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{{Short description|American Hindu (Religious) leader (1927-2001)}}
{{Infobox Person |
{{Use American English|date=May 2015}}
name=Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami |
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}
image=Portrait_of_Sivaya_Subramuniyaswami_1.jpg|
{{Infobox religious biography
caption=
| name = Sivaya Subramuniyaswami
"The goal is to realize God ] in His absolute, or transcendent, state, which when realized is your own ultimate state - timeless, formless, spaceless Truth." - Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami </small>|
| image = Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (Gurudeva).jpg
dead=dead |
| caption = Sivaya Subramuniyaswami
birth_date= {{birth date|1927|1|5|df=y}}|
| birth_name = Robert Hansen
birth_place= ], ], ]|
death_date= {{death date and age|2001|11|12|1927|1|5|df=y}}| | birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|1|5|df=y}}|
| birth_place = ], ], U.S.
death_place= ], ], ]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2001|11|12|1927|1|5|df=y}}|
}}'''Sivaya Subramuniyaswami''' (] - ]), affectionately known as Gurudeva by his followers, was born in Oakland, ] on ] ]. In the 1970s he established a ] monastery in ], ] and founded the magazine ''Hinduism Today''. The author of many books on Hinduism and ], Subramuniyaswami was one of the most prominent faces of Hinduism during the last two decades of the 20th century. He was one of ]'s most orthodox and revered ]s, the founder and leader of the ], the world's first Hindu church. Professor ], one of the world's leading specialists on Hindu studies, said in his '':''
| death_place = ], ], U.S.
{{cquote|Sivaya Subramuniyaswami ... did much to propagate a kind of reformed Saivism through his books. As founder-editor of ''Hinduism Today,'' an illustrated monthly, he became the single-most advocate of Hinduism outside India.<ref>A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd. edition, page 251</ref> His Himalayan Academy trains Indian and Western Hindu monks and his Hindu Heritage endowment provides a source of income especially for priests belonging to the ] ] worldwide. Subramuniya was honored and recognized by Hindu leaders in India and abroad.<ref>A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd. edition, page 452</ref>}}
| religion = ]
| sect = ]
| initiator = Jnanaguru Yogaswami
| initiation_place = Jaffna, Ceylon
| initiated = ]
| initiation_date = 1949
| predecessor = Jnanaguru Yogaswami
| successor = ]
| subsect = ]<br/>] (])
| guru = ]
}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Sivaya Subramuniyaswami''' (born '''Robert Hansen'''; January 5, 1927 – November 12, 2001) was an American Hindu religious leader known as ]deva by his followers. Subramuniyaswami was born in ] and adopted ] as a young man. He was the 162nd head of the self claimed ]'s Kailasa Parampara and Guru at ] which is a {{convert|382|acre|adj=on}} temple-monastery complex on ]'s Garden Island.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/monastery/lineage-philosophy/gurudeva/|title=Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami|website=Himalayanacademy}} ]</ref>


In 1947, at the age of 20, he journeyed to ] and ] and in 1949, was initiated into ]<ref>{{Cite book|author=The Swamis of Kauai's Hindu Monastery |year=2011 |chapter=Chapter Twenty: Finding God in a Cave |title=The Guru Chronicles: The Making of the First American Satguru |location=] |publisher=Himalayan Academy |isbn=978-1-934145-39-5 |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/the-guru-chronicles/web/35_guru05_02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206233622/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/the-guru-chronicles/web/35_guru05_02.html |archive-date=December 6, 2019 |url-status=live }} ]</ref> by the renowned siddha yogi and worshiper of ], ] of ], Sri Lanka who was regarded as one of the 20th century's remarkable mystics. In the 1970s he established a ] monastery in ], ] and founded the magazine '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2004/04/01/fea04.html |title=Siva Yogaswami, the Sage and mystic of Sri Lanka |author=Dr. Vimala Krishnapillai|publisher=]|date=1 April 2004 |access-date=January 16, 2013}}</ref> In 1985, he created the festival of '''Pancha Ganapati''' as a Hindu alternative to December holidays like Christmas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rudolph |first=Ephraim |date=December 7, 2015 |title=3 International December Holidays You May Not Know About |publisher=The International Center (INTLCTR) |location=Indianapolis, Indiana |url=https://www.internationalcenter.org/2015/12/07/december-holidays/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061806/https://www.internationalcenter.org/2015/12/07/december-holidays/ |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=2010 |title=Pancha Ganapati:The Family Festival of Giving |magazine=Hinduism Today |publisher=Himalayan Academy |url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=5071 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128135654/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=5071 |archive-date=November 28, 2012 |url-status=live }} ]</ref> He was one of ]'s ]s, the founder and leader of the ].
== Biography ==
'''Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami''' was born in California in 1927. As a young man of 20, he journeyed to India and Sri Lanka in search of his guru. Two years later was initiated into sannyasa by a siddha yogi and worshiper of ''']''' named Jnanaguru ] of ]. In the line of successorship, he was considered the 162nd ''Jagadacharya'' of the ''Nandinatha Sampradaya's Kailasa Parampara'' and Guru Mahasannidhanam of Kauai Aadheenam (also known as Kauai's Hindu Monastery), a 458 acre (1.9&nbsp;km²) temple-monastery complex on Hawaii's Garden Island.


