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			{{Short description\|Armenian revolutionary (1868–1912)}}
	]
			{{More citations needed \|date=April 2024}}
			{{Infobox military person
			\| name = Yeprem Khan
			\| native_name =
			\| image = YepremKhanHistoryofIran.jpg
			\| image_size =
			\| caption =
			\| birth_date = 1868
			\| birth_place = ], ], ]
			\| death_date = {{Death date and age\|df=yes\|1912\|5\|18\|1868}}
			\| death_place = ], ], ]
			\| placeofburial = ]
			\| placeofburial_label =
			\| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord\|LAT\|LONG\|display=inline,title}} -->
			\| nickname = Khan
			\| birth_name = Yeprem Davidian
			\| allegiance = {{flagicon image\|Armenian Revolutionary Federation logo 1915.png}} ]<br> ] ]
			\| branch =
			\| serviceyears = 1896–1912
			\| rank =
			\| servicenumber = <!--Do not use data from primary sources such as service records.-->
			\| unit =
			\| commands =
			\| battles = ]<br>]
			\| battles_label =
			\| awards =
			\| spouse = <!-- Add spouse if reliably sourced -->
			\| relations =
			\| laterwork =
			\| signature =
			}}

	'''Yeprem Khan ~~Davidian~~''' (]: Եփրեմ Խան, Եփրեմ Դավթյան, {{~~PerB~~\|یپرم‌خان داویدیان}}), ~~also ''Yefrem Khan'', (1868-1912)~~ was an ] revolutionary leader and ~~national~~ ~~hero~~ of ] (]). ~~He was born~~		'''Yeprem Khan''' ({{langx\|hy\|Եփրեմ Խան}}; 1868–1912), born '''Yeprem Davidyan''' ({{langx\|hy\|Եփրեմ Դավթյան}}, {{langx\|fa\|یپرم‌خان داویدیان}}), was an ] member of the ] (ARF), revolutionary leader and a leading figure in the ].
⚫	to an Armenian family in the village of Barsum, located in ] of the ] <ref name="iranicaeprem"></ref>. (located in present-day ])

			He is considered a national hero in ].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Chamanara \|first=Sohrab \|url=https://www.google.am/books/edition/2020/RrtYBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Yeprem+Khan+is+considered+a+national+hero+in+Iran.&pg=PA123&printsec=frontcover \|title=2020: THE FALL OF ISLAMIC STATES & THE RRISE OF A NEW POLITICAL ORDER \|date=2015-03-16 \|publisher=Ketab.com \|isbn=978-1-59584-500-9 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hosseini \|first=S. Behnaz \|url=https://www.google.am/books/edition/Religious_Minorities_Migration_from_Iran/i9PPEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Yeprem+Khan+is+considered+a+national+hero+in+Iran.&pg=PA22&printsec=frontcover \|title=Religious Minorities' Migration from Iran: A Human Rights Perspective \|date=2023-07-19 \|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing \|isbn=978-1-5275-1068-5 \|language=en}}</ref>
	As a youth, Yeprem participated in Armenian nationalist groups and partisan activities against the ]. In September 1890, Yeprem was arrested by the ] and exiled to Siberia by 1892, from where he managed to escape to ] in 1896 <ref name="iranicaeprem" />. While in ], he began working for the ], whose activity in Persia was primarily directed against the ] <ref name="iranicaeprem" /><ref name="iranicaarf"></ref>, and established its local branches in ] and ].

			==Life==
⚫	Yeprem was highly instrumental in the ], and, by 1907, convinced ] to ~~formally~~ participate in it. After the Persian national parliament was shelled by the Russian Colonel ], Yeprem Khan ~~joined up~~ with ] and other revolutionary leaders in the ] against ].

