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{{Short description|Genus of shrubs in the family Rutaceae}}
{{wiktionarypar|rue}}
{{otheruses}} {{Other uses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Rue
| image = Ruta chalepensis11.jpg | image = Ruta chalepensis11.jpg
| image_caption = '']'', fringed rue
| image_width = 240px
| taxon = Ruta
| image_caption = Fringed Rue
| regnum = ]ae | authority = ]
| divisio = ]
| classis = ]
| ordo = ]
| familia = ]
| genus = ''Ruta''
| subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = | subdivision = ].
Between 8-40 species, including:<br/>
''Ruta angustifolia'' - ]<br/>
''Ruta chalepensis'' - ]<br/>
''Ruta corsica'' - ]<br/>
''Ruta graveolens'' - ]<br/>
''Ruta montana'' - ]
}} }}
]]]


'''Rue''' (''Ruta'') is a genus of strongly scented ] ]s 20-60 cm tall, in the family ], native to the ] region, ] and southwest ]. Different authors accept between 8-40 species in the genus. The most well-known species is the ]. '''''Ruta''''' (commonly known as '''rue''') is a genus of strongly scented ] ]s, 20–60&nbsp;cm tall, in the family ], native to the ] region, ] and southwest ]. About ten species are accepted in the genus. The most well-known species is '']'' ('''rue''' or '''common rue''').


The ] are bipinnate or tripinnate, with a feathery appearance, and green to strongly glaucous blue-green in colour. The ]s are yellow, with 4-5 ]s, about 1 cm diameter, and borne in cymes. The ] is a 4-5 lobed capsule, containing numerous ]s. The ] are bipinnate or tripinnate, with a feathery appearance, and green to strongly glaucous blue-green in colour. The ]s are yellow, with 4–5 ]s, about 1&nbsp;cm diameter, and borne in cymes. The ] is a 4–5-lobed capsule, containing numerous ]s.


==Species==
It was used extensively in Middle Eastern cuisine in olden days, as well as in many ancient Roman recipes (according to ]), but because it is very bitter, it is usually not suitable for most modern tastes. However, it is still used in certain parts of the world, particularly in northern Africa.
{{As of|2021|September}}, ] accepted ten species:<ref name="POWO_35941-1">{{cite web |title=''Ruta'' L&period; |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:35941-1 |access-date=2021-09-15 }}</ref>

*'']'' <small>Pers.</small>
==Literary references==
*'']'' <small>L.</small>
Rue is mentioned in the Bible, Luke 11.42: "But woe unto you, Pharisees! For ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of herbs".
*'']'' <small>DC.</small>

*'']'' <small>L.</small>
It has also sometimes been called "herb-of-grace" in literary works. It is one of the flowers distributed by the mad ] in ]'s '']'' (IV.5):
*'']'' <small>Bacch., Brullo & Giusso</small>

*'']'' <small>Turrill</small>
:"There's ] for you, and ]s:
*'']'' <small>Svent.</small>
:there's rue for you; and here's some for me:
*'']'' <small>(L.) L.</small>
:we may call it herb-grace o' Sundays:
*'']'' <small>Webb</small>
:O you must wear your rue with a difference..."
*'']'' <small>L.f.</small>

It was also planted by the gardener in Shakespeare's '']'' to mark the spot where the Queen wept upon hearing news of Richard's capture (III.4.104-105):

:"Here did she fall a tear, here in this place
:I'll set a bank of rue, sour herb of grace."

In a song named Her Ghost in the Fog by the ] band, ] on their ] album.
:"An inquisitive glance, like the shadows, they cast
:On my Love picking rue by the light of the Moon."

The ] band ] named a song "Absinthe and Rue" on their first album, ].
:"Absinthe and Rue
:twisted wings of paranoia
:twilight runs through eyes of ignorance..."

Many traditional English folk songs use rue to symbolise regret. Often it is paired with thyme: thyme used to symbolise virginity, and rue the regret supposed to follow its loss.