He is part of the guru ] of the Sri Lankan ] Hindus. His various institutions form a Jaffna-Tamil-based organization which has branched out from his Sri Subramuniya Ashram in Alaveddy to meet the needs of the growing Hindu diaspora of this century. He also established a {{convert|7|acre|adj=on|spell=in}} monastery in Mauritius, which includes a public Spiritual Park called "Spiritual Park- Pointe de Lascars". He oversaw more than 50 independent temples worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/monastery/lineage-philosophy/gurudeva|title=Lineage |website=Himalayanacademy}} ]</ref>
For over five decades Subramuniyaswami, affectionately known as '''Gurudeva''' by followers, taught Hinduism to Hindus and seekers from all faiths. In Kauai, Gurudeva established his ashram on a riverbank near the foot of an extinct volcano. Gurudeva authored more than 30 books, while he and his monastics followed a contemplative and joyous existence, building a jewel-like white granite Siva temple (main article: ]), meditating together in the hours before dawn, then working to promote the ''']''' together, through four areas of service as listed below. Gurudeva's mission, received from his satguru, was to protect, preserve and promote the Saivite Hindu religion as expressed through its three pillars: temples, satgurus and scripture. That mission is now carried forward by his monastic and family communities.


His influence reflected the reach of his publications, including the approximately 30 books he wrote. Subramuniyaswami was described by ] as "the single-most advocate of Hinduism outside India".<ref>{{cite book|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus K. |author-link=Klaus K. Klostermaier|title=A Survey of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C&q=Subramuniyaswami|edition=3rd|year=2007|publisher=]|isbn=9780791470824|page=231|quote=Sivaya Subramuniyaswami ... did much to propagate a kind of reformed Saivism through his books. As founder-editor of ''Hinduism Today,'' an illustrated monthly, he became the single-most advocate of Hinduism outside India.}}</ref> The book ''Religious Leaders of America'' explained Subramuniyaswami's role as "a pillar of orthodox Hinduism."<ref name="nyt_obituary">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E2D9103BF93AA25752C1A9679C8B63#|title=Satguru Subramuniyaswami, Hindu Spiritual Leader, 74|author=Douglas Martin|date=19 November 2001 |newspaper=]|access-date=January 8, 2013}}</ref>
He traveled extensively from 1969 to 2001, addressing hundreds of thousands of Hindus, especially followers of Siva in Sri Lanka and India. He was an ardent supporter of Hindu temples and priests, and an articulate spokesperson for Hinduism in the West. He was, perhaps, the first authentic Western guru initiated into Hinduism and acknowledged as a spiritual leader by the broader Hindu community. He helped found 37 temples around the world, including two at his monastery in Hawaii.


==Biography==
* In April of 1999 Gurudeva led 45 spiritual aspirants on a weeklong “Innersearch” program from Vancouver to Anchorage, Alaska. On their ship, the MS Noordam, the aspirants studied meditation and the mystical life together, explored the glaciers and redefined the cruise experience along the way. In Anchorage, Gurudeva founded the first Hindu temple in that state, calling together the native American Indian leaders to participate in the event. He also initiated a powerful series of book signings in California, Washington and Alaska, introducing his newest book, '''Merging with Siva''', to thousands of seekers.


=== Youth in California (1927–1946) ===
* In August 1999 he traveled to Malaysia and Mauritius, where he met with the nation's leaders on several family-related topics, opened his Spiritual Park for 3,000 special guests, spent time with his Church members and continued the dynamic book signings, this time adding his newest book, Weaver's Wisdom, to the list.
Sivaya Subramuniyaswami was born in ] on January 5, 1927 as Robert Hansen. He is quoted as relating how, at the age of six, "the totality of the power of the ] of the moment began to become stronger and stronger within me from that time onward."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.himalayanacademy.com/view/the-guru-chronicles | title=Himalayan Academy Publications - the Guru Chronicles }}</ref>{{third-party inline|reason=Source closely affiliated with the subject|date=April 2023}}<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite magazine|title=The Making of a Master |magazine=Hinduism Today |publisher=Himalayan Academy |year=2002 |issue=April/May/June |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=3875 }}</ref>{{third-party inline|reason=Source closely affiliated with the subject|date=April 2023}} He was most inspired by the life of ] and his four small volumes: '']'', ''Bhakti Yoga'', '']'' and '']'', and most particularly by Swami Vivekananda's poem, "The Song of the ]."


Sivaya Subramuniyaswami's training in classical Eastern and Western dance and in the disciplines of ] developed him into a dancer. He joined the ] Company, becoming their ] by the age of nineteen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Neubert |first=F |date=2018 |title=Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami |doi=10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_9000000266 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_9000000266 |archive-url=}}</ref> At twenty years of age, he took the first ship to leave for ] after ]. He celebrated his twenty-first birthday just days before going ashore and walking through the grand ] in ].
* In March and April of 2000 he led another Innersearch Travel-Study program to the Caribbean, visiting six nations with 53 of his devotees and meeting the Hindu leadership in that remote part of the world, with special events among 4,500 Hindus who came to honor him in Trinidad.


===Visit to Sri Lanka (1947–1949)===
* In August of 2001 Gurudeva took 72 devotees on a journey through Northern Europe, founding new Hindu temples along the way and visiting the Tamil communities in a dozen nations. Just before departing for the European Innersearch, he completed his last book, '''Living with Siva.''' Only weeks after returning from that dynamic odyssey, he died.
Sivaya Subramuniyaswami spent almost three years on the island of ], now called ]. Before meeting his guru, he studied with his fourth "catalyst" for a year and a half. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami just wanted to meditate, but his teacher made him work to help village people with reconstructing rural areas. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami visited and lived in many Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka. He was received by the monks there and saw how they lived and dressed. This experience influenced in a very strict way the ] protocols that he later put into action in his own ].


In the caves of Jalani, Kurugala Balandha, Sri Lanka, he fasted and meditated until he experienced what he felt to be ]. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami relates his feelings while returning to ], Sri Lanka: "Returning back to the city, nothing looked the same anymore. I was in another dimension. Everything was different. I had lost something: the desire for the realization of the Self. I felt complete. I felt alone."<ref name=autogenerated1 />
Gurudeva was known to the end for spending personal time with new members, island visitors who pilgrimaged to his sacred home on Kauai and new young monks who have come to the monastery to give their life in selfless service and the search for God within man. All of his work and mission, his vision and projects now go forward under the guidance of his successor, ].


