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{{Short description|British chemist and physicist}}
⚫ '''Augustus Matthiessen''', ] (] ], ] – ] ], London), the son of a merchant, was a British ] and ] who obtained his PhD in Germany at ] in 1852. He then worked with ] at the ] from 1853 to 1856. His work in this period included the isolation of ] and ] in their pure states. He then returned to London and studied with ] from 1857 at the ], and set up his own research laboratory at 1 Torrington Place, ], London. He was elected a Fellow of the ] (FRS) in 1861. He worked as a lecturer on chemistry at ], London, from 1862 to 1868, and then at ], London, from 1868. His research was chiefly on the constitution of ] and ] ]s. For his work on metals and alloys, he was awarded the Royal Society's ] in 1869. Matthiessen committed suicide in 1870 under "severe nervous strain".
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
⚫ | name = Augustus Matthiessen
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Augustus Matthiessen
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1831|1|2}}
| birth_place = London, England
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1870|10|6|1831|1|2}}
| death_place = ], ]<ref name=Probate> in ''the England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'', ancestry.co.uk, accessed 8 January 2023 {{subscription required}}</ref>
| field =
| work_institution = ] <br>]
| alma_mater = ]
| doctoral_advisor = ]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = isolation of ] and ]; Matthiessen's rule
| prizes = ] (1869)
| religion =
| footnotes =
⚫ }}'''Augustus Matthiessen''', ] (2 January 1831 in ] – 6 October 1870 in London), the son of a merchant, was a British ] and ] who obtained his PhD in Germany at the ] in 1852 with ]. He then worked with ] at the ] from 1853 to 1856. His work in this period included the isolation of ] and ] in their pure states. He then returned to London and studied with ] from 1857 at the ], and set up his own research laboratory at 1 Torrington Place, ], London. He was elected a Fellow of the ] (FRS) in 1861. He worked as a lecturer on chemistry at ], London, from 1862 to 1868, and then at ], London, from 1868. His research was chiefly on the constitution of ] and ] ]s. He contributed to both physics and chemistry. (Please see references below.) For his work on metals and alloys, he was awarded the Royal Society's ] in 1869.

Matthiessen committed suicide in 1870 under "severe nervous strain" and died at ] in the ]. He left an estate valued at under £7,000, and his brother William Edward Matthiessen was his executor.<ref name=Probate/>

==Legacy==
The ] for carrier mobility probably originated from Augustus Matthiessen's study of electrical conduction of metals and alloys. (Please see references below. Note: In Matthiessen's time, the concept of "mobility" was not established yet. The modern form of Matthiessen's rule for ] (or hole mobility) is actually an extension of Matthiessen's work in the 19th century by subsequent scientists.)
In 1997, Rudolf de Bruyn Ouboter briefly mentioned Matthiessen's 1864 paper in a figure inside his article about ]'s discovery of superconductivity (Scientific American, March 1997).

