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			{{short description\|American tax reduction activist}}
	]
			{{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2013}}
			{{Infobox person
			\| name = Grover Norquist
			\| image = Grover Norquist (37775765762) (cropped).jpg
			\| caption = Norquist in 2017
			\| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1956\|10\|19}}
			\| birth_place = ], U.S.
			\| death_date =
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			\| other_names =
			\| education = ] (], ])
			\| occupation =
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			\| organization = ]
			\| known_for =
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			\| party = ]
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			\| boards = ], ]<ref name=ACU/><ref name="harper collins"/>
			\| spouse = {{marriage\|Samah Alrayyes\|2004}}
			\| relatives = ] (brother)
			\| children = 2
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			\| website = <!-- {{URL\|www.example.com}} -->
			}}

			'''Grover Glenn Norquist''' (born October 19, 1956) is an American political activist and anti-tax advocate who is founder and president of ], an organization that opposes all ] increases. A ],<ref name=60minutes/> he is the primary promoter of the ], a pledge signed by lawmakers who agree to oppose increases in marginal income tax rates for individuals and businesses, and net reductions or eliminations of deductions and credits without a matching reduced tax rate.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.atr.org/about-grover \|title=Who is Grover Norquist? \|publisher=Americans for Tax Reform \|access-date=November 8, 2012}}</ref> Prior to the November 2012 election, the pledge was signed by 95% of all Republican members of ] and all but one of the ] running for the ].<ref>{{cite web\|author=Howard Fineman \|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/21/grover-norquist-jon-huntsman-tim-pawlenty-no-tax-pledge_n_881857.html \|title=It's Grover Time: Huntsman Rejects No-Tax Pledge, Pawlenty Waivers \|work=The Huffington Post \|date=August 21, 2011 \|access-date=November 8, 2012}}</ref>
	'''Grover Glenn Norquist''' (born ], ]) is an American ] activist. He currently serves as president of anti-] ] group ].

	== Early ~~years~~ and ~~career~~ ==		==Early life and education==
			Norquist was born in ] and grew up in ]. He is the son of Carol (née Lutz) and Warren Elliott Norquist, a vice president of ],<ref name="nndb"/><ref name="soul of"/> and is of ] ancestry.<ref>{{cite news\|first=Michael\|last=Moynihan\|author-link=Michael C. Moynihan\|url=http://reason.com/archives/2006/09/20/swedens-politics-of-perssonal\|title=Sweden's Politics of Perssonal Destruction \|work=]\|date=September 20, 2006\|access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|first=Eirik\|last=Løkke\|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/art/minerva/usa-valget_2008/3321992\|title=Fingrene fra pengene, våpnene og livene våre\|work=]\|date=September 10, 2008\|language=no\|access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> His younger brother, ], has served in senior posts in Republican administrations at both the ] and the ] and is currently President and CEO of the ].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2006/01/18/New-homeland-CFO-faces-tough-challenge/77201137633261/\|title=New homeland CFO faces tough challenge\|work=UPI\|access-date=2017-04-10\|language=en}}</ref> Norquist became involved with politics at an early age when he volunteered for the 1968 Nixon campaign, assisting with ] efforts.<ref name=Post-First-Person/> He graduated from ] and enrolled at ] in 1974, where he earned his ] and ].
	Norquist, who is of ], grew up in ], ], where he learned politics at an early age when his father would liken each bite he took out of his ] cone to a different type of tax levied by the government. His political leanings were cemented at the age of eleven by reading anti-Communist tracts such as ''Masters of Deceit'' by ] and ''Witness'' by ].<ref name="www.findarticles.com_cf_dls_m1571_n3_v14_20174381_p1_article.jhtml">http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m1571/n3_v14/20174381/p1/article.jhtml</ref>

			At college, Norquist was an editor at the '']'' and helped to publish the ]-leaning ''Harvard Chronicle''.<ref name=Nation/> He was a member of the ]. Norquist has said: "When I became 21, I decided that nobody learned anything about politics after the age of 21."<ref name=Post-First-Person/> He attended the ] in Arlington, Virginia,<ref name="my right"/> an organization that teaches conservative Americans how to influence public policy through activism and leadership.<ref name="li difference"/>
	Norquist received a B.A. (economics) from ], which he attended from ] to ], living in ]. He later received an M.B.A. from ] (]–]).<ref name="watch.pair.com_database2.html">http://watch.pair.com/database2.html</ref>

			==Career==
	After leaving professional school, Norquist became executive director of both the ] and the national ] organization, holding both positions until 1983. He was an ] and chief speech writer for the ] from 1983 to 1984.<ref name="www.mediatransparency.org_people_grover_norquist.htm">http://www.mediatransparency.org/people/grover_norquist.htm</ref>
			===Early career===
			] meeting with ] and Norquist in connection with the ] in 1981]]
			Early in his career, Norquist was executive director of both the ] and the national ], holding both positions until 1983. He served as Economist and Chief Speechwriter at the ] from 1983 to 1984.{{citation needed\|date=April 2021}}

			Norquist traveled to several war zones to help support anti-] guerrilla armies in the second half of the 1980s.{{citation needed\|date=November 2012}} He worked with a support network for ]'s efforts with the ]n ] and other insurgencies, in addition to promoting U.S. support for groups including ]'s ] and ]'s ] in Angola<ref name=Nation/> and helping to organize anti-Soviet forces in ]. In 1985, he went to a conference in South Africa sponsored by South African businesses called the "Youth for Freedom Conference", which sought to bring American and South African conservatives together to end the anti-apartheid movement.<ref>Kleiner, Sam (July 9, 2013). ''The Nation.''</ref> Norquist represented the ] government of ] as a lobbyist from 1995 until 1999. Norquist's efforts were the subject of ]'s 1997 article in '']'', "What I sold at the revolution."<ref>{{cite book\|last=Easton\|first=Nina\|title=Gang of five : leaders at the center of the conservative crusade\|year=2000\|publisher=Simon & Schuster\|location=New York\|isbn=0684838990\|url=https://archive.org/details/gangoffiveleader00east}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|title=The New Republic\|journal=What I Sold at the Revolution\|date=June 9, 1997}}</ref>
	Norquist founded Americans for Tax Reform in 1985, at the request of President ], and has headed the organization ever since. <ref name="http://www.atr.org/home/about/index.html">http://www.atr.org/home/about/index.html</ref> Although he is best known as the head of that organization, his introduction to conservative politics was rooted in the anti-] arguments of the ]. "I was actually a foreign-policy conservative first," he told an interviewer in 1998.

			===Americans for Tax Reform===
	From 1985 to 1988, Norquist was also an economic advisor to ] ] leader ].<ref name="auctionhouse.tpmcafe.com_story_2006_1_26_94216_1282">http://auctionhouse.tpmcafe.com/story/2006/1/26/94216/1282</ref> During this period, he was registered with the ] as a foreign agent of Angola.<ref name="www.usdoj.gov_criminal_fara_fara2nd97_COUNTRY_ANGOLA.HTM#5061">http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fara/fara2nd97/COUNTRY/ANGOLA.HTM#5061</ref>
			{{Main\|Americans for Tax Reform}}
			Norquist founded ] (ATR) in 1985, which he says was done at the request of then-President ].<ref name="mission statement"/> Referring to Norquist's activities as head of ATR, ], in a '']'' episode that aired on November 20, 2011, claimed that "Norquist has been responsible, more than anyone else, for rewriting the dogma of the Republican Party."<ref name="hold on"/>

			The primary policy goal of Americans for Tax Reform is to reduce government revenues as a percentage of the GDP.<ref name=NTPTP/><ref name="cost of gov"/> ATR states that it "opposes all tax increases as a matter of principle."<ref name="debate"/> Americans for Tax Reform has supported ] (TABOR) legislation<ref name="touts"/> and transparency initiatives,<ref name="press release"/> while opposing efforts to regulate health care.<ref name="press release1"/>
	== Political importance on national politics ==
	Norquist is one of the so-called "]" identified in ]'s ] book by that name, which gives a history of leaders of the modern conservative movement. He has been described as "a thumb-in-the-eye radical rightist" ('']''), and "] crossed with ] plus just a ] of ]" (]). Norquist's page on the web site of ] includes a laudatory quote about him from former ] ]. Indeed, Norquist co-authored the 1994 Contract with America.

