first3=Jinhui |last4=Song |first4=Leina |last5=Grishin |first5=Nick V. |title=Genomic analysis reveals new species and subspecies of butterflies. |journal=The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey |date=13 December 2023 |volume=11 |issue=6 |page=9 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.10372378 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1097&context=taxrpt |language=en-us |issn=2643-4806}}</ref><ref name="williams3">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Mark C. |title=AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES |date=29 January 2024 |publisher=Lepidopterists' Society of Africa |page=17 |url=https://metamorphosis.org.za/articlesPDF/1090/708%20Genus%20Dingana%20van%20Son%20rev%20DAE.pdf |access-date=2 January 2025 |chapter=Genus Dingana van Son, 1955 Widows}}</ref>}} the group's members are exclusively found in southern Africa.


Initially distinguished by having a forewing cell length shorter than half the length of the forewing, the morphological synapomorphy that links the members of the Dirini together is the presence of the scaphium on the male genitalia. Initially distinguished by having a forewing cell length shorter than half the length of the forewing, the morphological synapomorphy that links the members of the Dirini together is the presence of the scaphium on the male genitalia.

⚫ The group is remarkable for its restricted distribution within ] and ], with a single species whose distribution who extends into ]. It is closely affiliated with the tribe ], of whom the Neotropical '']'' is closest related to the Dirini as a whole.


⚫ The group is remarkable for its restricted distribution within South Africa and Lesotho, with a single species whose distribution who extends into Zimbabwe. It is closely affiliated with the tribe ], of whom the Neotropical '']'' is closest related to the Dirini as a whole.
==Description== ==Description==
Members of the tribe are endemic to southern Africa,<ref name="price1">{{cite journal |last1=Price |first1=Benjamin Wills |last2=Walton |first2=Shaun M. |last3=Barker |first3=Nigel P. |last4=Villet |first4=Martin H. |title=(PDF) Price et al - Dirini (supporting information) |journal=Systematic Entomology |date=January 2011 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234520853_Price_et_al_-_Dirini_supporting_information |access-date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> with the group consisting of 29 species{{efn|name=fn1}} in 6 genera.{{efn|name=fn2}}<ref name="price2">{{cite journal |last1=Price |first1=Ben W. |last2=Villet |first2=Martin H. |last3=Walton |first3=Shaun M. |last4=Barker |first4=Nigel P. |title=Using molecules and morphology to infer the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the Dirini (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), a tribe of butterflies endemic to Southern Africa |journal=Systematic Entomology |date=April 2011 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=300–316 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00560.x |url=https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00560.x |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> The larvae of the members feed on grasses.<ref name="tolweb" /> Members of the tribe are endemic to southern Africa,<ref name="price1">{{cite journal |last1=Price |first1=Benjamin Wills |last2=Walton |first2=Shaun M. |last3=Barker |first3=Nigel P. |last4=Villet |first4=Martin H. |title=(PDF) Price et al - Dirini (supporting information) |journal=Systematic Entomology |date=January 2011 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234520853_Price_et_al_-_Dirini_supporting_information |access-date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> with the group consisting of 29 species{{efn|name=fn1}} in 6 genera.{{efn|name=fn2}}<ref name="price2">{{cite journal |last1=Price |first1=Ben W. |last2=Villet |first2=Martin H. |last3=Walton |first3=Shaun M. |last4=Barker |first4=Nigel P. |title=Using molecules and morphology to infer the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the Dirini (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), a tribe of butterflies endemic to Southern Africa |journal=Systematic Entomology |date=April 2011 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=300–316 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00560.x |url=https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00560.x |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> The larvae of the members feed on grasses.<ref name="tolweb" />


