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{{short description|Non-Muslim person (of the Ottoman Empire)}} |
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'''''Giaour''''' or '''''Ghiaour''''' written '''''gâvur''''' in modern ], is a derogatory word used by ] to describe all who are non ]s, with particular reference to ] and at times to ]s. <ref>James Lewis Farley, ''Turks and Christians'',Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN 1402187866</ref><ref>James Finn. ''Stirring Times, Or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 To 1856'', 2004, p. 12</ref> |
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]: ''The Giaour'' (1820, lithograph; ], New York)]] |
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]: ''The Combat of the Giaour and Hassan'' (1826, oil on canvas; ]), inspired by ]'s '']'']] |
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'''Giaour''' or '''Gawur''' or '''Gavour'''<!--Alternate spelling, from https://www.congress.gov/event/114th-congress/joint-event/LC31261/text--> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|aʊər}}; {{langx|tr|gâvur}}, {{IPA|tr|ɟaˈvuɾ}}; from {{langx|fa|گور}} ''gâvor'';{{efn|an obsolete variant of modern {{lang|fa|گبر}} '']'', originally derived from {{langx|arc|𐡂𐡁𐡓𐡀|''gaḇrā''|man; person}}}} {{langx|ro|ghiaur}}; {{langx|sq|kaur}}; {{langx|el|γκιαούρης|gkiaoúris}}; {{langx|bg|гяур}}; ]; kaur/đaur) meaning "infidel", is a slur used mostly in the lands of the former ] for ] or, more particularly, ] in the ].<ref name="Vryonis1993">{{cite book|author=Speros Vryonis|title=The Turkish State and History: Clio Meets the Grey Wolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTFpAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|isbn=978-0-89241-532-8|quote=The Turkish term "giaour" a term of contempt, was applied to these Balkan Christians,}}</ref><ref name="EHB1-44">{{cite book|title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC&pg=PA44|date=13 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25076-5|page=44|quote=In the Ottoman defters, Orthodox Christians are as a rule recorded as kâfir or gâvur (infidels) or (u)rum.}}</ref> |
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The word is a ] adaptation of the ] ''gdwr'' or ''gbr'', an ]. The term was first employed as a term of contempt and reproach, but has become so general that in most cases its use is only mildly pejorative. A similar fate happened to the ] equivalent '']'', or unbeliever, which was so widespread that it became the proper name of various peoples and countries (see ]). The word was so common it was sometimes even used without being intended as an insult by the Turks who didn't see anything wrong with it. <ref>Francis Lieber, Thomas Gamaliel Bradford, Encyclopaedia Americana: A Popular Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, 1831</ref> |
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==Terminology== |
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The word is borrowed into some languages in the ], like "Гяур" in ], "Ghiaur" in ], "kaurin" in Serbian and Croatian and "kaurr" in ]. |
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The terms "'']"'', "''gawur",'' and "'']"'' (the last meaning "]") were commonly used in ]s (tax registries) for ], usually without ethnic distinction. Christian ethnic groups in the Balkan lands of the Ottoman Empire included ] (''rûm''), ] (''bulgar''), ] (''sırp''), ] (''arnavut'') and ] (''eflak''), among others.<ref name=EHB1-44/> |
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The ] described the term as follows: |
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{{quote|''Giaour'' (a ] adaptation of the ] ''gâwr'' or ''gōr'', an ]), a word used by the ] to describe all who are not Mohammedans, with especial reference to Christians. The word, first employed as a term of contempt and reproach, has become so general that in most cases no insult is intended in its use; for example in parts of ], the term ] has become void of offence. A strict analogy to giaour is found in the Arabic ], or unbeliever, which is so commonly in use as to have become the proper name of peoples and countries.}} |
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During the ] (1839–1876) era, a ] prohibited the use of the term by Muslims with reference to non-Muslims<ref> |
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{{cite journal |
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| year = 1868 |
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| title = The Eastern Question |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0BsaAQAAIAAJ |
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| journal = London Quarterly Review |
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| location = London |
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| publisher = E.C. Barton |
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| page = 407 |
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| quote = The application of the word ''giaour'', ''dog'', is forbidden by the Hatt-i-Humayoou . |
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| access-date = 20 November 2023 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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to prevent problems occurring in social relationships.<ref name="Gawrych16">{{cite book|last= Gawrych|first= George|authorlink= George Gawrych|title=The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC|year= 2006|publisher= I.B.Tauris|isbn= 978-1-84511-287-5|page= 15}} |
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</ref>{{qn|date=November 2023}} |
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==European cultural references== |
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] with the ] of the ]'', book illustration from 1839.]] |
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*Giaour is the name given to the evil monster of a man in the tale '']'', written by ] in French in 1782 and translated into English soon after. The spelling ''Giaour'' appears in the French as well as in the English translation.<ref name="Beckford2013">{{cite book|last=Beckford|first=William|authorlink=William Beckford (novelist)|title=Vathek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dn2X3Zdc3GIC|year=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-164578-5}}</ref> |
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*In 1813 ] published his poem '']'', whose themes revolve around the ideas of love, death, and afterlife in Western Europe and the ]. |
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* ''Le Giaour'', an 1832 painting by ], oil on canvas, "]", Hôtel Scheffer-Renan, Paris. |
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* Sonnet XL of '']'' (1850) by ] contains these lines: |
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<blockquote>''Musselmans and Giaours<br>Throw kerchiefs at a smile, and have no ruth<br>For any weeping.''</blockquote> |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
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{{Wiktionary|giaour}} |
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{{Wiktionary|giaour}} |
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* ], Persian equivalent |
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* '']'', a poem by ] |
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* ], Arabic equivalent |
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{{clear}} |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] is Spanish slang for a foreign tourist. According to ], it is derived from Turkish ''gâvur''.<ref>''Pesquisas en la obra tardía de Juan Goytisolo'', , Volumen 33 de ], {{ISSN|0925-8620}}, ], ], Rodopi, 2009, {{ISBN|9042025476}}, {{ISBN|9789042025479}}. Quotes ''Estambul otomano'', page 62, ], 1989, Barcelona, Planeta.</ref> |
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==Notes== |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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*{{1911}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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*{{EB1911|wstitle=Giaour|volume=11|page=927}} |
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{{Religious slurs}} |
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Giaour". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 927.