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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox President
{{Short description|Czechoslovak politician (1913–1991)}}
| name=Gustáv Husák
{{more citations needed|date=June 2009}}
| image=Gustav.jpg
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = ]
| name = Gustáv Husák
| image = Gustáv Husák - oříznuto.JPG
| caption = Husák in 1989
| office = ]
| term_start = 17 April 1969
| term_end = 17 December 1987
| predecessor = ]
| successor = ]
| office2 = ]
| term_start2 = 29 May 1975
| term_end2 = 10 December 1989
| primeminister2 = ]<br>]
| predecessor2 = ]
| successor2 = ]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1913|1|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = ], ] (now ])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1991|11|18|1913|1|10|df=y}}
| death_place = ], ]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/19/world/gustav-husak-czechoslovak-leader-dies-at-78.html|title = Gustav Husak, Czechoslovak Leader, Dies at 78|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 19 November 1991|last1 = Saxon|first1 = Wolfgang}}</ref>
| party = ]
| spouse = {{marriage|Magda Husáková-Lokvencová|1938|1967|end=divorced}}{{marriage|Viera Husáková-Čáslavská|1975|1977|end=died}}
| children = 2, Vladimír (born 1944) and Ján (1946–2004)
| alma_mater = ]
| signature = Gustav Husak signature.svg
| resting_place = ], ]
}}


]. ] and ] are also pictured.]]
| order=9<sup>th</sup>
'''Gustáv Husák''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|h|uː|s|æ|k}} {{respell|HOO|sak}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/husak |title=Husák |dictionary=]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|h|(|j|)|uː|s|ɑː|k}} {{respell|HOO|sahk|,_|HEW-}},<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Husák|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|sk|ˈɡustaːw ˈɦusaːk|lang}}; 10 January 1913 – 18 November 1991) was a Czechoslovak politician who served as the long-time ] of the ] from 1969 to 1987 and the ] from 1975 to 1989.
| office=President of Czechoslovakia
| term_start=], ]
| term_end=], ]
| predecessor=]
| successor=]


His rule is known for the period of ] after the 1968 ].
| birth_date={{birth date|1913|1|10|df=y}}
| birth_place=], ]
| death_date={{death date and age|1991|11|18|1913|1|10|df=y}}
| death_place=], ]
| party=]
}}
'''Gustáv Husák''' (], ] in ], ] (today part of ]) - ], ] in Bratislava, ]) was a ] politician, president of ] and a long-term ] leader of Czechoslovakia and of the ] in the ] and ]. His rule is known as the period of ].


==Life== == Early life ==
Gustáv Husák was born to an unemployed worker in Pozsonyhidegkút, ], ] (now ]-], ]). He joined the Communist Youth Union at the age of sixteen while studying at the grammar school in Bratislava.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
The son of an unemployed worker near Pressburg (now ]), he quickly became a ]. He joined the Communist Youth Union at the age of sixteen while studying at the Gymnasium (Secondary School / High School) in Bratislava. In ], when he started his studies at the Law Faculty of the ] in Bratislava, he joined the ] (KSČ) which was banned from ] to ]. During ] he was periodically jailed by the ] government for illegal Communist activities, and he was one of the leaders of the ] ] against ] and Tiso. Husak was a member of the Presidium of the ] from ], to ], ].


In 1933, when he started his studies at the law faculty of the ] in Bratislava, he joined the ] (KSČ) which was banned from 1938 to 1945. During ], he was periodically jailed by the ] government for illegal Communist activities. He was one of the leaders of the 1944 ] against ] and Tiso. Husák was a member of the Presidium of the ] from 1 to 5 September 1944.
After the war he began a career as a government official in ] and party functionary in Czechoslovakia. From ] - ], he was a kind of quasi Prime Minister of Slovakia, and as such he strongly contributed to the liquidation of the ], which had won 62% in the ] elections in Slovakia, thus preventing the Communists from seizing power in Czechoslovakia.


