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{{Short description|Park in Illinois, United States}}
⚫ {{For|parks named Douglas Park|Douglas Park (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2016}}
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{{Infobox park {{Infobox park
| name = Douglass (Frederick and Anna) Park
|park=Douglas Park
|image=Douglas Park Greenhouse.jpg | photo = Douglas Park Greenhouse.jpg
| photo_width = 250
|image size=250px
|caption=This Douglas Park Greenhouse was torn down in 1905. | photo_caption = This Douglass Park Greenhouse was torn down in 1905.
|type=Municipal | type = Municipal
|location=], ] | location = ], ]
| coords =
|coordinates=
| area = {{convert|173|acre|km2}}
|size=173 acres
| created =
|opened=
|operator=] | operator = ]
| visitation_num =
|annual visitors=
|status=Open all year | status =
| open = All year
}} }}


⚫ '''Douglass Park''' (formerly Douglas Park) is a part of the ] on the ] of ], ]. Established in 1869 and initially named South Park,<ref name=CP11>Graf, John, ''Chicago's Parks'' Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 11., {{ISBN|0-7385-0716-4}}.</ref> its {{convert|173|acre|km2}} are in the ] ] with an official address of 1401 S. Sacramento Drive.<ref name=SC>Despite several sources that indicate otherwise and despite the fact that Sacramento Avenue runs at 3000 West from 7558 North to 11258 South it has two sections where it has an alternate official name. It is Sacramento Boulevard from 934 north to 1156 South and it is Sacramento Drive in Douglas Park according to Hayner, Don and Tom McNamee, ''Streetwise Chicago'', "Sacramento Avenue/Sacramento Boulevard/Sacramento Drive", p. 113, Loyola University Press, 1988, {{ISBN|0-8294-0597-6}}</ref>
⚫ {{seealso|Douglas Park (disambiguation)}}

⚫ '''Douglas Park''' is a large ] ] that also serves as a cultural and community center in ], ]. Originally named South Park<ref name=CP11>Graf, John, ''Chicago's Parks'' Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 11., ISBN 0-7385-0716-4.</ref> its 173 acres are in the ] ] of Chicago with an official address of 1401 S. Sacramento Drive.<ref name=SC>Despite several sources that indicate otherwise and despite the fact that Sacramento Avenue runs at 3000 West from 7558 North to 11258 South it has two sections where it has an alternate official name. It is Sacramento Boulevard from 934 north to 1156 South and it is Sacramento Drive in Douglas Park according to Hayner, Don and Tom McNamee, ''Streetwise Chicago'', "Sacramento Avenue/Sacramento Boulevard/Sacramento Drive", p. 113, Loyola Univerisity Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8294-0597-6</ref> Currently, ] includes plans to host the Olympic swimming competitions in this park.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=24588&bt=Douglas+Park&arc=n&searchType=all|title=USOC picks Chicago for 2016 Olympic bid|accessdate=2007-05-01|date=2007-04-14|author=Hinz, Greg|work=Crain Chicago Business|publication=Crain Communications, Inc.}}</ref>
Opened in 1871, the park was originally named for U.S. Senator ]. In 2020, the park was renamed Douglass (Frederick and Anna) Park, for abolitionist ] and his wife ].<ref name="WTTW">{{cite web|url=https://news.wttw.com/2020/07/22/park-district-board-says-douglas-park-name-change-will-happen|access-date=July 22, 2020|date=2020-07-22 |first=Patty |last=Wetli |work=WTTW |title=Park District Board Says of Douglas Park Name Change: 'It Will Be Done'}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Morgan |last=Greene |date=2020-11-19 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-douglass-park-chicago-renaming-20201118-lrt2n6h5i5gi7mmc7e4bd42g4a-story.html |title=After Years of Student Activism, Park District Officially Makes Name Change to Douglass Park |work=] |access-date=2020-11-20}}</ref>

] is held annually each summer at Douglass Park, causing controversy among some neighborhood residents.

] for over 151 years.]]
] and his wife ].]]