			===Early life===
⚫	In October 1908, during Tabriz resistance, Yeprem Khan formed a secret Sattar Committee (in honor of ] <ref name="berberian132">Houri Berberian. ''Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, ~~1905-1911~~'', Westview Press, 2001, ISBN ~~0813338174~~, p. 132</ref>) in ], and established contacts with Social Democrats, ], and ] in the Caucasus <ref>Yeprem Khan. "Memoirs", ''Ittila'at-i Mahaneh'', 2 (July 1948), p. 19-21</ref>. Reinforced by 35 Georgians and twenty Armenians from ], Yeprem captured ] and then ~~implanted~~ his red flag on the town hall of ]. Further reinforced by Mohammad Vali Sepahdar, the main landed magnate of the Caspian provinces and former Qajar commander <ref>Elton L. Daniel. ''The History of Iran'', Greenwood Press, 2000, ISBN ~~0313307318~~, p. 312</ref>, Yeprem Khan marched his forces of Caucasian guerillas and Mazandarani peasants towards ] <ref name="ervand">Ervand Abrahamian. ''Iran between two revolutions'', Princeton University Press, 1982, ISBN ~~0691101345~~, p. 99</ref>, which he entered in July 1909<ref name="berberian132" />.
			], Yeprem Khan, and ]]]
		⚫	Yeprem Khan was born to an ] family in the village of ] ({{langx\|hy\|Բարսում}}), located in ] of the ]<ref name="iranicaeprem">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eprem-khan \|title=Aram Arkun. "Eprem Khan", Encyclopedia Iranica, Online Edition \|access-date=2012-09-03 \|archive-date=2019-04-27 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427082954/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eprem-khan \|url-status=live }}</ref> (located in present-day ]).

			In his youth, Yeprem participated in Armenian nationalist groups as well as in partisan activities against the ]. In September 1890, Yeprem was arrested by the ].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Yarshater \|first=Ehsan \|url=https://www.google.am/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Iranica_Ebn_%CA%BBAyy%C4%81%C5%A1/Q5m8UeJcPmQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Yeprem+was+arrested+by+the+Russian+Cossacks.&dq=Yeprem+was+arrested+by+the+Russian+Cossacks.&printsec=frontcover \|title=Encyclopaedia Iranica: Ebn ʻAyyāš \|date=1998 \|publisher=Mazda Publishers \|isbn=978-1-56859-057-8 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://www.google.am/books/edition/The_Oriental_World/zYcwAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Yeprem+was+arrested+by+the+Russian+Cossacks.&dq=Yeprem+was+arrested+by+the+Russian+Cossacks.&printsec=frontcover \|title=The Oriental World \|date=1906 \|publisher=Oriental World Publishing Company \|volume=3-7 \|language=en}}</ref> He was exiled to ] by 1892, from where he managed to escape to ] in 1896.<ref name="iranicaeprem" /> While in Tabriz, he began working for the ] (ARF Dashnaktsutyun), whose activity in Persia was primarily directed against the Ottoman Empire,<ref name="iranicaeprem" /><ref name="iranicaarf">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dasnak \|title=Aram Arkun. "Dashnak (Armenian Revolutionary Federation)", Encyclopedia Iranica, Online Edition \|access-date=2012-09-03 \|archive-date=2023-08-15 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815173540/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dasnak \|url-status=live }}</ref> and established its local branches in ], ] and ].
⚫	In ~~November~~ 1909, the Second National Assembly (Parliament) of ], appointed Yeprem Khan as the police chief of ] <ref name="ervand" />. He further split from revolutionaries, when in 1910, ], a hero of the civil war, refused to obey the government order to disarm. After a brief but violent confrontation at Atabek Park in ], Yeprem Khan, using Shah's army and police forces, disarmed ].<ref>Ervand Abrahamian. ''Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic'', I.B. Tauris, 1993, ISBN ~~1850437793~~, p. 93</ref>.

			===Revolutionary===
	Yeprem Khan died on ] ].
			]
		⚫	Yeprem was highly instrumental in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, and, by 1907, convinced ARF to actively participate in it.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Berberian \|first=Houri \|date=1996 \|title=The Dashnaktsutiun and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1905-1911 \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4310967 \|journal=Iranian Studies \|volume=29 \|issue=1/2 \|pages=7–33 \|issn=0021-0862}}</ref> After ] by the Russian Colonel ], Yeprem Khan united with ] and other revolutionary leaders in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran against Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar.

		⚫	In October 1908, during Tabriz resistance, Yeprem Khan formed a secret Sattar Committee (in honor of ]<ref name="berberian132">Houri Berberian. ''Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1905–1911'', Westview Press, 2001, {{ISBN\|0-8133-3817-4}}, p. 132</ref>) in Rasht, and established contacts with Social Democrats, ], and the ARF in the Caucasus.<ref>Yeprem Khan. "Memoirs", ''Ittila'at-i Mahaneh'', 2 (July 1948), p. 19-21</ref> Reinforced by 35 Georgians and twenty Armenians from ], Yeprem captured Rasht and then planted his red flag on the town hall of ]. Further reinforced by Mohammad Vali Sepahdar, the main landed magnate of the Caspian provinces and former Qajar commander,<ref>Elton L. Daniel. ''The History of Iran'', Greenwood Press, 2000, {{ISBN\|0-313-30731-8}}, p. 312</ref> Yeprem Khan marched his forces of Caucasian guerillas and Mazandarani peasants towards Tehran,<ref name="ervand">Ervand Abrahamian. ''Iran between two revolutions'', Princeton University Press, 1982, {{ISBN\|0-691-10134-5}}, p. 99</ref> which he entered in July 1909.<ref name="berberian132" /> After the capture of Tehran, ] fled from his palace to the Russian Embassy. On the same day, the ] set in an extraordinary meeting to replace Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar in favor of his son ]. On 10 September 1909, Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar left the Russian Embassy and went into exile in ] in ] (today part of ]).