After the war, he began a career as a government official in Slovakia and party functionary in Czechoslovakia. From 1946 to 1950, he was the head of the devolved administration of Slovakia,{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} and as such strongly contributed to the liquidation of the anti-communist Christian democratic ] of Slovakia. The Democratic Party of Slovakia established in 1944 had taken 62% in the 1946 elections in Slovakia (whereas in the Czech part of the republic of then-Czechoslovakia, the clear winners were the Communists),{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} thus complicating the Communist ambitions for a swift taking of power. Husák's loyalty to the central organs of the Czechoslovak Communist party as well as his considerable talent for body politics and a ruthless approach to political opponents contributed largely to the crushing of the Democratic Party's dissent in Slovakia and releasing the popular opinion in the country to the whims of prevailing political currents.
In 1950 he fell victim to a ] purge of the party leadership, and was sentenced for life, spending the years from ] to ] in the ]. A convinced Communist, he did not cease to view his imprisonment a gross misunderstanding which he periodically stressed in several appealing letters addressed to the party leadership. It is well known that ], the Czechoslovak president and first party secretary of that time, repeatedly declined to grant Husák pardon by assuring his comrades that "you do not know what he is capable of when coming to power". The true reason for Novotný's stance, however, may be ascribed to his personal politically motivated slovakophobia as well. Finally, as a result of the De-Stalinization period in ], Husák's conviction was overturned and his party membership restored in ]. By ] he was attacking the KSČ's ] leadership, and he became a deputy premier of ] in April ], during the period of liberalization under party leader ].


In 1950, he fell victim to a ] purge of the party leadership, and was sentenced to life imprisonment, spending the years from 1954 to 1960 in the ].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} A convinced Communist, he always viewed his imprisonment as a gross misunderstanding, which he periodically stressed in several letters of appeal addressed to the party leadership. It is generally acknowledged that the then party leader and president ] repeatedly declined to pardon Husák, assuring his comrades that "you do not know what he is capable of if he comes to power".{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
As the ] grew increasingly alarmed by Dubček's liberal reforms in ] (]), Husák began calling for caution. After the Soviets invaded ] in August and he participated in the Czechoslovak-Soviet negotiations between the kidnapped Alexander Dubček and ] in ], he suddenly became a leader of those party members calling for the reversal of Dubček's reforms. An account for his ] was given in one of his official speeches in ] after the ] events, during which he ventured the rhetorical question, where his opponents (i. e. supporters of opposition against the ]) want to find those "friends" of ] (i. e. countries in ]) that would come to support the country (i. e. against Soviet troops).


As part of the ] period in ], Husák's conviction was overturned and his party membership restored in 1963.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} By 1967, he had become a critic of Novotný and the KSČ's ] leadership. In April 1968, during the ] under new party leader and fellow Slovak ], Husák became a vice-premier of Czechoslovakia, responsible for overseeing reforms in Slovakia.
Supported by ], he was appointed leader of the ] in as early as August ], and he succeeded Dubček as first secretary (title changed to general secretary in ]) of the ] in April ]. He reversed Dubček's reforms and purged the party of its liberal members in ] - ]. In 1975, Husák was elected ] of Czechoslovakia. During the two decades of Husák's leadership, ] became one of the ]'s most loyal allies. In the first years following the invasion, Husák managed to appease the outraged civil population by providing a relatively satisfactory living standard and avoiding any overt reprisals like was the case in the ]. This does not make his regime far from being violent, however. Under the cover of everyday stability, there was a permanent campaign of repression by the ] (]) targeted at the outspoken dissidents represented later by ] as well as hundreds of unknown individuals who happened to be objects of ]'s preventive strikes. Husák yielded his post as general secretary in ], when younger members of the Communist party wanted to participate in the power (], ]). Communist rule collapsed in Czechoslovakia in late ], and that December Husák resigned as president. In February ] he was expelled from the Communist Party. He died almost forgotten on ] ].


== Leader of Czechoslovakia ==
There is still some question about Husák's moral responsibility for the last two decades of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. After its collapse Husák kept saying that he was just trying to diminish the aftermaths of the Soviet invasion and had to constantly resist pressures of hard line Party Stalinists such as ], ] and the like. It is true that in the early ] he personally pushed for an early withdrawal of the Soviet troops from the Czechoslovak territory, a thing which did not happen until ]; this may be ascribed to his pragmatic attempts to ease the situation and to give an impression that things were leaning toward "normality".
As the ] grew increasingly alarmed by Dubček's liberal reforms in 1968 (]), Husák, originally Dubček's ally and a moderate supporter of the reform programme, began calling for caution.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}


], Husák participated in the Czechoslovak-Soviet negotiations between the kidnapped Dubček and ] in Moscow. Husák changed course and became a leader among those party members calling for the reversal of Dubček's reforms. An account for his ] was given in one of his official speeches in ] after the 1968 events, during which he ventured a rhetorical question, asking where the opponents of the Soviet Union wished to find allies of Czechoslovakia that might come to support the country against Soviet troops.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
However, there are many irrefutable facts, convicting him of a great deal of personal contribution to the regime's nature. As the General Secretary of the Party he was well able and willing to control the repressive state apparatus. There are many documented cases of appeals from the part of the politically prosecuted persons, however almost none of them was given Husák's attention. As the overall decay of the Czechoslovak society was growing more and more obvious in the ], Husák became a politically impotent puppet of the events. Evidence shows him emotionally sticking to his Party positions until the bitter end of ] in ].