==History== ==History==
] pictured in front of the old Greenhouse is one of the few remnants of Jenney's original park designs.]] ] pictured in front of the old Greenhouse is one of the few remnants of Jenney's original park designs.]]
⚫ In 1869, the ] established the West Park Commission, which was responsible for three large ]s and interlinking ]s.<ref name=CPD>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/parks.detail/object_id/3FD4402A-97C3-4426-9179-B7953CAEAA3F.cfm |access-date=May 1, 2007 |year=2006 |publisher=Chicago Park District |title=Douglas Park Cultural & Community Center |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070405113717/http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/parks.detail/object_id/3FD4402A-97C3-4426-9179-B7953CAEAA3F.cfm |archive-date=April 5, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> Later that year, on November 4, 1869, the ]s named the southernmost park in honor of ] (1813–1861).<ref name="CP11" /> Best remembered for his pre-] presidential ] by ] despite superb ] skills, Douglas was a ] who helped bring the ] to Chicago.<ref name="CPD" /> In 1871, designer ] completed plans for the entire West Park System which included Douglas, ], and ] parks.<ref name="CPD" /> Jenney's ] expertise was especially helpful for transforming Douglas Park's poor natural site into parkland.<ref name="CPD" /> He had ] from the ] and ] added to the marshy site.<ref name="CPD" /> This process brought the {{convert|173|acre|km2}} of land to ].<ref name=CPR>Hueber, Jeff, "Chicago Parks Rediscovered", p. 57, Jannes Art Press, Inc., {{ISBN|0-912223-02-2}}.</ref> In the center of the landscape, Jenney created a picturesque ], and a small section of the park was formally opened in 1879. Inflated construction costs and post ] tax collection difficulties resulted in phased projects.<ref name=EOCPD>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/955.html|title=Park Districts|access-date=April 28, 2007|year=2005|publisher=Chicago Historical Society|encyclopedia=The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago|author=Bachrach, Julia Sniderman}}</ref> The first improvements were made to the park by ] in the 1880s.<ref name="CPR" /> Between 1886 and 1888 Douglas Park, like the other West Park System parks, replaced its greenhouse with a conservatory.<ref name=EOCC>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/330.html|title=Conservatories|access-date=April 28, 2007|year=2005|publisher=Chicago Historical Society|encyclopedia=The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago|author=Bachrach, Julia Sniderman}}</ref> In 1895, members of several German ] petitioned for an outdoor ]nasium, and the following year one of Chicago's first public facilities was constructed with an outdoor gymnasium (pictured right), ], and ].<ref name="CPD" />
⚫ ]
⚫ In 1869, the ] established the West Park Commission, which was responsible for three large ]s and interlinking ]s.<ref name=CPD>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/parks.detail/object_id/3FD4402A-97C3-4426-9179-B7953CAEAA3F.cfm|accessdate=2007-05-01|date=2006|publisher=Chicago Park District|title=Douglas Park Cultural & Community Center}}</ref> Later that year, on ] ] the ]s named the southernmost park in honor of ] (1813-1861).<ref name=CP11> </ref> Best remembered for his pre-] presidential ] by ] despite superb ] skills, Douglas was a ] who helped bring the ] to Chicago.<ref name=CPD> </ref> In 1871, designer ] completed plans for the entire West Park System which included Douglas, ], and ] parks.<ref name=CPD> </ref> Jenney's ] expertise was especially helpful for transforming Douglas Park's poor natural site into parkland.<ref name=CPD> </ref> He had ] from the ] and ] added to the marshy site.<ref name=CPD> </ref> This process brought the 173 acres of land to ].<ref name=CPR>Hueber, Jeff, "Chicago Parks Rediscovered", p. 57, Jannes Art Press, Inc., ISBN 0-912223-02-2.</ref> In the center of the landscape, Jenney created a picturesque ], and a small section of the park was formally opened in 1879. Inflated construction costs and post ] tax collection difficulties resulted in phased projects.<ref name=EOCPD>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/955.html|title=Park Districts|accessdate=2007-04-28|date=2005|publisher=Chicago Historical Society|work=The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago|author=Bachrach, Julia Sniderman}}</ref> The first improvements were made to the park by ] in the 1880s.<ref name=CPR> </ref>. Between 1886 and 1888 Douglas Park, like the other West Park system parks, replaced its greenhouse with a conservatory.<ref name=EOCC>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/330.html|title=Conservatories|accessdate=2007-04-28|date=2005|publisher=Chicago Historical Society|work=The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago|author=Bachrach, Julia Sniderman}}</ref> In 1895, members of several ] ] petitioned for an outdoor ], and the following year one of Chicago's first public facilities was constructed with an outdoor gymnasium (pictured left), ], and ].<ref name=CPD> </ref>