]]]
== Honors and Awards ==

*1986 - New Delhi's World Religious Parliament named Gurudeva one of five modern-day Jagadacharyas, world teachers, for his international efforts in promoting and chronicling a Hindu renaissance.]
Back in Colombo, Sivaya Subramuniyaswami met his final teacher before meeting his guru. One day, his teacher arranged a meeting between Sivaya Subramuniyaswami and his long-awaited ], Sage ]. After a deep and inner meeting, Yogaswami gave him the name Subramuniya, an epithet of ]. ''Subra'' means 'the light that emanates out from the central source'; ''muni'' means a silent teacher, and ''ya'' means 'restraint'.'' Subramuniya'' means a self-restrained soul who remains silent or speaks out from ]. After a few visits, Jnanaguru Yogaswami initiated Subramuniya into ] and ordained him into his lineage with a slap on the back giving the following instructions: "This sound will be heard in America! Now go 'round the world and roar like a lion. You will build palaces (temples) and feed thousands."<ref>''Merging with Siva'' {{ISBN|0-945497-95-4}}, page 909</ref><ref name=":0" /> This event was witnesses by several Jaffna area devotees, notably a local magistrate named Thiru S. Subramaniam.
*1988 - Oxford, England: Hindu representative at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders for Human Survival. Gurudeva joined hundreds of religious, political and scientific leaders from all countries to discuss privately, for the first time, the future of human life on this planet.

*1990 - Moscow: Hindu representative at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders for Human Survival.
Yogaswami continued to communicate with Sivaya Subramuniyaswami through Kandiah Chettiar until his death in 1964. In the line of successorship, Subramuniya was considered the 162nd ''Jagadacharya'' of the ''Nandinatha Sampradaya's Kailasa Parampara''.
*1992 - Rio de Janeiro: Hindu representative at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders for Human Survival.

*1993 - Chicago: at the centenary Parliament of the World's Religions, Gurudeva was elected one of three presidents, along with ] of the Rishikesh-based Divine Life Society and Kerala's ], to represent Hinduism at the prestigious Presidents' Assembly, a core group of 25 men and women voicing the needs of world faiths.
===San Francisco (1949–1970)===
*1997 - Gurudeva responded to the US President's call for religious opinions on the ethics of cloning from the Hindu point of view.
In late 1949 Subramuniya sailed back to America and embarked on seven years of ardent, solitary ] and ] In 1956, Sivaya Subramuniyaswami said, he had a tremendous spiritual experience in ], Colorado, where "the ] body would finally fully inhabit the physical body".<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{cite web
*1997 - Gurudeva spearheaded the 125th anniversary of Satguru Yogaswami and his golden icon's diaspora pilgrimage through many of the over 75 Sri Lanka temples and societies around the globe.
| url = https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/april-may-june-2002/2002-04-the-making-of-a-master/
*1998 - The Vishva Hindu Parishad of Kerala sent an envoy to Kauai to honor and recognize Gurudeva as the "Hindu Voice of the Century."
| title = The Making of a Master
* until 2001 - Gurudeva was a key member of ''Vision Kauai 2020'', a small group of community leaders that includes the Mayor, former Mayor and County Council members. They met on a monthly basis to fashion the island's future for twenty years ahead, based on moral and spiritual values.
| last =
| first =
| date = 1 April 2020
| website = Hinduism Today
| access-date = 23 September 2021
| quote = }}</ref> The following year, in ], Subramuniya founded what is now Himalayan Academy and opened America's first Hindu temple at 3575 Sacramento Street, near ]. In ], 1968, he wrote of Shum, a mystical language of meditation that names and maps inner areas of ].

] at ]]]

===Subramuniya in the 1950s and 1960s===
The biographies of Subramuniya show a time of transition between 1950 and 1957. Subramuniya states that he was ordered not to teach until he turned thirty in January 1957. He spent some of these seven years traveling around the United States, teaching hatha yoga classes and exploring various non-traditional religions, such as ], ], and the science of the mind, the closest Western religions to Hindu thought.<ref name="home-grown">{{Cite book|last=Mann |first=Richard D. |year=2013 |chapter=Life in Progress: The Biographies of Sivaya Subramuniyaswami |editor-last1=Gleig |editor-first1=Ann |editor-last2=Williamson |editor-first2=Lola |title=Homegrown Gurus: From Hinduism in America to American Hinduism |location=Albany, New York |publisher=State University of New York |pages=115-139, |isbn=978-1-4384-4791-9}}</ref> His shift to a teaching ministry as Master Subramuniya in 1957 blends elements of these religious movements with Hindu yogic and Vedanta teachings in a language oriented toward his followers at the time, who were Westerners.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lucas |first=Phillip Charles |year=1995 |title=The Odyssey of a New Religion: The Holy Order of MANS from new age to orthodoxy |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=Indiana University Press |page= |isbn=978-0-253-33612-5 }}</ref>
Subramuniya in the 1950s and 1960s might be placed in an American metaphysical lineage that can be traced from 19th century Theosophy to the New Age Movement in the late 1970s.

Accordingly, Subramuniya's early publications, ''The Self-God'' (1959), ''Cognizantibility'' (1958), ''Gems of Cognition'' (1958) and ''Clear White Light'' (1968) do not mention Saiva Siddhanta, Hinduism, Shiva, his guru or lineage or his avocation of temple worship so prominently found in his later works. All of Subramuniya's early works stress meditation, an advaita based monism and yoga.

