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== Listing of naval units, U.S./Coalition forces, Gulf War, January - February 1991 ==
The '''Structure of the Soviet Ground Forces''' evolved from the early loose groupings and ] of the Bolsheviks, through an increasingly formalised military system through the ], to a regular army in the 1920s. Not fully prepared for the German onslaught of 1941, due to Stalin's purges of the officer corps and some remaining military conservatism,<ref>Marshal ] and his horses - need ref</ref> amongst other factors, by the end of the ] (the 'Great Patriotic War' to the Soviet population) the Red Army had become the most formidable land force on Earth.<ref>This is a judgement which will need sourcing and maybe changing, but will do for now.</ref>
{{See also|Organization of United States Naval Aviation Units in the Gulf War}}
This is the order of battle for the naval campaign in the ] between ] between 17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991.


* ''']''' (NAVCENT) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Order of Battle for CENTCOM Naval Forces|url=http://www.tim-thompson.com/gwobnavy.html|access-date=2021-06-12|website=www.tim-thompson.com}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Desert Storm|url=http://www.tim-thompson.com/desert-storm.html|access-date=2021-06-12|website=www.tim-thompson.com}}</ref>
The ] was renamed the Soviet Army just after victory. The 500+ rifle divisions that had shed so much blood on the Eastern Front were quickly reduced in number, and the multibrigade tank corps and mechanised corps that had provided the main striking punch were converted to a divisional structure. Cavalry formations were converted into further mechanised divisions, and additional combat support arms added and expanded. The mass, mobilisable, characteristic remained, with the Soviet Ground Forces developing several different tiers of readiness states (A B V etc). During the Cold War the Ground Forces were X, Y, Z in strucural terms.. incl ]'s cutbacks (cite numbers as precisely as possible)- ref needed.
**{{Flagicon|United States of America}} ]/forces in Persian Gulf
***]: ] and ]
***]: ] and ]
*** ]: ] and ]
*** ]
*** ]: ], ], ], ], ], and ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]: ] and ]
***]
**{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''United States Submarine Forces''' (in the Red Sea)<ref> ''US Navy''.</ref><!-- Information from the page: Coalition of the Gulf War -->
***]: ], ], and ]
**{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''Task Force 156, Amphibious Force'''(Pokrant 1999 for title)
***]: ] – flagship, ]<ref>{{cite web|last=McMillan|first=Jon|date=5 March 2003|title='Harrier Carrier' On Station, Ready for Call to Action|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2003/03/mil-030305-nns01.htm|access-date=27 October 2015|website=GlobalSecurity.org}}</ref>
***{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''United States Amphibious Group Alpha''' (Amphibious Squadron 5)
****Headquarters, Battalion Landing Team 1st Battalion, ]
****Marine Composite Helicopter Squadron 164
****Service Support Group 13
****]
****]
****]
****]
****]
****]<ref>Brown, pp. 11–12</ref>
*****'''Ground Element'''
******1st Battalion, ]
******3 Platoon, A Company, ]
******Detachment 13, ]
******1 Platoon, A Company, ]
******B Battery, 1st Battalion, ]
******1 Platoon, A Company, ]
*****'''Aviation Element''' (4 x ]) – all below have detachments from those units listed
******Marine Corps Air Station Tustin Contingent, ]
*******] (12 x ])
*******] (4 x ])
*******]
*******]
*******Marine Air Traffic Control Squadron 38
******Camp Pendleton Contingent, ]
*******Marine Light Attack Squadron 267 (4 x ])
*******]
*******]
*******] (5 x ])
*****'''Service Support Group 13''' – all below have detachments from those units listed
***{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''United States Amphibious Group Bravo'''
****''']''' (4th MEB)<ref>Brown, pp. 20–26</ref>
*****'''Communications Section'''
******Detachment, ]
******Team detachments from the Marine All-source Fusion Center
******5th Counterintelligence Team
*****Detachment, 2nd Intelligence Company
*****2nd Force Imagery Interpretation Unit
*****Detachment, ]
*****2nd Remotely Piloted Vehicle Company
*****2nd Topographic Platoon
*****]
******Headquarters Company
******A Company, ]
******Companies B & D, ]
******A Company, ] (22 x ])
******1st Battalion, ]
******3rd Battalion, ]
******1st Battalion, ] (reinforced) (18 x ])
******A Company, ]
******A Company, ]
******Truck Company Detachment, ], ]
*****'''Brigade Service Support Group 4'''
******Headquarters Battalion, ]
******]
******]
******8th Motor Transport Battalion
******]
******]
******]
******]
******]
******2nd Military Police Company
*****''']'''
******Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron 28
******]
******]
******] (20 x ]) – embarked on the USS Nassau
******] (15 x ] and 6 x ])
******] (12 x ])
******] (12 x Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight)
******] (16 x ])
******A Battery, ]
******]
******Marine Wing Service Support Squadron 274
******Detachment B, ]
****{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''Amphibious Ready Group 3'''
*****{{Flagicon|United States of America}} ], commanded by ] Peter J. Rowe (reporting directly to HQ, NAVCENT)<ref>Quilter, p. 10</ref> – contained the highest percentage of reserve units (except the ])<ref>Quilter, p. 65</ref> – ground later detached to ] (afloat)<ref group="Note">This force remained afloat off the Kuwaiti cost throughout most of operation Desert Storm; used primarily as a feint to pin down Iraqi forces along the coast, but the real option of an amphibious assault remained open until the rapid collapse of Iraqi ground forces became clear.</ref><ref>Quilter, p. 65</ref>
]
]


=== Task Force 155, Battle Force Yankee ===
==Historical Overview==
Battle Force Yankee included two carriers, including ''Saratoga,'' in the Red Sea under Rear Admiral Riley Mixson, Commander, ]/Task Force 155).<ref>Pokrant 1999.</ref>
The Soviet ground forces' structural evolution fell into five separate periods:<ref>Виталий Феськов © 2008 Военно-исторический журнал "Военный Рубеж," , Part I of the paper</ref>
:formative (1925 - 1936, the legacy of the Imperial Russian Army and the First World War experience that created the Soviet Union, the Civil War, and war with Poland),
:combat (1936 - 1946) - the war only finished with consolidation in Asia (China and Korea)
:transformative (1947 - 1961) - the 1957 reorganisation was prompted by several issues such as end of Stalin's period, realisation on the effects of radioactivity on tank crews, and results of the war in Korea. The real turning point in development of the Soviet Ground Forces can only be judged by the developments in the largest of its parts, infantry, and that came with the development of the BMP-1
:consolidating (1962 - 1984) - this period was largely the consolidation of all the doctrinal and technological developments of the early 60s into what the ] found so threatening
:final (1985 - 1991) - accession of M.S. Gorbachev, adoption of defensive doctrine, rise in avoidance of conscription, finally dissolution of the USSR.


* {{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''Battle Force Yankee'''<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=USS John F. Kennedy (CV 67) Operation Desert Shield / Desert Storm Cruise Book 1990-91 - The Cruise|url=https://www.navysite.de/cruisebooks/cv67-91/034.htm|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.navysite.de}}</ref>
Feskov, because of his focus upon the postwar period, divided the 1945-91 period into four itself:{{cn}}
**{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''Kennedy Battle Group''' (Task Group 155.?)
:1st period June 1945 to May 1957 - reflects the political break
***]
:2nd period June 1957 to December 1964 - Feskov argues that the period lasted towards the increase in the numbers of motor-rifle troops and the introduction of BMP-1
*** ]: ] and ]
:3rd period January 1965 to December 1985
*** ]
:4th period January 1986 to December 1991
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
***{{Flagicon|United States of America}} ''']<ref name=":15" />'''
****] (])
****] (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
****] (])
****] (LTV A-7 Corsair II)
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
**{{Flagicon|United States of America}} ''']/Task Group 155.?'''
***] – flagship
***]
***]
*** ]
***]
*** ]: ] and ]
***{{Flagicon|United States of America}} ''']'''<ref group="Note">All U.S. Navy squadrons were assigned to Carrier Air Wing 17 (CVW-17) aboard the aircraft carrier USS ''Saratoga'' (CV-60) for a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea from 7 August 1990 to 28 March 1991.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1990–1999|url=http://public1.nhhcaws.local/browse-by-topic/communities/naval-aviation0/1990-1999.html|access-date=2021-06-13|website=public1.nhhcaws.local|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CVW-17(AA)|url=http://www.gonavy.jp/CVW-AAf.html|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.gonavy.jp}}</ref>
****] (])
****] (])
****] (McDonnel Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
****] (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])