Supported by Moscow, he was appointed leader of the ] in as early as August 1968, and he succeeded Dubček as first secretary (title changed to general secretary in 1971) of the ] in April 1969. He reversed Dubček's reforms and purged the party of its liberal members in 1969–1971.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} In 1975, Husák was elected ]. During the two decades of Husák's leadership, Czechoslovakia became one of Moscow's most loyal allies.
Gustáv Husák was awarded the title ] on ] ] <ref>{{ru icon}} at the website on Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia</ref>


In the first years following the invasion, Husák managed to appease the outraged civil population by providing a relatively satisfactory living standard and avoiding any overt reprisals{{Clarify|date=March 2023|reason=.Of what?}} like was the case in the 1950s. His regime was not a complete return to the heavy-handed Stalinism that had prevailed during the first 20 years of Communist rule in the country. At the same time, the people's rights were somewhat more restricted than was the case in ]'s ] and ]'s ]. Indeed, on the cultural level, the level of repression approached that seen in ]'s ] and even ]'s ]. There was a campaign of repression by the ] (]) targeting dissidents represented later by ] as well as hundreds of unknown individuals who happened to be targets of the StB's pre-emptive strikes. The repression intensified over the years as Husák grew more conservative.
==Functions==

]/KSČ (prohibited 1938, dissolved 1939-1945)
Starting in the early 1970s, Husák allowed those who had been purged in the aftermath of Prague Spring to rejoin the party. However, they were required to publicly distance themselves from their past support for reform.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
*1933-1938/1939 and 1989(December)-(February)1990: common member

The latter part of Husák's tenure saw a struggle within the Politburo over whether to adopt ]-style reforms. While the hardliners, led by ], were vehemently opposed to ] and ], moderates led by ] ] strongly favoured reform. Husák himself stayed neutral until April 1987, when he announced a somewhat half-hearted reform program scheduled to start in 1991.

Later that year, however, Husák yielded his post as general secretary to ] in response to a desire for younger leaders (Jakeš and ]) to share in power.

On 24 November 1989, the entire Presidum of the Communist Party, including Husák, resigned in the wake of the ]. The party officially abandoned power four days later, when the legislature deleted the portions of the Constitution that codified the party's "]." On 10 December, Husák swore in a new government. Although it was headed by communist ], it had a non-communist majority—the first in 41 years that was not dominated by communists and/or ]s. He resigned later that day, just hours after presiding over the formal end of the regime he had largely created. In an attempt to rehabilitate its image ahead of ], the Communist Party expelled him in February 1990.

He died on 18 November 1991, at the age of 78, and was buried at the Dúbravka cemetery.

== Legacy ==
{{original research|section|date=May 2021}}
] at the ], June 1977]]
There is still some question about Husák's moral culpability for the last two decades of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. After its collapse, Husák kept saying that he was just trying to diminish the aftermath of the Soviet invasion and had to constantly resist pressure from hard line Stalinists in the party such as Biľak, ] and the like.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} In the early 1970s, he personally pushed for an early withdrawal of the Soviet troops from Czechoslovak territory, which did not happen until 1991; this may be ascribed to his pragmatic attempts to ease the situation and to give an impression that things were leaning toward "normality".

However, there are many ways in which he personally contributed to the Communist government's longevity and policies. As the General Secretary of the Party, he was the nominal leader of the repressive state apparatus. There are many documented cases of appeals from politically persecuted persons, but almost none of them was given Husák's attention. As the overall decay of Czechoslovak society{{Clarify|date=March 2023|reason=From? In what ways?}} was becoming more and more obvious in the 1980s, Husák became a politically impotent puppet of events.

Gustáv Husák was awarded the title ] three times, in 1969, 1973, and 1982. In 1983 he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} at the website on Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia</ref>
]
Husák allegedly confessed to a Catholic priest before his death, having previously been an atheist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/issues/june-10th-2016/when-christianity-becomes-a-crime/|title=When Christianity becomes a crime|date=9 June 2016|website=Catholic Herald}}</ref> On his deathbed in 1991, Husák received the sacrament of reconciliation from a Catholic archbishop, ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journeyonline.com.au/features/former-soviet-boss-gorbachev-denies-conversion-to-christianity/|title=Former Soviet boss Gorbachev denies conversion to Christianity|date=4 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1991/11/19/ex-czech-leader-gustav-husak-dies/8007aa69-b210-475d-9653-5d16d5bc8550/|title=EX-CZECH LEADER GUSTAV HUSAK DIES – The Washington Post|newspaper=]}}</ref> Author ] has argued that the story of the confession is false, and the product of ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ivysehrad.cz/kniha/gustav-husak/|title=Gustáv Husák &#124; iVyšehrad.cz|author=Fresh Services, s r o|website=www.ivysehrad.cz|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329081221/http://www.ivysehrad.cz/kniha/gustav-husak/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
*{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}:
**] ], thrice (1969, 1972, 1982)
**] ], four times
**] Order of Victorious February