===20th-century redevelopment===
⚫ By the turn of the century, the West Park Commission was riddled with ], and the three parks became dilapidated.<ref name=CPD> </ref> As part of a ] in 1905, ] was appointed as General Superintendent and Chief ] for the entire West Park System.<ref name=CPD> </ref> Jensen, now recognized as Dean of the ] of ],<ref name=CPD> </ref> improved deteriorating sections of the parks and added new features.<ref name=CPD> </ref> Among Jensen's improvements were a semi-circular entryway at Marshall Boulevard, and a formal ] at the corner of Ogden Avenue and Sacramento Drive.<ref name=CPD> </ref> By the time Jensen designed the garden, Ogden Avenue, a diagonal roadway with a major ] thoroughfare, had already been constructed.<ref name=CPD> </ref> The road divided the park into two separate landscapes, creating a busy ] at the junction of Ogden and Sacramento Avenues.<ref name=CPD> </ref> Jensen's solution was a long axial garden on the southeast side of the intersection, providing a buffer between Ogden Avenue and ]s to the south.<ref name=CPD> </ref> Jensen demolished the conservatories in each of the West Park System parks in favor of one grand conservatory at Garfield Park.<ref name=EOCC> </ref>
⚫ ]
⚫ By the turn of the century, the West Park Commission was riddled with ], and the three parks became dilapidated.<ref name="CPD" /> As part of a ] in 1905, ] was appointed as General Superintendent and Chief ] for the entire West Park System.<ref name="CPD" /> Jensen, now recognized as dean of the ] of ],<ref name="CPD" /> improved deteriorating sections of the parks and added new features.<ref name="CPD" /> Among Jensen's improvements were a semi-circular entryway at Marshall Boulevard, and a formal ] at the corner of ] and Sacramento Drive.<ref name="CPD" /> By the time Jensen designed the garden, Ogden Avenue, a diagonal roadway with a major ] thoroughfare that would later become part of ], had already been constructed.<ref name="CPD" /> The road divided the park into two separate landscapes, creating a busy ] at the junction of Ogden and Sacramento Avenues.<ref name="CPD" /> Jensen's solution was a long axial garden on the southeast side of the intersection, providing a buffer between Ogden Avenue and ]s to the south.<ref name="CPD" /> Jensen demolished the conservatories in each of the West Park System parks in favor of one grand conservatory at Garfield Park.<ref name="EOCC" />


At the entrance to the garden, the area closest to the busy roadway intersection, Jensen placed a monumental garden shelter, known as Flower Hall, and a formal ].<ref name=CPD> </ref> The designer of the structure is unknown, however, it was possibly Jensen himself, or his friend, Prairie School architect Hugh Garden.<ref name=CPD> </ref> East of the building, the garden becomes more naturalistic.<ref name=CPD> </ref> Jensen included perennial beds, a ] pool, and unique Prairie-style benches.<ref name=CPD> </ref> In 1928, the West Park Commission constructed a ] in Douglas Park.<ref name=CPD> </ref> The structure was designed by architects Michaelsen and Rognstad, who were also responsible for other notable buildings including the Garfield Park Gold Dome Building, the Humboldt and LaFolette Park Fieldhouses, and the On Leong Chinese Merchant's Association Building in ]. In 1934, Douglas Park became part of the ], when the city's 22 independent park commissions merged into a single citywide agency.<ref name=CPD> </ref> At the entrance to the garden, the area closest to the busy roadway intersection, Jensen placed a monumental garden shelter, known as Flower Hall, and a formal ].<ref name="CPD" /> The designer of the structure is unknown, however, it was possibly Jensen himself, or his friend, prairie school architect Hugh Garden.<ref name="CPD" /> East of the building, the garden becomes more naturalistic.<ref name="CPD" /> Jensen included perennial beds, a ] pool, and unique prairie-style benches.<ref name="CPD" /> In 1928, the West Park Commission constructed a ] in Douglas Park.<ref name="CPD" /> The structure was designed by architects Michaelsen and Rognstad, who were also responsible for other notable buildings including the Garfield Park Gold Dome Building, the Humboldt and LaFolette Park Fieldhouses, and the ] in ]. In 1934, Douglas Park became part of the ], when the city's 22 independent park commissions merged into a single citywide agency.<ref name="CPD" />