] (top right), '']'' (top left), ] (bottom left) and ] (bottom right), as part of Battle Force Zulu in the Persian Gulf. Midway was the flagship of ].]]
For Historical section, I'd like to suggest combining the event narrative with doctrinal development, and not just another "List of..." type section. This means actual writing-in of the lessons and mistakes that resulted from, or contributed to development of the Ground Forces
]


=== Battle Force Zulu / TF 154 / Arabian Gulf Battle Force ===
==Higher direction - Ministry of Defence ==
].]]
After 1945, the Ground Forces were one of the five armed services of the ], responsible to the Soviet Ministry of Defence. The Ground Forces' Main Command (headquarters) was abolished three times beginning in 1946 when it was first established.<ref>Austin & Muraviev, The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia, Tauris, p.261</ref>
* ] / ] Battle Group
**'''Carrier Group Midway'''
***] – Flagship of Battle Force Zulu
*** ]: ] and ]
*** ]: ] and ]
*** ]s: ] and ]
***''']'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=CVW-5(NF)/CV-41|url=http://www.gonavy.jp/CVW-NF2f.html|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.gonavy.jp}}</ref>
****] (])
****] (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
****] (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
****] (])
****] (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (]) – Detachment A till February 10, then Detachment B from then, on-board USS Bunker Hill
**'''United States Carrier Group Ranger<ref name=":0" />'''
***]
*** ]: ] and ]
*** ]: ] and ]
*** ]
***]
*** ]
***''']'''<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=CVW-2(NE)|url=http://www.gonavy.jp/CVW-NEf.html|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.gonavy.jp}}</ref> – in 'Gruman Air Wing' format
****] (])
****] (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
****] (])
****] (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****Detachment 61, ] (])
****Detachment, ] (Grumman C-2 Greyhound)
**{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''United States Carrier Group Roosevelt<ref name=":0" />''' – in the Persian Gulf (later Red Sea)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/archives/command-operations-reports/aviation-commands/vfa-strike-fighter-squadrons/vfa-15.html|title=VFA-15 Command History (1991)|publisher=VFA-15, United States Navy|year=1992}}</ref>
***]
***]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
***{{Flagicon|United States of America}} ''']<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=CVW-8(AJ)|url=http://www.gonavy.jp/CVW-AJf.html|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.gonavy.jp}}</ref>'''
****] (])
****] (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
****] (])
****] (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
****] (])
****] (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****Detachment D, ] (])


== Naval Forces Central Command (*master*) ==
===Strategy and doctrine===
{{See also|Organization of United States Naval Aviation Units in the Gulf War}}
Sections that reflects the purpose for which the Soviet Ground Forces were developed and
]
] reported to ].


After arrival in-theatre in late 1990, Admiral Mauz "retained the ], designated CTG 150.1 , for most warfighting functions inside the Persian Gulf. Under this hat, Rear Admiral Fogarty would control only the half-dozen ships or so of the Middle East Force, augmented by the battleship ''Wisconsin'' when it arrived. Under a second hat, CTG 150.2, Fogarty would be the commander of the U.S. Maritime Interception Force. For this job, his authority would extend outside the Persian Gulf to ships operating in the North Arabian Sea and Red Sea, but only for interception operations."{{sfn|Pokrant|1999|p=20}} The CVBGs in the North Arabian Sea and Red Sea were designated Task Groups 150.4 and 150.5 respectively; the Amphibious and Landing Forces were CTG 150.6 and CTG 150.8 (Major General Jenkins). Rear Admiral Stephen S. Clarey was Commander U.S. Maritime Prepositioning Force, Task Group 150.7, which was disestablished on 12 September 1990.{{sfn|Pokrant|1999|p=21}}<ref>Shield and Sword: The United States Navy and the Persian Gulf War
Impact of strategy
By Edward J. Marolda, Robert John Schneller, p.84.</ref>


{{USS|Dwight D. Eisenhower|CVN-69}} transited from the Mediterranean/Suez Canal into the Red Sea on 8 August 1990 with {{USS|Ticonderoga}}, {{USS|John L. Hall}}, {{USS|Suribachi|AE-21}} and {{USNS|Neosho|T-AO-143}}, the last two underway replenishment ships (CH-90, pp13-14).<ref>{{Cite web|title=CVN-69 USS Dwight D. Eisenhower|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/archives/Collections/command-operations-reports/ships/d/dwight-d-eisenhower-cvn-69-i.html|access-date=2021-12-22|website=www.historycentral.com}}</ref> On 23-24 August, the Red Sea Battle Group was turned over to the {{USS|Saratoga}} group, and 'Eisenhower' and 'Ticonderoga' left Sixth Fleet on 3 September.
Role of the doctrine
From 1 January 1991, the six carriers deployed were divided into Battle Force Yankee (two carriers, including ''Saratoga,'' in the Red Sea under Rear Admiral Riley Mixson, Commander, ]/Task Force 155) and ], Battle Force Zulu (four carriers in the Arabian Sea/Persian Gulf under Rear Admiral Daniel P. March, Commander, ]). TF 150 was Vice Admiral ] himself, TF 151 the Middle East Force, now including {{USS|Bunker Hill|CG-52|6}}, TG 150.3 Naval Logistics Support Force (Rear Admiral Bob Sutton), and TF 156 the amphibious force.{{sfn|Pokrant|1999}} ''Conduct of the Persian Gulf War'' Fig VII-3, lists the PG, Red Sea, and Middle East Forces; the Amphibious Force, the Logistics Support Force, at some points, the Mediterranean Strike Group, and NAVCENT Rep Riyadh.


On 15 February, France placed one frigate, ],<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=La Marine dans la Guerre du Golfe|url=http://www.netmarine.net/g/dossiers/golfe/|access-date=2021-06-13|website=www.netmarine.net}}</ref> under U.S. operational control to escort Coalition combat logistics ships, but it was not authorised to take part in offensive operations.<ref>Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, 262.</ref>
Command structure


** Commander, Naval Forces Central Command: ] ], CTF 150, {{USS|Blue Ridge|LCC-19}}
Leaders and followers


=== ], Task Force 150.1, Rear Admiral William M. Fogarty ===
Ranks
<ref>https://www.usni.org/archives/memoirs/storm-sea-rear-admiral-william-m-fogarty</ref> {{USS|La Salle|AGF-3}}
*]s: ] and ]
* ]s: ] and ]
* {{USS|David R. Ray|DD-971}}
* ]: ], ], ], ], ], and ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]: ] and ]
* ]
* On 16 January 1991, {{USNS|Comfort|T-AH-20}} and {{USNS|Mercy|T-AH-19}} were within the Persian Gulf.{{sfn|Pokrant|1999|p=3}} Their exact task force assignment is not clear from Pokrant 1999.
** (Australian) Task Group Medical Support Element 2 (onboard USNS Comfort)
*Commander U.S. Maritime Interception Force, CTF 152, Rear Admiral Fogarty, ''La Salle''{{sfn|Morin|Gimblett|1997|p=185}}
**Netherlands, Danish, Norwegian, Spanish, Belgian, Italy, Argentine, Greek MIF tasking/ships
**U.S., UK, Australian, Canadian (CTG 302.2), French MIF tasking/ships


