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Revision as of 18:27, 17 June 2007 editWikima (talk | contribs)1,215 edits The term Intifada is only recently used for the Palestinian uprsing. Here again an abuse for propaganda. S. Talk:Independence Intifada← Previous edit Latest revision as of 04:04, 31 December 2024 edit undoXTheBedrockX (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users82,389 edits + 9 categories; ±Category:Conflicts in 1970Category:1970 riots using HotCat 
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{{Short description|1970 uprising in the Spanish-ruled Western Sahara}}
{{POV}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
The '''Zemla Intifada''' (Intifada means uprising) is the name used by the ] backed ] movement for the disturbances of ], ], which culminated in a massacre by ] forces in the Zemla quarters of ], ] (then ]).{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
| title = Zemla Intifada
| partof = ]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 17 June 1970
| place = ], ]
| coordinates =
| causes =
| goals = Independence of the territory
| methods =
* ]
* ]ing
| status =
| result =
| side1 = ]<br>]
| side2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg}} ]
* ]
* ]
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 = ~3,000
| howmany2 = ~100
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 = 2–11 civilians killed, hundreds wounded or detained
| casualties2 = Several injured
| casualties3 =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
}}
{{Campaignbox Western Sahara conflict}}
{{Sahara conflict}}


The '''Zemla Intifada''' (or the Zemla Uprising) is the name used to refer to disturbances of 17 June 1970,<ref>{{cite news|title=Western Sahara: 44th Anniversary of Zemla Uprising|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406191074.html|access-date=6 November 2016|work=allafrica.com}}{{subscription required}}</ref> which culminated in a massacre (between 2 and 11 persons were killed) by ] forces in the Zemla ] of ], ] (modern-day]).<ref name="spanishempire">{{cite book|last1=Tarver|first1=H. Michael|last2=Slape|first2=Emily|title=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia|date=25 July 2016|isbn=9781440845703|page=36|publisher=Abc-Clio |edition=Volume I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|access-date=6 November 2016}}</ref>
Leaders of the hitherto secret organization ], among them its founder ], called a demonstration to hand a petition calling for independence and fair treatment for ]s to the Spanish governor-general of the colony, General ]. They were allowed to read out the petition, but as the demonstration was dispersing, police moved in to arrest its leaders. Demonstrators responded by pushing the policemen away and when the police charged with batons, stone-throwing erupted. The Spanish authorities called in the ] who opened fire on the demonstrators, killing at least eleven and wounding scores. Hundreds of people were arrested.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}


==Demonstration==
In the days following the massacre, Harakat Tahrir activists, Bassiri among them, were hunted down by Spanish security forces. Bassiri ] in jail.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Leaders of the previous secret organization '']'' called for a demonstration to read out a petition of goals in response against the ]. On 17 June 1970, this petition was read to the Spanish governor-general of the colony, General ], peacefully.<ref name="spy"/>


==Riot==
The suppression of the Zemla demonstration pushed the Sahrawi anticolonial movement into embracing armed struggle. The militant nationalist organization ] was formed three years later.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
After the demonstration was being dispersed by orders from Spain's governor-general, police moved in to arrest the '']'''s leaders. Demonstrators responded to the police's actions by throwing stones at the police. The Spanish authorities called in the ] who opened fire on the demonstrators, killing at least eleven people.<ref name="spy">{{cite book|title=Western Sahara A "Spy" Guide - Strategic Information and Developments|date=May 2001|publisher=IBP. Inc. / ]|isbn=0739786407|page=45|edition=2013|access-date=6 November 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7AGBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45}}{{self-published source|reason=Lulu.com is a self-publishing platform|date=June 2022}}</ref>


==Aftermath==
June 17th is now commemorated in the ] of ], ], and has been used as a day of protest in Western Sahara.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
In the days following the incident, the ''Harakat Tahrir'''s founder ], and other '']'' activists, were hunted down by Spanish security forces. Bassiri ] in ] after being arrested in 1970.<ref name="camacho">{{cite web |url=http://www.eng.gees.org/articulo/297/29 |title=Terrorism and War in the Sahara |access-date=9 August 2008|last=Camacho |first=Ana|date=11 April 2008|publisher=GEES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807170500/http://www.eng.gees.org/articulo/297/29|archive-date=7 August 2008}}</ref>


The Zemla demonstration led to the end of the ''Harakat Tahrir''. Hundreds of their supporters were arrested, while other demonstrators were deported from ].<ref name="spy"/> The suppression of the Zemla demonstration pushed the Spanish Saharan anti-colonial movement into embracing armed struggle. The militant nationalist organization ] was formed three years later.<ref name="camacho" />
]


==References==
{{reflist}}


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{{WesternSahara-stub}}
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{{Africa-hist-stub}}
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Latest revision as of 04:04, 31 December 2024

1970 uprising in the Spanish-ruled Western Sahara
Zemla Intifada
Part of Western Sahara conflict
Date17 June 1970
LocationEl Aaiun, Spanish Sahara
GoalsIndependence of the territory
Methods
Parties
Sahrawi people
Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab

Spanish government

Number
~3,000 ~100
Casualties and losses
2–11 civilians killed, hundreds wounded or detained Several injured
Western Sahara conflict
Part of a series on the
Western Sahara conflict
Background
Regions
Politics
Clashes
Issues
Peace process

The Zemla Intifada (or the Zemla Uprising) is the name used to refer to disturbances of 17 June 1970, which culminated in a massacre (between 2 and 11 persons were killed) by Spanish Legion forces in the Zemla district of El Aaiun, Spanish Sahara (modern-dayWestern Sahara).

Demonstration

Leaders of the previous secret organization Harakat Tahrir called for a demonstration to read out a petition of goals in response against the Spanish occupation of Western Sahara. On 17 June 1970, this petition was read to the Spanish governor-general of the colony, General José María Pérez de Lema y Tejero, peacefully.

Riot

After the demonstration was being dispersed by orders from Spain's governor-general, police moved in to arrest the Harakat Tahrir's leaders. Demonstrators responded to the police's actions by throwing stones at the police. The Spanish authorities called in the Spanish Foreign Legion who opened fire on the demonstrators, killing at least eleven people.

Aftermath

In the days following the incident, the Harakat Tahrir's founder Muhammad Bassiri, and other Harakat Tahrir activists, were hunted down by Spanish security forces. Bassiri disappeared in jail after being arrested in 1970.

The Zemla demonstration led to the end of the Harakat Tahrir. Hundreds of their supporters were arrested, while other demonstrators were deported from Spanish Sahara. The suppression of the Zemla demonstration pushed the Spanish Saharan anti-colonial movement into embracing armed struggle. The militant nationalist organization Polisario Front was formed three years later.

References

  1. "Western Sahara: 44th Anniversary of Zemla Uprising". allafrica.com. Retrieved 6 November 2016.(subscription required)
  2. Tarver, H. Michael; Slape, Emily (25 July 2016). The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia (Volume I ed.). Abc-Clio. p. 36. ISBN 9781440845703. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  3. ^ Western Sahara A "Spy" Guide - Strategic Information and Developments (2013 ed.). IBP. Inc. / Lulu.com. May 2001. p. 45. ISBN 0739786407. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  4. ^ Camacho, Ana (11 April 2008). "Terrorism and War in the Sahara". GEES. Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
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