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{{Hatgrp|
The name '''Cyrus''' (or '''Koroush''' in ]) may refer to:
{{Other uses}}
* ] -- ] around 650 B.C.
{{Distinguish|Cyprus}}
* ] -- King of Persia 576 B.C. - 529 B.C.
}}
* ] -- died 401 B.C.
{{Infobox given name
| name = Cyrus
| image=
| imagesize=
| caption=
| pronunciation= {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪər|ə|s}}
| gender = Male
| meaning = "Sun", "One who bestows care"
| origin = Persian
| alternative spelling =
| related names = ], Kurush, ], ]
| footnotes =
| wikt =
}}


'''Cyrus''' (]: کوروش) is a male given name and the name of several ], particularly ] ({{circa| 600–530}} BC), but also ] ({{circa| 650|lk=no}} BC), King of Persia and the grandfather of Cyrus the Great, and ] (died 401 BC), brother to the Persian king ].
{{disambig}}


== Etymology ==
]
Cyrus, as a word in English, is the ]ized form of the ] ], ''Kȳros'', from ] {{lang|peo|]}} ''Kūruš''.<ref name=cyrusthename>{{harv|Schmitt|1996a}}</ref> According to the inscriptions, the name is reflected in ] ''Kuraš'', ] ''Ku(r)-raš/-ra-áš'' and ] ''kwrš''. The modern Persian form of the name is '']''.
]

]
The etymology of Cyrus has been and continues to be a topic of discussion amongst ], ], and scholars of ]. The Old Persian name "kuruš" has been interpreted in various forms such as "the Sun", "like Sun", "young", "hero," and "humiliator of the enemy in verbal contest" and the Elamite "kuraš" has been translated as one "who bestows care".
]

]
The name has appeared on many monuments and inscriptions in Old Persian.<ref name=chicyrus>{{harv|Gershevitch|1985|pp=392–5}}</ref> There is also the record of a small inscription in Morghab (southwestern Iran) on which there is the sentence (''adam kūruš xšāyaθiya haxāmanišiya'') in ] meaning (''I am Cyrus the ] King'').<ref name=murghabinscription>{{harv|Tolman|1908|p=55}}</ref> After a questionable<ref name=kurusname>{{harv|Tolman|1908|p=82}}</ref> proposal by the German linguist F. H. Weissbach that ] was the first to inscribe in ], it had previously been concluded by some scholars that the inscription in Morghab refers to Cyrus the Younger. This proposal resulted from a false interpretation of a passage in paragraph 70 of the ] by Darius the Great.<ref>{{harv|Gershevitch|1985|p=395}}</ref> Based on many arguments,<ref>{{harv|Ghirshman|1965|p=246}}</ref> the accepted theory among modern scholars is that the inscription does belong to Cyrus the Great.<ref name=cyrustheyounger>{{harv|Schmitt|1996b}}</ref>

There are interpretations of the name of Cyrus by classical authors identifying with or referring to the Persian word for "Sun". The Historian ] (46–120) states that "the sun, which, in the ], is called Cyrus".<ref>], in ]</ref> Also, the Physician ] who served in the court of the Persian king ] writes in his book ''Persica'' as summarized by ] that the name Cyrus is from the Persian word "Khur" (the sun).<ref>Epitome of ]' Persica {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123225926/http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/ctesias/photius_persica3.html |date=2016-11-23 }}.</ref> These are, however, not accepted by modern scholars.<ref name=cyrusthename/>

Regarding the etymology of Old Persian ''kuruš'', linguists have proposed various etymologies based on Iranian languages as well as non-] ones.<ref name=Tavernier>{{harv|Tavernier|2007|p=528}}</ref> According to Tavernier, the name ''kuraš'', attested in Elamite texts, is likely "the original form" as there is no Elamite or Babylonian spelling ''ku-ru-uš'' in the transcriptions of Old Persian ''ku-u-r(u)-u-š''. That is, according to Tavernier, ''kuraš'' is an Elamite name and means "to bestow care".<ref name=Tavernier/> Others, such as Schmitt, Hoffmann maintain that the Persian ''Kuruš'', which according to Skalmowsky, may be connected to (or borrowing from) the ] ''Kúru-'' from ] can give an etymology of the Elamite ''kuraš''.<ref name=cyrusthename/><ref name=Tavernier/> In this regard, the Old Persian ''kuruš'' is considered with the following etymologies: One proposal is discussed by the linguist ] that refers to the common Iranian root "kur-" (be born) of many words in Old, middle, and new ] (e.g. ]). Accordingly, the name Kūruš means "young, youth...".<ref name=harmatta>{{harv|Harmatta|1971|pp=5–6}}</ref> Other Iranian etymologies have been proposed. The Indian proposal of Skalmowsky goes down to "to do, accomplish". Another theory is the suggestion of ] that ''kuruš'' goes down to a ''-ru'' derivation from the IE root ''*(s)kau'' meaning "to humiliate"<ref name=Tavernier/> and accordingly "kuruš" (hence "Cyrus") means "''humiliator'' (of the enemy in verbal contest)".<ref name=cyrusthename/>