===Role of SGF within the Services=== === Task Force 156, Amphibious Force ===
*]: ] – flagship, ]<ref>{{cite web|last=McMillan|first=Jon|date=5 March 2003|title='Harrier Carrier' On Station, Ready for Call to Action|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2003/03/mil-030305-nns01.htm|access-date=27 October 2015|website=GlobalSecurity.org}}</ref>
Structure
***'''United States Persian Gulf Amphibious Group<ref name=":0" />'''
****]
**** ]
**** ]
**** ]: ] and ]
***'''United States Amphibious Group Alpha''' (Amphibious Squadron 5)
****Headquarters, Battalion Landing Team 1st Battalion, ]
****Marine Composite Helicopter Squadron 164
****Service Support Group 13
****]
****]
****]
****]
****]
****]<ref>Brown, pp. 11–12</ref>
*****'''Ground Element'''
******1st Battalion, ]
******3 Platoon, A Company, ]
******Detachment 13, ]
******1 Platoon, A Company, ]
******B Battery, 1st Battalion, ]
******1 Platoon, A Company, ]
*****'''Aviation Element''' (4 x ]) – all below have detachments from those units listed
******Marine Corps Air Station Tustin Contingent, ]
*******] (12 x ])
*******] (4 x ])
*******]
*******]
*******Marine Air Traffic Control Squadron 38
******Camp Pendleton Contingent, ]
*******Marine Light Attack Squadron 267 (4 x ])
*******]
*******]
*******] (5 x ])
*****'''Service Support Group 13''' – all below have detachments from those units listed
******Headquarters and Service Battalion
******]
******]
******]
******]
******]
******]
******]
******]
***{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''United States Amphibious Group Bravo'''
****''']''' (4th MEB)<ref>Brown, pp. 20–26</ref>
*****'''Communications Section'''
******Detachment, ]
******Team detachments from the Marine All-source Fusion Center
******5th Counterintelligence Team
*****Detachment, 2nd Intelligence Company
*****2nd Force Imagery Interpretation Unit
*****Detachment, ]
*****2nd Remotely Piloted Vehicle Company
*****2nd Topographic Platoon
*****]
******Headquarters Company
******A Company, ]
******Companies B & D, ]
******A Company, ] (22 x ])
******1st Battalion, ]
******3rd Battalion, ]
******1st Battalion, ] (reinforced) (18 x ])
******A Company, ]
******A Company, ]
******Truck Company Detachment, ], ]
*****'''Brigade Service Support Group 4'''
******Headquarters Battalion, ]
******]
******]
******8th Motor Transport Battalion
******]
******]
******]
******]
******]
******2nd Military Police Company
*****''']'''
******Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron 28
******]
******]
******] (20 x ]) – embarked on the USS Nassau
******] (15 x ] and 6 x ])
******] (12 x ])
******] (12 x Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight)
******] (16 x ])
******A Battery, ]
******]
******Marine Wing Service Support Squadron 274
******Detachment B, ]
****{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''Amphibious Ready Group 3'''
*****{{Flagicon|United States of America}} ], commanded by ] Peter J. Rowe (reporting directly to HQ, NAVCENT)<ref>Quilter, p. 10</ref> – contained the highest percentage of reserve units (except the ])<ref>Quilter, p. 65</ref> – ground later detached to ] (afloat)<ref>This force remained afloat off the Kuwaiti cost throughout most of operation Desert Storm; used primarily as a feint to pin down Iraqi forces along the coast, but the real option of an amphibious assault remained open until the rapid collapse of Iraqi ground forces became clear. Quilter, p. 65</ref>
]
]


=== Task Force 155, Battle Force Yankee ===
Ground Forces
Battle Force Yankee included two carriers, including ''Saratoga,'' in the Red Sea under Rear Admiral Riley Mixson, Commander, ]/Task Force 155).<ref>Pokrant 1999.</ref>


*{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''United States Submarine Forces''' (in the Red Sea)<ref> ''US Navy''.</ref><!-- Information from the page: Coalition of the Gulf War -->
The Navy
**]: ], ], and ]
* {{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''Battle Force Yankee'''<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=USS John F. Kennedy (CV 67) Operation Desert Shield / Desert Storm Cruise Book 1990-91 - The Cruise|url=https://www.navysite.de/cruisebooks/cv67-91/034.htm|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.navysite.de}}</ref>
**{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''Kennedy Battle Group''' (Task Group 155.?)
***]
*** ]: ] and ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
***{{Flagicon|United States of America}} ''']<ref name=":15" />'''
****] (])
****] (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
****] (])
****] (LTV A-7 Corsair II)
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
**{{Flagicon|United States of America}} ''']/Task Group 155.?'''
***] – flagship
***]
***]
*** ]
***]
*** ]: ] and ]
***{{Flagicon|United States of America}} ''']'''<ref group="Note">All U.S. Navy squadrons were assigned to Carrier Air Wing 17 (CVW-17) aboard the aircraft carrier USS ''Saratoga'' (CV-60) for a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea from 7 August 1990 to 28 March 1991.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1990–1999|url=http://public1.nhhcaws.local/browse-by-topic/communities/naval-aviation0/1990-1999.html|access-date=2021-06-13|website=public1.nhhcaws.local|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CVW-17(AA)|url=http://www.gonavy.jp/CVW-AAf.html|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.gonavy.jp}}</ref>
****] (])
****] (])
****] (McDonnel Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
****] (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])


]
Air Forces


=== Task Force 154, Battle Force Zulu ===
PVO troops
].]]
* ''']'''
** ]<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.history.navy.mil/research/archives/Collections/command-operations-reports/ships/h/halyburton-ffg-40-i/pdf/1991.pdf</ref>''' – in the Red Sea (later Persian Gulf)<ref>{{Cite web|title=USS America (CV 66) Operation Desert Storm Cruise Book 1991 - Operation Desert Storm|url=https://www.navysite.de/cruisebooks/cv66-91/090.htm|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.navysite.de}}</ref>
*** ]
*** {{USS|Normandy|CG-60}}
*** ]
*** ]: ] and ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
**'''United States Carrier Group Midway'''
***] – Flagship of Battle Force Zulu
*** ]s: ] and ]
*** ]s: ] and ]
*** ]: ] and ]
***''']'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=CVW-5(NF)/CV-41|url=http://www.gonavy.jp/CVW-NF2f.html|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.gonavy.jp}}</ref>
****Strike Fighter Squadron 151 (]) (])
****] (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
****] (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
****] (])
****] (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (]) – Detachment A till February 10, then Detachment B from then, on-board USS Bunker Hill
**{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''United States Carrier Group Ranger<ref name=":0" />'''
***]
*** ]: ] and ]
*** ]: ] and ]
*** ]
***]
*** ]
***''']'''<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=CVW-2(NE)|url=http://www.gonavy.jp/CVW-NEf.html|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.gonavy.jp}}</ref> – in 'Gruman Air Wing' format
****] (])
****] (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
****] (])
****] (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****Detachment 61, ] (])
****Detachment, ] (Grumman C-2 Greyhound)
**{{Flagicon|United States of America}} '''United States Carrier Group Roosevelt<ref name=":0" />''' – in the Persian Gulf (later Red Sea)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/archives/command-operations-reports/aviation-commands/vfa-strike-fighter-squadrons/vfa-15.html|title=VFA-15 Command History (1991)|publisher=VFA-15, United States Navy|year=1992}}</ref>
***]
***]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
***{{Flagicon|United States of America}} ''']<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=CVW-8(AJ)|url=http://www.gonavy.jp/CVW-AJf.html|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.gonavy.jp}}</ref>'''
****] (])
****] (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
****] (])
****] (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
****] (])
****] (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****] (])
****Detachment D, ] (])


Strategic Rocket Forces === Coalition Naval Forces ===


* {{Flagicon|Canada}} '''Task Group 302.2, ]'''{{sfn|Morin|Gimblett|1997|p=185}}
==Administrative organisation==
** ]<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Veterans Affairs|date=2020-02-24|title=Gulf War - Canadian Armed Forces - History - Veterans Affairs Canada|url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/classroom/persian-gulf|access-date=2021-06-13|website=www.veterans.gc.ca}}</ref>
At the beginning of its existence, the Red Army functioned as a voluntary formation, without ranks or insignia. Democratic elections selected the officers. However, a decree of ], ] imposed obligatory military service for men of ages 18 to 40.<ref>Scott and Scott, 1979, p.5</ref> To service the massive draft, the Bolsheviks formed regional military commissariats (''voyennyy komissariat'', abbr. ''voyenkomat''), which today still exist in Russia in this function and under this name.
** ]
** ]
** ], ] (five ])
* {{Flagicon|Australia}} '''Task Group 627.4, ]'''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-31|title=First Gulf War, 1990–1991 {{!}} Australian War Memorial|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331003633/https://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/gulf.asp|access-date=2021-06-13|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> (]) – dual role of providing an anti-aircraft screen for the US carrier groups, and intercepting Iraqi motor vessels<!-- Information mostly taken from the Operation Damask wiki page here. -->
** Task Group Medical Support Element 2 (onboard USS Comfort)
** ]<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2012-03-31|title=First Gulf War, 1990–1991 {{!}} Australian War Memorial|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331003633/https://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/gulf.asp|access-date=2021-06-13|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
** ]<ref name=":11" />
*** 1 x each of ] and ] – from ], ]
** ]<ref name=":11" />
*** Detachment, 111 Light Battery, ]
** ]<ref name=":11" />
** Logistic Support Element, in ], ]
*** Logistic Support Detachment, ]
*** Logistic Support Detachment, ]


