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| {{Short description|Interwar Francophone political movement}} | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| {{For|similar terms|New Socialism (disambiguation){{!}}New Socialism}} | |||
| '''Neosocialism''' (also hyphenated as '''neo-socialism''') is a term used to describe any one of a wide variety of ] political movements that are considered socialist and have developed recently. The term has been in use since at least the 1930s, though its definition is always in a state of flux. Since "neosocialism" refers simply to the forms of socialism that have emerged most recently, its meaning changes as new kinds of socialism are developed. At the present time, the political movements and ideologies considered "neosocialist" are those forms of socialism that have arisen since the 1980s. This mainly includes three tendencies: The centrist "]" embraced by some European ], the new ] developing in ], and the proposals for technologically-assisted socialism put forward by some ]. Some ] commentators use "neosocialism" as a ] against people or organizations which do not consider themselves socialist, but which are seen as socialistic by their opponents. | |||
| {{use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} | |||
| '''Neosocialism''' was a ] that existed in ] and ] during the 1930s and which included several ] tendencies in the ] (SFIO). | |||
| During the 1930s, the faction gradually distanced itself from ]ary ] and ] while stopping short of merging into the traditional class-collaborative movement represented by the ]. Instead, they advocated a ], which they termed as a constructive revolution. In France, this brought them into conflict with the ]'s traditional policy of anti-governmentalism and the neosocialists were expelled from SFIO. | |||
| == Latin American revolutionary movements == | |||
| == History == | |||
| Economic and political events in ] during the late 1990s and 2000s have brought new radical socialist movements to power in several countries, notably ] and ]. Venezuela's president ] has advocated an ideology that he calls "]" and Bolivia's ] was elected on the MAS (]) ticket. Some have used the term "neosocialism" to describe these movements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phillysoc.org/ayau.htm|title=Capitalism and Statism in Latin America|author=Manuel F. Ayau|date=]|publisher=The Philadelphia Society}}</ref> | |||
| In the wake of the ], a group of parliamentary deputies led by ] in Belgium (the leader of the Belgian Labour Party's right-wing, and founder of the ideology of '']'', i.e. planism, referring to ]) and in France by ] and ] (leader of the SFIO's right wing), ] of the ], the Young Turk current of the ] (]) argued that the unprecedented scale of the global economic crisis, and the sudden success of national-populist parties across Europe, meant that time had run out for socialists to slowly pursue either of the traditional stances of the parliamentary left: gradual, progressive ] or Marxist-inspired popular revolution. Instead, influenced by Henri de Man's planism, they promoted a "constructive revolution" headed by the ], where a democratic mandate would be sought to develop ] and a ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Le plan du travail|last=Parti ouvrier belge|publisher=Institut d'économie européenne|year=1934|location=Brussels}}</ref> | |||
| This approach saw great success in the Belgian Labour Party in 1933–1934, where it was adopted as official policy with the support of the party's right (De Man) and left (]) wings, though by 1935 enthusiasm had waned.<ref>Van Haegendoren, M. Le ''parti socialiste belge de 1914 à 1940.'' Vie ouvrière, Brussels, 1995.</ref><ref>Horn, G. R. "From 'Radical' to 'Realistic': Hendrik De Man and the International Plan Conferences at Pontigny and Geneva, 1934-1937" Contemporary European History. | |||
| This use of "neosocialism" refers to a new wave of radical socialism, rather than the centrist "Third Way" socialism described above. Several political organizations supporting a radical socialist platform - based on classical socialist principles and goals but advocating new means to achieve those goals - have begun calling themselves "neosocialist". Thus, for example, the ] describes itself as supporting a neo-socialist platform. The USF defines neo-socialism as a form of ] that replaces ] with economic socialism while rejecting ] or ] dictatorships in favor of ].<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Neo-Socialism?|date=2005|url=http://www.unitedsocialistfront.com/socialistfaq.htm|publisher=The United Socialist Front|author=The United Socialist Front|work=Socialist F.A.Q.}}</ref> | |||
