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{{Short description|none}}
<!---Please note, this lede and intro content is shared on three complimentary articles, to edit go to http://en.wikipedia.org/Template:List_of_Gay_and_Trangender_Animals_lede --->
{{Dynamic list}}
] in ]; giraffes have been called "especially ]" for often engaging in ] more than male-female (]) ].<ref name="You Are Being Lied to: The">Kick (2001)</ref><ref>Imaginova (2007f)</ref>]]
] in ]; giraffes have been called "especially ]" for engaging in male-male sexual behavior more often than male-female (]) ].<ref name="You Are Being Lied to: The">Kick (2001)</ref><ref name="livescience.com#giraffes">
{{List of Gay and Trangender Animals lede}}
{{Cite web |date=2011-09-20 |title=Gay Animals: Alternate Lifestyles in the Wild {{!}} Live Science |url=https://www.livescience.com/16138-gay-animals-bonobos-dolphins.html#giraffes-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618234232/https://www.livescience.com/16138-gay-animals-bonobos-dolphins.html#giraffes-3 |archive-date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=livescience.com |publisher=Live Science |language=en |quote=Homosexuality has been documented in more than 450 species of vertebrates signaling that sexual preference is biologically determined in animals.}}
</ref>
]]
This is a list of animals for which there is documented evidence of ]. These animals have been observed practicing homosexual ], ], ], ]ing, or ].


] writes that the presence of ] was not officially observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to possible ] caused by social attitudes towards ] people, which made homosexuality in animals a ] subject.<ref name="Two Hundred Years">
<!---Please note, this lede and intro content is shared on three complimentary articles, to edit go to http://en.wikipedia.org/Template:List_of_Gay_and_Trangender_Animals_lede --->
{{cite book
| last = Bagemihl
| first = Bruce
| author-link = Bruce Bagemihl
| date = 1999
| title = Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity
| url =
| location =
| publisher = St. Martin's Press
| page = <!-- or pages: -->
| isbn = 9780312192396
}}
</ref><ref name="1,500 Animal Species Practice">News-medical.net (2006)</ref> He devotes three chapters, "Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife", "Explaining (Away) Animal Homosexuality", and "Not For Breeding Only" in his 1999 book ''Biological Exuberance'' to the "documentation of systematic ]s" where he notes "the ''present ignorance'' of ] lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to find reproductive (or other) "explanations" for homosexuality, transgender, and ] and alternative ]ities.<ref name="Not For Breeding Only">Bagemihl (1999) page 213</ref> Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the '']'' exhibit, stated "any researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realise that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ] ]s". Homosexual behavior is found amongst social ]s and ]s, particularly the sea mammals and the ].<ref name="1,500 Animal Species Practice"/>


Animal sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same ] and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sexual activity, has been documented in about 500 species as of 1999, ranging from ] to ].<ref name="Two Hundred Years"/><ref name="Biological Exuberance: Animal">Harrold (1999)</ref> Homosexuality in animals is controversial with some ] because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate animal behavior to ].<ref name="The Animal Homosexuality Myth">
{{ Cite web
| url = https://www.tfp.org/the-qanimal-homosexualityq-myth/
| title = The "Animal Homosexuality" Myth - The American TFP
| last1 = Solimeo
| first1 = Luiz Sérgio
| date = 2004-03-18
| website = The American TFP
| access-date = 2024-08-30
| language = en
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240821013853/https://www.tfp.org/the-qanimal-homosexualityq-myth/
| archive-date = 2024-08-21
}}
</ref><ref name = "Defending A Higher Law">
{{ Cite web
| url = http://tfp.org/images/books/Defending_A_Higher_Law.pdf
| title = Defending a Higher Law
| last1 = Solimeo
| first1 = Luiz Sérgio
| date = 2004-03-18
| website = The American TFP
| access-date = 2024-08-30
| language = en
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240724142452/tfp.org/images/books/Defending_A_Higher_Law.pdf
| archive-date = 2024-07-24
}}
</ref>
Animal preference and motivation is inferred from behavior, thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. Modern research<ref>Bagemihl (1999) pages 122-166</ref><ref>Roughgarden (2004) pp.13-183</ref><ref>Vasey (1995) pages 173-204</ref><ref>Sommer & Vasey (2006)</ref> applies the term ''homosexuality'' to all sexual behavior (], ] stimulation, ] and sexual ]) between animals of the same sex.