Rue is considered a ] and it is the most frequently referred herb in Lithuanian folk songs, as an attribute of young girls, associated with virginity and maidenhood.


==Medicinal uses== ==Medicinal uses==
]
According to ''The Oxford Book of Health Foods'', extracts from rue have been used to treat eyestrain, sore eyes, and as an insect repellent. Rue has been used internally as an ], as a treatment for ] problems, as an ], as a sedative, and in ].<ref name="oxford">Vaughan, John Griffith & Judd, Patricia Ann, Judd, ''The Oxford Book of Health Food'', page 137, 2003. ISBN 0198504594</ref>
Extracts from rue have been used to treat ], ], and as ].<ref name="VaughanJudd2006">{{cite book | author1=J. G. Vaughan | author2=P. A. Judd | title=The Oxford Book of Health Foods | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WX7bHY98LAQC | year=2006 | publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280680-2}}</ref>{{medrs|date=September 2012}} Rue has been used internally as an ], as a treatment for ] problems, as an ], and as a ].<ref name="oxford">{{cite book | author1=J. G. Vaughan | author2=P. A. Judd | title=The Oxford Book of Health Foods|publisher=Oxford University Press |page = | year = 2003 | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordbookofheal0000vaug | url-access=registration | isbn = 0-19-850459-4}}</ref>{{medrs|date=September 2012}}
''Ruta graveolens'' and ''Ruta chalepensis'' are often confused in scientific literature.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kannan R, Babu UV |title=Identity and pharmacognosy of Ruta graveolens Linn |journal=Anc Sci Life |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=16–9 |date=July 2012 |pmid=23929988 |pmc=3733200 |doi=10.4103/0257-7941.113792 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Traditional uses==
===Precautions===
Since medieval times, rue has been used as an additive to wines (both white and red) to enhance its flavour and its keeping properties. The Dutch name ''wijnruit'', translates as wine rue. In Italy, rue is added to ] to produce Grappa alla Ruta. Rue's toxicity has long been known but since it appears to be slight it has been used as an additive in wine for a long time.
Caution should be taken with using rue medicinally. When applied to the skin with sun exposure, the oil and leaves can cause blistering. Rue oil can cause severe stomach pain, vomiting and convulsions and may be fatal.<ref name="oxford" />


In Brazil, according to ] said to have been brought by ] ], the rue plant – locally called ''arruda,'' in ] – is claimed to protect against the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=altoastral |title=Faça 5 simpatias com arruda para abrir caminhos e proteção |url=https://www.terra.com.br/vida-e-estilo/horoscopo/esoterico/faca-5-simpatias-com-arruda-para-abrir-caminhos-e-protecao,77d6be358d385690ff9767f581b1f99dn25iyfi9.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Terra |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
Rue is probably best known for its effects on the female reproductive tract. Chemicals in rue may stimulate muscles in the uterus, which, in turn, may initiate menstrual periods, act as contraceptive agents, and promote abortion. Rue is thought to contain chemicals that may decrease fertility and may also block the implanting of a fertilized egg. In male laboratory animals, oral doses of rue decreased the movement and number of sperm and reduced the desire for sexual activity. Even though rue is a mainstay of midwives in many developing countries, its risks generally outweigh any benefits it might have for contraception or abortion. Deaths have been reported due to uterine hemorrhaging caused by repeated doses of rue. Due to the ] content of rue, it should not be taken during pregnancy.<ref name="oxford" />


Traditionally, it has various health benefits including, digestive aid as it helps in stimulating digestion and alleviating stomach issues. Its anti-inflammatory properties help in curing joints pain and arthritis. It is used to regulate menstrual cycle and helps in relieve menstrual cramps. It also helps in reducing muscle spasms and cramps.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamzi |date=2024-06-03 |title=Ruda: The Herb of Protection and Healing |url=https://hdmovieplug.com/ruda-the-herb-of-protection-and-healing/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=HDMOVIEPLUG |language=en-US}}</ref>
Occasionally, rue oil is applied to the skin to relieve arthritis pain and also for treating soft tissue injuries such as bruises and sprains. Rue may contain chemicals that interrupt the body’s release of ] and ] II (which are involved in producing inflammation), so it may have limited usefulness. Prescription anti-inflammatory drugs are more effective and safer, however.<ref></ref>