*{{flag|Soviet Union}}:
**] ] (1983)
**] ], four times (1969, 1973, 1983, 1988)
**] ] (1978)
**] ] (1969)

*'''Other countries''':
**] ] (])
**] ], twice (])
**] ] (Bulgaria)
**] ] (])
**] ] (Cuba)
** ], twice (])
**] ] (])
**] ] (])
**] ] (])
**] ], thrice (])
**] ] 1st class, twice (])
**] ] (])
**] ] 1st class (])
**] Order of Victory of Socialism (Romania)
**] ] (])
**] ] (Yugoslavia)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=22 September 1987 |title=ОДЛИКОВАЊЕ ХУСАКУ |url=http://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp&#124;issue:UB_00064_19870922&#124;page:4&#124;query:%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5 |journal=Borba |volume=66 |issue=265 |pages=4}}</ref>

== Functions ==
]/KSČ (prohibited 1938, dissolved 1939–1945)
*1933-1938/1939 and 1989 (December)-(February) 1990: common member
*spring 1945: member of its Provisional Central Committee (established in the parts of Czechoslovakia liberated by the ]) *spring 1945: member of its Provisional Central Committee (established in the parts of Czechoslovakia liberated by the ])
*1949-1951 and 1968 (August 31)-1989: member of its Central Committee and (except for 1949-1951) a member of its Presidium *1949-1951 and 1968 (31 August)-1989: member of its Central Committee
*1969 (April) -?1987: one of its secretaries *1968 (31 August)-1989 (24 November): member of its Presidium
*1969 (April)-1987: party leader (first secretary, since 1971 general secretary) *1969 (April) -1987 (December): one of its secretaries
*1969 (April)-1987: party leader (First Secretary, since 1971 Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia)
*1987 (December 17): resigned as party leader (replaced by ])
*1987 (17 December): resigned as party leader (replaced by ])


]/KSS (illegal 1939-1944/1945) ]/KSS (illegal 1939–1944/1945)
*1939-1945: one of its leaders *1939-1945: one of its leaders
*1943-1944: member of its 5th illegal Central Committee *1943-1944: member of its 5th illegal Central Committee
*1944-1950 and 1968 -1971: member of its Central Committee and (except for 1970-1971) member of its Presidium and (except for 1944-1948) one of its secretaries *1944-1950 and 1968–1971: member of its Central Committee and (except for 1970–1971) member of its Presidium and (except for 1944–1948) one of its secretaries
*1944-1945: vice-chairman *1944-1945: vice-chairman
*1968 (August 28)-1969: party leader („first secretary“) *1968 (28 August)-1969: party leader ("first secretary")


] (during WWII a resistance parliament-government, since 1968 the Slovak parliament) ] (''Slovenská národná rada'') (during World War II a resistance parliament-government, since 1968 the Slovak parliament)
*1943-1944: one of its main organizers *1943-1944: one of its main organizers
*1944-1950 and 1968 (December)-1971: its deputy *1944-1950 and 1968 (December)-1971: its deputy
*1944-1950: member of its Presidium *1944-1950: member of its Presidium
*1944-1945:vice-chairman *1944-1945: vice-chairman


] (''Zbor povereníkov'') (a quasi government responsible for Slovakia) ] (''Zbor povereníkov'') (a quasi government responsible for Slovakia)
*1944-1945: Commissioner of the Interior *1944-1945: Commissioner of the Interior
*1945-1946: Commissioner of Transport and Technology in Slovakia *1945-1946: Commissioner of Transport and Technology in Slovakia
*1946-1950: President of the Council of Commissioners, in which he contributed to the suppression of the influential Democratic Party of Slovakia by the Communists (1947-1948) *1946-1950: President of the Council of Commissioners, in which he contributed to the suppression of the influential Democratic Party of Slovakia by the Communists (1947–1948)
*1948-1950: Commissioner of Agriculture and Land Reform in Slovakia *1948-1950: Commissioner of Agriculture and Land Reform in Slovakia
*1949-1950: Commissioner of Alimentation in Slovakia *1949-1950: Commissioner of Alimentation in Slovakia