Subramuniya also experimented with combining aspects of Hinduism with Christianity in another context. He opened two centers in San Francisco in 1957: one Hindu, the Subramuniya Yoga Order, and the other a Hindu/Christian hybrid, the Christian Yoga Church.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rawlinson |first=Andrew |year=1997 |title=The Book of Enlightened Masters: Western Teachers in Eastern Traditions |location=Chicago |publisher=Open Court |page=541 |isbn=978-0-8126-9310-2}}</ref> A typical Sunday worship at the Christian Yoga Church included the singing of Christian hymns, readings from the New Testament and the Bhagavad Gita or Upanishads and a sermon related to Christian or Hindu mysticism. In this context, Master Subramuniya was known as Father Subramuniya.<ref>{{harvnb|Lucas|1995|page=13}}</ref>

===Kauai (1970–2001)===
Sivaya Subramuniyaswami moved his ashram to Kauai in 1970, establishing Kauai Aadheenam, on a riverbank near the foot of an extinct volcano. Also known as Kauai's Hindu Monastery, Kauai Aadheenam is a {{convert|382|acre|adj=on}} temple-monastery complex on Hawaii's Garden Island. In 1979 he published the Holy Orders of Sannyas, defining the ideals, vows and aspirations of Hindu ]. In 1979 he founded the ], and in the early 80s, after his world tours, focused his magazine on uniting all Hindus, regardless of nationality or sect, and inspiring and educating seekers everywhere. In Sri Lanka, Sivaya Subramuniyaswami formally took possession of the main building of his Sri Subramuniya Ashram in Alaveddy, founded in 1949.

] at Kauai's Hindu Monastery]]

In 1986 Sivaya Subramuniyaswami founded a ] ] in ] in response to the government's request that he come there "to revive a languishing Hindu faith."<ref name="nyt_obituary" /> In 1991 he produced the Nandinatha Sutras, 365 ] that outlines the path of virtuous Hindu living. Especially in the early 1990s he campaigned for fair treatment of temple ]s, particularly that they should receive the same respect enjoyed by the clergy of other religions. In 2000, he translated the first two books of the ] into English<ref name="Manavalan_Compendium">{{cite book | last = Manavalan | first = A. A. | title = A Compendium of ''Tirukkural'' Translations in English | publisher = Central Institute of Classical Tamil | volume = 4 vols. | date = 2010 | location = Chennai | language = English | isbn = 978-81-908000-2-0}}</ref> and also published ''How to Become a Hindu'', showing the way for seekers to formally enter the faith, confuting the notion that "You must be born a Hindu to be a Hindu." In November of that year, he launched Hindu Press International (HPI), a free daily news summary for breaking news sent via e-mail and posted on the web. In 2001, he completed the 3,000-page Master Course trilogy of ''Dancing with Siva'', ''Living with Siva'', and ''Merging with Siva'' – volumes of daily lessons on Hindu philosophy, culture and yoga, respectively.

=== Death ===
Learning on October 9, 2001, that he had advanced, metastasized intestinal cancer, confirmed by a host of specialists in three states, all concurring that even the most aggressive treatment regimens would not prove effective, he declined any treatment beyond palliative measures and decided to follow the Indian yogic practice, known as '']'' in Sanskrit scripture, to abstain from nourishment and take water only from that day on. He died on the 32nd day of his self-declared fast at 11:54 pm on November 12, 2001, surrounded by his twenty-three monastics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kauai's Hindu Monastery |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/monastery/lineage-philosophy/gurudeva |website=Kauai's Hindu Monastery}}</ref>

==Spiritual lineage==
He followed the ] sect (]) of Hinduism. He belongs to ]'s Kailasa Parampara. Saiva siddhanta is prevalent in South India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dancingwithsivah00subr_0|title=Dancing with Siva by Satguru Siva Subramuniyaswami|publisher=Himalayan Academy|year=1997|isbn=9780945497974|location=USA|pages=ŚLOKA 152}} ]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dancingwithsivah00subr_0|title=Dancing with Siva by Satguru Siva Subramuniyaswami|publisher=Himalayan Academy|year=1997|isbn=9780945497974|location=USA|pages=ŚLOKA 151}} ]</ref>

'''Spiritual lineage''' : ] → Sundaranandar, ] who later becomes ] → → → Kadaitswami → ] → ] → ] → ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/monastery/lineage-philosophy/lineage|title=Our Spiritual Lineage, the Kailasa Parampara|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

{{S-start}}
{{s-rel}}
{{s-bef
| rows = 2
| before = Satguru Siva ]<br>of ], Sri Lanka
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = 162nd ] (Spiritual ])
| years = 1959 &ndash; November 12, 2001
}}
{{s-aft
| rows = 2
| after = ]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Guru Mahasannidhanam, ]
| years = 1970 &ndash; November 12, 2001
}}
{{end}}

== Honors and awards ==
] at the ] in New York]]
* 1986 - ]'s ] named Sivaya Subramuniyaswami one of five modern-day Jagadacharyas, means world teachers, for his international efforts in promoting ].<ref name="nyt_obituary" /><ref name="Living with Siva">{{cite book|url=http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/himalayanacademy/sacredhinduliterature/lws/lws_table_of_contents.html|title=Living with Siva|last=Subramuniyaswami|first=Sivaya|publisher=E-Gutenberg|year=2002|isbn=0-945497-98-9|location=USA & India}} ]</ref>
* 1988 - ], England: Hindu representative at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders for Human Survival. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami joined hundreds of religious, political and scientific leaders from all countries to discuss privately, for the first time, the future of human life on this planet.
* 1988 - ] : he represented Hinduism at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders .<ref name="nyt_obituary" />
* 1990 - ] : he again represented Hinduism at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders
* 1992 - ] : he again represented Hinduism at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders
* 1993 - ]: at the centenary ], Sivaya Subramuniyaswami was elected one of three presidents, along with ] of the ]-based ] and Kerala's ], to represent Hinduism at the Presidents' Assembly, a core group of 25 men and women voicing the needs of world faiths.
* 1995 - ]'s ] bestowed on Sivaya Subramuniyaswami the title ] for his remarkable publications.
* 1997 - Sivaya Subramuniyaswami responded to the US President's call for religious opinions on the ] from the Hindu point of view.
* 1997 - Sivaya Subramuniyaswami spearheaded the 125th anniversary of Satguru Yogaswami and his golden icon's diaspora pilgrimage through many of the over 75 Sri Lanka temples and societies around the globe.
* 2000 - On August 25, he received the ] (an award created by ]) at the United Nations in New York. Prior recipients of this award were the ], ], ], ] and ]. He addressed 1,200 spiritual leaders gathered for the UN Millennium Peace Summit, with the message, “For peace in the world, stop the war in the home.”