First characterized by Miller in 1968 as exhibiting a forewing cell length shorter than half of the length of the ], this feature united the genera of ''Dira'', ''Dingana'', ''Serradinga'', ''Torynesis'' and ''Tarsocera''.<ref name="tolweb" /> This circumscription excluded ''Aeropetes'' or ''Paralethe'', which were alternatively placed into Lethini by Miller in 1968, ] by Ackery ''et al.'' in 1995, and Melanitini by Peña ''et al.'' in 2005.<ref name="penaetal">{{cite journal |last1=Peña |first1=Carlos |last2=Wahlberg |first2=Niklas |last3=Weingartner |first3=Elisabet |last4=Kodandaramaiah |first4=Ullasa |last5=Nylin |first5=Sören |last6=Freitas |first6=André V.L. |last7=Brower |first7=Andrew V.Z. |title=Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=July 2006 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=29–49 |doi=10.1016/J.YMPEV.2006.02.007 |url=https://www.nymphalidae.net/Penaetal2006.pdf |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="tolweb" /> Phylogenetic analysis in 2010 by Price ''et al.'' confirmed their continued placement within the Dirini.<ref name="price2" /> The presence of a scaphium on the male genitalia was identified as the sole morphological ] which united the group.<ref name="tolweb">{{cite web |last1=Wahlberg |first1=Niklas |last2=Brower |first2=Andrew V. Z. |title=Dirini |url=http://tolweb.org/Dirini/70267 |website=Tree of Life Web Project |access-date=29 December 2024 |date=9 December 2011}}</ref> First characterized by Miller in 1968 as exhibiting a forewing cell length shorter than half of the length of the ], this feature united the genera of ''Dira'', ''Dingana'', ''Serradinga'', ''Torynesis'' and ''Tarsocera''.<ref name="tolweb" /> This circumscription excluded ''Aeropetes'' or ''Paralethe'', which were alternatively placed into Lethini by Miller in 1968, ] by Ackery ''et al.'' in 1995, and Melanitini by Peña ''et al.'' in 2005.<ref name="penaetal">{{cite journal |last1=Peña |first1=Carlos |last2=Wahlberg |first2=Niklas |last3=Weingartner |first3=Elisabet |last4=Kodandaramaiah |first4=Ullasa |last5=Nylin |first5=Sören |last6=Freitas |first6=André V.L. |last7=Brower |first7=Andrew V.Z. |title=Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=July 2006 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=29–49 |doi=10.1016/J.YMPEV.2006.02.007 |url=https://www.nymphalidae.net/Penaetal2006.pdf |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="tolweb" /> Phylogenetic analysis in 2010 by Price ''et al.'' confirmed their continued placement within the Dirini.<ref name="price2" /> The presence of a scaphium on the male genitalia was identified as the sole morphological ] which united the group.<ref name="tolweb">{{cite web |last1=Wahlberg |first1=Niklas |last2=Brower |first2=Andrew V. Z. |title=Dirini |url=http://tolweb.org/Dirini/70267 |website=Tree of Life Web Project |access-date=29 December 2024 |date=9 December 2011}}</ref>