People and fictional characters named Cyrus include:

==People==
===Given name===
====Ancient world====
*] ({{circa|650|lk=no}} BC), King of Anshan
*] ({{circa|600|lk=no}} BC or 576 BC–530 BC) – also known as Cyrus II – the grandson of Cyrus I, an Achaemenid ruler and founder of the Great Persian Empire
*] (died 401 BC), brother to the Persian King Artaxerxes
*], 1st century Greek architect who worked in Rome
*Saint Cyrus (see ]), 4th century Coptic saint
*], bishop (died 396)
*], bishop (died 498)
*] (died 642), Melkite Patriarch and co-founder of Monothelism
*], 5th-century Byzantine writer and official

====Modern era====
*] (1889–1977), American artist, illustrator, author and adventurer
*] (1861–1920), American journalist, historian and adventure writer
*] (born 1971), MTV India VJ
*] (born 1994), Team GB Boxer
*] (born 1992), professional footballer who plays as right back for Hull City A.F.C
*] (1942–2019), British scientist
*] (1861–1944), American sculptor
*] (1883–1979), Canadian-American banker, investor and philanthropist
*] (1793–1877), American politician and lawyer
*] (1819–1892), American businessman who successfully laid the first transatlantic telegraph cable
*] (born 1969), Dutch film director
*] (1908–2001) was an American scholar of Near Eastern cultures and ancient languages
*] (1839–1867), Union general during American Civil War, son of Vice President Hannibal Hamlin
*] (1889–1983), American editorial cartoonist
*] (born 1984), Kenyan visual artist
*] (1898–1953), American actor
*] (1843–1924), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
*] (1809–1884), American inventor who developed the modern mechanical reaper
*] (born 1968), Irish-Indian businessman and Chairman of Indian conglomerate Tata Group
*] (born 1956), Indian author and playwright
*] (born 1961), American literary and cultural critic
*] (1790–1860), founder of first public normal school (teachers' college) in the United States
*] (born 1976), national squash coach in India
*] ({{floruit|1966–present}}), Indian businessman
*] (born 1998), Canadian soccer player
*] (born 1980), MTV India VJ
*] (1899–1990), longtime CEO of American Airlines
*] (1917–2002), American politician and lawyer, ] under ] ] and ], ] under Lyndon B. Johnson and ] under ]
**] (born 1954), American politician and lawyer, son of Cyrus Sr. and former ] ] (2010–2021)
*], Australian singer who won ''The X Factor Australia'' in 2015

===In literature===
* '']'', a discourse by the English physician-philosopher ]

==Fictional characters==
*Cyrus, from ] book series by James Riely
*Cyrus Beene, from the television series ''Scandal''
*Cyrus Trask, from ]'s novel '']''
* Cyrus Spitama, the grandson of ] and main character of ]’s novel, ].
* ], a character in '']''
*], from the animated TV series ''Kim Possible''
*], from '']'' and ]'s first gay main character
*], a detective from ''Law & Order''
*], the brother of Abraham Simpson in ''The Simpsons''
*Cyrus, from the TV series '']''
*Cyrus, from the animated series '']''
*Cyrus "The Virus" Grissom, in the 1997 film '']'', played by ]
*Cyrus, a gang leader in the 1979 film '']''
*], the leader of Team Galactic and the main antagonist of ], and ]
*Cyrus Gold, the DC Comics character '']''
*], the leading character in Jules Verne's novel '']''
*Cyrus, a vampaneze from the novel '']'' by Darren Shan
*], in the video game ''Chrono Trigger''
*Cyrus, a Redguard pirate and hero in the video game '']''
*Cyrus Albright, one of the 8 main protagonists of the video game '']''
*Cyrus, an NPC in the video game '']''
*Cyrus, an alpaca NPC introduced in '']''

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|last=Ghirshman|first=R.|author-link = Roman Ghirshman|title=A propos de l'ecriture cuneiforme vieux-perse|doi=10.1086/371818|journal=]|year=1965|pages=244–250|volume=24|issue=3|s2cid=162253058}}
* {{Citation | last = Schmitt | first = Rüdiger | author-link = Rüdiger Schmitt | contribution = Cyrus i. The Name | editor-last = Yarshater | editor-first = Ehsan | title = Encyclopaedia Iranica | volume = 6 | pages = 515–16 | publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul | place = London | year = 1996a | contribution-url = http://www.iranica.com/cyrus-i-name | title-link = Encyclopaedia Iranica }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation | last = Schmitt | first = Rüdiger | author-link = Rüdiger Schmitt | contribution = Cyrus vi. Cyrus the Younger | editor-last = Yarshater | editor-first = Ehsan | title = Encyclopaedia Iranica | volume = 6 | pages = 518 | publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul | place = London | year = 1996b | contribution-url = http://www.iranica.com/cyrus-vi-younger }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation|last=Tavernier|first=Jan| title=Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Linguistic Study of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2007|isbn=978-90-429-1833-7}}
* {{citation | last=Tolman | first=Herbert Cushing| year=1908 | title=Ancient Persian Lexicon| publisher=American Book Company|isbn=978-0-7905-2613-3}}
*{{citation| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-20091-2| last = Gershevitch| first = Ilya| title = The Cambridge History of Iran Vol. 2: The Median and Achaemenian periods| year = 1985| title-link = The Cambridge History of Iran}}
* {{citation |last=Harmatta |first= János |author-link=Janos Harmatta |year=1971 |title=The Rise of the Old Persian Empire — Cyrus the Great |journal= Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae|volume= 19|pages=1–15 }}
{{refend}}