			In 1993, Norquist launched his Wednesday Meeting series at ATR headquarters, initially to help fight President Clinton's healthcare plan. The meeting eventually became one of the most significant institutions in American conservative political organizing. The meetings have been called "a must-attend event for Republican operatives fortunate enough to get an invitation", and "the Grand Central station of the conservative movement."<ref name=60minutes/><ref name=Nation/> Medvetz (2006) argues that the meetings have been significant in "establishing relations of ... exchange" among conservative subgroups and "sustaining a moral community of conservative activists."<ref>Thomas Medvetz ''Politics & Society'' (2006) 34#3 pp. 343-368. quote is from p. 343</ref><ref>See also Peter Beinart. "Going Stronger; What Conservatives Understand about Taxes." ''The New Republic'', May 21, 2001; ''The Economist'', March 31, 2001; John Aloysius Farrell. "Right Where He Belongs." ''Boston Globe'', April 17, 2002; Mara Liasson ''Morning Edition Roll Call'', ] May 25, 2001; Susan Page '']'' June 1, 2001; Robin Toner '']'' March 19, 2001; Jill Zuckman '']'' June 9, 2003.</ref>
	In 1999, he was instrumental in securing early support for then Texas Governor ], continuing a decades-long association with Karl Rove ("]'s ] dubbed him "the Grand Central Station" of conservatism and told '']'': "It's not disputable" that Norquist was the key to the Bush campaign's surprising level of support from movement conservatives in 2000") . After Bush's election to the White House in 2000, Norquist was the prime architect behind the many Bush tax-cuts ("Grover Norquist: 'Field Marshal' of the Bush Plan") .

			As a nonprofit organization, Americans for Tax Reform is not required to disclose the identity of its contributors. Critics, such as Sen. ], have asked Norquist to disclose his contributors; he has declined but has said that ATR is financed by direct mail and other ] efforts. According to CBS News, "a significant portion appears to come from wealthy individuals, foundations and corporate interests."<ref name=60minutes/>
	Norquist is "adept at media appearances ... writes a monthly politics column for the '']'' magazine, and frequently speaks at regional and state ]s of the ] movement," according to the critical website MediaTransparency.Org.

			===Taxpayer Protection Pledge===
	=== Wednesday Meetings ===
			Prior to the November 2012 election, 238 of 242 ] Republicans and 41 out of 47 ] Republicans had signed ATR's "Taxpayer Protection Pledge", in which the pledger promises to "oppose any and all efforts to increase the marginal income tax rate for individuals and business; and to oppose any net reduction or elimination of deductions and credits, unless matched dollar for dollar by further reducing tax rates."<ref name="Taxpayer Protection Pledge"/><ref name="random guy"/>
	Shortly after ] was elected president of the United States in 1992, Norquist began hosting a weekly get-together of conservatives in his Washington office to coordinate activities and strategy. "We were sort of like the ]s after the Russian Revolution," recalls ], who attended the first meeting as a representative of the ].

			The November 6, 2012 elections resulted in a decline in the number of Taxpayer Protection Pledge signatories in both the upper and lower houses of the 113th Congress: from 41 to 39 in the Senate, and from 238 to "fewer than ... 218" in the House of Representatives.<ref name="2012 elections"/> According to journalist Alex Seitz-Wald, losses in the election by Norquist supporters and the "]" have emboldened and made more vocal critics of Norquist.<ref>\| By Alex Seitz-Wald\| November 14, 2012</ref>
	In 1994 Norquist worked with ] and the ] to draft the ].

			In November 2011, ] ] (D-NV) blamed Norquist's influence for the ]'s lack of progress, claiming that Congressional Republicans "are being led like puppets by Grover Norquist. They're giving speeches that we should compromise on our deficit, but never do they compromise on Grover Norquist. He is their leader."<ref name="like puppets"/> Since Norquist's pledge binds signatories to opposing deficit reduction agreements that include any element of increased tax revenue, some Republican ]s now retired from office have stated that Norquist has become an obstacle to deficit reduction.<ref name=AP/><ref name="barrier"/> Former Republican Senator ] (R-WY), co-chairman of the ], has been particularly critical, describing Norquist's position as "o taxes, under any situation, even if your country goes to hell."<ref name=60minutes/>
	The "Wednesday Meeting" of Norquist's ] has become an important hub of conservative political organizing. ] began sending a representative to the Wednesday Meeting even before he formally announced his candidacy for president in 1999. "Now a White House aide attends each week," reported '']'' in June 2001. "Vice President ] sends his own representative. So do GOP congressional leaders, right-leaning think tanks, conservative advocacy groups and some like-minded ] lobbyists. The meeting has been valuable to the ] because it is the political equivalent of one-stop shopping. By making a single pitch, the administration can generate pressure on members of ], calls to radio talk shows, and political buzz from dozens of grassroots organizations. It also enables the White House to hear conservatives vent in private — and to respond — before complaints fester".<ref name="www.usatoday.com_news_washington_2001-06-01-grover.htm">http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2001-06-01-grover.htm</ref>

			==Other political activities==
	In addition to heading Americans for Tax Reform, Norquist is currently on the board of directors of the ]<ref>http://www.nraleaders.com/grover-norquist.html</ref> and the ].<ref>http://www.conservative.org/pressroom/speakers/norquist.asp</ref> He is a member of the ] and chairman emeritus of the Islamic Institute. He was the chair of the September 2005 convention of the ].<ref name="gopwing.com_modules.php?sid=963">http://gopwing.com/modules.php?sid=963</ref>
			===National politics===
			]
			Norquist was listed as one of the five primary leaders of the post-] conservative movement by ] in her 2000 book, ''Gang of Five''.<ref name="gang of five"/> Working with eventual Speaker ], Norquist was one of the co-authors of the 1994 ], and helped to rally grassroots efforts, which Norquist later chronicled in his book ''Rock the House.''<ref name=Nation/> Norquist also served as a campaign staff member on the 1988, 1992 and 1996 Republican Platform Committees.

			Norquist was instrumental in securing early support for the presidential campaign of then-Texas Governor ], acting as his unofficial liaison to the conservative movement.<ref name=Nation/> He campaigned for Bush in both ] and ].<ref name=vote/> After Bush's first election, Norquist was a key figure involved in crafting Bush's tax cuts.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Dreyfuss\|first=Bob\|date=2001-04-26\|title=Grover Norquist: 'Field Marshal' of the Bush Plan\|journal=The Nation\|language=en-US\|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/grover-norquist-field-marshal-bush-plan/\|access-date=2021-04-19\|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> ] of '']'' dubbed Norquist "the Grand Central Station" of conservatism and told '']'': "It's not disputable" that Norquist was the key to the Bush campaign's surprising level of support from ]s in 2000.<ref name="gop prophet"/>
	== Influence on state and local politics ==
	Norquist's national strategy includes recruiting politicians at the state and local levels.

			He has been active in building bridges between various ethnic and religious minorities and the free market community through his involvement with ], ] and ].{{Citation needed\|date=November 2011}}
	In 2004 Norquist helped ] Governor ] with selling his plan to privatize the ] system.<ref>{{cite news
	\|url=http://www.business-ethics.com/current_issue/spring_2005_csr_crosshairs.html
	\|title=CSR in the Cross-Hairs
	\|publisher=Business Ethics
	\|date=spring 2005
	}}</ref>

			He has also "announced his plan to assemble a center-right coalition to discuss pulling out of ] to save hundreds of billions of dollars."<ref name="antiwar"/>
	In ], Norquist was involved in the 2005 Republican primaries, trying to unseat a number of legislators who voted for higher taxes. Norquist has helped to set up regular meetings for conservatives in many states, meetings modelled on his Wednesday meetings in Washington. He wants to set up a nationwide network of conservative activists that he can call upon to support his causes, such as tax cuts and deregulation. There are now meetings in more than forty states.<ref name="Wednesdays with Grover">{{cite news \| url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/08/01/050801on_onlineonly01 \| title = Wednesdays with Grover \| publisher = New Yorker \| author = ] \| date = July 25, 2001 \| accessdate = 2007-04-30}}</ref>

			Norquist is active in ]. Speaking to a Florida rally, he said "tea party groups should serve as the ']' that protects newly elected Republicans" from pressures to increase government spending.<ref>{{cite news\|last=Pillow \|first=Travis \|date=October 25, 2010 \|access-date=February 16, 2012\|title=FL: Norquist says tea party should serve as GOP 'exoskeleton' after Nov. 2\|newspaper=The Florida Independent\|url=http://www.americanindependent.com/151317/norquist-tea-party-should-serve-as-gop-'exoskeleton'-after-nov-2}}</ref>
	==Lobbying, corruption, and money laundering==
	===Connections to Jack Abramoff===
	{{Jack Abramoff}}
	{{main\|Jack Abramoff lobbying and corruption scandal}}

			Comprehensive immigration reform is an interest of Norquist's, who believes that the United States should have "dramatically higher levels of immigration" than it currently does.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://reason.com/reasontv/2013/07/26/grover-norquist-on-open-borders-and-hist \|title=Grover Norquist on Open Borders and Historically Racist Immigration Policy \|publisher=Reason.com \|date=2013-07-26 \|access-date=2013-08-01}}</ref>
	] pled guilty to conspiracy to corrupt public officials, mail fraud and tax evasion on ], ]. According to an investigative report on Abramoff's lobbying released in June 2006 by the Senate Indian Affairs Committee, ] (ATR) served as a "conduit" for funds that flowed from Abramoff's clients to surreptitiously finance grass-roots lobbying campaigns. A second group Norquist was involved with, the ], received about $500,000 in Abramoff client funds.

			===Involvement with Jack Abramoff===
	Norquist has been close friends with Abramoff since college, when he ran Abramoff’s successful campaign to become national chairman of the College Republicans.
			{{Further\|Jack Abramoff scandals}}
			According to a 2011 memoir by former lobbyist ], Norquist was one of Abramoff's first major Republican party contacts.<ref name="Capitol Punishment"/> Norquist and Americans for Tax Reform were also mentioned in ] testimony relating to the ], which resulted in a 2006 guilty plea by Abramoff to three criminal felony counts of defrauding of American Indian tribes and corrupting public officials. Records released by the ] allege that ATR served as a "conduit" for funds that flowed from Abramoff's clients to surreptitiously finance grassroots lobbying campaigns.<ref name="funneled"/> Norquist denied that he did anything wrong, and has not been charged with any crime.

			===State and local politics===
	In 1996, the ] tribe, an Abramoff client, donated $60,000 to ATR to oppose a tax on Indian casinos. The funds continued; in 1999, Norquist moved $1.15 million in Abramoff client money to ]'s for-profit political consulting company, Century Strategies, and to anti-gambling groups working to defeat a state lottery in Alabama. The money routing was deliberate: in one email reminder to himself, Abramoff wrote: "Call Ralph re Grover doing pass through."
			]
			Norquist's national strategy has included recruiting state and local politicians to support ATR's stance on taxes. Norquist has helped to set up regular meetings for conservatives in many states. These meetings are modeled after his Wednesday meetings in Washington, with the goal of creating a nationwide network of conservative activists that he can call upon to support conservative causes, such as tax cuts and deregulation. There are now meetings in 48 states.<ref name="Wednesdays with Grover"/>

			In 2004, Norquist helped California Governor ] with his plan to privatize the ] system.<ref name="cross hairs"/> In ]'s 2005 Republican primaries, Norquist encouraged the defeat of a number of legislators who voted for higher taxes.<ref name="Wednesdays with Grover"/>
	ATR kept a small percentage of the funds that passed though the organization. In May 1999, Norquist asked Abramoff "What is the status of the Choctaw stuff?", in an email. "I have a 75g hole in my budget from last year. ouch." Abramoff eventually grew annoyed at the amount that Norquist took off the top before sending the money on, e-mails show. "Grover kept another $25 k!" Abramoff wrote in a February 2000 note to himself.

			===Boards and other activities===
	On May 9, 2001, Chief ] of the ] tribe of Texas met with President Bush, with Jack Abramoff and Grover Norquist in attendance. Days before the meeting, the tribe paid $25,000 to Grover Norquist's ATR at Abramoff's direction. According to the organization's communications director, ], the meeting was one of several gatherings with President Bush sponsored by ATR. On the same day, the chief of the Louisiana Coushattas also attended an ATR-sponsored gathering with President Bush. The Coushattas also gave $25,000 to ATR soon before the event.
			Norquist serves on the boards of directors of numerous organizations including the ],<ref name="nra leaders"/> the ],<ref name="ACU"/> the Hispanic Leadership Fund, the Indian-American Republican Caucus, and ParentalRights.org,<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Live\|first=Washington Post\|title=A Conversation with Grover Norquist, President of Americans for Tax Reform\|language=en-US\|newspaper=The Washington Post\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/washington-post-live/2021/04/09/conversation-with-grover-norquist-president-americans-tax-reform/\|access-date=2021-04-19\|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> an organization that wishes to add a ].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=About ParentalRights.org\|url=https://parentalrights.org/about/\|access-date=2021-04-19\|website=Parental Rights\|language=en-US}}</ref>

			In 2010, Norquist joined the advisory board of ], a political organization representing ] conservatives and their allies, for which he was criticized by the ].<ref name="go proud"/><ref name="family research"/> Norquist also sits on a six-person advisory panel that nominates ].<ref> '']'' December 1, 2011</ref> In business, Norquist was a co-founder of the Merritt Group, later renamed ].<ref name="teaching uncle sam"/> He is a member of the ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cfr.org/about/membership/roster.html?letter=N \|title=Membership Roster - Council on Foreign Relations \|publisher=Cfr.org \|access-date=2013-08-01}}</ref>
	The details of the Kickapoo meeting and a letter dated May 10, 2001 from ATR thanking the Kickapoos for their contribution were revealed to the New York Times in 2006 by former council elder ], who with Raul Garza (no relation), is under indictment in Texas for embezzling tribal money. According to Isidro Garza, Abramoff did not say the donation was required to meet the president; the White House denied any knowledge of the transaction.<ref name="$25,000 to Lobby Group Is Tied to Access to Bush">{{cite news\|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/10/politics/10abramoff.html?ex=1299646800&en=9587f3b5199aa66c&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss
	\|title=$25,000 to Lobby Group Is Tied to Access to Bush
	\|publisher=New York Times
	\|author=]
	\|date=March 10, 2006
	}}</ref>

			Norquist signed the '']'', a document drafted by the ] Spanish political party ] that describes left-wing groups as enemies of ] involved in a "criminal project" that are "under the umbrella of the Cuban regime".<ref name=":42">{{Cite web\|title=Carta de Madrid\|url=https://fundaciondisenso.org/carta-de-madrid/\|access-date=2021-12-07\|website=Fundación Disenso\|language=es}}</ref>
	Emails released in an October 12, 2006 report by the US Senate Finance Committee investigation, show that Norquist exchanged support for cash donations to ATR. Abramoff asked Norquist, "I have sent over a $50K contribution from DH2 (the mutual fund client). Any sense as to where we are on the op-ed placement?"
	To which Norquist replied, "The Wash Times told me they were running the piece. . . . I will nudge again."<ref name="Report Says Nonprofits Sold Influence to Abramoff">{{cite news\|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/12/AR2006101200889_pf.html
	\|title=Report Says Nonprofits Sold Influence to Abramoff
	\|publisher=Washington Post
	\|author=]
	\|date=October 13, 2006
	}}</ref>

			==Views on government==
	Norquist denies that he has done anything wrong, although the association with Abramoff has affected his reputation.<ref name="Wednesdays with Grover" /> Whether Norquist could face criminal charges, in addition to civil actions against ATR for violating its non-profit charter, according to experts, is unclear. <ref>{{cite news
			Norquist favors dramatically reducing the size of government.<ref name=Nation/> He has been noted for his widely quoted quip from a 2001 interview with ]'s '']'':
	\|url=http://www.tpmmuckraker.com/archives/000988.php
	\|title=Grover Faces Ruin, But No Jail Time
	\|publisher=TPMmuckraker
	\|author=Paul Kiel
	\|date=June 23, 2006}}</ref>
	<ref>{{cite news
	\|url=http://www.tpmmuckraker.com/archives/000991.php
	\|title=Norquist Doings Not Criminal? Not So Fast
	\|publisher=TMPmuckraker
	\|author=Paul Kiel
	\|date=June 24, 2006}}</ref>

			{{blockquote\|"I don’t want to abolish government. I simply want to reduce it to the size where I can drag it into the bathroom and drown it in the bathtub."<ref>{{cite journal\|url=https://nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/beyond-the-tax-pledge\|title=Beyond the tax pledge\|last=Beschel\|first=Robert P. Jr.\|journal=National Affairs\|issue=50\|date=Winter 2022\|accessdate=February 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Liasson\|first=Mara\|title=Conservative advocate\|work=Morning Edition\|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1123439\|publisher=NPR\|accessdate=February 17, 2022\|date=May 25, 2001\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101104630/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1123439\|archivedate=November 1, 2004\|url-status=live}} The "drown it in the bathtub" quote is at the 7:16 mark of the audio.</ref>}}
	=== Janus-Merritt Strategies ===
	In 1997, Norquist and lawyer ] founded a lobbying firm, the Merritt Group, later renamed Janus-Merritt Strategies (sometimes referred to as "Janus Merritt" or simply "Janus"). ''See ]''

			Journalist ] quotes Norquist saying his goal is to bring America back to what it was "up until ], when the socialists took over. The income tax, the death tax, regulation, all that."<ref name="20th century"/> When asked by journalist ] about the goal of chopping government "in half and then shrink it again to where we were at the turn of the century" before Social Security and Medicare, Norquist replied, "We functioned in this country with government at eight percent of GDP for a long time and quite well."<ref name=60minutes/>

			Some smaller government advocates argue that Norquist's "obsession with tax revenue" is actually counterproductive with respect to minimizing the size of government.<ref name="ForbesCato"/> Although the Americans for Tax Reform mission statement is "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should be minimized",<ref name="mission statement1"/> critics at the ] have argued that "holding the line on taxes constrains only one of the four tools (taxes, tax deductions, spending without taxation, and regulation) used by government to alter economic outcomes."<ref name="ForbesCato"/>