==Systematics and taxonomy== ==Systematics and taxonomy==
Per Peña & Wahlberg, 2008, the tribe is around 25 million years old.<ref name="price2" /> The divergence of Dirini and Melanitini occurred between 23-47 Ma.<ref name="matosmaravi">{{cite journal |last1=Matos‐Maraví |first1=Pável |last2=Wahlberg |first2=Niklas |last3=Antonelli |first3=Alexandre |last4=Penz |first4=Carla M. |title=Species limits in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): reconciling classical taxonomy with the multispecies coalescent |journal=Systematic Entomology |date=October 2019 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=745–756 |doi=10.1111/syen.12352 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451039v2.full.pdf |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> The initial point of radiation for the tribe was just before or at the ] around 29-24 Ma.<ref name="price2" /> The seven genera of the tribe were described as "convincingly ]" by Price ''et al.'', reflected in the morphological and biological homogeneity of the genera that contain more than a single species, with the relative diversity in the morphological and biological sense between the various genera.<ref name="price2" /> Per Peña & Wahlberg, 2008, the tribe is around 25 million years old.<ref name="price2" /> The divergence of Dirini and Melanitini occurred between 23 and 47 ] (Ma).<ref name="matosmaravi">{{cite journal |last1=Matos‐Maraví |first1=Pável |last2=Wahlberg |first2=Niklas |last3=Antonelli |first3=Alexandre |last4=Penz |first4=Carla M. |title=Species limits in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): reconciling classical taxonomy with the multispecies coalescent |journal=Systematic Entomology |date=October 2019 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=745–756 |doi=10.1111/syen.12352 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451039v2.full.pdf |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> The initial point of radiation for the tribe was just before or at the ] around 29-24 Ma.<ref name="price2" /> The seven genera of the tribe were described as "convincingly ]" by Price ''et al.'', reflected in the morphological and biological homogeneity of the genera that contain more than a single species, with the relative diversity in the morphological and biological sense between the various genera.<ref name="price2" />
] ]
The most stable group within the Satyrinae is the sister group relationship between Dirini and ], having been recovered in studies by Peña ''et al.'' 2006, Peña and Wahlberg 2008, Wahlberg ''et al.'' 2009, and Price ''et al.'' 2010.<ref name="marin">{{cite journal |last1=Marín |first1=M. A. |last2=Peña |first2=C. |last3=Freitas |first3=A. V. L. |last4=Wahlberg |first4=N. |last5=Uribe |first5=S. I. |title=From the Phylogeny of the Satyrinae Butterflies to the Systematics of Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): History, Progress and Prospects |journal=Neotropical Entomology |date=February 2011 |volume=40 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1590/S1519-566X2011000100001 |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/ne/a/zzGqmVvCPwng7GmdgHzxZKr/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |language=en |issn=1519-566X}}</ref> '']'' was confirmed to be a sister taxon of the tribe, with that relationship supported by previous analyses Peña ''et al.'' in 2006, and Peña & Wahlberg in 2008.<ref name="penaetal" /><ref name="price2" /> Studies showed that ''Manataria'' would be placed into the Melanitini, but its placement would render Melanitini ], which suggests that it would be best to either place ''Manataria'' into its own tribe or within the Dirini.<ref name="price2" /> The relationship between ''Manataria'' and the remainder of the Dirini is strange, due to the former's ] distribution compared to the tribe's ] distribution, and its estimated divergence from the remainder of the tribe 40 Ma from the present.<ref name="price2" /> This would mean that divergence had occurred when South America was several thousand kilometers from the African coast, which is a process that has occurred similarly for the ], ] and ], suggesting an underlying process in a westward direction.<ref name="price2" /> The most stable group within the Satyrinae is the sister group relationship between Dirini and ], having been recovered in studies by Peña ''et al.'' 2006, Peña and Wahlberg 2008, Wahlberg ''et al.'' 2009, and Price ''et al.'' 2010.<ref name="marin">{{cite journal |last1=Marín |first1=M. A. |last2=Peña |first2=C. |last3=Freitas |first3=A. V. L. |last4=Wahlberg |first4=N. |last5=Uribe |first5=S. I. |title=From the Phylogeny of the Satyrinae Butterflies to the Systematics of Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): History, Progress and Prospects |journal=Neotropical Entomology |date=February 2011 |volume=40 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1590/S1519-566X2011000100001 |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/ne/a/zzGqmVvCPwng7GmdgHzxZKr/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |language=en |issn=1519-566X}}</ref> '']'' was confirmed to be a ] of the tribe, with that relationship supported by previous analyses Peña ''et al.'' in 2006, and Peña & Wahlberg in 2008.<ref name="penaetal" /><ref name="price2" /> Studies showed that ''Manataria'' would be placed into the Melanitini, but its placement would render Melanitini ], which suggests that it would be best to either place ''Manataria'' into its own tribe or within the Dirini.<ref name="price2" /> The relationship between ''Manataria'' and the remainder of the Dirini was described by Price ''et al.'' as "odd", due to the former's ] distribution compared to the tribe's ] distribution, and its estimated divergence from the remainder of the tribe 40 Ma from the present.<ref name="price2" /> This would mean that divergence had occurred when South America was several thousand kilometers from the African coast, which is a process that has occurred similarly for the ], ] and ], suggesting an underlying process in a westward direction.<ref name="price2" />