] (called National Assembly and since 1968 Federal Assembly) Czechoslovak Parliament (called National Assembly and since 1968 Federal Assembly)
*1945-1951 and 1968-1975: deputy *1945-1951 and 1968–1975: deputy
*1969-1975: member of its Presidium *1969-1975: member of its Presidium


] Czechoslovak government
*1968 (April-December): a vice-premier of the ] Czechoslovak government *1968 (April–December): a vice-premier of the ] Czechoslovak government


] ]
*1975-1989: President of ] *1975-1989: President of Czechoslovakia
*1989 (December 10): resigned as the President of Czechoslovakia within the ] *1989 (10 December): resigned as the President of Czechoslovakia within the ]


==Other important data== == Other important data ==
*1929-1932: member of the Communist Youth Union (prohibited in 1932) *1929–1932: member of the Communist Youth Union (prohibited in 1932)
*1933-? : studies at the Law Faculty of the ] in Bratislava, then a lawyer in Bratislava *1933–1937: studies at the law faculty of the ] in Bratislava,
*1938 received a title Dr. (of law) and started to work as a lawyer in Bratislava
*1936-1938: member of the Slovak Youth Union (1936 founder and secretary)
*1937-1938 vice-president of the Slovak Students Union and secretary of the Association for the Economic and Cultural Cooperation with the ] *1936–1938: member of the Slovak Youth Union (1936 founder and secretary)
*1937–1938 vice-president of the Slovak Students Union and secretary of the Association for the Economic and Cultural Cooperation with the ]
*1940-1944: four times jailed by the government of ] for illegal Communist activities *1940–1944: four times shortly jailed by the government of ] for illegal Communist activities
*1943-1944: member of the 5th illegal KSS Central Committee, one of the main organizers of the anti-Nazi ] (1944) and of its leading body, the Slovak National Council *1943–1944: member of the 5th illegal KSS Central Committee, one of the main organizers of the anti-Nazi ] (1944) and of its leading body, the Slovak National Council
*late 1944- February 1945: he fled to ] after the defeat of the Slovak National Uprising *late 1944–February 1945: he fled to Moscow after the defeat of the Slovak National Uprising
*1950: charged with "bourgeois nationalism" with respect to Slovakia (see ]) *1950: charged with "]" with respect to Slovakia (see ])
*1951: arrested *1951: arrested
*1954: sentenced to life imprisonment *1954: sentenced to life imprisonment
*1954-1960: imprisoned *1954–1960: imprisoned
*1960: conditionally released through an amnesty *1960: conditionally released through an amnesty
*1963: his conviction was overturned and his party membership restored and he was rehabilitated *1963: his conviction was overturned and his party membership restored and he was rehabilitated
*1963-1968: scientific employee of the State and Law Institute of the ] *1963–1968: scientific employee of the State and Law Institute of the ]
*1969 (April)-?1989: chief commander of the Popular Militia *1969 (April)–1987 (December): chief commander of the Popular Militia
*1971 (January)-?1989: president and member of the Presidium of the ] Central Committee *1971 (January)–1987 (December): president and member of the Presidium of the ] Central Committee


==See also== == See also ==
*]
*]
*] *]
*]


==References== == References ==
{{reflist}}
<references/>


== Literature ==
{{start box}}
* MACHÁČEK, Michal. ''Gustáv Husák''. Prague : Vyšehrad 2017, 632 pp. {{ISBN|978-80-7429-388-7}}.
{{succession box|title=]|before=]|after=]|years=1975&ndash;1989}}
* MACHÁČEK, Michal. ''The Strange Unity. Gustáv Husák and Power and Political Fights Inside the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia as Exemplified by Presidency Issue (1969–1975), in: ''Czech Journal of Contemporary History'', 2016, vol. 4, 104–128 pp. .''
{{end box}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Gustáv Husák}}
'''', a publication from 1986.
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Latest revision as of 23:05, 27 December 2024

Czechoslovak politician (1913–1991)
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Dr. iur. (JUDr.)Gustáv Husák
Husák in 1989
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
In office
17 April 1969 – 17 December 1987
Preceded byAlexander Dubček
Succeeded byMiloš Jakeš
President of Czechoslovakia
In office
29 May 1975 – 10 December 1989
Prime MinisterLubomír Štrougal
Ladislav Adamec
Preceded byLudvík Svoboda
Succeeded byVáclav Havel
Personal details
Born(1913-01-10)10 January 1913
Dúbravka, Austria-Hungary (now Slovakia)
Died18 November 1991(1991-11-18) (aged 78)
Bratislava, Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
Resting placeCimetière de Dúbravka, Bratislava
Political partyCommunist Party of Czechoslovakia
Spouse Magda Husáková-Lokvencová ​ ​(m. 1938; div. 1967)​ Viera Husáková-Čáslavská ​ ​(m. 1975; died 1977)​
Children2, Vladimír (born 1944) and Ján (1946–2004)
Alma materComenius University
Signature
Gustáv Husák (in the middle) in 1971 on a visit to the GDR. Walter Ulbricht and Erich Honecker are also pictured.