== Books == == Books ==
Gurudeva was author of more than 30 books unfolding unique and practical insights on Hindu ], ], ], ], and ]. His works are highly regarded by many ]. <ref>External reviews of ''Dancing with Siva'' </ref> Gurudeva was author of more than 30 books offering insights on Hindu ], ], ], ], and ]. His works are highly regarded by many ].<ref> ]</ref>


His '''Master Course''' <ref>''Dancing with Siva'' ISBN 0945497970; ''Living with Siva'' ISBN 0945497989; ''Merging with Siva'' ISBN 0945497954 </ref> is Gurudeva's most monumental work, a comprehensive treatise on every aspect of Saivism in three books and more than 3,000 pages, composed in what he called "talkanese" - a flowing version of written English that resembles the spoken language and evokes ancient Hindu oral traditions. Gurudeva’s '''Master Course''' lessons on ], written for children and taught in many schools, are preserving the teachings among thousands of youths. His ''Master Course''<ref>''Dancing with Siva'' {{ISBN|0-945497-97-0}}; ''Living with Siva'' {{ISBN|0-945497-98-9}}; ''Merging with Siva'' {{ISBN|0-945497-95-4}} ]</ref> is Sivaya Subramuniyaswami's comprehensive treatise on Shaivism in three books and more than 3,000 pages, composed in what he called "talkanese" - a flowing version of written English that resembles the spoken language and evokes ancient Hindu oral traditions. His ''Master Course'' includes three books :
* ''Dancing with Siva''
* ''Living with Siva''
* ''Merging with Siva''


Some of his other books:
== Four Areas of Service ==
* ''Yoga's Forgotten Foundation''
]The four areas of service established by Gurudeva and now carried out by his successor, Satguru Bodhinatha Veylanswami, and monastics, are: ], , , and the international quarterly magazine.
* ''Loving Ganesha''
* ''How to Become a Hindu: A Guide for Seekers and Born Hindus''
* Tirukkural: The American English and Modern Tamil Translations of an Ethical Masterpiece
* ''Holy Orders of Sannyas: A Saiva Swami's Diksha and Lifetime Vows of Renunciation''
* ''Weaver's Wisdom: Ancient Precepts for a Perfect Life''
* ''Pancha Ganapati: An alternative for Christmas''


=== Saiva Siddhanta Church === == Four areas of service ==
The four areas of service established by Sivaya Subramuniyaswami and now carried out by his successor, ], and monastics, are: ], Himalayan Academy, Hindu Heritage Endowment, and the '']'' international quarterly magazine.
The congregation of ] is a disciplined, global fellowship of family initiates, monastics and students who follow the sadhana marga, the path of inner effort, yogic striving and personal transformation. Gurudeva was the hereditary guru of 2.5 million Sri Lankan Hindus. His various institutions form a Jaffna-]-based organization which has branched out from his Sri Subramuniya Ashram in Alaveddy to meet the needs of the growing Hindu diaspora of this century. He also established a seven acre (28,000&nbsp;m²) monastery in Mauritius, which includes a public Spiritual Park. Missionaries and teachers within the family membership provide counseling and classes in Saivism for children, youth and adults.


=== Himalayan Academy === ===Saiva Siddhanta Church===
The mission of the Church is to preserve and promote the ] ] religion. Membership in the Church extends to many countries of the world, including the US, Canada, Mauritius, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Sri Lanka and several European nations
Gurudeva's academy serves, personally and through its magazine, books, courses and travel/study programs, serious seekers and Hindus of all denominations.


=== Hindu Heritage Endowment === === Hindu Heritage Endowment ===
Hindu Heritage Endowment is a public service trust founded by Gurudeva in 1995. Currently holding $8 million in permanent funds, it seeks to establish and maintain permanent sources of income for Hindu institutions worldwide. Hindu Heritage Endowment is a public service trust founded by Sivaya Subramuniyaswami in 1995.

=== ''Hinduism Today'' ===
'']'' is an international quarterly magazine founded by Sivaya Subramuniyaswami in 1979. It is a public service of his monastic order, created to strengthen all Hindu traditions by uplifting and informing followers of the ] everywhere.<ref name=":0" />
{{Clear}}


=== Hinduism Today === ==See also==
{{Portal|India|Sri Lanka|Hinduism}}
'Hinduism Today' is an international quarterly magazine founded by Gurudeva in 1979. It is a public service of his monastic order, created to strengthen all Hindu traditions by uplifting and informing followers of the ] everywhere. In 1996 Gurudeva upgraded the newspaper 'Hinduism Today' to a magazine, a leap that placed it on newsstands everywhere, alongside Newsweek, Time and India Today. The magazine is currently distributed in 60 nations.
* ]
* ]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Tirukkural}}
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramuniyaswami, Satguru Sivaya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Subramuniyaswami, Sivaya}}
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Latest revision as of 04:08, 8 November 2024

American Hindu (Religious) leader (1927-2001)

Sivaya Subramuniyaswami
Sivaya Subramuniyaswami
Personal life
BornRobert Hansen
(1927-01-05)5 January 1927
Oakland, California, U.S.
Died12 November 2001(2001-11-12) (aged 74)
Kapaa, Hawaii, U.S.
Religious life
ReligionHinduism
SectShaivism
Shaiva Siddhanta
Nath (Nandinatha Sampradaya)
Initiation1949
Jaffna, Ceylon
by Jnanaguru Yogaswami
Religious career
GuruJnanaguru Yogaswami
PredecessorJnanaguru Yogaswami
SuccessorBodhinatha Veylanswami
InitiatedSannyasa
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Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (born Robert Hansen; January 5, 1927 – November 12, 2001) was an American Hindu religious leader known as Gurudeva by his followers. Subramuniyaswami was born in Oakland, California and adopted Hinduism as a young man. He was the 162nd head of the self claimed Nandinatha Sampradaya's Kailasa Parampara and Guru at Kauai's Hindu Monastery which is a 382-acre (155 ha) temple-monastery complex on Hawaii's Garden Island.