| Vol Vol. 10, No. 2 (Jul., 2001), pp. 239-265</ref> Such ideas also influenced the ] on the ]. | |||
| == Technologically-assisted socialism == | |||
| ⚫ | In 1930, Marcel Déat published ''Perspectives socialistes'' (''Socialist Perspectives''), a revisionist work closely influenced by Henri de Man's planism. Along with over a hundred articles written in ''La vie socialiste'' (''The Socialist Life''), the review of the SFIO's right-wing, ''Perspective socialistes'' marked the shift of Déat from ] to neosocialism. Déat replaced ] with ] and ], advocated ] as a model of social organisation, replaced the notion of ] with ] and supported a technocratic state which would plan the economy and in which ] would be replaced by political ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Zeev Sternhell|author-link=Zeev Sternhell|chapter=Les convergences fascistes|pages=533–564|title=Nouvelle histoire des idées politiques|editor=Pascal Ory|publisher=Pluriel Hachette|year=1987|language=fr|isbn=2-01-010906-6}}</ref> | ||
| In the 1990s, a number of Marxists began to see the exponential development of ] as the key to the creation of a better, more efficient kind of socialist ] than had existed in the past. They argued that the growing processing power of computers could be used to resolve the economic calculation problem and create a non-market economic system based on a detailed central plan for the allocation of factors of production, and they believed that the use of technology rather than human ] would also help avoid the problems usually associated with centralized decision-making. This new type of technologically-assisted socialism was described in most detail in the book ''Towards a New Socialism''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Towards a New Socialism|author=W. Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell|date=1993|publisher=Spokesman|location=Nottingham, England|id=ISBN 0851245455|url=http://www.ecn.wfu.edu./~cottrell/socialism_book/}}</ref> Earlier, in the 1940s, the socialist calculation debate between Hayek and Oskar Lange resulted in the conclusion that a planned economy more efficient than a market economy was not conceivable with the then current state of information technology. This led Lange to develop an intermediary ] (set into practice in ]), while he continued to term the market "a calculation device of the pre-electronic age". Heinz Dieterich, together with Konrad Zuse, outlined what they termed "Computersozialismus" (Computer Socialism). | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The neosocialist faction inside of the SFIO which included the senior party figures Marcel Déat and Pierre Renaudel was expelled at the November 1933 party congress, partly for its admiration for Italian fascism, and largely for its revisionist stances: the neosocialists advocated alliances with the middle classes and favoured making compromises with the ] ] to enact the SFIO's program one issue at a time. After having been expelled from the SFIO, Marcel Déat and his followers created the ] (1933–1935); by the close of 1935 the emergence of the Popular Front had stolen the thunder for much of the neo-socialists' tactical and policy proposals, and the Jean Jaurès Union merged with the more traditional class-collaborative ] and ] to form the small ]. Within the ] trade union, neosocialism was represented by René Belin's ''Syndicats'' (then ''Redressements'')'s faction.{{citation needed|date=December 2007}} On the other hand, Henri de Man's planism influenced the ] of the progressive-centrist ], known as Young Turks (among them ]). | |||
| At first the neosocialists remained part of the broader left. Déat led his splinter party into the ], a merger of various revisionist socialist parties, and participated in the ] coalition of 1936. But disillusionment in democracy eventually caused many neosocialists to distance themselves from the traditional left and call for more authoritarian government. After 1936 many evolved toward a form of participatory and nationalistic socialism which led them to join with the ] and support the collaborationist ] during ]. For instance, René Belin and Marcel Déat became members of the Vichy government. As a result, Déat's neosocialism was discredited in France after the war.{{citation needed|date=December 2007}} | |||
| == Belgium and France in the 1930s == | |||
| == See also == | |||