{{given name|type=both}}

]
]

Latest revision as of 17:28, 15 October 2024

For other uses, see Cyrus (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Cyprus.
Cyrus
Pronunciation/ˈsaɪərəs/
GenderMale
Origin
Word/namePersian
Meaning"Sun", "One who bestows care"
Other names
Related namesKourosh, Kurush, Koresh, Ciro

Cyrus (Persian: کوروش) is a male given name and the name of several Persian kings, particularly Cyrus the Great (c. 600–530 BC), but also Cyrus I of Anshan (c. 650 BC), King of Persia and the grandfather of Cyrus the Great, and Cyrus the Younger (died 401 BC), brother to the Persian king Artaxerxes II of Persia.

Etymology

Cyrus, as a word in English, is the Latinized form of the Greek Κῦρος, Kȳros, from Old Persian 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš. According to the inscriptions, the name is reflected in Elamite Kuraš, Babylonian Ku(r)-raš/-ra-áš and Imperial Aramaic kwrš. The modern Persian form of the name is Kūroš.

The etymology of Cyrus has been and continues to be a topic of discussion amongst historians, linguists, and scholars of Iranology. The Old Persian name "kuruš" has been interpreted in various forms such as "the Sun", "like Sun", "young", "hero," and "humiliator of the enemy in verbal contest" and the Elamite "kuraš" has been translated as one "who bestows care".

The name has appeared on many monuments and inscriptions in Old Persian. There is also the record of a small inscription in Morghab (southwestern Iran) on which there is the sentence (adam kūruš xšāyaθiya haxāmanišiya) in Old Persian meaning (I am Cyrus the Achaemenian King). After a questionable proposal by the German linguist F. H. Weissbach that Darius the Great was the first to inscribe in Persian, it had previously been concluded by some scholars that the inscription in Morghab refers to Cyrus the Younger. This proposal resulted from a false interpretation of a passage in paragraph 70 of the Behistun inscription by Darius the Great. Based on many arguments, the accepted theory among modern scholars is that the inscription does belong to Cyrus the Great.

There are interpretations of the name of Cyrus by classical authors identifying with or referring to the Persian word for "Sun". The Historian Plutarch (46–120) states that "the sun, which, in the Persian language, is called Cyrus". Also, the Physician Ctesias who served in the court of the Persian king Artaxerxes II of Persia writes in his book Persica as summarized by Photios that the name Cyrus is from the Persian word "Khur" (the sun). These are, however, not accepted by modern scholars.

Regarding the etymology of Old Persian kuruš, linguists have proposed various etymologies based on Iranian languages as well as non-Indo-European ones. According to Tavernier, the name kuraš, attested in Elamite texts, is likely "the original form" as there is no Elamite or Babylonian spelling ku-ru-uš in the transcriptions of Old Persian ku-u-r(u)-u-š. That is, according to Tavernier, kuraš is an Elamite name and means "to bestow care". Others, such as Schmitt, Hoffmann maintain that the Persian Kuruš, which according to Skalmowsky, may be connected to (or borrowing from) the IE Kúru- from Old Indic can give an etymology of the Elamite kuraš. In this regard, the Old Persian kuruš is considered with the following etymologies: One proposal is discussed by the linguist Janos Harmatta that refers to the common Iranian root "kur-" (be born) of many words in Old, middle, and new Iranian languages (e.g. Kurdish). Accordingly, the name Kūruš means "young, youth...". Other Iranian etymologies have been proposed. The Indian proposal of Skalmowsky goes down to "to do, accomplish". Another theory is the suggestion of Karl Hoffmann that kuruš goes down to a -ru derivation from the IE root *(s)kau meaning "to humiliate" and accordingly "kuruš" (hence "Cyrus") means "humiliator (of the enemy in verbal contest)".

People and fictional characters named Cyrus include:

People

Given name

Ancient world

Modern era

In literature

Fictional characters

See also

Citations

  1. ^ (Schmitt 1996a)
  2. (Gershevitch 1985, pp. 392–5)
  3. (Tolman 1908, p. 55)
  4. (Tolman 1908, p. 82)
  5. (Gershevitch 1985, p. 395)
  6. (Ghirshman 1965, p. 246)
  7. (Schmitt 1996b)
  8. Plutarch, Artoxerxes in (Parallel lives)
  9. Epitome of Ctesias' Persica 52 Archived 2016-11-23 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ^ (Tavernier 2007, p. 528)
  11. (Harmatta 1971, pp. 5–6)

General and cited references

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