In 1947, at the age of 20, he journeyed to India and Sri Lanka and in 1949, was initiated into sannyasa by the renowned siddha yogi and worshiper of Lord Shiva, Jnanaguru Yogaswami of Jaffna, Sri Lanka who was regarded as one of the 20th century's remarkable mystics. In the 1970s he established a Hindu monastery in Kauai, Hawaii and founded the magazine Hinduism Today. In 1985, he created the festival of Pancha Ganapati as a Hindu alternative to December holidays like Christmas. He was one of Shaivism's Gurus, the founder and leader of the Saiva Siddhanta Church.

He is part of the guru lineage of the Sri Lankan Alaveddy Hindus. His various institutions form a Jaffna-Tamil-based organization which has branched out from his Sri Subramuniya Ashram in Alaveddy to meet the needs of the growing Hindu diaspora of this century. He also established a seven-acre (2.8 ha) monastery in Mauritius, which includes a public Spiritual Park called "Spiritual Park- Pointe de Lascars". He oversaw more than 50 independent temples worldwide.

His influence reflected the reach of his publications, including the approximately 30 books he wrote. Subramuniyaswami was described by Klaus Klostermaier as "the single-most advocate of Hinduism outside India". The book Religious Leaders of America explained Subramuniyaswami's role as "a pillar of orthodox Hinduism."

Biography

Youth in California (1927–1946)

Sivaya Subramuniyaswami was born in Oakland, California on January 5, 1927 as Robert Hansen. He is quoted as relating how, at the age of six, "the totality of the power of the eternity of the moment began to become stronger and stronger within me from that time onward." He was most inspired by the life of Swami Vivekananda and his four small volumes: Raja Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga and Inspired Talks, and most particularly by Swami Vivekananda's poem, "The Song of the Sannyasin."

Sivaya Subramuniyaswami's training in classical Eastern and Western dance and in the disciplines of yoga developed him into a dancer. He joined the San Francisco Ballet Company, becoming their danseur by the age of nineteen. At twenty years of age, he took the first ship to leave for India after World War II. He celebrated his twenty-first birthday just days before going ashore and walking through the grand Gateway to India in Mumbai.

Visit to Sri Lanka (1947–1949)

Sivaya Subramuniyaswami spent almost three years on the island of Ceylon, now called Sri Lanka. Before meeting his guru, he studied with his fourth "catalyst" for a year and a half. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami just wanted to meditate, but his teacher made him work to help village people with reconstructing rural areas. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami visited and lived in many Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka. He was received by the monks there and saw how they lived and dressed. This experience influenced in a very strict way the monastic protocols that he later put into action in his own monastic order.

In the caves of Jalani, Kurugala Balandha, Sri Lanka, he fasted and meditated until he experienced what he felt to be enlightenment. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami relates his feelings while returning to Colombo, Sri Lanka: "Returning back to the city, nothing looked the same anymore. I was in another dimension. Everything was different. I had lost something: the desire for the realization of the Self. I felt complete. I felt alone."

Gurudeva in 1949, right after his return from Sri Lanka

Back in Colombo, Sivaya Subramuniyaswami met his final teacher before meeting his guru. One day, his teacher arranged a meeting between Sivaya Subramuniyaswami and his long-awaited satguru, Sage Yogaswami. After a deep and inner meeting, Yogaswami gave him the name Subramuniya, an epithet of Sri Murugan. Subra means 'the light that emanates out from the central source'; muni means a silent teacher, and ya means 'restraint'. Subramuniya means a self-restrained soul who remains silent or speaks out from intuition. After a few visits, Jnanaguru Yogaswami initiated Subramuniya into sannyasa and ordained him into his lineage with a slap on the back giving the following instructions: "This sound will be heard in America! Now go 'round the world and roar like a lion. You will build palaces (temples) and feed thousands." This event was witnesses by several Jaffna area devotees, notably a local magistrate named Thiru S. Subramaniam.

Yogaswami continued to communicate with Sivaya Subramuniyaswami through Kandiah Chettiar until his death in 1964. In the line of successorship, Subramuniya was considered the 162nd Jagadacharya of the Nandinatha Sampradaya's Kailasa Parampara.

San Francisco (1949–1970)

In late 1949 Subramuniya sailed back to America and embarked on seven years of ardent, solitary yoga and meditation In 1956, Sivaya Subramuniyaswami said, he had a tremendous spiritual experience in Denver, Colorado, where "the soul body would finally fully inhabit the physical body". The following year, in San Francisco, Subramuniya founded what is now Himalayan Academy and opened America's first Hindu temple at 3575 Sacramento Street, near Presidio Park. In Switzerland, 1968, he wrote of Shum, a mystical language of meditation that names and maps inner areas of consciousness.

Kadavul Temple at Kauai's Hindu Monastery

Subramuniya in the 1950s and 1960s

The biographies of Subramuniya show a time of transition between 1950 and 1957. Subramuniya states that he was ordered not to teach until he turned thirty in January 1957. He spent some of these seven years traveling around the United States, teaching hatha yoga classes and exploring various non-traditional religions, such as Christian Science, Theosophy, and the science of the mind, the closest Western religions to Hindu thought. His shift to a teaching ministry as Master Subramuniya in 1957 blends elements of these religious movements with Hindu yogic and Vedanta teachings in a language oriented toward his followers at the time, who were Westerners. Subramuniya in the 1950s and 1960s might be placed in an American metaphysical lineage that can be traced from 19th century Theosophy to the New Age Movement in the late 1970s.

