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{{infobox noble
{{Unreferenced|date=July 2007}}
| name = Swantopolk II
| title = ]
| image = File:Swantopolk II, Duke of Pomerania.PNG
| caption = 17th-century painting by Herman Han, ] Abbey
| CoA =
| tenure =
| predecessor =
| noble family = ]
| father = ]
| mother = Swinisława
| spouse = Eufrozyna of Greater Poland<br />Ermengard of Schwerin
| successor =
| birth_date = {{circa|1195}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date|1266|1|11|df=y}}
| death_place =
| burial_place = ]
}}
'''Swantopolk II''' ({{langx|pl|Świętopełk II}}; {{langx|csb|Swiãtopôłk II}}; 1190/1200 — 11 January 1266)<ref>F. Cenôwa: Trze rosprave: przez Stanjisława ; wóros Kile słóv wó Kaszebach e jich zemji przez Wójkasena, Kraków: Nak. Ksi. i Czcion. pod Sową, 1850, p. 31 </ref>, also known as '''Swantopolk II the Great''' ({{langx|pl|Świętopełk II Wielki}}; {{langx|csb|Swiãtopôłk II Wiôldżi}}), was the ruling ] from 1215 until his death. He was the first member of the ] to style himself {{lang|la|dux}} from 1227 onwards.<ref name=Loew3233>Loew PO: Danzig. Biographie einer Stadt, Munich 2011, p. 32: "Sambor styled himself '{{lang|la|princeps Pomoranorum|italic=no}},' , but not '{{lang|la|dux|italic=no}},' which was the privilege of the Piasts." p. 33: "After Sambor's death his brother Mestwin strove after gaining ever greater independence from Poland. He confidently styled himself '{{lang|la|princeps|italic=np}} in Danzk' and expanded southwards. His oldest son Swantopolk (Swietopelk), ruling from 1217 onwards, exploited Poland's fragmentation to acquire independence for his realm; already since 1227 he styled himself '{{lang|la|dux|italic=no}},' 'Duke of Pomerelia.'"</ref>


==Names==
] ]
]]]
The duke is known under many spellings (''Swantepolk, Swantipolk, Svatopluk, Swietopelk, Swatopolk, Sviatopolk, Światopełek, Świętopełk, Swiãtopôłk''), of which ''Domin(us) Zwantepolc(us) D(ux) Danceke''<ref>]: Handbuch der polnischen Siegelkunde, 1966 </ref> and ''Svantopelc Ducis Pomeranie''<ref></ref> were used on seals.

'''Swantipolk II of Pomerania''' (''Swantopolk II the Great'', ''Zwantepolc de Danceke''<ref>Marian Gumowski: Handbuch der polnischen Siegelkunde, 1966 </ref> or {{lang-pl|Świętopełk II Wielki}}; ]/] &ndash; ], ]) was ] of the ] (Danzig) district and, from ], ] of Eastern ] in the years from ] until his death.


==Biography== ==Biography==
Swietopelk was the son of the ]n duke ] and his wife Swinisława. His father had ruled over Eastern Pomerania (or ]) since about 1205 by appointment of the ] high duke ]. In 1216 or 1217 his son Swietopelk was made a ] over Pomerelia by High Duke ] of ]. He was responsible for the Gdańsk territory, the largest of the four portions of Pomerelia. In 1218, Swietopelk took advantage of a revolt of local knights against ] rule to occupy the ]. After his brother Warcislaw died without heirs, Swietopelk took over his ].<ref name=Rymar240/>
He was the son of ].


Upon their father's death, Swietopelk's brothers ] and ] were still young, so he acted as their guardian.<ref name=Rymar240>Edward Rymar, '''' (Genealogy of Dukes of Pomerania), Książnica Pomorska, 2005, pg. 240</ref> As they came of age, the brothers received their share of inheritance: Sambor received Lubiszewo Tczewskie and Racibor received ].
In 1216 (or 1217) he received Eastern Pomerania from ] of ]: Swantipolk, in exchange, declared himself his vassal, but secretly planned to free himself from ] suzerainty. He found an ally in the person of ], who had been driven from Poland by ]. Swantipolk promised Ladislas the throne of Cracow and ] in exchange for his support in the ousting of Leszek and ] of ]. On ], ], on the occasion of an assembly of ] dukes in ], Leszek was killed in an ambush set by Swantipolk and Ladislas, while Henry was severely wounded. In that year Swantipolk assumed the title of duke of Pomerania.


Swietopelk, who had exploited Piast Poland's fragmentation to gain independence,<ref name=Loew3233/> promised Władysław Odonic the throne of Kraków and ] in exchange for his support in the ousting of Leszek and ] of ] {{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}. On 23 November 1227, on the occasion of an assembly of ] in ], ] set by Swietopelk II and perhaps Władysław, while Henry was severely wounded.
In 1238 he conquered the duchy of ], whose territories connected Pomerania to Gdańsk. He also formed an alliance with the ] against the ]. In 1252 the latter and Swantipolk signed a peace treaty with the mediation of the ].


In 1233-34, Swietopelk II, with his brother Sambor, joined a crusading army along with ], ], ], and ]. They proceeded to ] and refortified it for the ]. After this task was over, the crusaders met the pagan Prussians, the ], at the battle of the ]. There, they defeated the pagans, and were able to seize greater control of south Prussia.<ref>Fischer, pp. 76</ref>
In 1266 he united all the districts and became sole ruler of united ].


In 1238 Swietopelk conquered the ], whose territories connected Pomerania to Gdańsk, ], and ]. This guaranteed war with ]. The brothers, over whom Swantopolk was supposed to govern for twenty years, refused to support their overlord after twelve years, and the conflict escalated into a civil war. Sambor and Racibor were driven out from their lands and sought refuge and alliance first with Piast relatives in ], later with the ], a ] military order ] against ]. There were also economic tensions between the Knights and Swantopolk.<ref name=eric>{{cite book |first=Eric |last=Christiansen |title=The Northern Crusades |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1997 |edition=2nd |isbn=0-14-026653-4 |pages= |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/105 }}</ref> This resulted in an alliance with the heathen Prussians. Swantopolk played a key role in the ], which started in 1242.
His sons ] and ] inherited his lands.

The alliance between the pagan Prussians and the Christian Swietopelk against a religious order supported by the ] was unexpected. Swietopelk was previously known as a supporter of the ] and Christian causes. Eventually, the uprising did not succeed and a peace treaty, mediated by a ], was signed on 24 November 1248. Swietopelk had to return lands seized from his brothers, allow Teutonic Knights to pass through his domains, stop charging tolls on ships using the ], and stop any aid to the Prussians. He kept his word and did not assist the Prussians during their ] (1260–1274).

After governing since 1220 for 46 years, Swietopelk died in 1266, with his sons ] and ] inheriting his lands.


==Family== ==Family==
]]]

===Marriages=== ===Marriages===
* 1217/1218 ], daughter of ], duke of ] * 1217/1218 Eufrozyna († 1230), daughter of ], duke of ] (she was his sister's sister in law and half-cousin through ] )
* before 1252 (?) Ermengarda (Ermengardis, † after 1270), daughter of ], Count of ].
* before 1252 (?) ] of ]


===Children=== ===Children===
* ] (c.1220–1294), duke of ] (Schwetz) and later Gdańsk (Danzig)
{{commons|Świętopełek II}}
* Wartislaw II (c.1237–1271), duke of Gdańsk <!-- not Wratislav II of Bohemia, as original link on this page -->
* ], duke of ] and later ]
* ], duke of ] * Euphemia (c.1225–1270), married to ], prince of ]
* John (about 1230–1248), died at a young age.
* Eufemia, married to ], duke of ]
* Zwinisława, married to Dobiesław, son of Sad, lord of Tega and Otorów near ] * unknown daughter, married to a Count of ]
* John
* unknown daughter, married to Count von ]


== References == ==References==
:;Specific:
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}
:;General:
*John Brown Mason, The Danzig Dilemma; a Study in Peacemaking by Compromise, 1946
*{{cite book| first=William |last=Urban |title=The Prussian Crusade |publisher=Lithuanian Research and Studies Center |location=Chicago, Illinois |year=2000 |edition=2nd |pages=185–189 |isbn=0-929700-28-7}}
* Theodor Hirsch, Max Töppen, Ernst Gottfried Wilhelm Strehlke: Scriptores ]: Die Geschichtsquellen der preussischen Vorzeit,
*{{cite book| first=John |last=Brown Mason| title=The Danzig Dilemma: a Study in Peacemaking by Compromise |year=1946 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njEYAAAAIAAJ&q=Swantopolk |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780598715616 }}
* Marian Gumowski: Handbuch der polnischen Siegelkunde, 1966
* {{cite book| first=Theodor |last=Hirsch |author2=Max Töppen |author3=Ernst Strehlke |title= Scriptores Rerum Prussicarum: Die Geschichtsquellen der preussischen Vorzeit | year=1861| publisher=S. Hirzel| url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_YX8OAAAAYAAJ |pages=, 807|language=de}}


{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 01:07, 29 October 2024

Swantopolk II
Duke of Pomerania
17th-century painting by Herman Han, Oliwa Abbey
Bornc. 1195
Died(1266-01-11)11 January 1266
BuriedOliwa Abbey
Noble familySamborides
Spouse(s)Eufrozyna of Greater Poland
Ermengard of Schwerin
FatherMestwin I, Duke of Pomerania
MotherSwinisława

Swantopolk II (Polish: Świętopełk II; Kashubian: Swiãtopôłk II; 1190/1200 — 11 January 1266), also known as Swantopolk II the Great (Polish: Świętopełk II Wielki; Kashubian: Swiãtopôłk II Wiôldżi), was the ruling Duke of Gdańsk from 1215 until his death. He was the first member of the Samborides to style himself dux from 1227 onwards.

Names

Seal of Zwantepolc de Danceke, 1228

The duke is known under many spellings (Swantepolk, Swantipolk, Svatopluk, Swietopelk, Swatopolk, Sviatopolk, Światopełek, Świętopełk, Swiãtopôłk), of which Domin(us) Zwantepolc(us) D(ux) Danceke and Svantopelc Ducis Pomeranie were used on seals.

Biography

Swietopelk was the son of the Pomeranian duke Mestwin I and his wife Swinisława. His father had ruled over Eastern Pomerania (or Pomerelia) since about 1205 by appointment of the Polish high duke Władysław III Spindleshanks. In 1216 or 1217 his son Swietopelk was made a steward over Pomerelia by High Duke Leszek I the White of Kraków. He was responsible for the Gdańsk territory, the largest of the four portions of Pomerelia. In 1218, Swietopelk took advantage of a revolt of local knights against Danish rule to occupy the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp. After his brother Warcislaw died without heirs, Swietopelk took over his Lubiszewo Tczewskie.

Upon their father's death, Swietopelk's brothers Sambor and Racibor were still young, so he acted as their guardian. As they came of age, the brothers received their share of inheritance: Sambor received Lubiszewo Tczewskie and Racibor received Białogard.

Swietopelk, who had exploited Piast Poland's fragmentation to gain independence, promised Władysław Odonic the throne of Kraków and Silesia in exchange for his support in the ousting of Leszek and Henry I the Bearded of Lower Silesia . On 23 November 1227, on the occasion of an assembly of Piast dukes in Gąsawa, Leszek was killed in an ambush set by Swietopelk II and perhaps Władysław, while Henry was severely wounded.

In 1233-34, Swietopelk II, with his brother Sambor, joined a crusading army along with Hermann Balk, Konrad I of Masovia, Henry the Bearded, and Władysław Odonic. They proceeded to Kwidzyn (Marienwerder) and refortified it for the Teutonic Order. After this task was over, the crusaders met the pagan Prussians, the Pomesanians, at the battle of the River Sorge. There, they defeated the pagans, and were able to seize greater control of south Prussia.

In 1238 Swietopelk conquered the Duchy of Pomerania-Schlawe, whose territories connected Pomerania to Gdańsk, Nakło, and Bydgoszcz. This guaranteed war with Kujavia. The brothers, over whom Swantopolk was supposed to govern for twenty years, refused to support their overlord after twelve years, and the conflict escalated into a civil war. Sambor and Racibor were driven out from their lands and sought refuge and alliance first with Piast relatives in Greater Poland, later with the Teutonic Knights, a Christian military order waging a crusade against pagan Prussians. There were also economic tensions between the Knights and Swantopolk. This resulted in an alliance with the heathen Prussians. Swantopolk played a key role in the First Prussian Uprising, which started in 1242.

The alliance between the pagan Prussians and the Christian Swietopelk against a religious order supported by the pope was unexpected. Swietopelk was previously known as a supporter of the Roman Catholic Church and Christian causes. Eventually, the uprising did not succeed and a peace treaty, mediated by a papal legate, was signed on 24 November 1248. Swietopelk had to return lands seized from his brothers, allow Teutonic Knights to pass through his domains, stop charging tolls on ships using the Vistula, and stop any aid to the Prussians. He kept his word and did not assist the Prussians during their Great Uprising (1260–1274).

After governing since 1220 for 46 years, Swietopelk died in 1266, with his sons Mestwin II and Wartislaw II inheriting his lands.

Family

Signet ring

Marriages

Children

  • Mestwin II (c.1220–1294), duke of Świecie (Schwetz) and later Gdańsk (Danzig)
  • Wartislaw II (c.1237–1271), duke of Gdańsk
  • Euphemia (c.1225–1270), married to Jaromar II, prince of Rugia
  • John (about 1230–1248), died at a young age.
  • unknown daughter, married to a Count of Kevenberg

References

Specific
  1. F. Cenôwa: Trze rosprave: przez Stanjisława ; wóros Kile słóv wó Kaszebach e jich zemji przez Wójkasena, Kraków: Nak. Ksi. i Czcion. pod Sową, 1850, p. 31
  2. ^ Loew PO: Danzig. Biographie einer Stadt, Munich 2011, p. 32: "Sambor styled himself 'princeps Pomoranorum,' , but not 'dux,' which was the privilege of the Piasts." p. 33: "After Sambor's death his brother Mestwin strove after gaining ever greater independence from Poland. He confidently styled himself 'princeps in Danzk' and expanded southwards. His oldest son Swantopolk (Swietopelk), ruling from 1217 onwards, exploited Poland's fragmentation to acquire independence for his realm; already since 1227 he styled himself 'dux,' 'Duke of Pomerelia.'"
  3. pl:Marian Gumowski: Handbuch der polnischen Siegelkunde, 1966
  4. Edmund Cieślak; Historia Gdańska, 1978
  5. ^ Edward Rymar, Rodowód książąt pomorskich (Genealogy of Dukes of Pomerania), Książnica Pomorska, 2005, pg. 240
  6. Fischer, pp. 76
  7. Christiansen, Eric (1997). The Northern Crusades (2nd ed.). Penguin Books. pp. 105–108. ISBN 0-14-026653-4.
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