This list is part of a larger ]. This is a list of some ] that have been recorded engaging in homosexual behavior, which is part of a larger ] including ], ], ], etc.
{{See also|List of birds displaying homosexual behavior|}}


==Selected images== ==Selected images==
<gallery> <gallery>
Image:Macaques à bonnet petits.jpg|Male ]s, similar to the youthful ones pictured, "give each other ] and sometimes eat the resulting ]"<ref name="You Are Being Lied to: The"/> although using "hand-job" can be seen as overly ].<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/> Image:Macaques à bonnet petits.jpg|Male ]s, similar to the youthful ones pictured, "give each other ] and sometimes eat the resulting ]"<ref name="You Are Being Lied to: The"/> although using "hand-job" can be seen as overly ].<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/>

Image:Uganda-Kob.jpg|Kobus ] (Uganda Kob)."Female ] perform ] on each other and even stroke each other's ] with their forelegs. They're also into ]s during ], one female will ] while the other sticks her nose in the stream."<ref name="You Are Being Lied to: The">Kick (2001)</ref><ref>Imaginova (2007e)</ref>
Image:Uganda-Kob.jpg|] - "Female ] perform ] on each other and even stroke each other's ] with their forelegs. They may exhibit ] during ], one female will ] while the other sticks her nose in the stream."<ref name="You Are Being Lied to: The" /><ref name="Imaginova 2007e">Imaginova (2007e)</ref>
Image:Spotted hyena2.jpg|"Elevated levels of ] ]"<ref name="Sexual Dimorphism of Perineal"/> increases ]ness and both male and female ]s mount ] ] members who likely have lower levels of testosterone from their mothers.<ref name="Sexual Dimorphism of Perineal">Forger (1998)</ref><ref name="Research: Spotted Hyena - Introduction">Holekamp (2003)</ref><ref name="Wilson, Sexing the Hyena">Wilson (Sexing the Hyena)</ref>

Image:Graywhale MMC.jpg|In "slip-and-slide" ], groups of male ]s, one of the oldest species of mammals, roll in the ] rubbing their ] against each other so that their ] are ].<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/><ref>Imaginova (2007h)</ref>
Image:Spotted hyena2.jpg|"Elevated levels of ] ]"<ref name="Sexual Dimorphism of Perineal"/> increases ]ness and both male and female ]s mount ] ] members who likely have lower levels of testosterone from their mothers.<ref name="Sexual Dimorphism of Perineal2">Forger (1998)</ref><ref name="Research: Spotted Hyena - Introduction">Holekamp (2003)</ref><ref name="Wilson, Sexing the Hyena">Wilson (Sexing the Hyena)</ref>

Image:Graywhale MMC.jpg|In "slip-and-slide" ], groups of male ]s, roll in the ] rubbing their ] against each other so that their ] are ].<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales">Bagemihl (1999) page 339</ref><ref name="Imaginova 2007h">Imaginova (2007h)</ref>
</gallery> </gallery>