=== Royal Navy, east of Suez ===
In 1918, faced with a severe shortage of trained personnel, Trotsky decided to provide officers for the fledgling force by allowing former officers and NCOs of the army of ] to join.<ref>John Erickson, The Soviet High Command - A Military-Political History 1918–41, MacMillan, London, 1962, p.31–34</ref> The Bolshevik authorities set up a special commission chaired by Lev Glezarov, and by mid August 1920 had drafted about 48,000 ex-officers, 10,300 administration staff, and 214,000 ex-NCOs.<ref>N. Efimov, Grazhdanskaya Voina 1918–21 (The Civil War 1918–21), Second Volume, Moscow, c.1928, p.95, cited in Erickson, 1962, p.33</ref> Most held the position of ]. A number of prominent Soviet Army commanders had previously served as Imperial Russian generals.
]
]
]
During the Gulf Conflict, the Royal Navy "had a pivotal role in joint operations". ] helicopters were tasked with finding and destroying ] vessels. A large element of the Royal Navy undertook the coalition's mine hunting in the northern Gulf. In clearing the Gulf of mines, the Royal Navy minehunters enabled the ] ] and ] to sail into Kuwaiti waters, from where they would fire their 16-inch guns on Iraqi positions ashore. The Type 42 destroyers provided air defence for these vessels, notably when {{HMS| Gloucester}} was able to intercept a missile fired at ''Missouri''.<ref name=Moorhouse>{{Cite web|last=Moorhouse|first=Dan|date=2021-02-27|title=Operation Granby: The 1st Gulf War.|url=https://schoolshistory.org.uk/topics/operation-granby-the-1st-gulf-war/|access-date=2021-06-13|website=Schoolshistory.org.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> In total, the Fleet Air Arm destroy some 15 Iraqi patrol vessels, achieving a 93% hit rate, and accounting for <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> of all ships destroyed in the war.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=20 November 2008|title=Fleet Air Arm History: 1990's|url=https://www.fleetairarmoa.org/Content/sites/FAAOA/pages/178/20081120-cjj-final-decades90s.PDF|access-date=13 June 2021|website=Fleet Air Arm Officer's Association}}</ref>


Preliminary command arrangements for the ] detachment to be sent to the Gulf were made on 10 August 1990:
Military districts
<blockquote>"The Joint Commander of British forces in the Gulf (the AOC-in-C Strike Command) assumed operational command of the Nimrod detachment, while operational control was vested in the Air Commander British Forces Arabian Peninsular. Tactical command of the Nimrod detachment was exercised by the Detachment Commander, who reported to the Air Commander, but it was accepted that tactical control (TACON) might be delegated to the Royal Navy Task Group already deployed in the Gulf, Task Group 321.1 (under the Commander Task Group (CTG 321.1), the Senior Naval Officer Middle East."{{sfn|Review|2016|p=209}}</blockquote>


It appears that command of Task Force 321 was retained by the ] at ] in the northwest of London. On 29 November 1990 Commodore ] relieved Commodore Paul Haddocks as Senior Naval Officer Middle East.{{sfn|Review|2016|p=18}}
Groups of forces


*'''Commander Task Group 321.1/Senior Naval Officer Middle East''' (Commodore ] aboard {{HMS|London|F95}}{{sfn|Roberts|1999|p=211}})
Naval infantry and combined Services operations
** Naval Party 1036 (Field Hospital Enhancement Party)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Naval Party, Royal Navy, 1942-1991 by Ben Warlow|url=https://naval-history.net/xBW-RNNavalParties.htm|access-date=2021-06-13|website=naval-history.net}}</ref>, onboard RFA Argus<ref name=":4">{{Citation|title='ALL OF A SUDDEN It Became Very Real' - Naval Veteran Recalls First Gulf War|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSZl4G2oFOg|language=en|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref>
**Naval Party 1037 (Forward Diving Team)<ref name=":3" />
**Naval Party 1038 (Electronic Warfare Specialistis)<ref name=":3" />
**Naval Party 1039 (Preparation Sea King Helicopters for Gulf (under ]), based at ]<ref name=":3" />
**Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Cell<ref name=":5">The London Gazette, ''''. Westminster, London, United Kingdom. Retrieved 13 June 2021</ref>
**]: ]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-01|title=RAF - British Forces involved in Operation Granby|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201133842/https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/BritishForcesinvolvedinOperationGranby.cfm|access-date=2021-06-13|website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947-2013|url=https://naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1947-2013.htm#5|access-date=2021-06-12|website=naval-history.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Explainer: The Royal Navy’s role in the Persian Gulf|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/features/explainer-the-royal-navys-role-in-the-persian-gulf/|access-date=2021-06-13|website=www.naval-technology.com|language=en-GB}}</ref>
**]: ]
**]:<ref name=":6">Sturtivant, p. 413</ref> ], ], ]<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=British Minehunters First To Hit Gulf Waters In Military Buildup With AM-Gulf Rdp, Bjt|url=https://apnews.com/article/d7e304a5b5a5c69b323c1fe73c901e96|access-date=2021-06-13|website=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref name=":5" />, ]<ref name=":7" /> and ]<ref name=Moorhouse />
**]: ]<ref name=":5" />, ], and ]
**]: ] and ] – both landed special forces<ref name="RichardsSmith114">{{cite journal|last=Richards|first=Bill|author2=Smith, Peter|date=December 2006|title=Onslow's Jolly Roger|journal=Signals|publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum|issue=77|page=11|issn=1033-4688}}</ref>
**]:<ref name=":7" />
***]
***]
***] – medical reception ship role<ref name=":4" />
***]
***]
***]: ] and ]
***]: ], ], ], and ]
**'''Mine Countermeasures ships'''<ref name=":2" />
****]: ] and ] – squadron flagship(s)
****]: ], ], ]<ref name=":7" />, ], ], ], ]<ref name=":7" />, and ]<ref name=":7" />
**''']'''<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Op Granby {{!}} Gulf-war {{!}} Britain's Small Wars|url=http://britains-smallwars.com/campaigns/gulfwar/page.php?art_url=op-granby|access-date=2021-06-13|website=britains-smallwars.com|language=en}}</ref>
***] (]) – deployed on the destroyers
***] (6 x Westland Sea King HC.4) – available for Medevac to RFA Argus if needed<ref name=Moorhouse />
***Several Flights from ] (30 x Westland Lynx )<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-10-15|title=History : 829 : Naval Air Squadrons : Fleet Air Arm : Operations and Support : Royal Navy|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015000421/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.2146|access-date=2021-06-13|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
**Elements, ], Royal Marines<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Royal Marines - Operations {{!}} History|url=https://www.eliteukforces.info/royal-marines/operations/|access-date=2021-06-13|website=www.eliteukforces.info}}</ref><ref name="RichardsSmith112">{{cite journal|last=Richards|first=Bill|author2=Smith, Peter|date=December 2006|title=Onslow's Jolly Roger|journal=Signals|publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum|issue=77|page=11|issn=1033-4688}}</ref>
**]<ref name=":4" />


Ashore supporting the ] was the Support Helicopter Force Middle East, which included a composite Royal Marine ] made up of six aircraft each from ] and ], totalling 12.<ref>Johann Price, </ref>
Air Defence districts