Accordingly, Subramuniya's early publications, The Self-God (1959), Cognizantibility (1958), Gems of Cognition (1958) and Clear White Light (1968) do not mention Saiva Siddhanta, Hinduism, Shiva, his guru or lineage or his avocation of temple worship so prominently found in his later works. All of Subramuniya's early works stress meditation, an advaita based monism and yoga.

Subramuniya also experimented with combining aspects of Hinduism with Christianity in another context. He opened two centers in San Francisco in 1957: one Hindu, the Subramuniya Yoga Order, and the other a Hindu/Christian hybrid, the Christian Yoga Church. A typical Sunday worship at the Christian Yoga Church included the singing of Christian hymns, readings from the New Testament and the Bhagavad Gita or Upanishads and a sermon related to Christian or Hindu mysticism. In this context, Master Subramuniya was known as Father Subramuniya.

Kauai (1970–2001)

Sivaya Subramuniyaswami moved his ashram to Kauai in 1970, establishing Kauai Aadheenam, on a riverbank near the foot of an extinct volcano. Also known as Kauai's Hindu Monastery, Kauai Aadheenam is a 382-acre (155 ha) temple-monastery complex on Hawaii's Garden Island. In 1979 he published the Holy Orders of Sannyas, defining the ideals, vows and aspirations of Hindu monasticism. In 1979 he founded the Hinduism Today magazine, and in the early 80s, after his world tours, focused his magazine on uniting all Hindus, regardless of nationality or sect, and inspiring and educating seekers everywhere. In Sri Lanka, Sivaya Subramuniyaswami formally took possession of the main building of his Sri Subramuniya Ashram in Alaveddy, founded in 1949.

Capstone of Iraivan Temple at Kauai's Hindu Monastery

In 1986 Sivaya Subramuniyaswami founded a branch monastery in Mauritius in response to the government's request that he come there "to revive a languishing Hindu faith." In 1991 he produced the Nandinatha Sutras, 365 aphorisms that outlines the path of virtuous Hindu living. Especially in the early 1990s he campaigned for fair treatment of temple priests, particularly that they should receive the same respect enjoyed by the clergy of other religions. In 2000, he translated the first two books of the Kural into English and also published How to Become a Hindu, showing the way for seekers to formally enter the faith, confuting the notion that "You must be born a Hindu to be a Hindu." In November of that year, he launched Hindu Press International (HPI), a free daily news summary for breaking news sent via e-mail and posted on the web. In 2001, he completed the 3,000-page Master Course trilogy of Dancing with Siva, Living with Siva, and Merging with Siva – volumes of daily lessons on Hindu philosophy, culture and yoga, respectively.

Death

Learning on October 9, 2001, that he had advanced, metastasized intestinal cancer, confirmed by a host of specialists in three states, all concurring that even the most aggressive treatment regimens would not prove effective, he declined any treatment beyond palliative measures and decided to follow the Indian yogic practice, known as prayopavesha in Sanskrit scripture, to abstain from nourishment and take water only from that day on. He died on the 32nd day of his self-declared fast at 11:54 pm on November 12, 2001, surrounded by his twenty-three monastics.

Spiritual lineage

He followed the shaivism sect (Shaiva Siddhanta) of Hinduism. He belongs to Nandinatha Sampradaya's Kailasa Parampara. Saiva siddhanta is prevalent in South India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia.

Spiritual lineage : Maharishi Nandinath → Sundaranandar, Siddhar who later becomes Tirumular → → → Kadaitswami → Chellapaswami → Siva Yogaswami → Sivaya Subramuniyaswami → Bodhinatha Veylanswami

Religious titles
Preceded bySatguru Siva Yogaswami
of Jaffna, Sri Lanka 		162nd Satguru (Spiritual Preceptor)
1959 – November 12, 2001 		Succeeded bySatguru Bodhinatha Veylanswami
Guru Mahasannidhanam, Kauai Aadheenam
1970 – November 12, 2001

Honors and awards

2000: Gurudeva receiving the U Thant Peace Award at the United Nations in New York
  • 1986 - New Delhi's Parliament of the World's Religions named Sivaya Subramuniyaswami one of five modern-day Jagadacharyas, means world teachers, for his international efforts in promoting Hinduism.
  • 1988 - Oxford, England: Hindu representative at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders for Human Survival. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami joined hundreds of religious, political and scientific leaders from all countries to discuss privately, for the first time, the future of human life on this planet.
  • 1988 - Oxford : he represented Hinduism at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders .
  • 1990 - Moscow : he again represented Hinduism at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders
  • 1992 - Rio de Janeiro : he again represented Hinduism at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders
  • 1993 - Chicago: at the centenary Parliament of the World's Religions, Sivaya Subramuniyaswami was elected one of three presidents, along with Swami Chidananda Saraswati of the Rishikesh-based Divine Life Society and Kerala's Mata Amritanandamayi, to represent Hinduism at the Presidents' Assembly, a core group of 25 men and women voicing the needs of world faiths.
  • 1995 - New Delhi's Parliament of the World's Religions bestowed on Sivaya Subramuniyaswami the title Dharmachakra for his remarkable publications.
  • 1997 - Sivaya Subramuniyaswami responded to the US President's call for religious opinions on the ethics of cloning from the Hindu point of view.
  • 1997 - Sivaya Subramuniyaswami spearheaded the 125th anniversary of Satguru Yogaswami and his golden icon's diaspora pilgrimage through many of the over 75 Sri Lanka temples and societies around the globe.
  • 2000 - On August 25, he received the U Thant Peace Award (an award created by Sri Chinmoy) at the United Nations in New York. Prior recipients of this award were the Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Mikhail Gorbachev, Pope John Paul II and Mother Teresa. He addressed 1,200 spiritual leaders gathered for the UN Millennium Peace Summit, with the message, “For peace in the world, stop the war in the home.”