==Mammals== ==List==
<!--- PLEASE NOTE, although most of this list of from one source every item has been referenced. Please only add items with reference or leave a note on the article talk page if unsure. ---> <!--- PLEASE NOTE: although most of this list is from one source, every item has been referenced. Please only add items with references or leave a note on the article talk page if unsure. --->
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
{{MultiCol}}
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Buffalo">Bagemihl (1999) page 413</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Buffalo">Bagemihl (1999) page 413</ref><ref>Imaginova (2007b)</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Elephant">Bagemihl (1999) page 427</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies">Bagemihl (1999) page 449</ref>
* ](Boto)<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales">Bagemihl (1999) page 339</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Buffalo"/><ref>Imaginova (2007b)</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Giraffes, Antelopes and Gazelles"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Giraffes, Antelopes and Gazelles"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Elephant"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Other Mammals carnivores">Bagemihl (1999) page 432</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Other Mammals carnivores">Bagemihl (1999) page 432</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Asiatic Mouflon">Bagemihl (1999) pages 405, 690</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Asiatic Mouflon">Bagemihl (1999) pages 405, 690</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions">Bagemihl (1999) page 367</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions">Bagemihl (1999) page 367</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer">Bagemihl (1999) page 378</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer">Bagemihl (1999) page 378</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo">Bagemihl (1999) page 405</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo">Bagemihl (1999) page 405</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales">Bagemihl (1999) page 339</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales" />
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Bharal">Bagemihl (1999) pages 209, 408, 690</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Bharal">Bagemihl (1999) pages 209, 408, 690</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/>
* ]
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Bears"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Bears"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Gazelles, Antelopes">Bagemihl (1999) page 402</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Gazelles, Antelopes">Bagemihl (1999) page 402</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies">Bagemihl (1999) page 449</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/>
* ]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Homosexual Fellatio: Erect Penis Licking between Male Bonin Flying Foxes Pteropus pselaphon|author=Norimasa Sugita|year=2016|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0166024|pmid=27824953|pmc=5100941|volume=11|issue=11|pages = e0166024|journal=]|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1166024S|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque">Bagemihl (1999) page 316</ref>
* ]<ref name=penisfencing>de Waal (2001)</ref><ref>Liggett (1997-2006)</ref><ref>Imaginova (2007j)</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque">Bagemihl (1999) page 316</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/><ref>Imaginova (2007c)</ref> * ]<ref name="penisfencing">de Waal (2001)</ref><ref>Liggett (1997–2006)</ref><ref>Imaginova (2007j)</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/><ref>Imaginova (2007c)</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig">Bagemihl (1999) page 467</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig">Bagemihl (1999) page 467</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Bears">Bagemihl (1999) page 441</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Capuchin">Bagemihl (1999) page 334</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Bears">Bagemihl (1999) page 441</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat">Bagemihl (1999) page 473</ref> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 334">Bagemihl (1999) page 334</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Rat">Bagemihl (1999) page 469</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat">Bagemihl (1999) page 473</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Eastern Cottontail Rabbit">Bagemihl (1999) page 469</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Caribou">Bagemihl (1999) pages 388,389</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Caribou">Bagemihl (1999) pages 388,389</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Cat (domestic)">Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 88</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Cat (domestic)">Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 88</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Cattle (domestic)">Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 89</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Cattle (domestic)">Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 89</ref>
* ]<ref name="Poiani: Chacma baboon">Poiani (2010) page 52</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Other Mammals carnivores"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Other Mammals carnivores"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Chimpanzee">Bagemihl (1999) pages 276–279. Common Chimpanzees engage in full mouth-to-mouth contact Oral sex of various kinds also occurs in a number of species cunnilingus in Common Chimpanzees In Common Chimpanzees, individuals often rub their anal and genital regions together Other forms of "manual" stimulation include anal stimulation and penetration with fingers by male Common Chimpanzees.</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Collared Peccary">Bagemihl (1999) pages 422-425</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Poiani: Chital">Poiani (2010) page 51</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Common Brushtail Possum">Bagemihl (1999) page 457</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Collared Peccary">Bagemihl (1999) pages 422–425</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Common Chimpanzee">Bagemihl (1999) pages 276-279</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Common Brushtail Possum">Bagemihl (1999) page 457</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Common Marmoset">Bagemihl (1999) page 334</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Common Pipistrelle">Bagemihl (1999) page 475</ref> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 334" />