==== Royal Navy ====
Border guards and MVD troops
*]:<ref name=":6">Sturtivant, p. 413</ref> ], ], ]<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=British Minehunters First To Hit Gulf Waters In Military Buildup With AM-Gulf Rdp, Bjt|url=https://apnews.com/article/d7e304a5b5a5c69b323c1fe73c901e96|access-date=2021-06-13|website=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref name=":5" />, ]<ref name=":7" /> and ]<ref name=":1" />
*]: ]<ref name=":5" />, ], and ]
*]: ], ], ], and ]
*]<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Op Granby {{!}} Gulf-war {{!}} Britain's Small Wars|url=http://britains-smallwars.com/campaigns/gulfwar/page.php?art_url=op-granby|access-date=2021-06-13|website=britains-smallwars.com|language=en}}</ref>
**] (]) – deployed on the destroyers
**] (6 x Westland Sea King HC.4) – available for Medevac to RFA Argus if needed<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moorhouse|first=Dan|date=2021-02-27|title=Operation Granby: The 1st Gulf War.|url=https://schoolshistory.org.uk/topics/operation-granby-the-1st-gulf-war/|access-date=2021-06-13|website=Schoolshistory.org.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref>
**Several Flights from ] (30 x Westland Lynx )<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-10-15|title=History : 829 : Naval Air Squadrons : Fleet Air Arm : Operations and Support : Royal Navy|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015000421/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.2146|access-date=2021-06-13|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
*Sources:<ref name=":0" />'''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947-2013|url=https://naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1947-2013.htm#5|access-date=2021-06-12|website=naval-history.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-01|title=RAF - British Forces involved in Operation Granby|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201133842/https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/BritishForcesinvolvedinOperationGranby.cfm|access-date=2021-06-13|website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Explainer: The Royal Navy’s role in the Persian Gulf|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/features/explainer-the-royal-navys-role-in-the-persian-gulf/|access-date=2021-06-13|website=www.naval-technology.com|language=en-GB}}</ref>


=== Western European Naval Force ===
===Administrative Structure===
In September 1990, at one of the early coordinating meetings for the maritime interception operation, French and Italian representatives asked for a separate role for the naval units of the ] (WEU) states. The WEU states were therefore assigned a separate operating area off the United Arab Emirates.<ref>"Shield and Sword," 86-87.</ref> The WEU decided to place their ships under the operational command of the French ''Amiral Ocean Indien'' (]).<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=The Operation Southern Breeze|url=http://www.wielingen1991.org/en/mission_/the_operation.htm|access-date=2021-06-13|website=www.wielingen1991.org}}</ref>
Administratively, the Red Army can be divided into its headquarters departments - the various parts of the General Staff - the units assigned directly to headquarters (technology developmental Directorates, mobilisation management personnel, budgets, test centres etc), the academies and training establishments, the staffs, and the various fighting arms and support services. The Red Army used administrative departments (called Directorates) to develop, train and equip the many combat Arms of Service troops and their Service Corps support echelons.
:] & HQ directorates
:] included the ], the ], other military schools, and many others
:]


* {{Flagicon|France}} '''Admiral Indian Ocean (ALINDIEN)'''
The Tyl (rear services)
** {{Flagicon|France}}{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Belgium}}{{Flagicon|Kingdom of the Netherlands}} '''WEU Combined Mine Countermeasures Flotilla'''
*** {{Flagicon|France}} French Element
**** Mine Countermeasures Support Vessel: ]
**** ]: ], ], ], Pegase, Pluton, and ]
*** {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Belgium}} Belgian Element
**** Minehunters: ]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZINNIA mine countermeasures support ship (1967)|url=https://www.navypedia.org/ships/belgium/be_ms_zinnia.htm|access-date=2021-06-13|website=www.navypedia.org}}</ref> and ]: ], ], and ] (from 27 February)
*** {{Flagicon|Kingdom of the Netherlands}} Dutch Element
**** Minehunters: ], ], and ]
** {{Flagicon|Portugal}} ''']<ref name=":0" />'''
*** Replenishment vessels: ] and NRP São Miguel – acting as a replenishment vessel for the Royal Navy
** {{Flagicon|France}} ] ''(Les Forces Français dans Le Golfe) (])<ref name=":10" />''
*** Frigate, ]
*** Escort Vessel, ]
*** Tanker, ]
** {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Belgium}} ] (])<ref name=":12" />
*** Frigate, ]


=== Royal Navy, Mediterranean ===
Construction and administrative troops
*''']/CTG 323.2''' (Rear Admiral ], Eastern Mediterranean)<ref>Iain Ballantyre, Strike from the Sea, Pen & Sword, 2004, 101-102.</ref><ref name=":2" />
** ]: ] – task group flagship
***] (Eight ])
***] (Westland Sea King)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-10-13|title=History : 814 : Naval Air Squadrons : Fleet Air Arm : Operations and Support : Royal Navy|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013173227/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.2299|access-date=2021-06-13|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
***] (Westland Sea King Mk 6)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-10-13|title=History : 820 : Naval Air Squadrons : Fleet Air Arm : Operations and Support : Royal Navy|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013174158/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.2309|access-date=2021-06-13|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
**Escorts ''Sheffield,'' ''Charybdis,'' RFAs Olmeda, Regent{{sfn|Roberts|2009|p=211}}


=== Notes ===
Civil defence troops
<references group="Note" />
<references />


=== References ===
Combat service support troops
*{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Lieutenant Colonel Ronald J.|title=United States Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990–1991 with Marine Forces afloat in Desert Shield and Desert Storm|publisher=History and Museum Division, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps|year=1998|location=Washington, District of Columbia}}
*{{cite book|last=Dinackus|first=Thomas D.|title=Order of Battle: Allied Ground Forces of Operation Desert Storm|date=2000|publisher=Hellgate Press|isbn=1-55571-493-5|place=], Oregon|ref={{harvid|Dinackus|2000}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Quilter II|first=Colonel Charles J.|title=United States Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990–1991 with the I Marine Expeditionary Force in Desert Shield and Storm|publisher=History and Museums Division, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps|year=1993|location=District of Columbia, United States of America}}
*{{cite book|ref={{harvid|Morin|Gimblett|1997}}|authors=Jean H. Morin, Richard H. Gimblett|title=Operation Friction 1990-1991: The Canadian Forces in the Persian Gulf|publisher=Dundurn|date=1997|url=https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=NkAuxykLgR0C&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=%22CTG+150.2%22&source=bl&ots=8mtS_9xFUt&sig=ACfU3U2q_0HVGd-sAQf6Zngvj2sz5BYwlw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiV6KPIsZrxAhVFExoKHee3DYcQ6AEwBHoECAcQAw#v=onepage&q=%22Task%20Group%22&f=false|isbn=9781459713338}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Review|2016}}|author=Director Defence Studies RAF|title=Air Power Review: First Gulf War 25th Anniversary -Special Edition |date=Summer 2016| url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/what-we-do/centre-for-air-and-space-power-studies/documents1/air-power-review-vol-19-no-2-first-gulf-war-25th-anniversary-special/}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Pokrant|1999}}|title=Desert Shield at Sea: What the Navy Really Did: Volume 174 of Contributions in Military Studies |last=Pokrant |first=Marvin |year=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0313310238 |access-date=6 July 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrpTaObCXq8C }}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Roberts|2009}}|author=John Roberts |title=Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy |publisher=Seaforth Publishing|date=April 2009}}
*{{cite journal|author=Robinson, Colin D.|title=The U.S. Navy's task forces: 1–199|journal=Defence and Security Analysis|volume=36|number=1|pages=109–110|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14751798.2020.1712028|date=January 2020}}


] ] ]]
===Conscription, and officer recruitment===
In January-February 1923, following ferocious debates over the merits of different military systems, the territorial principal of manning the Red Army was introduced.<ref>Erickson, 1962, p.138</ref> Initially, ten regular divisions were converted to territorial, with a regular core of 1,607 and a total mobilised strength of 10,959. In each region able-bodied men were called up for a limited period of active duty in territorial units, which comprised about half the Army's strength, each year, for five years.<ref>Scott and Scott, 1979, p.12</ref> The first call-up period was for three months, with one month a year thereafter. A regular cadre provided a stable nucleus. By 1925 this system provided 46 of the 77 infantry divisions and one of the eleven cavalry divisions. The remainder consisted of regular officers and enlisted personnel serving two-year terms. The territorial system was finally abolished, with all remaining formations converted to the cadre divisions, in 1937–38.<ref>David Glantz, Colossus Reborn: The Red Army at War 1941–43, University Press of Kansas, 2005, p.717 note 5.</ref>
*]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**] (tyl)
**]