			=== Police chief in Iran ===
		⚫	On 30 July 1909, the Second National Assembly (Parliament) of Iran, appointed Yeprem Khan as the police chief of Tehran.<ref name="ervand" /> After becoming the police chief of Tehran, he restored order in the city and made various reforms to the police force. In 1910, he became chief police of all Iran.<ref name="iranicaeprem" /> He further split from revolutionaries, when in 1910, ], a hero of the civil war, refused to obey the government order to disarm. After a brief but violent confrontation at Atabek Park in Tehran, Yeprem Khan, using Shah's army and police forces, disarmed Sattar Khan.<ref>Ervand Abrahamian. ''Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic'', I.B. Tauris, 1993, {{ISBN\|1-85043-779-3}}, p. 93</ref> In 1911 Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar plotted his return to power from Odessa. He later landed at ], Iran, but his forces were defeated by Yeprem.<ref name = "a">{{cite book
			\| last =Donzel
			\| first =Emeri "van"
			\| author-link =
			\| year =1994
			\| title =Islamic Desk Reference
			\| publisher =
			\| location =
			\| isbn =90-04-09738-4
			\| url-access =registration
			\| url =https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0
			}} p. 285-286</ref> Mohammad Ali Shah then fled to Russia, then in 1920 to ] and later to ], ], where he died five years later in April 1925 (he was buried in ], ]).

			Yeprem Khan was killed on 19 May 1912 while he was trying to rescue one of his comrades in a battle in ] in ].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Yaghoubian \|first=David N. \|url=https://www.google.am/books/edition/Ethnicity_Identity_and_the_Development_o/K27iAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Yeprem+Khan+was+killed+on+19+May+1912&pg=PA128&printsec=frontcover \|title=Ethnicity, Identity, and the Development of Nationalism in Iran \|date=2014-07-08 \|publisher=Syracuse University Press \|isbn=978-0-8156-5272-4 \|language=en}}</ref> He was killed by some of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar's loyal troops who remained in Iran. ] (Keri) later killed the murderers of Yeprem Khan in revenge.

			He is buried in ] in downtown Tehran.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Barry \|first=James \|url=https://www.google.am/books/edition/Armenian_Christians_in_Iran/vuVqDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Yeprem+Khan+is+buried+in++Tehran&pg=PA83&printsec=frontcover \|title=Armenian Christians in Iran: Ethnicity, Religion, and Identity in the Islamic Republic \|date=2019 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-1-108-42904-7 \|language=en}}</ref>

			==Legacy==
			]]]
			Yeprem Khan is today, along with many important figures like ], considered a national hero of Iran. He is also praised by Iranian historians such as ]<ref name="iranicaeprem" /> and by ], treasurer-general of Persia in that time.<ref>Morgan Shuster, The Strangling of Persia. New York 1912.</ref> There exists a popular Armenian patriotic song dedicated to the memory and deeds of Yeprem Khan. The Iranian sculptor ] has created a sculpture of Khan. The statue is at St Mary's church in Tehran.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/arts-47491833\|title=لیلیت تریان از پیشتازان مجسمه‌سازی در ایران‌ درگذشت\|date=2019-03-08\|access-date=2020-01-07\|language=en-GB\|archive-date=2019-07-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717213513/http://www.bbc.com/persian/arts-47491833\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==
	{{~~reflist~~}}		{{Reflist}}

	==~~See~~ ~~also~~==		==Further reading==
			* {{cite journal \|last1=Jalali \|first1=Seyyed Sa'id \|title=Eprem Khan and the Constitutional Failure in Iran: (Some Random Notes) \|journal=Iran and the Caucasus \|date=2008 \|volume=12 \|issue=2 \|pages=377–384 \|doi=10.1163/157338408X406128}}
	*]