==Precautions==
Serious side effects have been reported. <ref></ref>
Caution should be taken with using rue topically. Applied to the skin ], the oil and leaves can cause blistering.<ref name="pmid17303046">{{cite journal |first1=Kimberly |last1=Eickhorst |first2=Vincent |last2=DeLeo |first3= Joan |last3=Csaposs |year=2007 |title=Rue the herb: ''Ruta graveolens''-associated phytophototoxicity |journal=] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=52–55 |pmid=17303046 |doi=10.2310/6620.2007.06033}}</ref> Some people are much more sensitive than others. Exposure to common rue, or herbal preparations derived from it, can cause severe ], which results in burn-like blisters on the skin.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 19671699 | year = 2009 | last1 = Arias-Santiago | first1 = SA | last2 = Fernández-Pugnaire | first2 = MA | last3 = Almazán-Fernández | first3 = FM | last4 = Serrano-Falcón | first4 = C | last5 = Serrano-Ortega | first5 = S | title = Phytophotodermatitis due to Ruta graveolens prescribed for fibromyalgia | volume = 48 | issue = 11 | pages = 1401 | doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/kep234 | journal = Rheumatology| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17667834 | year = 2007 | last1 = Furniss | first1 = D | last2 = Adams | first2 = T | title = Herb of grace: An unusual cause of phytophotodermatitis mimicking burn injury | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 767–769 | doi = 10.1097/BCR.0B013E318148CB82 | journal = Journal of Burn Care & Research}}</ref><ref name="pmid17303046"/><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 10515113 | year = 1999 | last1 = Wessner | first1 = D | last2 = Hofmann | first2 = H | last3 = Ring | first3 = J | title = Phytophotodermatitis due to Ruta graveolens applied as protection against evil spells | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | page = 232 | journal = Contact Dermatitis | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06145.x| s2cid = 45280728 }}</ref> The mechanism of action is currently unknown.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Naghibi Harat |first1=Z. |last2=Kamalinejad |first2=M. |last3=Sadeghi |first3=M. R. |last4=Sadeghipour |first4=H. R. |last5=Eshraghian |first5=M. R. |date=2009-05-10 |title=A Review on Ruta graveolens L. Its Usage in Traditional Medicine and Modern Research Data |url=http://jmp.ir/article-1-360-en.html |journal=Journal of Medicinal Plants |language=en |volume=8 |issue=30 |pages=1–19}}</ref>

==Songs associated with rue==

] (Червона Рута) ''Red Rue'' - A song, written by ] - a popular Ukrainian poet and composer.

==See also==
* ] (''Peganum harmala''), an unrelated plant also known as "Syrian rue"

], American soprano, has recorded the song cycle "Honey and Rue" written by composer Andre Previn in collaboration with the Nobel Laureate Toni Morrison.


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q165250}}
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Latest revision as of 22:34, 17 September 2024

Genus of shrubs in the family Rutaceae For other uses, see Ruta (disambiguation).

Ruta
Ruta chalepensis, fringed rue
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Subfamily: Rutoideae
Genus: Ruta
L.
Species

See text.

Ruta angustifolia – MHNT

Ruta (commonly known as rue) is a genus of strongly scented evergreen subshrubs, 20–60 cm tall, in the family Rutaceae, native to the Mediterranean region, Macaronesia and southwest Asia. About ten species are accepted in the genus. The most well-known species is Ruta graveolens (rue or common rue).