Commissariats

]

Pre-conscription military training

Basic training

Reserves

Mobilisation

Women in SGF

===Preparedness===

Military education

Social attitudes to SGF in Soviet society

===Combat Branches===
*Soon after the Bolsheviks came to power, the Soviet ] were redesignated ]. The Soviet rifle forces evolved slowly from 1917 to 1941, with only a few small units mechanised. During the war many mechanised formations were established which became Mechanised Divisions after the war. All units were redesignated 'Motor Rifle' in 1957 and gained increasing mobility and combat support.
*Soviet ] was heavily involved in the Civil War and ], including in formations up to corps strength, but after 1945 its units were converted to Mechanised Divisions.
*] troops - mounted and motorised, including ]

*The Soviet ]s were first formed in the 1920s and 1930s. They became arguably the most powerful armoured force in the world during the Cold War, with over 50,000 tanks in service.
*The Soviet ] troops, included many different units. <nowiki>], ] and ], ] (]), ],</nowiki> and anti-aircraft troops of the Ground Forces, and ] troops
*The ] were first formed in the interwar period. They eventually became the largest Airborne force on earth during the Cold War, comprising seven airborne divisions.

===Combat Support Branches===
*Soviet sapper troops (the Soviet term for ]) were X. They included training battalions, armoured engineer companies, ], ] (construction engineers in English) etc
*Soviet ] troops included signals training regiment, fortification signals
*] troops including ] including ]
*] including the ] (not actually a part either of the RKKA or Soviet Army)

===Service Support Branches===
*], including ] and ]
*]
*] and ]
*] included transport units, transport training units, etc ]
*], including ], ], and]
*] including ...
*]
*]

*] - I seem to remember these belonged to a special directorate run by the NKVD

==Operational organisation==
{{See also|Formations of the Soviet Army}}
Two major inheritances influenced the early ] operational structure. The first was the militias and Red Guards of the Bolsheviks, and the second was the army in Russia before 1917, the ], organised conventionally in ]s, ] (the largest wartime field formation, equivalent to an ] in many other forces), ], corps, ], regiments, and battalions. The level of disorganisation within the nascent army (and in the country as a whole) was so great that Trotsky, soon installed as People's Commissar for War, had to focus his attention upon rebuilding a disciplined military force. Thus initially the new Red Army adopted the general organisational pattern of the previous Imperial Army, and even inducted several Imperial regiments into the new force, apparently only with a designation change.<ref>John Erickson, The Soviet High Command 1918-41, MacMillian, London, 1962, p.19-20</ref> As the situation in the country stabilised and Red Army officials were able to focus on building a land force appropriate to Soviet needs, the force structure changed to reflect developing operational art and doctrine.

There was little organisational innovation during the ]. most Red Army structures were, at most, slight modifications from Imperial Army pattern. However in some cases, new arrangements were employed, such as multidivision armies with no corps echelon, in the case of the ].

===1922-39===
''see also ]''

First suggestions for creation of large mechanised or tank formations in the Soviet Union were suggested based on development of doctrine for publication as PU-36, the field regulations largely authored by ], and was created where "In the attack tanks must be employed in mass", envisaged as "Strategic cavalry"<ref>p.179, Simpkin</ref>. Although the name of "mechanised" may seem to the modern reader as referring to the infantry components of the Corps, in 1936 they referred to armoured vehicles only<ref>ibid., p180.</ref> with the word "motorised" referring to the units equipped with trucks.

Development of unique ]s,<ref>See Erickson, 1962, p.406</ref> which during World War II usually corresponded to an Army frontage formation.

===Wartime===
{{See also|Divisions of the Soviet Union 1917-1945}} ''and OBs when available''

War experience prompted changes to the way front-line forces were organized. On the outbreak of war the Red Army deployed ] corps and tank divisions whose development has been described above. The German attack battered many severely, and in the course of 1941 virtually all (barring two tank divisions in the ]) were disbanded.<ref>Glantz, 2005, p.217–230</ref> After six months of combat against the Germans, ] abolished the ] intermediate level between the ] and ] level because while useful in theory, in the inexperienced state of the Red Army, they proved ineffective in practice.<ref>Glantz, Colossus Reborn: The Red Army at War 1941–43, University Press of Kansas, 2005, p.179</ref> Following victory in the ] in the summer of 1942, the High Command began to reintroduce Rifle Corps into its most experienced formations. The total number of Rifle Corps started at 62 on 22 June 1941, dropped to six by 1 January 1942, but then increased to 34 by February 1943, and 161 by New Years' Day 1944. Actual strengths of front-line divisions, authorized to contain 11,000 men in July 1941, were mostly no more than 50% of established strengths during 1941,<ref>David Glantz, 2005, p.189</ref> and divisions were often worn down on continuous operations to hundreds of men or even less.

The tank divisions and mechanised corps had been disbanded because it was much easier to coordinate smaller forces, and separate tank brigades and battalions were substituted. It was late 1942 and early 1943 before larger ] were fielded in order to employ armor en mass again. By mid 1942 these corps were being grouped together into Tank Armies whose strength by the end of the war could be up to 700 tanks and 50,000 men.

At the higher levels, Strategic Directions were created and maintained at the beginning and at the end of the Second World War.<ref>p.711, Military Encyclopaedic dictionary, Voenizdat, Moscow, 1986</ref> During the Second World War six strategic direction commands existed as part of the Stavka.<ref>p.208, Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 encyclopaedic dictionary, Soviet Encyclopaedia (publisher), Moscow, 1985</ref> These included the Western, Northwestern, Southwestern, and the later North Caucasus Directions, all replaced by the role of the Stavka representatives, the Central Staff of the partisan movement (1942-45), and the High command of Soviet troops in the Far East active during the Manchurian campaign of 1945.

===After the Second World War===
{{Seealso|List of Soviet Army divisions 1989-91}} and other OBs where available

At the end of the Great Patriotic War the Red Army had over 500 rifle divisions and about a tenth that number of tank formations.<ref> Mark L Urban, Soviet Land Power</ref> Their experience of war gave the Soviets such faith in tank forces that from that point the number of tank divisions remained virtually unchanged, whereas the wartime infantry force was cut by two-thirds. The ] of the late war period were converted to tank divisions, and from 1957 the Rifle Divisions were converted to Motor Rifle Divisions (MRDs). MRDs had three motorized rifle regiments and a tank regiment, for a total of ten motor rifle battalions and six tank battalions; tank divisions had the proportions reversed. From 1970 to 1983, a motor rifle regiment was added to tank divisions and an independent tank battalion to motor rifle divisions, and major increases in artillery, mortars, and ]s, in line with the evolution of Soviet doctrine, which began to recognise the need for a conventional phrase, away from the previously expected purely nuclear operations.<ref>], Army Field Manual Vol. II, Part 2, Soviet Operations, 1986, Army Code No.73157 (Part 2), p. 3-4 & 3-5. (Declassified; original classificated 'Restricted'.)</ref> In the last years of the Soviet Union, the political decision by Gorbachev to reoriented military doctrine defensively meant further structural changes, which stripped field formations of some of their more overtly offensive weaponry,<ref>Odom, 1998, p.118-123, 161</ref> while being bitterly controversial amongst the Soviet military establishment.

By the middle of the 1980s the Ground Forces contained ]. About three-quarters were motor rifle ]s and the remainder tank divisions.<ref>M J Orr, The Russian Ground Forces and Reform 1992–2002, January 2003, Conflict Studies Research Centre, UK Defence Academy, Sandhurst, p.1</ref> There were also a large number of artillery divisions, separate artillery brigades, engineer formations, and other combat support formations. However only relatively few formations were fully war ready. Three readiness categories, A, B, and V, after the first three letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, were in force. The Category A divisions were certified combat-ready and were fully equipped. B and V divisions were lower-readiness, 50–75% (requiring at least 72 hours of preparation) and 10–33% (requiring two months) respectively.<ref>M J Orr, 2003, p.1 and David C Isby, Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army, Jane's Publishing Company, 1988, p.30</ref> The internal military districts usually contained only one or two A divisions, with the remainder B and V series formations.