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Common Raccoon">Bagemihl (1999) page 448</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Common Pipistrelle">Bagemihl (1999) page 475</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Common Tree Shrew">Bagemihl (1999) page 471</ref> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 471">Bagemihl (1999) page 471</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Cotton-top Tamarin">Bagemihl (1999) page 333</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Moustached Tamarin">Bagemihl (1999) page 333</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Cui">Bagemihl (1999) pages 467-469</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Dog (domestic)">{Bagemihl (1999) pages 310, 314</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Dog (domestic)">Bagemihl (1999) pages 310, 314</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/> * ]<ref name="Poiani: Donkey">Poiani (2010) page 170</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Dugong">Bagemihl (1999) page 376</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Dugong">Bagemihl (1999) page 376</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Dwarf Mongoose">Bagemihl (1999) pages 447-448</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Dwarf Mongoose">Bagemihl (1999) pages 447–448</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Eastern Cottontail Rabbit">Bagemihl (1999) page 469</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Eastern Cottontail Rabbit" />
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/>
* ] (a subspecies of ])<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Buffalo"/>
* ]<ref>] ''La guerre des sexes chez les animaux'' Eds O Jacob, Paris, 2006.{{ISBN|2-7381-1901-8}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2016}}
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Buffalo"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Fat-tailed Dunnart">Bagemihl (1999) pages 458-460</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Fat-tailed Dunnart">Bagemihl (1999) pages 458–460</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Fox">Bagemihl (1999) pages 218, 231, 317</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Fox">Bagemihl (1999) pages 218, 231, 317</ref>
* ]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Non-conceptive sexual behavior and its function in an unusually composed group of Francois langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) in Guangxi, China|author1=Chengming Huang|display-authors=etal|url=http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/26931381/1458678428300/VJP_2-3_pp29-38.pdf?token=f8ZddhLSRvHSAuzzOGTAfq95d7w%3D|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2015|volume=2|issue=3|pages=29–38}}</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Giraffes, Antelopes and Gazelles"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Gelada Baboon">Bagemihl (1999) pages 324-330</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Giraffes, Antelopes and Gazelles">Bagemihl (1999) page 391</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Giraffes, Antelopes and Gazelles">Bagemihl (1999) page 391</ref><ref name="1,500 Animal Species Practice"/><ref>Imaginova (2007d)</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Hamadryas Baboon">Bagemihl (1999) pages 324–330</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Golden Monkey">Bagemihl (1999) pages 299-301</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Proboscis Monkey">Bagemihl (1999) pages 299–301</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Gorilla">Bagemihl (1999) pages 280-284</ref> * ]<ref name="Gómez et. al (2023) page 3" />
* ]<ref name="You Are Being Lied to: The" /><ref name="livescience.com#giraffes" />
{{ColBreak}}
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Gorilla">Bagemihl (1999) pages 280–284</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=1987|title=Intra- and inter-group interactions of an all-male group of virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei)|author=Juichi Yamagiwa|doi=10.1007/BF02382180|pages=1–30|issue=1|volume=28|journal=Primates|s2cid=24667667}}</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Giraffes, Antelopes and Gazelles"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Giraffes, Antelopes and Gazelles"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Gray Squirrel">Bagemihl (1999) pages 461-464</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/><ref>Imaginova (2007h)</ref> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) pages 461-464">Bagemihl (1999) pages 461–464</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Gray Wolf">Bagemihl (1999) pages 231, 436-440</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/><ref name="Imaginova 2007h"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Bears"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Gray Wolf">Bagemihl (1999) pages 231, 436–440</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Bears"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Hamadryas Baboon">Bagemihl (1999) pages 324-330</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Hamadryas Baboon"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Hanuman Langur">Bagemihl (1999) pages 293-298</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Harbor Porpoise">Bagemihl (1999) page 347</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Nilgiri Langur">Bagemihl (1999) pages 293–298</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Harbor Porpoise">Bagemihl (1999) page 347</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Himalayan Tahr">Bagemihl (1999) page 412</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Hoary Marmot">Bagemihl (1999) page 465-466</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Himalayan Tahr">Bagemihl (1999) page 412</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Hoary Marmot">Bagemihl (1999) page 465-466</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Horse (domestic)">Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 165, 205, 226, 231</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Horse (domestic)">Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 165, 205, 226, 231</ref>
* ] (see ], ]) * ] (see ])
*]<ref>{{cite journal|title=An observation of sexual behavior between two male humpback whales|author1=Stephanie H. Stack|author2=Lyle Krannichfeld|author3=Brandi Romano|journal=Marine Mammal Science|year=2024|volume=40 |issue=3 |doi=10.1111/mms.13119|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024MMamS..40E3119S |hdl=10072/430033|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Indian Muntjac">Bagemihl (1999) page 386</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Indian Rhinoceros">Bagemihl (1999) page 430</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Reeves's Muntjac">Bagemihl (1999) page 386</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Indian Rhinoceros">Bagemihl (1999) page 430</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Javelina">Bagemihl (1999) page 422-425</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Javelina">Bagemihl (1999) page 422-425</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Rat"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Eastern Cottontail Rabbit" />
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Koala">Bagemihl (1999) page 455-457</ref> * ]<ref>Feige, Stacey, et al. "{{cbignore|bot=medic}}." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 103.1-2 (2007): 131-145.</ref><ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Koala">Bagemihl (1999) page 455-457</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Kob">Bagemihl (1999) page 397-401</ref><ref>Imaginova (2007e)</ref> * ]<ref name="Imaginova 2007e"/><ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Lechwe">Bagemihl (1999) page 397-401</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Least Chipmunk">Bagemihl (1999) pages 461-464</ref> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) pages 461-464"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Lechwe">Bagemihl (1999) page 397-401</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Lechwe"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Lesser Bushbaby">Bagemihl (1999) page 336-338</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Lesser Bushbaby">Bagemihl (1999) page 336-338</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Other Mammals carnivores"/><ref>Bagemihl (1999) pages 302-305.</ref><ref>Cooper</ref><ref>Eaton (1974)</ref><ref>Schaller, (1972)</ref><ref>Srivastav (2001)</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Other Mammals carnivores"/><ref>Bagemihl (1999) pages 302–305.</ref><ref>Cooper</ref><ref>Eaton (1974)</ref><ref>Schaller, (1972)</ref><ref>Srivastav (2001)</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=April 2022}}
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Lion Tamarin">Bagemihl (1999) page 334</ref> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 334" />
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Long-eared Hedgehog">Bagemihl (1999) pages 470-472</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Long-eared Hedgehog">Bagemihl (1999) pages 470–472</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Long-footed Tree Shrew">Bagemihl (1999) page 471</ref> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 471" />
* ]<ref>Imaginova (2007)</ref> * ]<ref>Imaginova (2007)</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Markhor">Bagemihl (1999) page 409</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Markhor">Bagemihl (1999) page 409</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Marten">Bagemihl (1999) page 448</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Common Raccoon">Bagemihl (1999) page 448</ref>
* ]<ref>Jia, Z. Y., et al. "." Acta Zoologica Sinica 48 (2002): 610-616.</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Moco">Bagemihl (1999) pages 109, 469</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Moco">Bagemihl (1999) pages 109, 469</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Lesser Bushbaby"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Lesser Bushbaby"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Moose">Bagemihl (1999) pages 387-390</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Moose">Bagemihl (1999) pages 387–390</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Mountain Tree Shrew">Bagemihl (1999) page 471</ref> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 471" />
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Mountain Zebra">Bagemihl (1999) pages 418-421</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Mountain Zebra">Bagemihl (1999) pages 418–421</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Mouse (domestic)">Bagemihl (1999) pages 663, 693, 714</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Mouse (domestic)">Bagemihl (1999) pages 663, 693, 714</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Moustached Tamarin">Bagemihl (1999) page 333</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Moustached Tamarin" />
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Musk-ox">Bagemihl (1999) pages 410-413</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Musk-ox">Bagemihl (1999) pages 410–413</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Nilgiri Langur">Bagemihl (1999) pages 293-298</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Nilgiri Langur"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Noctule">Bagemihl (1999) page 475</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Common Pipistrelle" />
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: North American Porcupine">Bagemihl (1999) page 472</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: North American Porcupine">Bagemihl (1999) page 472</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Northern Quoll">Bagemihl (1999) pages 458-460</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Fat-tailed Dunnart"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Olympic Marmot">Bagemihl (1999) pages 465-466</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Olympic Marmot">Bagemihl (1999) pages 465–466</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Orangutan">Bagemihl (1999) pages 284-288</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Orangutan">Bagemihl (1999) pages 284–288</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Homosexual behavior in wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii)|year=2001|volume=55|issue=3|pages=177–81|journal=Am J Primatol|author=EA Fox|doi=10.1002/ajp.1051|pmid=11746281|s2cid=21561581}}</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 328">Bagemihl (1999) page 328</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Patas Monkey">Bagemihl (1999) page 328</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Pig (Domestic)">Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 225–226, 232–240</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Pig (Domestic)">Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 225-226, 232-240</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Plains Zebra">Bagemihl (1999) page 418-421</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Plains Zebra">Bagemihl (1999) page 418-421</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Bears"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
{{ColBreak}}
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Bears"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Proboscis Monkey"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Pronghorn">Bagemihl (1999) pages 394–396</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Proboscis Monkey">Bagemihl (1999) pages 299-301</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Mountain Zebra"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Pronghorn">Bagemihl (1999) pages 394-396</ref> * ]<ref name="Poiani: Chital" />
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Takhi">Bagemihl (1999) pages 418-421</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Puku">Bagemihl (1999) pages 397–401</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Puku">Bagemihl (1999) pages 397-401</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Quokka">Bagemihl (1999) page 451</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Quokka">Bagemihl (1999) page 451</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Rabbit">Bagemihl (1999) page 81</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Rabbit">Bagemihl (1999) page 81</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Raccoon Dog">Bagemihl (1999) page 440</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Common Raccoon" />
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Raccoon Dog">Bagemihl (1999) page 440</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Red Fox">Bagemihl (1999) pages 437-441</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Red Fox">Bagemihl (1999) pages 437–441</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Red Squirrel">Bagemihl (1999) pages 461-464</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Reeves's Muntjac">Bagemihl (1999) page 386</ref> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) pages 461-464"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Reeves's Muntjac" />
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Caribou"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Caribou"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/> * ]<ref name = "imperial.ac.uk">
{{ Cite web
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/>
| url = https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/245895/study-shows-same-sex-behaviour-widespread-heritable/
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig"/>
| title = Study shows same-sex behaviour is widespread and heritable in macaque monkeys {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
| last1 = Dunning
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/>
| first1 = Hayley
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Rufous Bettong">Bagemihl (1999) pages 453-455</ref>
| date = 2023-07-10
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Cotton-top Tamarin">
| website = Imperial News
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
| access-date = 2024-08-30
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Cotton-top Tamarin">
| language = en
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Savanna Baboon">Bagemihl (1999) pages 324-330</ref>
| url-status = live
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Sea Otter">Bagemihl (1999) pages 364-365</ref>
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240623230145/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/245895/study-shows-same-sex-behaviour-widespread-heritable/
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
| archive-date = 2024-06-23
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/><ref name="The Volume of a Sexually Dimorphic">Roselli
| quote = Observations of a wild colony of macaques over three years show same-sex sexual behaviour among males is widespread and may be beneficial
(2004), Vol. 145, No. 2, pages 478-483</ref>
}}
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Siamang">Bagemihl (1999) pages 289-292</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/> </ref><ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Slender Tree Shrew">Bagemihl (1999) page 471</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Sooty Mangabey">Bagemihl (1999) page 328</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Spinifex Hopping Mouse">Bagemihl (1999) page 469</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Rufous Bettong">Bagemihl (1999) pages 453–455</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Moustached Tamarin"/>
* ]<ref name="Wilson, Sexing the Hyena">Wilson</ref><ref name="Sexual Dimorphism of Perineal">Forger
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
(] ]), Volume 375, Issue 2 , Pages 333 - 343</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Moustached Tamarin"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Squirrel Monkey">Bagemihl (1999) pages 330-335</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Hamadryas Baboon"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Dolphins and Whales"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Sea Otter">Bagemihl (1999) pages 364–365</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Stuart's Marsupial Mouse">Bagemihl (1999) page 459</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/><ref name="The Volume of a Sexually Dimorphic">Roselli
(2004), Vol. 145, No. 2, pages 478–483</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/>
* ]<ref name="Gómez et. al (2023) page 3">Gómez et. al (2023) page 3</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Takhi"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Siamang">Bagemihl (1999) pages 289–292</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Talapoin">Bagemihl (1999) page 328</ref> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 471" />
* ]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Do same-sex mounts function as dominance assertion in male golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)?|author1=Pengzhen Huang|author2=Xin He|author3=Endi Zhang|author4=Min Chen|doi=10.1002/ajp.22636|pmid=28103402|journal=Am J Primatol|volume=79|issue=5|pages=e22636|year=2017|s2cid=3875410}}</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Tasmanian Devil">Bagemihl (1999) page 459</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 328" />
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Homosexual Behavior Between Male Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)|journal=Arch Sex Behav|volume=47|issue=4|pages=857–861|year=2018|doi=10.1007/s10508-018-1177-8|pmid=29536259|author=Laura Busia|s2cid=3855790|display-authors=etal|url=http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/8340/3/Homosexual%20Behavior%20Between%20Male%20Spider%20Monkeys%20%28Ateles%20geoffroyi%29..pdf}}</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Giraffes, Antelopes and Gazelles"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Eastern Cottontail Rabbit" />
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref name="Sexual Dimorphism of Perineal">Forger
(6 December 1998), Volume 375, Issue 2, Pages 333 – 343</ref><ref name="Wilson, Sexing the Hyena"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Seals, Sea Lions"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Squirrel Monkey">Bagemihl (1999) pages 330–335</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marine Mammals, Dolphins and Whales"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Stuart's Marsupial Mouse">Bagemihl (1999) page 459</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Mountain Zebra"/>
* ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 328" />
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Stuart's Marsupial Mouse" />
* ]<ref name="Jiang: Tibetan Macaque">{{cite journal | author = Jiang, T., Li, J., Sheeran, L. K., Zhu, Y., Sun, B., Xia, D., & Wang, X. | year = 2013 | title = Homosexual mounting in wild male Tibetan Macaques (''Macaca thibetana'') at Huangshan, China | journal = Life Science Journal | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | url = http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life1001/403_B00916life1001_3192_3197.pdf}}</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Giraffes, Antelopes and Gazelles"/>
* ]<ref name="Homosexual Behavior In Animals: An Evo">Sommer (2006)</ref> * ]<ref name="Homosexual Behavior In Animals: An Evo">Sommer (2006)</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Macaque"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Tucuxi">Bagemihl (1999) page 340</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Tucuxi">Bagemihl (1999) page 340</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Urial">Bagemihl (1999) pages 405-409</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Urial">Bagemihl (1999) pages 405–409</ref>
* ]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Non-Reproductive Sexual Behavior in Wild White-Thighed Colobus Monkeys (Colobus vellerosus)|doi=10.1007/s10508-023-02561-2|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02561-2|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|year=2023|author=Julie A. Teichroeb|volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=2295–2301 |pmid=36849676 |s2cid=257231173 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Verreaux's Sifaka">Bagemihl (1999) pages 366-368</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Bat"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Vervet">Bagemihl (1999) page 328</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Verreaux's Sifaka">Bagemihl (1999) pages 366–368</ref>
* ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 328" />
* ]
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Vicuna">Bagemihl (1999) pages 425-426</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Vicuna">Bagemihl (1999) pages 425–426</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Walrus">Bagemihl (1999) pages 370-374</ref><ref>Imaginova (2007g)</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Walrus">Bagemihl (1999) pages 370–374</ref><ref>Imaginova (2007g)</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Wapiti">Bagemihl (1999) page 231</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Wapiti">Bagemihl (1999) page 231</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Warthog">Bagemihl (1999) pagepage 421</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Warthog">Bagemihl (1999) page 421</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Waterbuck">Bagemihl (1999) pages 397-400</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Waterbuck">Bagemihl (1999) pages 397–400</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Capuchin"/> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 334"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: West Indian Manatee">Bagemihl (1999) pages 374-377</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: West Indian Manatee">Bagemihl (1999) pages 374–377</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Capuchin"/> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 334"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Capuchin"/> * ]<ref name="Bagemihl (1999) page 334"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: White-handed Gibbon">Bagemihl (1999) pages 288-290</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: White-handed Gibbon">Bagemihl (1999) pages 288–290</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: White-lipped Peccary">Bagemihl (1999) page 424</ref> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: White-lipped Peccary">Bagemihl (1999) page 424</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Deer"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Hoofed Mammal, Wild Sheep, Goats and Buffalo"/>
* ]<ref name="Poiani: Yellow-bellied marmot">Poiani (2010) page 50</ref>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Buffalo"/>
* ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/> * ]<ref name="Biological Exuberance: Marsupials: Kangaroo and Wallabies"/>
* ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig"/> * ]<ref name="Biol. Exuberance: Guinea Pig"/>
{{div col end}}
|}