	==External links==		==External links==
			{{Commons category\|Yeprem Khan}}
			{{external media\|float = left\|video1={{YouTube\|5QuiKZBQeAk\|''Yeprem Khan, a patriotic song performed by Samvel Yeranyan''}}}}
			* {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615070031/http://www.iranchamber.com/people/armenians_in_iran2.php \|date=2006-06-15 }}

			{{Authority control}}
	*
			{{Armenian Resistance}}
			{{Persian Constitutional Revolution Persions}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Yeprem}}
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Latest revision as of 06:00, 12 December 2024

Armenian revolutionary (1868–1912)

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Yeprem Khan

Birth name	Yeprem Davidian
Nickname(s)	Khan
Born	1868 Barsum, Elisabethpol Governorate, Russian Empire
Died	18 May 1912(1912-05-18) (aged 43–44) Shurcheh, Kermanshah, Iran
Buried	Holy Mother of God Church, Tehran
Allegiance	Dashnaktsutyun Qajar Iran
Years of service	1896–1912
Battles / wars	Armenian National Liberation Movement Persian Constitutional Revolution

Yeprem Khan (Armenian: Եփրեմ Խան; 1868–1912), born Yeprem Davidyan (Armenian: Եփրեմ Դավթյան, Persian: یپرم‌خان داویدیان), was an Iranian-Armenian member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), revolutionary leader and a leading figure in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran.

He is considered a national hero in Iran.

Life

Early life

Yeprem Khan was born to an Armenian family in the village of Barsum (Armenian: Բարսում), located in Elisabethpol Governorate of the Russian Empire (located in present-day Azerbaijan).

In his youth, Yeprem participated in Armenian nationalist groups as well as in partisan activities against the Ottoman Empire. In September 1890, Yeprem was arrested by the Russian Cossacks. He was exiled to Siberia by 1892, from where he managed to escape to Tabriz in 1896. While in Tabriz, he began working for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF Dashnaktsutyun), whose activity in Persia was primarily directed against the Ottoman Empire, and established its local branches in Tabriz, Urmia and Rasht.

Revolutionary

Yeprem was highly instrumental in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, and, by 1907, convinced ARF to actively participate in it. After the Persian national parliament was shelled by the Russian Colonel Vladimir Liakhov, Yeprem Khan united with Sattar Khan and other revolutionary leaders in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran against Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar.

In October 1908, during Tabriz resistance, Yeprem Khan formed a secret Sattar Committee (in honor of Sattar Khan) in Rasht, and established contacts with Social Democrats, Social Revolutionaries, and the ARF in the Caucasus. Reinforced by 35 Georgians and twenty Armenians from Baku, Yeprem captured Rasht and then planted his red flag on the town hall of Anzali. Further reinforced by Mohammad Vali Sepahdar, the main landed magnate of the Caspian provinces and former Qajar commander, Yeprem Khan marched his forces of Caucasian guerillas and Mazandarani peasants towards Tehran, which he entered in July 1909. After the capture of Tehran, Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar fled from his palace to the Russian Embassy. On the same day, the Iranian Parliament set in an extraordinary meeting to replace Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar. On 10 September 1909, Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar left the Russian Embassy and went into exile in Odessa in Russia (today part of Ukraine).

Police chief in Iran

On 30 July 1909, the Second National Assembly (Parliament) of Iran, appointed Yeprem Khan as the police chief of Tehran. After becoming the police chief of Tehran, he restored order in the city and made various reforms to the police force. In 1910, he became chief police of all Iran. He further split from revolutionaries, when in 1910, Sattar Khan, a hero of the civil war, refused to obey the government order to disarm. After a brief but violent confrontation at Atabek Park in Tehran, Yeprem Khan, using Shah's army and police forces, disarmed Sattar Khan. In 1911 Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar plotted his return to power from Odessa. He later landed at Astarabad, Iran, but his forces were defeated by Yeprem. Mohammad Ali Shah then fled to Russia, then in 1920 to Constantinople and later to San Remo, Italy, where he died five years later in April 1925 (he was buried in Karbala, Iraq).

Yeprem Khan was killed on 19 May 1912 while he was trying to rescue one of his comrades in a battle in Shurcheh in Kermanshahan Province. He was killed by some of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar's loyal troops who remained in Iran. Arshak Gavafian (Keri) later killed the murderers of Yeprem Khan in revenge.

He is buried in St. Mary Church in downtown Tehran.