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1858.0020| title = On the Electric Conducting Power of the Metals| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume = 148| pages = 383–387| year = 1858| last1 = Matthiessen | first1 = A.| s2cid = 186210601| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1432428| doi-access = }}
*{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1863.0016| title = On the Influence of Temperature on the Electric Conducting-Power of Thallium and Iron| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume = 153| pages = 369–383| year = 1863| last1 = Matthiessen | first1 = A.| last2 = Vogt | first2 = C.| doi-access = free}}
*{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1864.0004| title = On the Influence of Temperature on the Electric Conducting-Power of Alloys| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume = 154| pages = 167–200| year = 1864| last1 = Matthiessen | first1 = A.| last2 = Vogt | first2 = C.| doi-access = free}}
*{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1863.0015| title = Researches into the Chemical Constitution of Narcotine, and of Its Products of Decomposition. Part I| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume = 153| pages = 345–367| year = 1863| last1 = Matthiessen | first1 = A.| last2 = Foster | first2 = G. C.| doi-access = free}}
*{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1867.0022| title = Researches into the Chemical Constitution of Narcotine, and of Its Products of Decomposition. Part II| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume = 157| pages = 657–667| year = 1867| last1 = Matthiessen | first1 = A.| last2 = Foster | first2 = G. C.| s2cid = 93532315| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1432442}}
*{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1869.0026| title = Researches into the Chemical Constitution of Narcotine, and of Its Products of Decomposition. Part III| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume = 159| pages = 661–665| year = 1869| last1 = Matthiessen | first1 = A.| s2cid = 186212910}}
*{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1869.0027| title = Researches into the Chemical Constitution of Narcotine, and of Its Products of Decomposition. Part IV| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume = 159| pages = 667| year = 1869| last1 = Matthiessen | first1 = A.| last2 = Wright | first2 = C. R. A.| doi-access = }}
*{{cite journal|author=de Bruyn Ouboter, Rudolf |url=http://web.njit.edu/~tyson/supercon_papers/Onnes.pdf |title=Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's discovery of superconductivity|journal= Scientific American|date=March 1997|volume=276 |issue=3 |pages=98–103|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0397-98 |bibcode=1997SciAm.276c..98D }} (A figure mentioning Matthiessen's 1864 paper appears on page 102.)


==Sources== ==Sources==
*Entry for Augustus Matthiessen in ] (1903) *Entry for Augustus Matthiessen in ] (1903)
* in the Royal Society's Library and Archive catalogue's details of Fellows (accessed 2008) * in the Royal Society's Library and Archive catalogue's details of Fellows (accessed 20 April 2008)
* (pp 615–617)

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Augustus Matthiessen |sopt=t}}

{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 23:52, 4 May 2024

British chemist and physicist

Augustus Matthiessen
Born(1831-01-02)2 January 1831
London, England
Died6 October 1870(1870-10-06) (aged 39)
St Bartholomew's Hospital, City of London
Alma materUniversity of Giessen
Known forisolation of calcium and strontium; Matthiessen's rule
AwardsRoyal Medal (1869)
Scientific career
InstitutionsSt Mary's Hospital Medical School
St Bartholomew's Hospital
Doctoral advisorJohann Heinrich Buff

Augustus Matthiessen, FRS (2 January 1831 in London – 6 October 1870 in London), the son of a merchant, was a British chemist and physicist who obtained his PhD in Germany at the University of Gießen in 1852 with Johann Heinrich Buff. He then worked with Robert Bunsen at the University of Heidelberg from 1853 to 1856. His work in this period included the isolation of calcium and strontium in their pure states. He then returned to London and studied with August Wilhelm von Hofmann from 1857 at the Royal College of Chemistry, and set up his own research laboratory at 1 Torrington Place, Russell Square, London. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1861. He worked as a lecturer on chemistry at St Mary's Hospital, London, from 1862 to 1868, and then at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, from 1868. His research was chiefly on the constitution of alloys and opium alkaloids. He contributed to both physics and chemistry. (Please see references below.) For his work on metals and alloys, he was awarded the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 1869.

Matthiessen committed suicide in 1870 under "severe nervous strain" and died at St Bartholomew's Hospital in the City of London. He left an estate valued at under £7,000, and his brother William Edward Matthiessen was his executor.

Legacy

The Matthiessen's rule for carrier mobility probably originated from Augustus Matthiessen's study of electrical conduction of metals and alloys. (Please see references below. Note: In Matthiessen's time, the concept of "mobility" was not established yet. The modern form of Matthiessen's rule for electron mobility (or hole mobility) is actually an extension of Matthiessen's work in the 19th century by subsequent scientists.) In 1997, Rudolf de Bruyn Ouboter briefly mentioned Matthiessen's 1864 paper in a figure inside his article about Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's discovery of superconductivity (Scientific American, March 1997).

References

  1. ^ MATTIESSEN Augustus in the England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995, ancestry.co.uk, accessed 8 January 2023 (subscription required)

Sources

External links

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