| In ] and ] during the 1930s, there was a political movement calling itself "neosocialism," which included several ] tendencies in the ] (the French Section of the Second International). In the wake of the ], a group of left-wing members, lead by ] in Belgium, founder of '']'', and in France ], ], ], the "neo-Turks" of the ] (], etc.), opposed themselves both to ] and to gradual ]. Instead, influenced by Henri de Man's ''planisme'', they promoted a "constructive revolution" headed by the state and ], through economic planification. Such ideas also influenced the ] in the French right-wing. | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| ⚫ | == References == | ||
| ⚫ | Marcel Déat published |
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| {{Reflist}} | |||
| The Neo-Socialist faction inside of the SFIO, which included Marcel Déat and Pierre Renaudel, were expelled during the November 1933 Congress, because of their revisionist stances and admiration for ]. The neos advocated alliances with the middle-classes and favored making compromises with the "bourgeois" ] to enact the SFIO's program one issue at a time. After having being expelled from the SFIO, Marcel Déat and his followers created the '']'' (]-]) which was one of the main expression of Neo-Socialism in France. Inside the ], Neo-Socialism was represented by René Belin's ''Syndicats'' (then ''Redressements'')'s faction.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} | |||
| On the other hand, Henri de Man's ''planisme'' influenced the left-wing of the Radical Party, called "Young Turks" (among them Pierre Mendès France). Planisme would later influence '']'', ], regionalism, ] as well as Mendesism, "left-wing ]" (]) and Socialist clubs in the 1960s (Club Jean Moulin, etc.).{{Fact|date=December 2007}} | |||
| The Neo-Socialists, however, evolved toward a form of participatory and nationalist socialism which eventually led them to join with the reactionary right and support the collaborationist ] during the ] (René Belin and Marcel Déat became members of the ]). | |||
| == Use by the political Right == | |||
| ] and other conservatives have defined neosocialism as the pursuit of the classical ideals of ] or ] through high ] of wealth and heavy ] of industry. Murdoch, the conservative owner of ], wrote that a "new class" of neosocialists was using government regulation as a tool for personal gain. This class includes career politicians and union members, according to Murdoch. | |||
| In traditional media, the word "neosocialism" has not been used widely outside of a few opinion articles, unlike the similar term "]". A LexisNexis search conducted March 20, 2005{{Or|date=December 2007}}, reveals 20 other uses of the terms "neosocialism" or "neosocialist" in newspapers, most of which agree with Murdoch's definition. In contrast, a search for the term "neoconservative" returns over 1,000 results.{{Or|date=December 2007}} The ] does not include the term "neosocialism". | |||
| ⚫ | == References == | ||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| == Further reading == | == Further reading == | ||
| * {{cite journal|doi=10.1521/siso.2005.69.4.580|title=Fascism and the Planned Economy: |
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1521/siso.2005.69.4.580|title=Fascism and the Planned Economy: 'Neo-Socialism' and 'Planisme' in France and Belgium in the 1930s|author=Richard Griffiths|author-link=Richard Griffiths|journal=Science and Society|date=October 2005|pages=580–593|volume=69|issue=4}} | ||
| {{SFIO}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * , by W. Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell | |||
| * , an American multi-national group supporting a form of neo-socialism. | |||
| * "," ], '']'', April 7, 1998. Previously in '''', May 9, 1998, and '''', September 29, 1997. | |||
| * "," ], '']'', April 12, 1993. | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
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Latest revision as of 12:04, 4 February 2024
Interwar Francophone political movement For similar terms, see New Socialism.Neosocialism was a political faction that existed in France and Belgium during the 1930s and which included several revisionist tendencies in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).
During the 1930s, the faction gradually distanced itself from revolutionary Marxism and reformist socialism while stopping short of merging into the traditional class-collaborative movement represented by the Radical Party. Instead, they advocated a revolution from above, which they termed as a constructive revolution. In France, this brought them into conflict with the Socialist Party's traditional policy of anti-governmentalism and the neosocialists were expelled from SFIO.