Soviet planning for most of the ] period would have seen ] of four to five divisions operating in ] made up of around four armies (and roughly equivalent to Western ]s). In the late 1970s and early 1980s new High Commands in the Strategic Directions<ref>], ], Hamish Hamilton, 1982, gives this title, Odom (1998) also discusses this development</ref> were created to control multi-Front operations in Europe (the Western and South-Western Strategic Directions) and at ] to handle southern operations, and in the Soviet Far East.

==Criticisms(?)==
A section on ]'s views as criticisms, something other articles on Armies lack completely as if no one has ever criticises then.

==Sources and References==
<references/>
* ''The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization, and Equipment''. FM 100-2-3, June 1991. Washington DC: United States Department of the Army.
* Fomin, N.N., Great Soviet Encyclopaedia ({{lang-ru|Большая Советская Энциклопедия}}), Moscow, 1978
* Simpkin, R., Deep battle: The brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevskii, Brassey's, London, 1987 iimpkin writes not only in the British style, but one from another era.
* Glantz, David. Soviet Military Operational Art - In pursuit of deep battle. I would highly recommend it as it recapitulates the Simpkin research, and adds to it in a relatively slim volume. Somewhat more readable than Simpkin.

]

Latest revision as of 09:05, 15 April 2022

Listing of naval units, U.S./Coalition forces, Gulf War, January - February 1991

See also: Organization of United States Naval Aviation Units in the Gulf War

This is the order of battle for the naval campaign in the Gulf War between United States and Coalition Forces between 17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991.

A U.S. Navy McDonnell Douglas F/A-18A from VFA-87 dropping Mk 82 bombs during a sortie in the 1991 Gulf War.
The U.S. Navy aircraft carriers USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) and USS Saratoga (CV-60) underway, probably during the 1991 Gulf War in the Red Sea.

Task Force 155, Battle Force Yankee

Battle Force Yankee included two carriers, including Saratoga, in the Red Sea under Rear Admiral Riley Mixson, Commander, Carrier Group Two/Task Force 155).

Aircraft Carriers USS Theodore Roosevelt (top right), Midway (top left), Ranger (bottom left) and America (bottom right), as part of Battle Force Zulu in the Persian Gulf. Midway was the flagship of Battle Force Zulu.
Aircraft Carriers USS Theodore Roosevelt (top right), Midway (top left), Ranger (bottom left) and America (bottom right), as part of Battle Force Zulu in the Persian Gulf. Midway was the flagship of Battle Force Zulu.
Two F/A-18As from VFA-87 about to refuel from an A-6E from VA-36 during Desert Storm in 1991.
Two F/A-18As from VFA-87 about to refuel from an A-6E from VA-36 during Desert Storm in 1991.

Battle Force Zulu / TF 154 / Arabian Gulf Battle Force

Aircraft Carriers USS Theodore Roosevelt (top right), Midway (top left), Ranger (bottom left) and America (bottom right), as part of Battle Force Zulu in the Persian Gulf. Midway was the flagship of Battle Force Zulu.
Ships of Battle Force Zulu / TF 154 after the ceasefire. Midway was the flagship of Battle Force Zulu.

Naval Forces Central Command (*master*)

See also: Organization of United States Naval Aviation Units in the Gulf War
USS Sacramento (AOE-1), center, conducts an underway replenishment with USS Wisconsin (BB-64), foreground, and USS Missouri (BB-63) during Operation Desert Shield, 14 January 1991.

Naval Forces Central Command reported to United States Central Command.

After arrival in-theatre in late 1990, Admiral Mauz "retained the Middle East Force, designated CTG 150.1 , for most warfighting functions inside the Persian Gulf. Under this hat, Rear Admiral Fogarty would control only the half-dozen ships or so of the Middle East Force, augmented by the battleship Wisconsin when it arrived. Under a second hat, CTG 150.2, Fogarty would be the commander of the U.S. Maritime Interception Force. For this job, his authority would extend outside the Persian Gulf to ships operating in the North Arabian Sea and Red Sea, but only for interception operations." The CVBGs in the North Arabian Sea and Red Sea were designated Task Groups 150.4 and 150.5 respectively; the Amphibious and Landing Forces were CTG 150.6 and CTG 150.8 (Major General Jenkins). Rear Admiral Stephen S. Clarey was Commander U.S. Maritime Prepositioning Force, Task Group 150.7, which was disestablished on 12 September 1990.

USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69) transited from the Mediterranean/Suez Canal into the Red Sea on 8 August 1990 with USS Ticonderoga, USS John L. Hall, USS Suribachi (AE-21) and USNS Neosho (T-AO-143), the last two underway replenishment ships (CH-90, pp13-14). On 23-24 August, the Red Sea Battle Group was turned over to the USS Saratoga group, and 'Eisenhower' and 'Ticonderoga' left Sixth Fleet on 3 September.

From 1 January 1991, the six carriers deployed were divided into Battle Force Yankee (two carriers, including Saratoga, in the Red Sea under Rear Admiral Riley Mixson, Commander, Carrier Group Two/Task Force 155) and Task Force 154, Battle Force Zulu (four carriers in the Arabian Sea/Persian Gulf under Rear Admiral Daniel P. March, Commander, Carrier Group Five). TF 150 was Vice Admiral Henry H. Mauz, Jr. himself, TF 151 the Middle East Force, now including USS Bunker Hill, TG 150.3 Naval Logistics Support Force (Rear Admiral Bob Sutton), and TF 156 the amphibious force. Conduct of the Persian Gulf War Fig VII-3, lists the PG, Red Sea, and Middle East Forces; the Amphibious Force, the Logistics Support Force, at some points, the Mediterranean Strike Group, and NAVCENT Rep Riyadh.

On 15 February, France placed one frigate, Jean de Vienne (D-643), under U.S. operational control to escort Coalition combat logistics ships, but it was not authorised to take part in offensive operations.

Middle East Force, Task Force 150.1, Rear Admiral William M. Fogarty

USS La Salle (AGF-3)

Task Force 156, Amphibious Force

A U.S. Navy McDonnell Douglas F/A-18A from VFA-87 dropping Mk 82 bombs during a sortie in the 1991 Gulf War.
The U.S. Navy aircraft carriers USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) and USS Saratoga (CV-60) underway, probably during the 1991 Gulf War in the Red Sea.

Task Force 155, Battle Force Yankee

Battle Force Yankee included two carriers, including Saratoga, in the Red Sea under Rear Admiral Riley Mixson, Commander, Carrier Group Two/Task Force 155).

Two F/A-18As from VFA-87 about to refuel from an A-6E from VA-36 during Desert Storm in 1991.
Two F/A-18As from VFA-87 about to refuel from an A-6E from VA-36 during Desert Storm in 1991.

Task Force 154, Battle Force Zulu

Aircraft Carriers USS Theodore Roosevelt (top right), Midway (top left), Ranger (bottom left) and America (bottom right), as part of Battle Force Zulu in the Persian Gulf. Midway was the flagship of Battle Force Zulu.
Ships of Battle Force Zulu / TF 154 after the ceasefire. Midway was the flagship of Battle Force Zulu.

Coalition Naval Forces

Royal Navy, east of Suez

A Lynx helicopter of the Royal Navy flies over the Greek destroyer HS Kriezis (DD-217), part of Operation Desert Shield.
A Royal Navy Type 22 frigate underway in the Red Sea, in 1991. The ship is either HMS Battleaxe (F89) or HMS Brazen (F91).
A Royal Navy Westland Sea Lynx HAS.3 aboard the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Leftwich (DD-984) during the 1991 Gulf War.