Legacy

Yeprem Khan is today, along with many important figures like Sattar Khan, considered a national hero of Iran. He is also praised by Iranian historians such as Ahmad Kasravi and by Morgan Shuster, treasurer-general of Persia in that time. There exists a popular Armenian patriotic song dedicated to the memory and deeds of Yeprem Khan. The Iranian sculptor Lilit Teryan has created a sculpture of Khan. The statue is at St Mary's church in Tehran.

References

Chamanara, Sohrab (2015-03-16). 2020: THE FALL OF ISLAMIC STATES & THE RRISE OF A NEW POLITICAL ORDER. Ketab.com. ISBN 978-1-59584-500-9.
Hosseini, S. Behnaz (2023-07-19). Religious Minorities' Migration from Iran: A Human Rights Perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-1068-5.
^ "Aram Arkun. "Eprem Khan", Encyclopedia Iranica, Online Edition". Archived from the original on 2019-04-27. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
Yarshater, Ehsan (1998). Encyclopaedia Iranica: Ebn ʻAyyāš. Mazda Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56859-057-8.
The Oriental World. Vol. 3–7. Oriental World Publishing Company. 1906.
"Aram Arkun. "Dashnak (Armenian Revolutionary Federation)", Encyclopedia Iranica, Online Edition". Archived from the original on 2023-08-15. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
Berberian, Houri (1996). "The Dashnaktsutiun and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1905-1911". Iranian Studies. 29 (1/2): 7–33. ISSN 0021-0862.
^ Houri Berberian. Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1905–1911, Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8133-3817-4, p. 132
Yeprem Khan. "Memoirs", Ittila'at-i Mahaneh, 2 (July 1948), p. 19-21
Elton L. Daniel. The History of Iran, Greenwood Press, 2000, ISBN 0-313-30731-8, p. 312
^ Ervand Abrahamian. Iran between two revolutions, Princeton University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-691-10134-5, p. 99
Ervand Abrahamian. Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic, I.B. Tauris, 1993, ISBN 1-85043-779-3, p. 93
Donzel, Emeri "van" (1994). Islamic Desk Reference. ISBN 90-04-09738-4. p. 285-286
Yaghoubian, David N. (2014-07-08). Ethnicity, Identity, and the Development of Nationalism in Iran. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-5272-4.
Barry, James (2019). Armenian Christians in Iran: Ethnicity, Religion, and Identity in the Islamic Republic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42904-7.
Morgan Shuster, The Strangling of Persia. New York 1912.
"لیلیت تریان از پیشتازان مجسمه‌سازی در ایران‌ درگذشت". 2019-03-08. Archived from the original on 2019-07-17. Retrieved 2020-01-07.

External links

External videos
Yeprem Khan, a patriotic song performed by Samvel Yeranyan on YouTube

Armenians in Iran Archived 2006-06-15 at the Wayback Machine

Armenian national movement

History

Persecution of the Armenians

Political and military leaders

Organizations and military units

Until World War I

Resistance during the genocide

Political parties

Armenakan (1885)
Hunchak (1887)
Armenian Revolutionary Federation (1890)

Units

Persian Constitutional Revolution

Key figures

Monarchs	Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar Ahmad Shah Qajar
Authoritarians	Abdol Majid Mirza Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan Malek Mansur Mirza Shoa O-Saltaneh Sheikh Khaz'al Sheikh Fazlollah Noori Mirza Nasrullah Khan Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma Amin al-Soltan Vladimir Liakhov
Constitutionalists	Kamran Mirza Nayeb es-Saltaneh Hassan Pirnia Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma Ali Asghar Khan Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni Mostowfi ol-Mamalek Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari Colonel Pessian Yeprem Khan Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat Mehdi Qoli Hedayat Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi Mirza Malkam Khan Hassan Taqizadeh Ahmad Kasravi Heydar Latifiyan Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai Hassan Modarres Mohammad Khiabani Mirza Abutaleb Zanjani Iraj Mirza Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda Rais al-Mojahedin Mirzadeh Eshghi Mirza Alakbar Sabir Mohammad Ali Tarbiat Mahammad Amin Rasulzade Aref Qazvini Mohammad-Taqi Bahar Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi Mirza Fatali Akhundov Jahangir-Khan Sur-e-Esrafil Saad ad-Daula Sattar Khan Bāqer Khān Nikol Duman Haydar Khan Amo-oghli Mirza Reza Kermani Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian William Morgan Shuster Howard Baskerville Edward Granville Browne
Women	Zahra Khanom Tadj es-Saltaneh Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi Sediqeh Dowlatabadi Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari Zainab Pasha

Important events