			Norquist published ''Leave Us Alone: Getting the Government's Hands Off Our Money, Our Guns, Our Lives'',<ref name="hands off"/> in 2008. In 2012, he published ''Debacle: Obama's War on Jobs and Growth and What We Can Do Now to Regain Our Future'',<ref name="Debacle"/> with John R. Lott, Jr. He has served as a monthly "Politics" columnist and contributing editor to '']''.<ref name="spectator"/>
	== Other criticisms and controversies==
	=== Personality ===
	Norquist has struck many people as a combative figure. Even within conservative circles, he has made some enemies, possibly due to what some describe as a combative personality. Writer and TV show host ], in retaliation for Norquist's criticism of Carlson's father (Tucker's father served as Director of Voice of America in Europe, and then as President and CEO of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting), referred to him as a "mean-spirited, humorless, dishonest little creep ... an embarrassing anomaly, the leering, drunken uncle everyone else wishes would stay home... is repulsive, granted, but there aren't nearly enough of him to start a purge trial".<ref name="slate.msn.com_id_3654_entry_23930">http://slate.msn.com/id/3654/entry/23930</ref> In his book '']'', former conservative ] revealed that even fellow right-wingers privately refer to him as "Grosser Nosetwist" and try to avoid being trapped in conversation with him at social gatherings because he never talks about anything other than politics.

			Norquist has called for reductions in defense spending as one way to reduce the size of government.<ref>DiMascio, Jen ''Aviation Week & Space Technology'', August 20, 2012.</ref> He has endorsed a ] foreign policy and cuts to the ].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://original.antiwar.com/justin/2012/08/14/grover-norquist-takes-on-the-war-party/\|title=Grover Norquist Takes On the War Party\|last=Raimondo\|first=Justin\|date=2012-08-15\|website=Antiwar.com Original\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>
	=== Religious allies ===

			==Personal life==
	Norquist's Muslim outreach to groups like the ] (CAIR) has drawn from former ] official ] for getting too close to some of its members who have not only openly ] with ] and ] but refused to condemn their ] activities against ]. According to an article<ref name="Fevered Pitch">Franklin Foer, "", and article from ''The New Republic'', November 12, 2001, alleging ties between Norquist and radical ] elements.</ref> in '']'', Norquist believes that ] will never vote Republican in numbers large enough to make a difference in elections, so the party should reach out to Muslims.
			Norquist has described himself as a "boring white bread ]."<ref name = Methodist/> In 2004, at age 48, he married a ] ]<ref name="mosque debate"/> named Samah Alrayyes,<ref name="marriage"/><ref name="vows"/> public relations specialist who was formerly a director of the ] and a specialist at the Bureau of Legislative and Public Affairs at ] (USAID).<ref name="network of arab"/> The couple has adopted two children, both girls, one of whom is from the city of ].<ref name="watch out"/>

			According to friend and former roommate ], Norquist's devotion to his political causes is "]-like" and comparable to that of ].<ref name=Nation/>
	Norquist's Muslim outreach is part of a larger approach - he also considers Catholics and Jews to be natural allies of people of faith who already are in the center-right movement. Norquist had a role in the founding of a ] free-market organization, a Jewish conservative group, and in two different Catholic conservative political groups.

			Norquist has competed three times in the comedy fundraiser "Washington's Funniest Celebrity" and placed second in 2009.<ref name="funniest"/><ref name="dc's funniest"/><ref>The Americans for Tax Reform Foundation also issued a $5,000 grant in 2009 to the Funniest Celebrity Charity Fund.{{cite web \|first=Grover \|last=Norquist \|author2=Americans for Tax Reform \|work=IRS form 990 \|url=http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2009/521/400/2009-521400492-06092d9a-9.pdf \|title=Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax: 2009 \|publisher=GuideStar \|page=27 \|date=May 12, 2010 \|access-date=November 25, 2011}}</ref> Humorist ] has described Norquist as "] crossed with ] plus just a ] of ]".<ref name=Nation1/>
	=== Alleged links to radical Islamists and terrorism ===
	In 1998, Norquist founded the <ref>Jonathan Weisman, , ''Washington Post'', July 9, 2006</ref> (sometimes just called the "Islamic Institute") with money from a number of sources, mainly in the Middle East. One of the early major contributors was ], the founder of the American Muslim Council. Alamoudi appears to have contributed $35,000 to the Islamic Institute.<ref name="SPT-3-11-03">Mary Jacoby, , ''St. Petersburg Times'', March 11, 2003</ref> Alamoudi was convicted of illegal dealings with Libya, tax, and immigration violations on July 30, 2004, and was sentenced to 23 years in jail.

			Norquist and his wife attended the annual ] festival in ] in August 2014. Norquist explained that he wished to attend because, "There's no government that organizes this. That's what happens when nobody tells you what to do. You just figure it out. So Burning Man is a refutation of the argument that the state has a place in nature."<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Roller\|first1=Emma\|title=Grover Norquist Explains Why He's Going to Burning Man\|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/grover-norquist-explains-why-he-s-going-to-burning-man-20140729\|access-date=1 August 2014\|work=National Journal\|date=29 July 2014}}</ref>
	Norquist has been linked to Florida professor and Muslim activist ]. On March 2, 2006, Al-Arian pled guilty to one count of conspiracy "to make or receive contributions of funds, goods or services to or for the benefit of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad."<ref></ref> He was sentenced to 57 months in prison, of which he had already served 38, and to then be deported.

			==Writings==
	*In July, 2001, Norquist received an award from the National Coalition to Protect Political Freedom (NCPPF), a civil liberties group headed by Al-Arian. This award was for Norquist’s work to abolish the use of secret intelligence evidence in terrorism cases, a position Bush had adopted in the 2000 campaign.<ref name="SPT-3-11-03"/> After the ], the NCPPF urged Muslims not to cooperate with the U.S. government.<ref>As early as April 23, 1999, NCPPF was listed as a project of the and as early as April 19, 2000, NCPPF advised . That web page was as late as August 2, 2002.</ref>
			* ''Rock the House''. Ft. Lauderdale, Fla: VYTIS Press, 1995. {{ISBN\|978-0-9645786-0-9}}
			* ''Taxes: The Economic & Philosophical Necessity of Real Reform''. Minneapolis, MN: ], 1996. {{oclc\|37889749}}
			* "America is freedom" chapter from ] ''Why I Am a Reagan Conservative'', Chapter New York: W. Morrow, 2005. {{ISBN\|978-0-06-055976-2}}
			* ''Leave Us Alone: Getting the Government's Hands Off Our Money, Our Guns, Our Lives''. New York, NY: W. Morrow, 2008. {{ISBN\|978-0-06-113395-4}}
			* ''Debacle: Obama's War on Jobs and Growth and What We Can Do Now to Regain Our Future''. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. {{ISBN\|978-1-118-18617-6}}

			==See also==
	*Conservative activist Frank Gaffney, whose offices were on the same floor of the building where Norquist works, said that Al-Arian visited with Norquist in July 2002.<ref name="SPT-3-11-03"/>
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]

			==References==
	*Norquist's name was mentioned by al-Arian's lawyers during his 2005 trial.<ref>Paul Sperry, , ], December 9, 2005</ref>
			{{Reflist\|refs=
			<ref name="20th century">William Greider "Rolling back the 20th Century", ''The Nation'', May 12, 2003. 276. 18. p.11-19. Paid subscription required.</ref>

			<ref name=60minutes> cbsnews.com . November 20, 2011</ref>
	There is no information suggesting that Norquist has ever personally engaged in any acts of terrorism or financially contributed to any terrorist group.