History
In the wake of the Great Depression, a group of parliamentary deputies led by Henri de Man in Belgium (the leader of the Belgian Labour Party's right-wing, and founder of the ideology of planisme, i.e. planism, referring to economic planning) and in France by Marcel Déat and Pierre Renaudel (leader of the SFIO's right wing), René Belin of the General Confederation of Labour, the Young Turk current of the Radical-Socialist Party (Pierre Mendès-France) argued that the unprecedented scale of the global economic crisis, and the sudden success of national-populist parties across Europe, meant that time had run out for socialists to slowly pursue either of the traditional stances of the parliamentary left: gradual, progressive reformism or Marxist-inspired popular revolution. Instead, influenced by Henri de Man's planism, they promoted a "constructive revolution" headed by the state, where a democratic mandate would be sought to develop technocracy and a planned economy.
This approach saw great success in the Belgian Labour Party in 1933–1934, where it was adopted as official policy with the support of the party's right (De Man) and left (Paul-Henri Spaak) wings, though by 1935 enthusiasm had waned. Such ideas also influenced the non-conformist movement on the French right.
In 1930, Marcel Déat published Perspectives socialistes (Socialist Perspectives), a revisionist work closely influenced by Henri de Man's planism. Along with over a hundred articles written in La vie socialiste (The Socialist Life), the review of the SFIO's right-wing, Perspective socialistes marked the shift of Déat from classical socialism to neosocialism. Déat replaced class struggle with class collaboration and national solidarity, advocated corporatism as a model of social organisation, replaced the notion of socialism with anti-capitalism and supported a technocratic state which would plan the economy and in which parliamentarism would be replaced by political technocracy.
The neosocialist faction inside of the SFIO which included the senior party figures Marcel Déat and Pierre Renaudel was expelled at the November 1933 party congress, partly for its admiration for Italian fascism, and largely for its revisionist stances: the neosocialists advocated alliances with the middle classes and favoured making compromises with the bourgeois Radical-Socialist Party to enact the SFIO's program one issue at a time. After having been expelled from the SFIO, Marcel Déat and his followers created the Socialist Party of France – Jean Jaurès Union (1933–1935); by the close of 1935 the emergence of the Popular Front had stolen the thunder for much of the neo-socialists' tactical and policy proposals, and the Jean Jaurès Union merged with the more traditional class-collaborative Independent Socialists and Socialist Republicans to form the small Socialist Republican Union. Within the General Confederation of Labour trade union, neosocialism was represented by René Belin's Syndicats (then Redressements)'s faction. On the other hand, Henri de Man's planism influenced the left-wing of the progressive-centrist Radical-Socialist Party, known as Young Turks (among them Pierre Mendès-France).
At first the neosocialists remained part of the broader left. Déat led his splinter party into the Socialist Republican Union, a merger of various revisionist socialist parties, and participated in the Popular Front coalition of 1936. But disillusionment in democracy eventually caused many neosocialists to distance themselves from the traditional left and call for more authoritarian government. After 1936 many evolved toward a form of participatory and nationalistic socialism which led them to join with the reactionary right and support the collaborationist Vichy regime during World War II. For instance, René Belin and Marcel Déat became members of the Vichy government. As a result, Déat's neosocialism was discredited in France after the war.
See also
References
- Parti ouvrier belge (1934). Le plan du travail. Brussels: Institut d'économie européenne.
- Van Haegendoren, M. Le parti socialiste belge de 1914 à 1940. Vie ouvrière, Brussels, 1995.
- Horn, G. R. "From 'Radical' to 'Realistic': Hendrik De Man and the International Plan Conferences at Pontigny and Geneva, 1934-1937" Contemporary European History. Vol Vol. 10, No. 2 (Jul., 2001), pp. 239-265
- Zeev Sternhell (1987). "Les convergences fascistes". In Pascal Ory (ed.). Nouvelle histoire des idées politiques (in French). Pluriel Hachette. pp. 533–564. ISBN 2-01-010906-6.
Further reading
- Richard Griffiths (October 2005). "Fascism and the Planned Economy: 'Neo-Socialism' and 'Planisme' in France and Belgium in the 1930s". Science and Society. 69 (4): 580–593. doi:10.1521/siso.2005.69.4.580.