Gustáv Husák (UK: /ˈhuːsæk/ HOO-sak, US: /ˈh(j)uːsɑːk/ HOO-sahk, HEW-, Slovak: [ˈɡustaːw ˈɦusaːk]; 10 January 1913 – 18 November 1991) was a Czechoslovak politician who served as the long-time First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from 1969 to 1987 and the President of Czechoslovakia from 1975 to 1989.

His rule is known for the period of normalization after the 1968 Prague Spring.

Early life

Gustáv Husák was born to an unemployed worker in Pozsonyhidegkút, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (now Bratislava-Dúbravka, Slovakia). He joined the Communist Youth Union at the age of sixteen while studying at the grammar school in Bratislava.

In 1933, when he started his studies at the law faculty of the Comenius University in Bratislava, he joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) which was banned from 1938 to 1945. During World War II, he was periodically jailed by the Jozef Tiso government for illegal Communist activities. He was one of the leaders of the 1944 Slovak National Uprising against Nazi Germany and Tiso. Husák was a member of the Presidium of the Slovak National Council from 1 to 5 September 1944.

After the war, he began a career as a government official in Slovakia and party functionary in Czechoslovakia. From 1946 to 1950, he was the head of the devolved administration of Slovakia, and as such strongly contributed to the liquidation of the anti-communist Christian democratic Democratic Party of Slovakia. The Democratic Party of Slovakia established in 1944 had taken 62% in the 1946 elections in Slovakia (whereas in the Czech part of the republic of then-Czechoslovakia, the clear winners were the Communists), thus complicating the Communist ambitions for a swift taking of power. Husák's loyalty to the central organs of the Czechoslovak Communist party as well as his considerable talent for body politics and a ruthless approach to political opponents contributed largely to the crushing of the Democratic Party's dissent in Slovakia and releasing the popular opinion in the country to the whims of prevailing political currents.

In 1950, he fell victim to a Stalinist purge of the party leadership, and was sentenced to life imprisonment, spending the years from 1954 to 1960 in the Leopoldov Prison. A convinced Communist, he always viewed his imprisonment as a gross misunderstanding, which he periodically stressed in several letters of appeal addressed to the party leadership. It is generally acknowledged that the then party leader and president Antonín Novotný repeatedly declined to pardon Husák, assuring his comrades that "you do not know what he is capable of if he comes to power".

As part of the De-Stalinization period in Czechoslovakia, Husák's conviction was overturned and his party membership restored in 1963. By 1967, he had become a critic of Novotný and the KSČ's neo-Stalinist leadership. In April 1968, during the Prague Spring under new party leader and fellow Slovak Alexander Dubček, Husák became a vice-premier of Czechoslovakia, responsible for overseeing reforms in Slovakia.

Leader of Czechoslovakia

As the Soviet Union grew increasingly alarmed by Dubček's liberal reforms in 1968 (Prague Spring), Husák, originally Dubček's ally and a moderate supporter of the reform programme, began calling for caution.

After the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia in August, Husák participated in the Czechoslovak-Soviet negotiations between the kidnapped Dubček and Leonid Brezhnev in Moscow. Husák changed course and became a leader among those party members calling for the reversal of Dubček's reforms. An account for his pragmatism was given in one of his official speeches in Slovakia after the 1968 events, during which he ventured a rhetorical question, asking where the opponents of the Soviet Union wished to find allies of Czechoslovakia that might come to support the country against Soviet troops.

Supported by Moscow, he was appointed leader of the Communist Party of Slovakia in as early as August 1968, and he succeeded Dubček as first secretary (title changed to general secretary in 1971) of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in April 1969. He reversed Dubček's reforms and purged the party of its liberal members in 1969–1971. In 1975, Husák was elected President of Czechoslovakia. During the two decades of Husák's leadership, Czechoslovakia became one of Moscow's most loyal allies.

In the first years following the invasion, Husák managed to appease the outraged civil population by providing a relatively satisfactory living standard and avoiding any overt reprisals like was the case in the 1950s. His regime was not a complete return to the heavy-handed Stalinism that had prevailed during the first 20 years of Communist rule in the country. At the same time, the people's rights were somewhat more restricted than was the case in János Kádár's Hungary and Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslavia. Indeed, on the cultural level, the level of repression approached that seen in Erich Honecker's East Germany and even Nicolae Ceauşescu's Romania. There was a campaign of repression by the secret police (StB) targeting dissidents represented later by Charter 77 as well as hundreds of unknown individuals who happened to be targets of the StB's pre-emptive strikes. The repression intensified over the years as Husák grew more conservative.

Starting in the early 1970s, Husák allowed those who had been purged in the aftermath of Prague Spring to rejoin the party. However, they were required to publicly distance themselves from their past support for reform.

The latter part of Husák's tenure saw a struggle within the Politburo over whether to adopt Gorbachev-style reforms. While the hardliners, led by Vasiľ Biľak, were vehemently opposed to glasnost and perestroika, moderates led by Prime Minister Lubomir Strougal strongly favoured reform. Husák himself stayed neutral until April 1987, when he announced a somewhat half-hearted reform program scheduled to start in 1991.

Later that year, however, Husák yielded his post as general secretary to Miloš Jakeš in response to a desire for younger leaders (Jakeš and Ladislav Adamec) to share in power.

On 24 November 1989, the entire Presidum of the Communist Party, including Husák, resigned in the wake of the Velvet Revolution. The party officially abandoned power four days later, when the legislature deleted the portions of the Constitution that codified the party's "leading role." On 10 December, Husák swore in a new government. Although it was headed by communist Marián Čalfa, it had a non-communist majority—the first in 41 years that was not dominated by communists and/or fellow travelers. He resigned later that day, just hours after presiding over the formal end of the regime he had largely created. In an attempt to rehabilitate its image ahead of the first free elections in 44 years, the Communist Party expelled him in February 1990.

He died on 18 November 1991, at the age of 78, and was buried at the Dúbravka cemetery.

Legacy

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Gustáv Husák and Ceaușescu at the Pitești Car Factory, June 1977

There is still some question about Husák's moral culpability for the last two decades of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. After its collapse, Husák kept saying that he was just trying to diminish the aftermath of the Soviet invasion and had to constantly resist pressure from hard line Stalinists in the party such as Biľak, Alois Indra and the like. In the early 1970s, he personally pushed for an early withdrawal of the Soviet troops from Czechoslovak territory, which did not happen until 1991; this may be ascribed to his pragmatic attempts to ease the situation and to give an impression that things were leaning toward "normality".

However, there are many ways in which he personally contributed to the Communist government's longevity and policies. As the General Secretary of the Party, he was the nominal leader of the repressive state apparatus. There are many documented cases of appeals from politically persecuted persons, but almost none of them was given Husák's attention. As the overall decay of Czechoslovak society was becoming more and more obvious in the 1980s, Husák became a politically impotent puppet of events.

Gustáv Husák was awarded the title Hero of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic three times, in 1969, 1973, and 1982. In 1983 he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Velvet revolution in 1989

Husák allegedly confessed to a Catholic priest before his death, having previously been an atheist. On his deathbed in 1991, Husák received the sacrament of reconciliation from a Catholic archbishop, Ján Sokol. Author Michal Macháček has argued that the story of the confession is false, and the product of Catholic propaganda.

Awards and honors

Functions

Communist Party of Czechoslovakia/KSČ (prohibited 1938, dissolved 1939–1945)

  • 1933-1938/1939 and 1989 (December)-(February) 1990: common member
  • spring 1945: member of its Provisional Central Committee (established in the parts of Czechoslovakia liberated by the Red Army)
  • 1949-1951 and 1968 (31 August)-1989: member of its Central Committee
  • 1968 (31 August)-1989 (24 November): member of its Presidium
  • 1969 (April) -1987 (December): one of its secretaries
  • 1969 (April)-1987: party leader (First Secretary, since 1971 Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia)
  • 1987 (17 December): resigned as party leader (replaced by Miloš Jakeš)

Communist Party of Slovakia/KSS (illegal 1939–1944/1945)

  • 1939-1945: one of its leaders
  • 1943-1944: member of its 5th illegal Central Committee
  • 1944-1950 and 1968–1971: member of its Central Committee and (except for 1970–1971) member of its Presidium and (except for 1944–1948) one of its secretaries
  • 1944-1945: vice-chairman
  • 1968 (28 August)-1969: party leader ("first secretary")

Slovak National Council (Slovenská národná rada) (during World War II a resistance parliament-government, since 1968 the Slovak parliament)

  • 1943-1944: one of its main organizers
  • 1944-1950 and 1968 (December)-1971: its deputy
  • 1944-1950: member of its Presidium
  • 1944-1945: vice-chairman