			<ref name=ACU>{{cite web\| title=ACU: Board of Directors\| url=http://www.conservative.org/about-acu/board-of-directorsstaff/\| work=The American Conservative Union\| access-date=November 27, 2011\| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116152254/http://www.conservative.org/about-acu/board-of-directorsstaff\| archive-date=November 16, 2011\| url-status=dead}}</ref>
	===Anti-government approach===
	Norquist has been noted for his widely quoted quip: "I don't want to abolish government. I simply want to reduce it to the size where I can drag it into the bathroom and drown it in the bathtub."<ref name="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1123439">http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1123439 </ref>

			<ref name="antiwar">Balaker, Ted (January 27, 2011) , '']''</ref>
	The pledge of "no new taxes" that many ] legislators have signed was his project. As of mid-2005, more than two hundred and twenty Republicans in the House of Representatives had signed this pledge; in the Senate, forty-six Republicans had done so.<ref name="Wednesdays with Grover" />

			<ref name=AP>Charles Babington '']'' July 3, 2011</ref>
	"Cutting the government in half in one generation is both an ambitious and reasonable goal," Norquist stated in May 2000. "If we work hard we will accomplish this and more by 2025. Then the conservative movement can set a new goal. I have a recommendation: To cut government in half again by 2050".<ref name="www.heritage.org_about_community_insider_2000_may00_welcome.html">http://www.heritage.org/about/community/insider/2000/may00/welcome.html</ref>

			<ref name="barrier">{{cite news \| first=Alison \| last = Fitzgerald \| author-link = Alison Kodjak \| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-24/norquist-emerges-as-barrier-to-u-s-debt-deal.html \| title = No-Tax 'Zealot' Norquist Emerges as Biggest Barrier to U.S. Deficit Deal \| work = ] \| date= 2011-05-24}}</ref>
	Following Hurricane Katrina, ] wrote an op-ed in the '']'' stating
	"An administration whose tax policy has been dominated by the toweringly selfish Grover Norquist ... doesn't have the instincts for this moment. Mr. Norquist is the only person about whom I would say this: I hope he owns property around the New Orleans levee that was never properly finished because of a lack of tax dollars. I hope his basement got flooded. And I hope that he was busy drowning government in his bathtub when the levee broke and that he had to wait for a U.S. Army helicopter to get out of town."<ref name="www.nytimes.com_2005_09_07_opinion_07friedman.html?n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fOp%2dEd%2fColumnists%2fThomas%20L%20Friedman">http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/07/opinion/07friedman.html?n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fOp%2dEd%2fColumnists%2fThomas%20L%20Friedman</ref>

			<ref name="Capitol Punishment">''Capitol Punishment'' by Jack Abramoff</ref>
	When asked by ], "Why shouldn't the state help the needy?", in the television adaptation of ''Status Anxiety'', Norquist replied, "Because to do that, you would have to steal money from people who earned it and give it to people who didn't. And then you make the state into a thief." Botton follows with, "You're suggesting that ]?" Norquist continues, "Taxation beyond the legitimate requirements of providing for justice is theft, sure."

			<ref name="cost of gov">{{cite web \| title=Cost of Government Day 2008 \| url=http://www.fiscalaccountability.org/index.php?content=cogsub10 \| work=Center For Fiscal Accountability \| access-date=November 7, 2009 \| url-status=dead \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710185544/http://www.fiscalaccountability.org/index.php?content=cogsub10 \| archive-date=July 10, 2009 \| df=mdy-all }}</ref>
	=== 2004 criticism of Ohio Governor Bob Taft ===
	During the ], an audiotape was of Norquist criticizing ] ] ] at a private gathering of ]. He called Taft "an idiot, stupid, corrupt, dumb rotten Republican Governor ... who has been busy looting the state, raising taxes, lying to the gun owners," and considered him to be a serious liability for the Bush campaign as no Republican has ever won a presidential election without carrying Ohio.

			<ref name="cross hairs">{{cite news \|url=http://www.community-wealth.com/_pdfs/articles-publications/sri/article-rembert.pdf \|title=CSR in the Cross-Hairs \|publisher=Business Ethics \|date=Spring 2005 \|access-date=November 7, 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303075815/http://www.community-wealth.com/_pdfs/articles-publications/sri/article-rembert.pdf \|archive-date=March 3, 2012 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>
	=== Comparison of the estate tax to the Holocaust ===
	A small controversy erupted after an between Norquist and ] on NPR's ] program. In the interview, Grover Norquist compared the morality that allows the estate tax to that which permitted the ]. When pressed, Norquist noted that this was not a direct comparison, but rather a response to what he saw as apathy against a supposed government assault on a small group of citizens.<ref>Marx, Eric. , '']'' ] ].</ref>

			<ref name="dc's funniest">{{cite web \|url=http://www.bisnow.com/washington_dc_the_scene_news_story.php?p=5535 \|title=DC's Funniest! \|author=Kristina D'Ambrosio, Vanessa Meccarielli, and Mary-Kate Rasa \|date=October 1, 2009 \|work=The Scene \|publisher=BisNow \|access-date=March 21, 2010}}</ref>
	==="Screwing America"===

			<ref name="debate">{{cite web \| title=The Great Tax Debate \| url=https://www.pbs.org/now/politics/taxcutdebate.html \| work=NOW With Bill Moyers \| access-date=November 7, 2009}}</ref>
	Norquist was ranked 24th in the book '']'' (ISBN 1-56025-875-6), by author Jack Huberman.

			<ref name="family research">{{cite web\|url=http://volokh.com/2010/06/23/family-research-council-vs-the-second-amendment/ \|title=The Volokh Conspiracy » Family Research Council vs. the Second Amendment \|publisher=Volokh.com \|date=June 23, 2010\|access-date=October 7, 2010}}</ref>

			<ref name="ForbesCato">Jerry Taylor and Peter Van Doren, '']'' August 25, 2011</ref>
	{{wikiquote}}

			<ref name="funneled">{{cite news \| first1=Susan \| last1=Schmidt \| first2=James V. \| last2= Grimaldi \| title=Nonprofit Groups Funneled Money For Abramoff \| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/24/AR2006062401080.html \| newspaper=The Washington Post \| date=June 25, 2006 \| access-date=November 7, 2009 }}</ref>
	==Personal==

			<ref name="funniest">{{cite news \|title=Washington's Funniest Celebrity? Hard to Say. \|author=Daniel Stone \|newspaper=Newsweek \|url=http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/thegaggle/archive/2009/10/01/washington-s-funniest-celebrity-hard-to-say.aspx \|date=October 1, 2009 \|access-date=March 24, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206091753/http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/thegaggle/archive/2009/10/01/washington-s-funniest-celebrity-hard-to-say.aspx \|archive-date=December 6, 2009 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>
	On April 2, 2005, Norquist married Samah Alrayyes. She had been the director of communications at the Islamic Free Market Institute, which Norquist founded. She is now a Public Affairs Specialist for Arab and Muslim outreach at the Bureau of Legislative and Public Affairs at ].<ref></ref>

			<ref name="gang of five">{{cite news \| title=Gang of Five\|location =Indiana \| pages=144 \| newspaper=Indiana Monthly, version 24, no. 2 \| date=October 2000 }} ], ], ], and ] are the other four.</ref>
	== References ==
	<references />

			<ref name="gop prophet">{{cite news \| first=Chris \| last=Suellentrop \| title=Grover Norquist, GOP Prophet of Permanence \| url=http://www.slate.com/id/2085277 \| newspaper=Slate \| date=July 7, 2003 \| access-date=November 7, 2009 }}</ref>
	==See also==

	*]
			<ref name="go proud">{{cite web \|url=http://www.goproud.org/board-of-directors-advisory-council/ \|title=» Board of Directors & Advisory Council \|publisher=Goproud.org \|date=June 15, 2010 \|access-date=October 7, 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803195510/http://www.goproud.org/board-of-directors-advisory-council/ \|archive-date=August 3, 2011 \|df=mdy-all }}</ref>
	*"]"

			<ref name="hands off">{{cite web \| title=Leave Us Alone: Getting the Government's Hands Off Our Money, Our Guns, Our Lives \| url=http://www.harpercollins.com/books/9780061133954/Leave_Us_Alone/index.aspx \| work=HarperCollins \| access-date=November 7, 2009}}</ref>

			<ref name="harper collins">{{cite web \| title=Grover Norquist From HarperCollins Publishers \| url=http://www.harpercollins.com/authors/31076/Grover_Norquist/index.aspx \| work=HarperCollins Publishers \| access-date=November 7, 2009}}</ref>

			<ref name="hold on"> '']'' November 20, 2011</ref>

			<!--
			<ref name=horwitz></ref>
			-->
			<ref name="like puppets">Scott Wong, ''] On Congress blog'' November 1, 2011</ref>

			<ref name="li difference">{{cite web \|url=http://www.leadershipinstitute.org/aboutus/Difference.cfm \|title=The LI Difference \|publisher=The Leadership Institute \|access-date=October 7, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102053947/http://leadershipinstitute.org/aboutus/difference.cfm \|archive-date=November 2, 2010 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

			<ref name="marriage">{{cite web \| title=2004 Annual Report \| url=http://weston.govoffice.com/vertical/Sites/%7B264E11B6-4A4A-4EC0-B631-35FE907B479E%7D/uploads/%7B0B83AF69-4B5A-4FA7-9D4B-30EF1A5B2D8F%7D.PDF \| work=Marriages Recorded in Weston \| access-date=November 7, 2009 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011230000/http://weston.govoffice.com/vertical/Sites/%7B264E11B6-4A4A-4EC0-B631-35FE907B479E%7D/uploads/%7B0B83AF69-4B5A-4FA7-9D4B-30EF1A5B2D8F%7D.PDF \| archive-date=October 11, 2010 \| url-status=dead }}</ref>

			<ref name = Methodist>Sullivan, Andrew. "". "The Daily Dish", ''The Atlantic'', January 6, 2010</ref>