==See also==
*{{section link|Animal sexual behavior|Mammals}}
*{{section link|Homosexual behavior in animals|Mammals}}
*]

==Bibliography==
{{transcluded section|List of animals displaying homosexual behavior}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:List of animals displaying homosexual behavior|Bibliography}}}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{Animal sexual behavior}}
{{LGBTQ}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mammals displaying homosexual behavior}}
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Latest revision as of 10:59, 22 December 2024

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Giraffes in Kenya; giraffes have been called "especially gay" for engaging in male-male sexual behavior more often than male-female (heterosexual) sex.

This is a list of animals for which there is documented evidence of homosexual behavior. These animals have been observed practicing homosexual courtship, sexual behavior, affection, pair bonding, or parenting.

Bruce Bagemihl writes that the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not officially observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to possible observer bias caused by social attitudes towards LGBT people, which made homosexuality in animals a taboo subject. He devotes three chapters, "Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife", "Explaining (Away) Animal Homosexuality", and "Not For Breeding Only" in his 1999 book Biological Exuberance to the "documentation of systematic prejudices" where he notes "the present ignorance of biology lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to find reproductive (or other) "explanations" for homosexuality, transgender, and non-procreative and alternative heterosexualities. Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the Against Nature? exhibit, stated "any researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realise that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles". Homosexual behavior is found amongst social birds and mammals, particularly the sea mammals and the primates.

Animal sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sexual activity, has been documented in about 500 species as of 1999, ranging from primates to gut worms. Homosexuality in animals is controversial with some social conservatives because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate animal behavior to morality. Animal preference and motivation is inferred from behavior, thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. Modern research applies the term homosexuality to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex.

This is a list of some mammals that have been recorded engaging in homosexual behavior, which is part of a larger list of animals displaying homosexual behavior including birds, insects, fish, etc.

Selected images

List

See also

Bibliography

This section is transcluded from List of animals displaying homosexual behavior. (edit | history)

List of animals displaying homosexual behavior

References

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