Council of Commissioners (Zbor povereníkov) (a quasi government responsible for Slovakia)

  • 1944-1945: Commissioner of the Interior
  • 1945-1946: Commissioner of Transport and Technology in Slovakia
  • 1946-1950: President of the Council of Commissioners, in which he contributed to the suppression of the influential Democratic Party of Slovakia by the Communists (1947–1948)
  • 1948-1950: Commissioner of Agriculture and Land Reform in Slovakia
  • 1949-1950: Commissioner of Alimentation in Slovakia

Czechoslovak Parliament (called National Assembly and since 1968 Federal Assembly)

  • 1945-1951 and 1968–1975: deputy
  • 1969-1975: member of its Presidium

Czechoslovak government

  • 1968 (April–December): a vice-premier of the Prague Spring Czechoslovak government

President of Czechoslovakia

  • 1975-1989: President of Czechoslovakia
  • 1989 (10 December): resigned as the President of Czechoslovakia within the Velvet Revolution

Other important data

  • 1929–1932: member of the Communist Youth Union (prohibited in 1932)
  • 1933–1937: studies at the law faculty of the Comenius University in Bratislava,
  • 1938 received a title Dr. (of law) and started to work as a lawyer in Bratislava
  • 1936–1938: member of the Slovak Youth Union (1936 founder and secretary)
  • 1937–1938 vice-president of the Slovak Students Union and secretary of the Association for the Economic and Cultural Cooperation with the Soviet Union
  • 1940–1944: four times shortly jailed by the government of Jozef Tiso for illegal Communist activities
  • 1943–1944: member of the 5th illegal KSS Central Committee, one of the main organizers of the anti-Nazi Slovak National Uprising (1944) and of its leading body, the Slovak National Council
  • late 1944–February 1945: he fled to Moscow after the defeat of the Slovak National Uprising
  • 1950: charged with "bourgeois nationalism" with respect to Slovakia (see History of Czechoslovakia)
  • 1951: arrested
  • 1954: sentenced to life imprisonment
  • 1954–1960: imprisoned
  • 1960: conditionally released through an amnesty
  • 1963: his conviction was overturned and his party membership restored and he was rehabilitated
  • 1963–1968: scientific employee of the State and Law Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
  • 1969 (April)–1987 (December): chief commander of the Popular Militia
  • 1971 (January)–1987 (December): president and member of the Presidium of the National Front Central Committee

See also

References

  1. Saxon, Wolfgang (19 November 1991). "Gustav Husak, Czechoslovak Leader, Dies at 78". The New York Times.
  2. "Husák". dictionary.com.
  3. "Husák". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  4. (in Russian) Biography at the website on Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia
  5. "When Christianity becomes a crime". Catholic Herald. 9 June 2016.
  6. "Former Soviet boss Gorbachev denies conversion to Christianity". 4 April 2008.
  7. "EX-CZECH LEADER GUSTAV HUSAK DIES – The Washington Post". The Washington Post.
  8. Fresh Services, s r o. "Gustáv Husák | iVyšehrad.cz". www.ivysehrad.cz. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  9. "ОДЛИКОВАЊЕ ХУСАКУ". Borba. 66 (265): 4. 22 September 1987.

Literature

  • MACHÁČEK, Michal. Gustáv Husák. Prague : Vyšehrad 2017, 632 pp. ISBN 978-80-7429-388-7.
  • MACHÁČEK, Michal. The Strange Unity. Gustáv Husák and Power and Political Fights Inside the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia as Exemplified by Presidency Issue (1969–1975), in: Czech Journal of Contemporary History, 2016, vol. 4, 104–128 pp. .

External links

Speeches and Writings, a publication from 1986.

Political offices
Preceded byLudvík Svoboda President of Czechoslovakia
29 May 1975 – 10 December 1989 		Succeeded byVáclav Havel
Party political offices
Preceded byAlexander Dubček First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
17 April 1969 – 17 December 1987 		Succeeded byMiloš Jakeš
Gustáv Husák
World War II
Gustáv Husák
Gustáv Husák
Post War Period
President
See also
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the KSČ
Presidents of Czechoslovakia
First Czechoslovak Republic
Second Czechoslovak Republic
German occupation
Protectorate
First Slovak Republic
Government-in-exile
Third Czechoslovak Republic
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
Elections
Leaders of the ruling Communist parties of the Eastern Bloc
Party of Labour of Albania
Bulgarian Communist Party
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Hungarian Working People's Party
Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
Polish Workers' Party
Polish United Workers' Party
Romanian Communist Party
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
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