			<ref name="mission statement">{{Cite web\|url=https://dev.atr.org/americans-tax-reform-a2878/\|title=About Americans for Tax Reform\|date=March 23, 2009\|website=Americans for Tax Reform}}</ref>

			<ref name="mission statement1"> for Americans for Tax Reform {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527202510/http://www.atr.org/home/about/index.html \|date=May 27, 2007 }}</ref>

			<ref name="mosque debate">Janet Hook and Tom Hamburger, "New York mosque debate splits GOP," </ref>

			<ref name="my right">{{cite web\|url=http://www.salon.com/2005/05/25/blackwell_9/\| work = ] \| title = My Right-Wing Degree: How I learned to convert liberal campuses into conservative havens at Morton Blackwell's Leadership Institute, alma mater of Karl Rove, Ralph Reed, Jeff Gannon and two Miss Americas \| first = Jeff \| last = Horwitz \| date = May 25, 2005 \| access-date = November 27, 2011}}</ref>

			<ref name=Nation>{{cite news \| first=Dreyfuss \| last=Robert \| title=Grover Norquist: Field Marshal of the Bush Plan \| url=http://www.thenation.com/article/grover-norquist-field-marshal-bush-plan \| newspaper=The Nation \| date=May 14, 2001 \| access-date=January 10, 2010 }}</ref>

			<ref name=Nation1>{{cite web \|url=http://www.leadershipinstitute.org/breakfast/bio.cfm?speaker=3368 \|title=Speaker Bio: Grover Norquist \|publisher=] \|access-date=October 31, 2009 }}</ref>

			<ref name="network of arab">{{cite web \| title=3rd NAAP Annual Conference \| url=http://www.naaponline.org/conference05/speakers.cfm \| work=Network of Arab American Professionals \| access-date=November 7, 2009 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221103507/http://www.naaponline.org/conference05/speakers.cfm \| archive-date=December 21, 2009 \| url-status=dead }}</ref>

			<ref name="nndb">{{cite web \| title=Grover Norquist \| url=http://www.nndb.com/people/482/000049335 \|publisher=] \| year=2011 \| access-date=November 25, 2011}}</ref>

			<!-- <ref name="1115.ORG">{{cite web \| title=Maybe They Forgot What "Conservative" Means \| url=http://www.1115.org/2004/09/28/maybe-they-forgot-what-conservative-means/ \| year=2004 \| access-date=September 28, 2004 \| url-status=dead \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022165714/http://www.1115.org/2004/09/28/maybe-they-forgot-what-conservative-means/ \| archive-date=October 22, 2007 \| df=mdy-all }}</ref> -->

			<ref name="nra leaders">{{cite web \| title=NRA Leaders: Grover Norquist \| url=http://www.nraleaders.com/grover-norquist.html \| work=NRA Leaders \| access-date=November 7, 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623050216/http://www.nraleaders.com/grover-norquist.html \|archive-date=June 23, 2010}}</ref>

			<ref name=NTPTP>{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2009/04/15/DI2009041501193.html \|title=National Tea Party Tax Protests \|author=Grover Norquist \|date=April 2009 \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|format=online q & a \|access-date=November 27, 2011}}</ref>

			<!--
			<ref name="pledge signers"> Americans for Tax Reform</ref>
			-->

			<ref name=Post-First-Person>{{cite news \| first=Norquist \| last=Grover \| title=First Person Singular: Grover Norquist \| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/14/AR2009081402035.html \| newspaper=The Washington Post \| date=August 23, 2009 \| access-date=November 7, 2009 }}</ref>

			<ref name="press release">{{Cite press release \| title=Advocates of Florida Spending Transparency Hold Press Conference \| publisher=Reuters \| date =October 28, 2008 \| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS249645+21-Feb-2008+PRN20080221 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101083650/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS249645+21-Feb-2008+PRN20080221 \| url-status=dead \| archive-date=November 1, 2009 \| access-date =November 7, 2009}}</ref>

			<ref name="press release1">{{Cite press release \| title=Taxpayer Group Launches Petition to Ask Sen. Ben Nelson to Keep His Pledge \| publisher=Reuters \| date =October 28, 2009 \| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS198019+28-Oct-2009+PRN20091028 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101082417/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS198019+28-Oct-2009+PRN20091028 \| url-status=dead \| archive-date=November 1, 2009 \| access-date =November 7, 2009}}</ref>

			<ref name="random guy">Sean Lengell, '']'' November 3, 2011</ref>

			<ref name="soul of">{{cite news \| first=Michael \| last=Scherer \| title=The Soul of the New Machine \| url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2004/01/soul-new-machine \| newspaper=Mother Jones \| date=January 2004 \| access-date=November 7, 2009 }}</ref>

			<ref name="spectator">{{cite web \|url=http://spectator.org/people/grover-norquist/all \|title=Grover Norquist \|work=The American Spectator \|access-date=March 21, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328014347/http://spectator.org/people/grover-norquist/all \|archive-date=March 28, 2010 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

			<ref name="Taxpayer Protection Pledge">{{cite web \|title=Taxpayer Protection Pledge \|url=http://www.atr.org/userfiles/Congressional_pledge(1).pdf \|publisher=] \|year=2011 \|access-date=December 11, 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601152143/http://www.atr.org/userfiles/Congressional_pledge%281%29.pdf \|archive-date=June 1, 2010 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

			<ref name="teaching uncle sam">{{cite news \| first=Stephen \| last=Barr \| title=Teaching Uncle Sam to Be a Better Buyer \| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A24738-2005Jan20.html \| newspaper=The Washington Post \| date= January 20, 2005 \| access-date=March 23, 2010 }}</ref>

			<ref name="touts">{{cite news\|first=Bell \|last=Tom \|title=Tax-Reform Guru Touts TABOR II \|url=http://morningsentinel.mainetoday.com/news/local/6959021.html \|newspaper=Morning Sentinel \|date=May 14, 2001 \|access-date=November 7, 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202020005/http://morningsentinel.mainetoday.com/news/local/6959021.html \|archive-date=December 2, 2009 }}</ref>

			<ref name=vote>, '']''</ref>

			<ref name="vows">{{cite news \| first=Sheryl \| last=Gay \| title=Political Points – Of Marriage Vows and No Tax Pledges \| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/31/us/political-points.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 \| newspaper=The New York Times \| date=August 31, 2004 \| access-date=November 7, 2009 }}</ref>

			.<ref name="watch out">{{cite web \| title=Watch out, Angelina! Norquist adopts from abroad \| url=https://thehill.com/capital-living/in-the-know/18005-watch-out-angelina-norquist-adopts-from-abroad/ \| work=The Hill \| date=November 11, 2008 \| access-date=August 31, 2011}}</ref>

			<ref name="Wednesdays with Grover">{{cite news \| first=John \| last=Cassidy \| title=Wednesdays With Grover \| url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/08/01/050801on_onlineonly01 \| newspaper=The New Yorker \| date=July 25, 2001 \| access-date=November 7, 2009 }}</ref>

			<ref name="Debacle">{{cite news \| first=Aaron \| last=Task \| title='Debacle': Grover Norquist's Case Against President Obama \| url=https://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/daily-ticker/debacle-grover-norquist-case-against-president-obama-160608333.html \| location=Yahoo! Finance \| date=Mar 16, 2012 \| access-date=April 10, 2012}}</ref>

			<ref name="2012 elections">{{cite news \| first=Russell \| last=Berman \| title=Norquist tax pledge takes election hit \| url=http://thehill.com/homenews/house/267467-norquist-pledge-takes-election-hit \| location=The Hill \| date=November 13, 2012 \| access-date=November 13, 2012 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117115423/http://thehill.com/homenews/house/267467-norquist-pledge-takes-election-hit \| archive-date=November 17, 2012 \| url-status=dead }}</ref>

			}}

			==External links==
			{{wikiquote}}
			* from Americans for Tax Reform
			* at '']''
			* {{C-SPAN\|27020}}
			* {{IMDb name\|1574301}}
			* {{NYTtopic\|people/n/grover_g_norquist}}
			* , by ], , November 23, 2012

			{{portalbar\|Conservatism}}
	== External links ==
			{{Authority control}}
	*.
	* given by Elizabeth Drew at the Ninth Annual Knight Lecture, ], May 5, 1997.
	* to the ], September 7, ].
	*Franklin Foer, "", and article from ''The New Republic'', November 12, 2001, alleging ties between Norquist and radical ] elements.
	* from '']'', March 19, 2003, describing a clash between Norquist and ] over Norquist's alleged ties to radical Islam.
	* about Norquist in the '']''
	*, ] ].
	* compares the estate tax to the Holocaust.
	* for the '']'', the ] and other venues.
	* by Grover Norquist and other ] staff.
	* with ], February ].
	* on ''] with ]''.
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American tax reduction activist

Grover Norquist
Norquist in 2017
Born	(1956-10-19) October 19, 1956 (age 68) Sharon, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Education	Harvard University (AB, MBA)
Organization	Americans for Tax Reform
Political party	Republican
Board member of	National Rifle Association, American Conservative Union
Spouse	Samah Alrayyes (m. 2004)
Children	2
Relatives	David Norquist (brother)

Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is an American political activist and anti-tax advocate who is founder and president of Americans for Tax Reform, an organization that opposes all tax increases. A Republican, he is the primary promoter of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge, a pledge signed by lawmakers who agree to oppose increases in marginal income tax rates for individuals and businesses, and net reductions or eliminations of deductions and credits without a matching reduced tax rate. Prior to the November 2012 election, the pledge was signed by 95% of all Republican members of Congress and all but one of the candidates running for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination.

Early life and education

Norquist was born in Sharon, Pennsylvania and grew up in Weston, Massachusetts. He is the son of Carol (née Lutz) and Warren Elliott Norquist, a vice president of Polaroid Corporation, and is of Swedish ancestry. His younger brother, David Norquist, has served in senior posts in Republican administrations at both the United States Department of Defense and the United States Department of Homeland Security and is currently President and CEO of the National Defense Industrial Association. Norquist became involved with politics at an early age when he volunteered for the 1968 Nixon campaign, assisting with get out the vote efforts. He graduated from Weston High School and enrolled at Harvard University in 1974, where he earned his B.A. and MBA.

At college, Norquist was an editor at the Harvard Crimson and helped to publish the libertarian-leaning Harvard Chronicle. He was a member of the Hasty Pudding Theatricals. Norquist has said: "When I became 21, I decided that nobody learned anything about politics after the age of 21." He attended the Leadership Institute in Arlington, Virginia, an organization that teaches conservative Americans how to influence public policy through activism and leadership.

Career

Early career

Early in his career, Norquist was executive director of both the National Taxpayers Union and the national College Republicans, holding both positions until 1983. He served as Economist and Chief Speechwriter at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce from 1983 to 1984.

Norquist traveled to several war zones to help support anti-Soviet guerrilla armies in the second half of the 1980s. He worked with a support network for Oliver North's efforts with the Nicaraguan Contras and other insurgencies, in addition to promoting U.S. support for groups including Mozambique's RENAMO and Jonas Savimbi's UNITA in Angola and helping to organize anti-Soviet forces in Laos. In 1985, he went to a conference in South Africa sponsored by South African businesses called the "Youth for Freedom Conference", which sought to bring American and South African conservatives together to end the anti-apartheid movement. Norquist represented the France-Albert Rene government of Seychelles as a lobbyist from 1995 until 1999. Norquist's efforts were the subject of Tucker Carlson's 1997 article in The New Republic, "What I sold at the revolution."

Americans for Tax Reform

Main article: Americans for Tax Reform

Norquist founded Americans for Tax Reform (ATR) in 1985, which he says was done at the request of then-President Ronald Reagan. Referring to Norquist's activities as head of ATR, Steve Kroft, in a 60 Minutes episode that aired on November 20, 2011, claimed that "Norquist has been responsible, more than anyone else, for rewriting the dogma of the Republican Party."

The primary policy goal of Americans for Tax Reform is to reduce government revenues as a percentage of the GDP. ATR states that it "opposes all tax increases as a matter of principle." Americans for Tax Reform has supported Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TABOR) legislation and transparency initiatives, while opposing efforts to regulate health care.

In 1993, Norquist launched his Wednesday Meeting series at ATR headquarters, initially to help fight President Clinton's healthcare plan. The meeting eventually became one of the most significant institutions in American conservative political organizing. The meetings have been called "a must-attend event for Republican operatives fortunate enough to get an invitation", and "the Grand Central station of the conservative movement." Medvetz (2006) argues that the meetings have been significant in "establishing relations of ... exchange" among conservative subgroups and "sustaining a moral community of conservative activists."

As a nonprofit organization, Americans for Tax Reform is not required to disclose the identity of its contributors. Critics, such as Sen. Alan Simpson, have asked Norquist to disclose his contributors; he has declined but has said that ATR is financed by direct mail and other grassroots fundraising efforts. According to CBS News, "a significant portion appears to come from wealthy individuals, foundations and corporate interests."

Taxpayer Protection Pledge

Prior to the November 2012 election, 238 of 242 House Republicans and 41 out of 47 Senate Republicans had signed ATR's "Taxpayer Protection Pledge", in which the pledger promises to "oppose any and all efforts to increase the marginal income tax rate for individuals and business; and to oppose any net reduction or elimination of deductions and credits, unless matched dollar for dollar by further reducing tax rates."

The November 6, 2012 elections resulted in a decline in the number of Taxpayer Protection Pledge signatories in both the upper and lower houses of the 113th Congress: from 41 to 39 in the Senate, and from 238 to "fewer than ... 218" in the House of Representatives. According to journalist Alex Seitz-Wald, losses in the election by Norquist supporters and the "fiscal cliff" have emboldened and made more vocal critics of Norquist.

In November 2011, Senate Majority leader Harry Reid (D-NV) blamed Norquist's influence for the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction's lack of progress, claiming that Congressional Republicans "are being led like puppets by Grover Norquist. They're giving speeches that we should compromise on our deficit, but never do they compromise on Grover Norquist. He is their leader." Since Norquist's pledge binds signatories to opposing deficit reduction agreements that include any element of increased tax revenue, some Republican deficit hawks now retired from office have stated that Norquist has become an obstacle to deficit reduction. Former Republican Senator Alan Simpson (R-WY), co-chairman of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, has been particularly critical, describing Norquist's position as "o taxes, under any situation, even if your country goes to hell."

Other political activities

National politics

Norquist was listed as one of the five primary leaders of the post-Goldwater conservative movement by Nina Easton in her 2000 book, Gang of Five. Working with eventual Speaker Newt Gingrich, Norquist was one of the co-authors of the 1994 Contract with America, and helped to rally grassroots efforts, which Norquist later chronicled in his book Rock the House. Norquist also served as a campaign staff member on the 1988, 1992 and 1996 Republican Platform Committees.

Norquist was instrumental in securing early support for the presidential campaign of then-Texas Governor George W. Bush, acting as his unofficial liaison to the conservative movement. He campaigned for Bush in both 2000 and 2004. After Bush's first election, Norquist was a key figure involved in crafting Bush's tax cuts. John Fund of The Wall Street Journal dubbed Norquist "the Grand Central Station" of conservatism and told The Nation: "It's not disputable" that Norquist was the key to the Bush campaign's surprising level of support from movement conservatives in 2000.

He has been active in building bridges between various ethnic and religious minorities and the free market community through his involvement with Acton Institute, Christian Coalition and Toward Tradition.

He has also "announced his plan to assemble a center-right coalition to discuss pulling out of Afghanistan to save hundreds of billions of dollars."

Norquist is active in Tea Party politics. Speaking to a Florida rally, he said "tea party groups should serve as the 'exoskeleton' that protects newly elected Republicans" from pressures to increase government spending.

Comprehensive immigration reform is an interest of Norquist's, who believes that the United States should have "dramatically higher levels of immigration" than it currently does.

Involvement with Jack Abramoff

Further information: Jack Abramoff scandals

According to a 2011 memoir by former lobbyist Jack Abramoff, Norquist was one of Abramoff's first major Republican party contacts. Norquist and Americans for Tax Reform were also mentioned in Senate testimony relating to the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal, which resulted in a 2006 guilty plea by Abramoff to three criminal felony counts of defrauding of American Indian tribes and corrupting public officials. Records released by the Senate Indian Affairs Committee allege that ATR served as a "conduit" for funds that flowed from Abramoff's clients to surreptitiously finance grassroots lobbying campaigns. Norquist denied that he did anything wrong, and has not been charged with any crime.

State and local politics

Norquist's national strategy has included recruiting state and local politicians to support ATR's stance on taxes. Norquist has helped to set up regular meetings for conservatives in many states. These meetings are modeled after his Wednesday meetings in Washington, with the goal of creating a nationwide network of conservative activists that he can call upon to support conservative causes, such as tax cuts and deregulation. There are now meetings in 48 states.

In 2004, Norquist helped California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger with his plan to privatize the CalPERS system. In Virginia's 2005 Republican primaries, Norquist encouraged the defeat of a number of legislators who voted for higher taxes.

Boards and other activities

Norquist serves on the boards of directors of numerous organizations including the National Rifle Association, the American Conservative Union, the Hispanic Leadership Fund, the Indian-American Republican Caucus, and ParentalRights.org, an organization that wishes to add a Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution.

In 2010, Norquist joined the advisory board of GOProud, a political organization representing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender conservatives and their allies, for which he was criticized by the Family Research Council. Norquist also sits on a six-person advisory panel that nominates Time's Person of the Year. In business, Norquist was a co-founder of the Merritt Group, later renamed Janus-Merritt Strategies. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Norquist signed the Madrid Charter, a document drafted by the conservative Spanish political party Vox that describes left-wing groups as enemies of Ibero-America involved in a "criminal project" that are "under the umbrella of the Cuban regime".

Views on government

Norquist favors dramatically reducing the size of government. He has been noted for his widely quoted quip from a 2001 interview with NPR's Morning Edition:

"I don’t want to abolish government. I simply want to reduce it to the size where I can drag it into the bathroom and drown it in the bathtub."

Journalist William Greider quotes Norquist saying his goal is to bring America back to what it was "up until Teddy Roosevelt, when the socialists took over. The income tax, the death tax, regulation, all that." When asked by journalist Steve Kroft about the goal of chopping government "in half and then shrink it again to where we were at the turn of the century" before Social Security and Medicare, Norquist replied, "We functioned in this country with government at eight percent of GDP for a long time and quite well."

Some smaller government advocates argue that Norquist's "obsession with tax revenue" is actually counterproductive with respect to minimizing the size of government. Although the Americans for Tax Reform mission statement is "The government's power to control one's life derives from its power to tax. We believe that power should be minimized", critics at the Cato Institute have argued that "holding the line on taxes constrains only one of the four tools (taxes, tax deductions, spending without taxation, and regulation) used by government to alter economic outcomes."

Norquist published Leave Us Alone: Getting the Government's Hands Off Our Money, Our Guns, Our Lives, in 2008. In 2012, he published Debacle: Obama's War on Jobs and Growth and What We Can Do Now to Regain Our Future, with John R. Lott, Jr. He has served as a monthly "Politics" columnist and contributing editor to The American Spectator.

Norquist has called for reductions in defense spending as one way to reduce the size of government. He has endorsed a non-interventionist foreign policy and cuts to the U.S. military budget.

Personal life

Norquist has described himself as a "boring white bread Methodist." In 2004, at age 48, he married a Palestinian Muslim named Samah Alrayyes, public relations specialist who was formerly a director of the Islamic Free Market Institute and a specialist at the Bureau of Legislative and Public Affairs at U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The couple has adopted two children, both girls, one of whom is from the city of Bethlehem.

According to friend and former roommate John Fund, Norquist's devotion to his political causes is "monk-like" and comparable to that of Ralph Nader.

Norquist has competed three times in the comedy fundraiser "Washington's Funniest Celebrity" and placed second in 2009. Humorist P. J. O'Rourke has described Norquist as "Tom Paine crossed with Lee Atwater plus just a soupçon of Madame Defarge".

Norquist and his wife attended the annual Burning Man festival in Black Rock, Nevada in August 2014. Norquist explained that he wished to attend because, "There's no government that organizes this. That's what happens when nobody tells you what to do. You just figure it out. So Burning Man is a refutation of the argument that the state has a place in nature."

Writings

Rock the House. Ft. Lauderdale, Fla: VYTIS Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-9645786-0-9
Taxes: The Economic & Philosophical Necessity of Real Reform. Minneapolis, MN: Center of the American Experiment, 1996. OCLC 37889749
"America is freedom" chapter from Deaver, Michael K. Why I Am a Reagan Conservative, Chapter New York: W. Morrow, 2005. ISBN 978-0-06-055976-2
Leave Us Alone: Getting the Government's Hands Off Our Money, Our Guns, Our Lives. New York, NY: W. Morrow, 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-113395-4
Debacle: Obama's War on Jobs and Growth and What We Can Do Now to Regain Our Future. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. ISBN 978-1-118-18617-6

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Horwitz, Jeff (May 25, 2005). "My Right-Wing Degree: How I learned to convert liberal campuses into conservative havens at Morton Blackwell's Leadership Institute, alma mater of Karl Rove, Ralph Reed, Jeff Gannon and two Miss Americas". Salon.com. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
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Kleiner, Sam (July 9, 2013). "Meet the Conservatives Who Campaigned for Apartheid South Africa". The Nation.
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Grover Norquist's hold on the GOP WLTX November 20, 2011
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"Advocates of Florida Spending Transparency Hold Press Conference" (Press release). Reuters. October 28, 2008. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
"Taxpayer Group Launches Petition to Ask Sen. Ben Nelson to Keep His Pledge" (Press release). Reuters. October 28, 2009. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
Thomas Medvetz “The Strength of Weekly Ties: Relations of Material and Symbolic Exchange in the Conservative Movement” Politics & Society (2006) 34#3 pp. 343-368. quote is from p. 343
See also Peter Beinart. "Going Stronger; What Conservatives Understand about Taxes." The New Republic, May 21, 2001; The Caveman Cometh The Economist, March 31, 2001; John Aloysius Farrell. "Right Where He Belongs." Boston Globe, April 17, 2002; Mara Liasson "Political Activist Grover Norquist" Morning Edition Roll Call, National Public Radio May 25, 2001; Susan Page "Norquist Power High, Profile Low" USA Today June 1, 2001; Robin Toner "Conservatives Savor Their Role as Insiders at the White House" New York Times March 19, 2001; Jill Zuckman "Pipeline Leads to White House" Chicago Tribune June 9, 2003.
"Taxpayer Protection Pledge" (PDF). Americans for Tax Reform. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
Sean Lengell, Boehner: Grover Norquist just a 'random' guy The Washington Times November 3, 2011
Berman, Russell (November 13, 2012). "Norquist tax pledge takes election hit". The Hill. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
Is it game over for Grover Norquist?| By Alex Seitz-Wald| November 14, 2012
Scott Wong, Reid: Norquist leads Republicans 'like puppets' Politico On Congress blog November 1, 2011
Charles Babington Anti-tax diehard looms large in spending showdown Associated Press July 3, 2011
Fitzgerald, Alison (May 24, 2011). "No-Tax 'Zealot' Norquist Emerges as Biggest Barrier to U.S. Deficit Deal". Bloomberg News.
"Gang of Five". Indiana Monthly, version 24, no. 2. Indiana. October 2000. p. 144. Bill Kristol, Ralph E. Reed, Jr., Clint Bolick, and David McIntosh are the other four.
Who's Getting Your Vote?, Reason
Dreyfuss, Bob (April 26, 2001). "Grover Norquist: 'Field Marshal' of the Bush Plan". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
Suellentrop, Chris (July 7, 2003). "Grover Norquist, GOP Prophet of Permanence". Slate. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
Balaker, Ted (January 27, 2011) Where Has the Antiwar Movement Gone?, The Huffington Post
Pillow, Travis (October 25, 2010). "FL: Norquist says tea party should serve as GOP 'exoskeleton' after Nov. 2". The Florida Independent. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
"Grover Norquist on Open Borders and Historically Racist Immigration Policy". Reason.com. July 26, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
Capitol Punishment by Jack Abramoff
Schmidt, Susan; Grimaldi, James V. (June 25, 2006). "Nonprofit Groups Funneled Money For Abramoff". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
^ Cassidy, John (July 25, 2001). "Wednesdays With Grover". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
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"NRA Leaders: Grover Norquist". NRA Leaders. Archived from the original on June 23, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
Live, Washington Post. "A Conversation with Grover Norquist, President of Americans for Tax Reform". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
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"» Board of Directors & Advisory Council". Goproud.org. June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on August 3, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
"The Volokh Conspiracy » Family Research Council vs. the Second Amendment". Volokh.com. June 23, 2010. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
‘Random Person’ Coaches House GOP on Tax Message; Pelosi Blames Grover Norquist for Superfailure ABC News December 1, 2011
Barr, Stephen (January 20, 2005). "Teaching Uncle Sam to Be a Better Buyer". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
"Membership Roster - Council on Foreign Relations". Cfr.org. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
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Beschel, Robert P. Jr. (Winter 2022). "Beyond the tax pledge". National Affairs (50). Retrieved February 17, 2022.
Liasson, Mara (May 25, 2001). "Conservative advocate". Morning Edition. NPR. Archived from the original on November 1, 2004. Retrieved February 17, 2022. The "drown it in the bathtub" quote is at the 7:16 mark of the audio.
William Greider "Rolling back the 20th Century", The Nation, May 12, 2003. 276. 18. p.11-19. Paid subscription required.
^ Jerry Taylor and Peter Van Doren, Why Grover Norquist Is Wrong About Taxes Forbes August 25, 2011
Mission Statement for Americans for Tax Reform Archived May 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
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DiMascio, Jen "How Romney, Ryan Differ on Defense Spending." Aviation Week & Space Technology, August 20, 2012.
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The Americans for Tax Reform Foundation also issued a $5,000 grant in 2009 to the Funniest Celebrity Charity Fund.Norquist, Grover; Americans for Tax Reform (May 12, 2010). "Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax: 2009" (PDF). IRS form 990. GuideStar. p. 27. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
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