In 2017, students launched a petition to rename the park for Frederick Douglass and his wife, and presented a proposal to the park district board in 2019. In 2020, noting it had never held a vote to change the name of any park from a historical person in its history, the Chicago Park District Board approved the change.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-22 |title=Park named for slaveholding senator renamed after abolitionist Frederick Douglass |language=en-US |work=WGN |url=https://wgntv.com/news/chicago-news/chicago-park-district-meets-on-douglas-park-renaming/ |access-date=2020-07-23}}</ref>


==Today== ==Today==
The park has served as a central location for recreation since it was first built. It currently houses a ] course, a beach (actually a shallow lagoon with a sandy bottom), ] fields, ] fields, and an oval running track.<ref name=CP13>Graf, John, ''Chicago's Parks'' Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 13., ISBN 0-7385-0716-4.</ref> The park also retains its original ], a wide variety of trees and the original Jenney designed stone bridge.<ref name=CP12>Graf, John, ''Chicago's Parks'' Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 12., ISBN 0-7385-0716-4.</ref><ref name=CP13> </ref> The greenhouse that attracted visitors from throughout the city was torn down in 1905.<ref name=CP14>Graf, John, ''Chicago's Parks'' Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 14., ISBN 0-7385-0716-4.</ref> The statue of Czech patriot, ], by ] has been moved close to the ].<ref name=CP14> </ref> The park has served as a central location for recreation since it was first built. It currently houses a ] course, five playgrounds, an outdoor swimming pool, ] fields, basketball courts, and an oval running track.<ref name=CP13>Graf, John, ''Chicago's Parks'' Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 13., {{ISBN|0-7385-0716-4}}.</ref> The park also retains its original ], a wide variety of trees, and the original Jenney-designed stone bridge.<ref name="CP13" /><ref name=CP12>Graf, John, ''Chicago's Parks'' Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 12., {{ISBN|0-7385-0716-4}}.</ref> The greenhouse that attracted visitors from throughout the city was torn down in 1905.<ref name=CP14>Graf, John, ''Chicago's Parks'' Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 14., {{ISBN|0-7385-0716-4}}.</ref> The statue of Czech patriot, ], by ] was moved to Solidarity Drive on today's ] in the vicinity of the ] in 1981.<ref name="CP14" /> ] included plans to host the Olympic cycling competitions in this park, including a velodrome and a BMX course.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=24588&bt=Douglas+Park&arc=n&searchType=all|title=USOC picks Chicago for 2016 Olympic bid|access-date=May 1, 2007|date=April 14, 2007|author=Hinz, Greg|work=Crain Chicago Business|publisher=Crain Communications, Inc.}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Beginning in 2015, the park is the new home of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcchicago.com/blogs/worth-the-trip/Riot-Fest-Announces-Move-to-Douglas-Park-for-2015-304380261.html|title=Riot Fest Announces Move to Douglas Park for 2015: This year's Riot Fest is scheduled for Sept. 11-13|access-date=June 3, 2015|date=May 20, 2015|work=]}}</ref> From 2018 to 2022, it was also the host of the ] hip-hop music festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lyrical Lemonade Leaves Douglass Park For Suburbs; 2nd Fest To Relocate After Pushback From West Siders |url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2023/03/15/lyrical-lemonade-leaves-douglass-park-for-suburbs-2nd-major-music-fest-to-relocate-after-pushback-from-west-siders/ |website=Block Club Chicago |date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* ]
* ]


==Notes== ==Notes==
{{reflist|2}} {{Reflist|2}}


==External links== ==External links==
*
*


⚫ {{Coord|41.86|N|87.70|W|display=title}}


{{Chicago Parks}}
⚫ {{coor title d|41.86|N|87.70|W}}
{{Chicago}} {{Chicago}}
{{Frederick Douglass}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Good article}}

] ]
]
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Latest revision as of 23:21, 6 January 2025

Park in Illinois, United States For parks named Douglas Park, see Douglas Park (disambiguation).

Douglass (Frederick and Anna) Park
This Douglass Park Greenhouse was torn down in 1905.
TypeMunicipal
LocationChicago, Cook County, Illinois
Area173 acres (0.70 km)
Operated byChicago Park District
OpenAll year

Douglass Park (formerly Douglas Park) is a part of the Chicago Park District on the West Side of Chicago, Illinois. Established in 1869 and initially named South Park, its 173 acres (0.70 km) are in the North Lawndale community area with an official address of 1401 S. Sacramento Drive.

Opened in 1871, the park was originally named for U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas. In 2020, the park was renamed Douglass (Frederick and Anna) Park, for abolitionist Frederick Douglass and his wife Anna Murray Douglass.

Riot Fest is held annually each summer at Douglass Park, causing controversy among some neighborhood residents.

The park was named for Illinois politician and presidential candidate Stephen A. Douglas for over 151 years.
In 2020 the park was renamed for the abolitionist Frederick Douglass and his wife Anna Murray Douglass.

History

This stone bridge pictured in front of the old Greenhouse is one of the few remnants of Jenney's original park designs.

In 1869, the Illinois state legislature established the West Park Commission, which was responsible for three large parks and interlinking boulevards. Later that year, on November 4, 1869, the commissioners named the southernmost park in honor of Stephen A. Douglas (1813–1861). Best remembered for his pre-Civil War presidential defeat by Abraham Lincoln despite superb oratorical skills, Douglas was a United States Senator who helped bring the Illinois Central Railroad to Chicago. In 1871, designer William Le Baron Jenney completed plans for the entire West Park System which included Douglas, Garfield, and Humboldt parks. Jenney's engineering expertise was especially helpful for transforming Douglas Park's poor natural site into parkland. He had manure from the Union Stock Yards and sand added to the marshy site. This process brought the 173 acres (0.70 km) of land to grade level. In the center of the landscape, Jenney created a picturesque lake, and a small section of the park was formally opened in 1879. Inflated construction costs and post Great Chicago Fire tax collection difficulties resulted in phased projects. The first improvements were made to the park by Oscar DuBuis in the 1880s. Between 1886 and 1888 Douglas Park, like the other West Park System parks, replaced its greenhouse with a conservatory. In 1895, members of several German turners' clubs petitioned for an outdoor gymnasium, and the following year one of Chicago's first public facilities was constructed with an outdoor gymnasium (pictured right), swimming pool, and natatorium.

20th-century redevelopment

This 1916 photo depicts the outdoor gymnasium.

By the turn of the century, the West Park Commission was riddled with political graft, and the three parks became dilapidated. As part of a reform effort in 1905, Jens Jensen was appointed as General Superintendent and Chief Landscape Architect for the entire West Park System. Jensen, now recognized as dean of the prairie style of landscape architecture, improved deteriorating sections of the parks and added new features. Among Jensen's improvements were a semi-circular entryway at Marshall Boulevard, and a formal garden at the corner of Ogden Avenue and Sacramento Drive. By the time Jensen designed the garden, Ogden Avenue, a diagonal roadway with a major streetcar thoroughfare that would later become part of Route 66, had already been constructed. The road divided the park into two separate landscapes, creating a busy intersection at the junction of Ogden and Sacramento Avenues. Jensen's solution was a long axial garden on the southeast side of the intersection, providing a buffer between Ogden Avenue and playing fields to the south. Jensen demolished the conservatories in each of the West Park System parks in favor of one grand conservatory at Garfield Park.

At the entrance to the garden, the area closest to the busy roadway intersection, Jensen placed a monumental garden shelter, known as Flower Hall, and a formal reflecting pool. The designer of the structure is unknown, however, it was possibly Jensen himself, or his friend, prairie school architect Hugh Garden. East of the building, the garden becomes more naturalistic. Jensen included perennial beds, a lily pool, and unique prairie-style benches. In 1928, the West Park Commission constructed a fieldhouse in Douglas Park. The structure was designed by architects Michaelsen and Rognstad, who were also responsible for other notable buildings including the Garfield Park Gold Dome Building, the Humboldt and LaFolette Park Fieldhouses, and the On Leong Merchants Association Building in Chinatown. In 1934, Douglas Park became part of the Chicago Park District, when the city's 22 independent park commissions merged into a single citywide agency.

In 2017, students launched a petition to rename the park for Frederick Douglass and his wife, and presented a proposal to the park district board in 2019. In 2020, noting it had never held a vote to change the name of any park from a historical person in its history, the Chicago Park District Board approved the change.

Today

The park has served as a central location for recreation since it was first built. It currently houses a miniature golf course, five playgrounds, an outdoor swimming pool, soccer fields, basketball courts, and an oval running track. The park also retains its original lagoon, a wide variety of trees, and the original Jenney-designed stone bridge. The greenhouse that attracted visitors from throughout the city was torn down in 1905. The statue of Czech patriot, Karel Havlíček Borovský, by Joseph Strachovsky was moved to Solidarity Drive on today's Museum Campus in the vicinity of the Adler Planetarium in 1981. Chicago's 2016 Olympic bid included plans to host the Olympic cycling competitions in this park, including a velodrome and a BMX course. Beginning in 2015, the park is the new home of the Riot Fest. From 2018 to 2022, it was also the host of the Lyrical Lemonade hip-hop music festival.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Graf, John, Chicago's Parks Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 11., ISBN 0-7385-0716-4.
  2. Despite several sources that indicate otherwise and despite the fact that Sacramento Avenue runs at 3000 West from 7558 North to 11258 South it has two sections where it has an alternate official name. It is Sacramento Boulevard from 934 north to 1156 South and it is Sacramento Drive in Douglas Park according to Hayner, Don and Tom McNamee, Streetwise Chicago, "Sacramento Avenue/Sacramento Boulevard/Sacramento Drive", p. 113, Loyola University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8294-0597-6
  3. Wetli, Patty (July 22, 2020). "Park District Board Says of Douglas Park Name Change: 'It Will Be Done'". WTTW. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  4. Greene, Morgan (November 19, 2020). "After Years of Student Activism, Park District Officially Makes Name Change to Douglass Park". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  5. ^ "Douglas Park Cultural & Community Center". Chicago Park District. 2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2007.
  6. ^ Hueber, Jeff, "Chicago Parks Rediscovered", p. 57, Jannes Art Press, Inc., ISBN 0-912223-02-2.
  7. Bachrach, Julia Sniderman (2005). "Park Districts". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  8. ^ Bachrach, Julia Sniderman (2005). "Conservatories". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  9. "Park named for slaveholding senator renamed after abolitionist Frederick Douglass". WGN. July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  10. ^ Graf, John, Chicago's Parks Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 13., ISBN 0-7385-0716-4.
  11. Graf, John, Chicago's Parks Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 12., ISBN 0-7385-0716-4.
  12. ^ Graf, John, Chicago's Parks Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 14., ISBN 0-7385-0716-4.
  13. Hinz, Greg (April 14, 2007). "USOC picks Chicago for 2016 Olympic bid". Crain Chicago Business. Crain Communications, Inc. Retrieved May 1, 2007.
  14. "Riot Fest Announces Move to Douglas Park for 2015: This year's Riot Fest is scheduled for Sept. 11-13". NBC Chicago. May 20, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  15. "Lyrical Lemonade Leaves Douglass Park For Suburbs; 2nd Fest To Relocate After Pushback From West Siders". Block Club Chicago. March 15, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.

External links

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