Books

Gurudeva was author of more than 30 books offering insights on Hindu metaphysics, Saivism, mysticism, yoga, and meditation. His works are highly regarded by many contemporary Hindu leaders.

His Master Course is Sivaya Subramuniyaswami's comprehensive treatise on Shaivism in three books and more than 3,000 pages, composed in what he called "talkanese" - a flowing version of written English that resembles the spoken language and evokes ancient Hindu oral traditions. His Master Course includes three books :

  • Dancing with Siva
  • Living with Siva
  • Merging with Siva

Some of his other books:

  • Yoga's Forgotten Foundation
  • Loving Ganesha
  • How to Become a Hindu: A Guide for Seekers and Born Hindus
  • Tirukkural: The American English and Modern Tamil Translations of an Ethical Masterpiece
  • Holy Orders of Sannyas: A Saiva Swami's Diksha and Lifetime Vows of Renunciation
  • Weaver's Wisdom: Ancient Precepts for a Perfect Life
  • Pancha Ganapati: An alternative for Christmas

Four areas of service

The four areas of service established by Sivaya Subramuniyaswami and now carried out by his successor, Satguru Bodhinatha Veylanswami, and monastics, are: Saiva Siddhanta Church, Himalayan Academy, Hindu Heritage Endowment, and the Hinduism Today international quarterly magazine.

Saiva Siddhanta Church

The mission of the Church is to preserve and promote the Śaivite Hindu religion. Membership in the Church extends to many countries of the world, including the US, Canada, Mauritius, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Sri Lanka and several European nations

Hindu Heritage Endowment

Hindu Heritage Endowment is a public service trust founded by Sivaya Subramuniyaswami in 1995.

Hinduism Today

Hinduism Today is an international quarterly magazine founded by Sivaya Subramuniyaswami in 1979. It is a public service of his monastic order, created to strengthen all Hindu traditions by uplifting and informing followers of the Hinduism everywhere.

See also

References

  1. "Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami". Himalayanacademy. (Source closely affiliated with the subject)
  2. The Swamis of Kauai's Hindu Monastery (2011). "Chapter Twenty: Finding God in a Cave". The Guru Chronicles: The Making of the First American Satguru. Kapaʻa, Kauai, Hawaii: Himalayan Academy. ISBN 978-1-934145-39-5. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. (Source closely affiliated with the subject)
  3. Dr. Vimala Krishnapillai (April 1, 2004). "Siva Yogaswami, the Sage and mystic of Sri Lanka". Daily News (Sri Lanka). Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  4. Rudolph, Ephraim (December 7, 2015). "3 International December Holidays You May Not Know About". Indianapolis, Indiana: The International Center (INTLCTR). Archived from the original on December 8, 2015.
  5. "Pancha Ganapati:The Family Festival of Giving". Hinduism Today. Himalayan Academy. 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. (Source closely affiliated with the subject)
  6. "Lineage". Himalayanacademy. (Source closely affiliated with the subject)
  7. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. p. 231. ISBN 9780791470824. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami ... did much to propagate a kind of reformed Saivism through his books. As founder-editor of Hinduism Today, an illustrated monthly, he became the single-most advocate of Hinduism outside India.
  8. ^ Douglas Martin (November 19, 2001). "Satguru Subramuniyaswami, Hindu Spiritual Leader, 74". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
  9. "Himalayan Academy Publications - the Guru Chronicles".
  10. ^ "The Making of a Master". Hinduism Today. No. April/May/June. Himalayan Academy. 2002.
  11. ^ Neubert, F (2018). "Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami". doi:10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_9000000266.
  12. Merging with Siva ISBN 0-945497-95-4, page 909
  13. "The Making of a Master". Hinduism Today. April 1, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
  14. Mann, Richard D. (2013). "Life in Progress: The Biographies of Sivaya Subramuniyaswami". In Gleig, Ann; Williamson, Lola (eds.). Homegrown Gurus: From Hinduism in America to American Hinduism. Albany, New York: State University of New York. pp. 115–139, pages 123-125. ISBN 978-1-4384-4791-9.
  15. Lucas, Phillip Charles (1995). The Odyssey of a New Religion: The Holy Order of MANS from new age to orthodoxy. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-253-33612-5.
  16. Rawlinson, Andrew (1997). The Book of Enlightened Masters: Western Teachers in Eastern Traditions. Chicago: Open Court. p. 541. ISBN 978-0-8126-9310-2.
  17. Lucas 1995, p. 13
  18. Manavalan, A. A. (2010). A Compendium of Tirukkural Translations in English. Vol. 4 vols. Chennai: Central Institute of Classical Tamil. ISBN 978-81-908000-2-0.
  19. "Kauai's Hindu Monastery". Kauai's Hindu Monastery.
  20. Dancing with Siva by Satguru Siva Subramuniyaswami. USA: Himalayan Academy. 1997. pp. ŚLOKA 152. ISBN 9780945497974. (Source closely affiliated with the subject)
  21. Dancing with Siva by Satguru Siva Subramuniyaswami. USA: Himalayan Academy. 1997. pp. ŚLOKA 151. ISBN 9780945497974. (Source closely affiliated with the subject)
  22. "Our Spiritual Lineage, the Kailasa Parampara".
  23. Subramuniyaswami, Sivaya (2002). Living with Siva. USA & India: E-Gutenberg. ISBN 0-945497-98-9. (Source closely affiliated with the subject)
  24. External reviews of Dancing with Siva (Source closely affiliated with the subject)
  25. Dancing with Siva ISBN 0-945497-97-0; Living with Siva ISBN 0-945497-98-9; Merging with Siva ISBN 0-945497-95-4 (Source closely affiliated with the subject)
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