During the Gulf Conflict, the Royal Navy "had a pivotal role in joint operations". Westland Lynx helicopters were tasked with finding and destroying Iraqi Navy vessels. A large element of the Royal Navy undertook the coalition's mine hunting in the northern Gulf. In clearing the Gulf of mines, the Royal Navy minehunters enabled the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to sail into Kuwaiti waters, from where they would fire their 16-inch guns on Iraqi positions ashore. The Type 42 destroyers provided air defence for these vessels, notably when HMS Gloucester was able to intercept a missile fired at Missouri. In total, the Fleet Air Arm destroy some 15 Iraqi patrol vessels, achieving a 93% hit rate, and accounting for /4 of all ships destroyed in the war.

Preliminary command arrangements for the BAe Nimrod detachment to be sent to the Gulf were made on 10 August 1990:

"The Joint Commander of British forces in the Gulf (the AOC-in-C Strike Command) assumed operational command of the Nimrod detachment, while operational control was vested in the Air Commander British Forces Arabian Peninsular. Tactical command of the Nimrod detachment was exercised by the Detachment Commander, who reported to the Air Commander, but it was accepted that tactical control (TACON) might be delegated to the Royal Navy Task Group already deployed in the Gulf, Task Group 321.1 (under the Commander Task Group (CTG 321.1), the Senior Naval Officer Middle East."

It appears that command of Task Force 321 was retained by the Commander-in-Chief Fleet at Northwood Headquarters in the northwest of London. On 29 November 1990 Commodore Chris Craig relieved Commodore Paul Haddocks as Senior Naval Officer Middle East.

Ashore supporting the 1st (UK) Armoured Division was the Support Helicopter Force Middle East, which included a composite Royal Marine Westland Sea King HC.4 made up of six aircraft each from 845 Naval Air Squadron and 848 Naval Air Squadron, totalling 12.

Royal Navy

Western European Naval Force

In September 1990, at one of the early coordinating meetings for the maritime interception operation, French and Italian representatives asked for a separate role for the naval units of the Western European Union (WEU) states. The WEU states were therefore assigned a separate operating area off the United Arab Emirates. The WEU decided to place their ships under the operational command of the French Amiral Ocean Indien (ALINDIEN).

Royal Navy, Mediterranean

Notes

  1. This force remained afloat off the Kuwaiti cost throughout most of operation Desert Storm; used primarily as a feint to pin down Iraqi forces along the coast, but the real option of an amphibious assault remained open until the rapid collapse of Iraqi ground forces became clear.
  2. All U.S. Navy squadrons were assigned to Carrier Air Wing 17 (CVW-17) aboard the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-60) for a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea from 7 August 1990 to 28 March 1991.
  3. All U.S. Navy squadrons were assigned to Carrier Air Wing 17 (CVW-17) aboard the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-60) for a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea from 7 August 1990 to 28 March 1991.
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  2. "Desert Storm". www.tim-thompson.com. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  3. "Gulf War: January 1991." US Navy.
  4. McMillan, Jon (5 March 2003). "'Harrier Carrier' On Station, Ready for Call to Action". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  5. Brown, pp. 11–12
  6. Brown, pp. 20–26
  7. Quilter, p. 10
  8. Quilter, p. 65
  9. Quilter, p. 65
  10. Pokrant 1999.
  11. ^ "USS John F. Kennedy (CV 67) Operation Desert Shield / Desert Storm Cruise Book 1990-91 - The Cruise". www.navysite.de. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
  12. "1990–1999". public1.nhhcaws.local. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  13. "CVW-17(AA)". www.gonavy.jp. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  14. "CVW-5(NF)/CV-41". www.gonavy.jp. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  15. ^ "CVW-2(NE)". www.gonavy.jp. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  16. VFA-15 Command History (1991). VFA-15, United States Navy. 1992.
  17. ^ "CVW-8(AJ)". www.gonavy.jp. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  18. Pokrant 1999, p. 20.
  19. Pokrant 1999, p. 21.
  20. Shield and Sword: The United States Navy and the Persian Gulf War By Edward J. Marolda, Robert John Schneller, p.84.
  21. "CVN-69 USS Dwight D. Eisenhower". www.historycentral.com. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
  22. Pokrant 1999.
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  24. Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, 262.
  25. https://www.usni.org/archives/memoirs/storm-sea-rear-admiral-william-m-fogarty
  26. Pokrant 1999, p. 3.
  27. ^ Morin & Gimblett 1997, p. 185.
  28. McMillan, Jon (5 March 2003). "'Harrier Carrier' On Station, Ready for Call to Action". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  29. Brown, pp. 11–12
  30. Brown, pp. 20–26
  31. Quilter, p. 10
  32. Quilter, p. 65
  33. This force remained afloat off the Kuwaiti cost throughout most of operation Desert Storm; used primarily as a feint to pin down Iraqi forces along the coast, but the real option of an amphibious assault remained open until the rapid collapse of Iraqi ground forces became clear. Quilter, p. 65
  34. Pokrant 1999.
  35. "Gulf War: January 1991." US Navy.
  36. "1990–1999". public1.nhhcaws.local. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
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  38. https://www.history.navy.mil/research/archives/Collections/command-operations-reports/ships/h/halyburton-ffg-40-i/pdf/1991.pdf
  39. "USS America (CV 66) Operation Desert Storm Cruise Book 1991 - Operation Desert Storm". www.navysite.de. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
  40. "CVW-5(NF)/CV-41". www.gonavy.jp. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  41. VFA-15 Command History (1991). VFA-15, United States Navy. 1992.
  42. Canada, Veterans Affairs (2020-02-24). "Gulf War - Canadian Armed Forces - History - Veterans Affairs Canada". www.veterans.gc.ca. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  43. "First Gulf War, 1990–1991 | Australian War Memorial". web.archive.org. 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  44. ^ "First Gulf War, 1990–1991 | Australian War Memorial". web.archive.org. 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  45. ^ Moorhouse, Dan (2021-02-27). "Operation Granby: The 1st Gulf War". Schoolshistory.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  46. "Fleet Air Arm History: 1990's" (PDF). Fleet Air Arm Officer's Association. 20 November 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  47. Review 2016, p. 209.
  48. Review 2016, p. 18.
  49. Roberts 1999, p. 211. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoberts1999 (help)
  50. ^ "Naval Party, Royal Navy, 1942-1991 by Ben Warlow". naval-history.net. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  51. ^ 'ALL OF A SUDDEN It Became Very Real' - Naval Veteran Recalls First Gulf War, retrieved 2021-06-13
  52. ^ The London Gazette, Supplement to The London Gazette, 29th June 1991: No. 52588. Westminster, London, United Kingdom. Retrieved 13 June 2021
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  56. ^ Sturtivant, p. 413
  57. ^ "British Minehunters First To Hit Gulf Waters In Military Buildup With AM-Gulf Rdp, Bjt". AP NEWS. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  58. Richards, Bill; Smith, Peter (December 2006). "Onslow's Jolly Roger". Signals (77). Australian National Maritime Museum: 11. ISSN 1033-4688.
  59. "Op Granby | Gulf-war | Britain's Small Wars". britains-smallwars.com. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  60. "History : 829 : Naval Air Squadrons : Fleet Air Arm : Operations and Support : Royal Navy". web.archive.org. 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  61. "Royal Marines - Operations | History". www.eliteukforces.info. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  62. Richards, Bill; Smith, Peter (December 2006). "Onslow's Jolly Roger". Signals (77). Australian National Maritime Museum: 11. ISSN 1033-4688.
  63. Johann Price, British Ground Force in the Gulf War, 1990–91
  64. Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  65. "Op Granby | Gulf-war | Britain's Small Wars". britains-smallwars.com. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  66. Moorhouse, Dan (2021-02-27). "Operation Granby: The 1st Gulf War". Schoolshistory.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  67. "History : 829 : Naval Air Squadrons : Fleet Air Arm : Operations and Support : Royal Navy". web.archive.org. 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  68. "RAF - British Forces involved in Operation Granby". web.archive.org. 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
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  70. "Shield and Sword," 86-87.
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  73. Iain Ballantyre, Strike from the Sea, Pen & Sword, 2004, 101-102.
  74. "History : 814 : Naval Air Squadrons : Fleet Air Arm : Operations and Support : Royal Navy". web.archive.org. 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
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  76. Roberts 2009, p. 211.

References

Category:Orders of battle Category:Naval units and formations Category:United States Navy in the 20th centuryCategory:20th-century history of the Royal Navy