The following phylogenetic trees are adapted from Wahlberg and Brower, 2011:<ref name="tolweb" /><ref name="tolweb2">{{cite web |last1=Wahlberg |first1=Niklas |last2=Brower |first2=Andrew V. Z. |title=Satyrinae |url=http://tolweb.org/Satyrinae/12189 |website=Tree of Life Web Project |access-date=30 December 2024 |date=2006}}</ref> The following phylogenetic trees are adapted from Wahlberg and Brower, 2011:<ref name="tolweb" /><ref name="tolweb2">{{cite web |last1=Wahlberg |first1=Niklas |last2=Brower |first2=Andrew V. Z. |title=Satyrinae |url=http://tolweb.org/Satyrinae/12189 |website=Tree of Life Web Project |access-date=30 December 2024 |date=2006}}</ref>
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==Distribution== ==Distribution==
Members of the tribe are noted for their remarkable degree of endemism, being found almost exclusively in ] and ], with a single member whose distribution extends into eastern ].{{efn|Price ''et al.'' does not specify which member of the Dirini has the distribution that extends into eastern Zimbabwe, but per Van Son in 1955 and Williams in 2019, ''Aeropetes tulbaghia'' has a distribution that extends into eastern Zimbabwe.<ref name="williams2">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Mark C. |title=AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES |date=18 January 2019 |publisher=Lepidopterists' Society of Africa |page=2 |url=https://metamorphosis.org.za/articlesPDF/1084/394%20Genus%20Aeropetes%20Billberg.pdf |access-date=2 January 2025 |chapter=Genus Aeropetes Billberg, 1820 Mountain Pride}}</ref>}}<ref name="price2" /> Members of the tribe are noted for their remarkable degree of endemism, being found almost exclusively in ] and ], with a single member whose distribution extends into eastern ].{{efn|Price ''et al.'' does not specify which member of the Dirini has the distribution that extends into eastern Zimbabwe, but per Van Son in 1955 and Williams in 2019, ''Aeropetes tulbaghia'' has a distribution that extends into eastern Zimbabwe.<ref name="williams2">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Mark C. |title=AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES |date=18 January 2019 |publisher=Lepidopterists' Society of Africa |page=2 |url=https://metamorphosis.org.za/articlesPDF/1084/394%20Genus%20Aeropetes%20Billberg.pdf |access-date=2 January 2025 |chapter=Genus Aeropetes Billberg, 1820 Mountain Pride}}</ref>}}<ref name="price2" />


They are almost all found on high-lying ground, but are described by Price ''et al.'' as not a truly montane group, occurring on slopes from the south and east and from elevations at {{convert|2000|m|ft}} in the north and west.<ref name="price2" /> Members of the tribe are found in South Africa's ] region and grasslands, which are dominated by ] grasses, with the exception of '']'', which inhabits coastal and Afromontane forests.<ref name="price2" /> They are almost all found on high-lying ground, but are described by Price ''et al.'' as not a truly montane group, occurring on slopes from the south and east and from elevations at {{convert|2000|m|ft}} in the north and west.<ref name="price2" /> Members of the tribe are found in South Africa's ] region and grasslands, which are dominated by ] grasses, with the exception of '']'', which inhabits coastal and Afromontane forests.<ref name="price2" />
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! Photograph !!Scientific name!!Species ! Photograph !!Scientific name!!Species
|- |-
| ] || '']'' <small>Billberg, 1820</small> || | ] || '']'' <small>Billberg, 1820</small> ||
* '']'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1764)</small> * '']'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1764)</small>
|- |-
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==Footnotes== ==Footnotes==
{{noteslist}} {{notelist}}

==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q11965748|from2=Q55392097}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q11965748|from2=Q55392097}}

]
]
]
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Latest revision as of 19:32, 9 January 2025

Tribe of butterflies

Dirini
Dira clytus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Subfamily: Satyrinae
Tribe: Dirini
Verity, 1953
Genera

See text

Dirini is one of the tribes in the butterfly subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae. Consisting of 29 species in 6 genera, the group's members are exclusively found in southern Africa.

Initially distinguished by having a forewing cell length shorter than half the length of the forewing, the morphological synapomorphy that links the members of the Dirini together is the presence of the scaphium on the male genitalia.

The group is remarkable for its restricted distribution within South Africa and Lesotho, with a single species whose distribution who extends into Zimbabwe. It is closely affiliated with the tribe Melanitini, of whom the Neotropical Manataria hercyna is closest related to the Dirini as a whole.

Description

Members of the tribe are endemic to southern Africa, with the group consisting of 29 species in 6 genera. The larvae of the members feed on grasses.

First characterized by Miller in 1968 as exhibiting a forewing cell length shorter than half of the length of the forewing, this feature united the genera of Dira, Dingana, Serradinga, Torynesis and Tarsocera. This circumscription excluded Aeropetes or Paralethe, which were alternatively placed into Lethini by Miller in 1968, Elymniini by Ackery et al. in 1995, and Melanitini by Peña et al. in 2005. Phylogenetic analysis in 2010 by Price et al. confirmed their continued placement within the Dirini. The presence of a scaphium on the male genitalia was identified as the sole morphological synapomorphy which united the group.

Systematics and taxonomy

Per Peña & Wahlberg, 2008, the tribe is around 25 million years old. The divergence of Dirini and Melanitini occurred between 23 and 47 million years ago (Ma). The initial point of radiation for the tribe was just before or at the Oligocene-Miocene transition around 29-24 Ma. The seven genera of the tribe were described as "convincingly monophyletic" by Price et al., reflected in the morphological and biological homogeneity of the genera that contain more than a single species, with the relative diversity in the morphological and biological sense between the various genera.

Manataria hercyna is supported by several studies to be sister to the Dirini.

The most stable group within the Satyrinae is the sister group relationship between Dirini and Melanitini, having been recovered in studies by Peña et al. 2006, Peña and Wahlberg 2008, Wahlberg et al. 2009, and Price et al. 2010. Manataria hercyna was confirmed to be a sister taxon of the tribe, with that relationship supported by previous analyses Peña et al. in 2006, and Peña & Wahlberg in 2008. Studies showed that Manataria would be placed into the Melanitini, but its placement would render Melanitini paraphyletic, which suggests that it would be best to either place Manataria into its own tribe or within the Dirini. The relationship between Manataria and the remainder of the Dirini was described by Price et al. as "odd", due to the former's Neotropical distribution compared to the tribe's Afrotropical distribution, and its estimated divergence from the remainder of the tribe 40 Ma from the present. This would mean that divergence had occurred when South America was several thousand kilometers from the African coast, which is a process that has occurred similarly for the amphisbaenid lizards, platyrrine monkeys and caviomorph rodents, suggesting an underlying process in a westward direction.

The following phylogenetic trees are adapted from Wahlberg and Brower, 2011:

Elymniini

Zetherini

Amathusiini

Brassolini

Morphini

Melanitini

Dirini

Haeterini

Satyrini

Dirini

Dingana

Serradinga

Dira

Torynesis

Tarsocera

Aeropetes

Paralethe

Distribution

Members of the tribe are noted for their remarkable degree of endemism, being found almost exclusively in South Africa and Lesotho, with a single member whose distribution extends into eastern Zimbabwe.

They are almost all found on high-lying ground, but are described by Price et al. as not a truly montane group, occurring on slopes from the south and east and from elevations at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) in the north and west. Members of the tribe are found in South Africa's Succulent Karoo region and grasslands, which are dominated by C3 producing grasses, with the exception of Paralethe dendrophilus, which inhabits coastal and Afromontane forests.

Genera

Genus, species, and subspecies list derived from Price et al. 2010, and Williams 2018. Price et al. recognizes Torynesis hawequas as a subspecies of Torynesis mintha (as Torynesis mintha hawequas), while Williams recognizes it at full species status. Genomic testing conducted in 2023 by Zhang et al. revealed that Serradinga was better suited as a subgenus of Dingana.

Photograph Scientific name Species
Aeropetes Billberg, 1820
Dingana van Son, 1955
  • Dingana bowkeri bella (van Son, 1955)
  • Dingana bowkeri bowkeri (Trimen, 1870)
  • Dingana clarki amissivallis Henning & Henning, 1996
  • Dingana clarki clarki (van Son, 1955)
  • Dingana clarki dracomontana Henning & Henning, 1996
  • Dingana clarki ocra Henning & Henning, 1996
Dira Hübner, 1819
  • Dira clytus clytus (Linnaeus, 1764)
  • Dira clytus eurina Quickelberge, 1978
  • Dira swanepoeli isolata van Son, 1955
  • Dira swanepoeli swanepoeli (van Son, 1939)
Paralethe van Son, 1955
  • Paralethe dendrophilus albina van Son, 1955
  • Paralethe dendrophilus dendrophilus (Trimen, 1862)
  • Paralethe dendrophilus indosa (Trimen, 1879)
  • Paralethe dendrophilus junodi (van Son, 1935)
Tarsocera Butler, 1899
  • Tarsocera cassus cassus (Linnaeus, 1764)
  • Tarsocera cassus outeniqua Vári, 1971
Torynesis Butler, 1899
  • Torynesis mintha mintha (Geyer, 1837)
  • Torynesis mintha piquetbergensis Dickson, 1967

Footnotes

  1. ^ Price et al. recognizes 28 species in 7 genera, while Williams' Afrotropical Butterflies and Skippers (2016) and Wahlberg (2018) elevated Torynesis mintha hawequas to full species status as Torynesis hawequas.
  2. ^ Genomic analysis by Zhang et al. conducted in 2023 revealed that Serradinga was better suited as a subspecies of Dingana.
  3. Price et al. does not specify which member of the Dirini has the distribution that extends into eastern Zimbabwe, but per Van Son in 1955 and Williams in 2019, Aeropetes tulbaghia has a distribution that extends into eastern Zimbabwe.

References

  1. ^ Zhang, Jing; Cong, Qian; Shen, Jinhui; Song, Leina; Grishin, Nick V. (13 December 2023). "Genomic analysis reveals new species and subspecies of butterflies". The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey. 11 (6): 9. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10372378. ISSN 2643-4806.
  2. Williams, Mark C. (29 January 2024). "Genus Dingana van Son, 1955 Widows". AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES (PDF). Lepidopterists' Society of Africa. p. 17. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  3. Price, Benjamin Wills; Walton, Shaun M.; Barker, Nigel P.; Villet, Martin H. (January 2011). "(PDF) Price et al - Dirini (supporting information)". Systematic Entomology. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
  4. ^ Price, Ben W.; Villet, Martin H.; Walton, Shaun M.; Barker, Nigel P. (April 2011). "Using molecules and morphology to infer the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the Dirini (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), a tribe of butterflies endemic to Southern Africa". Systematic Entomology. 36 (2): 300–316. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00560.x. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
  5. ^ Wahlberg, Niklas; Brower, Andrew V. Z. (9 December 2011). "Dirini". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
  6. ^ Peña, Carlos; Wahlberg, Niklas; Weingartner, Elisabet; Kodandaramaiah, Ullasa; Nylin, Sören; Freitas, André V.L.; Brower, Andrew V.Z. (July 2006). "Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 29–49. doi:10.1016/J.YMPEV.2006.02.007. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
  7. Matos‐Maraví, Pável; Wahlberg, Niklas; Antonelli, Alexandre; Penz, Carla M. (October 2019). "Species limits in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): reconciling classical taxonomy with the multispecies coalescent" (PDF). Systematic Entomology. 44 (4): 745–756. doi:10.1111/syen.12352. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
  8. Marín, M. A.; Peña, C.; Freitas, A. V. L.; Wahlberg, N.; Uribe, S. I. (February 2011). "From the Phylogeny of the Satyrinae Butterflies to the Systematics of Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): History, Progress and Prospects". Neotropical Entomology. 40: 1–13. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2011000100001. ISSN 1519-566X. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
  9. Wahlberg, Niklas; Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2006). "Satyrinae". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
  10. Williams, Mark C. (18 January 2019). "Genus Aeropetes Billberg, 1820 Mountain Pride". AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES (PDF). Lepidopterists' Society of Africa. p. 2. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  11. ^ Wahlberg, Niklas (12 February 2018). "Dirini Classification". Nymphalidae.net. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
  12. Williams, Mark C. (2016-01-09). "Afrotropical Butterflies: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Genus Torynesis" (PDF). Metamorphosis. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Taxon identifiers
Dirini
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