The leaves are bipinnate or tripinnate, with a feathery appearance, and green to strongly glaucous blue-green in colour. The flowers are yellow, with 4–5 petals, about 1 cm diameter, and borne in cymes. The fruit is a 4–5-lobed capsule, containing numerous seeds.

Species

As of September 2021, Plants of the World Online accepted ten species:

Medicinal uses

Effect of common rue on skin in hot weather

Extracts from rue have been used to treat eyestrain, sore eyes, and as insect repellent. Rue has been used internally as an antispasmodic, as a treatment for menstrual problems, as an abortifacient, and as a sedative. Ruta graveolens and Ruta chalepensis are often confused in scientific literature.

Traditional uses

Since medieval times, rue has been used as an additive to wines (both white and red) to enhance its flavour and its keeping properties. The Dutch name wijnruit, translates as wine rue. In Italy, rue is added to grappa to produce Grappa alla Ruta. Rue's toxicity has long been known but since it appears to be slight it has been used as an additive in wine for a long time.

In Brazil, according to folk tradition said to have been brought by West African slaves, the rue plant – locally called arruda, in Portuguese – is claimed to protect against the evil eye.

Traditionally, it has various health benefits including, digestive aid as it helps in stimulating digestion and alleviating stomach issues. Its anti-inflammatory properties help in curing joints pain and arthritis. It is used to regulate menstrual cycle and helps in relieve menstrual cramps. It also helps in reducing muscle spasms and cramps.

Precautions

Caution should be taken with using rue topically. Applied to the skin with sun exposure, the oil and leaves can cause blistering. Some people are much more sensitive than others. Exposure to common rue, or herbal preparations derived from it, can cause severe phytophotodermatitis, which results in burn-like blisters on the skin. The mechanism of action is currently unknown.

References

  1. "Ruta L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  2. J. G. Vaughan; P. A. Judd (2006). The Oxford Book of Health Foods. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280680-2.
  3. J. G. Vaughan; P. A. Judd (2003). The Oxford Book of Health Foods. Oxford University Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-19-850459-4.
  4. Kannan R, Babu UV (July 2012). "Identity and pharmacognosy of Ruta graveolens Linn". Anc Sci Life. 32 (1): 16–9. doi:10.4103/0257-7941.113792. PMC 3733200. PMID 23929988.
  5. altoastral. "Faça 5 simpatias com arruda para abrir caminhos e proteção". Terra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  6. Hamzi (2024-06-03). "Ruda: The Herb of Protection and Healing". HDMOVIEPLUG. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  7. ^ Eickhorst, Kimberly; DeLeo, Vincent; Csaposs, Joan (2007). "Rue the herb: Ruta graveolens-associated phytophototoxicity". Dermatitis. 18 (1): 52–55. doi:10.2310/6620.2007.06033. PMID 17303046.
  8. Arias-Santiago, SA; Fernández-Pugnaire, MA; Almazán-Fernández, FM; Serrano-Falcón, C; Serrano-Ortega, S (2009). "Phytophotodermatitis due to Ruta graveolens prescribed for fibromyalgia". Rheumatology. 48 (11): 1401. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kep234. PMID 19671699.
  9. Furniss, D; Adams, T (2007). "Herb of grace: An unusual cause of phytophotodermatitis mimicking burn injury". Journal of Burn Care & Research. 28 (5): 767–769. doi:10.1097/BCR.0B013E318148CB82. PMID 17667834.
  10. Wessner, D; Hofmann, H; Ring, J (1999). "Phytophotodermatitis due to Ruta graveolens applied as protection against evil spells". Contact Dermatitis. 41 (4): 232. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06145.x. PMID 10515113. S2CID 45280728.
  11. Naghibi Harat, Z.; Kamalinejad, M.; Sadeghi, M. R.; Sadeghipour, H. R.; Eshraghian, M. R. (2009-05-10). "A Review on Ruta graveolens L. Its Usage in Traditional Medicine and Modern Research Data". Journal of Medicinal Plants. 8 (30): 1–19.
Taxon identifiers
Ruta
Categories: