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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see ] -->
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
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] from 1992, depicting traditional ]]]
] and his wife ], surrounded by family]]
{{Culture of Moldova}} {{Culture of Moldova}}


The '''culture of ]''' is unique and influenced by the ] of its majority population, as well as the ] and minority ] populations.<ref name="culture"></ref> The traditional Latin origins of Romanian culture reach back to the 2nd century, the period of ] colonization in ].
The '''culture of Moldova''' is part of the greater ] cultural area in ].


During the centuries following the Roman withdrawal in 271, the population of the region was influenced by contact with the ], ], ], and later by the ]. Slavic migration into the region began in the 6th century and continued gradually through the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Slavs in Moldova Bio|publisher=University of Maryland|access-date=November 11, 2018|url=http://www.mar.umd.edu/assessment.asp?groupId=35902}}</ref> A heavy Polish influence occurred from the 14th through 16th centuries, when the ] was connected to Poland by a trade route and was briefly a vassal of the ].<ref>Marcin Kosienkowski, </ref> Since the 18th century, several waves of Poles emigrated to the land which constitutes the majority of modern ]. Beginning in the 19th century, a strong ] (particularly French) influence came to be evident in literature and the arts. The resulting melting pot has produced a rich cultural tradition. Although foreign contact was an inevitable consequence of the region's ], their influence only served to enhance a vital and resilient popular culture. Despite the many foreign influences on Moldovan culture, the country's traditional Romanian roots remain strong.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moldovan Culture and Traditions |url=https://moldova.travel/en/cultural-heritage/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Moldova Travel |language=en-US}}</ref>
==History==
Heavily influenced by ] and ] cultures in its early period, it also gained ] through the powerfull neighboring ] powers (] and ]). Consequently, until the 17th the language of the church, the court and culture in general was ].


The population of what once was the ] (1359–1859) had come to identify itself widely as "Moldovan" by the 14th century, but continued to maintain close cultural links with other Romanian groups. After 1812, the eastern Moldovans, those inhabiting ] and ], were also influenced by ] during the periods of 1812–1917, and during 1940–1989 they were influenced by Russia.
Despite the instauration of ] suzerainity, the Moldovan culture continued to flourish in the 16th-17th century, with the first works in ] being published in this period. ] influences also entered the region in the 18th cenutury through the ] rulers.
As ] became part of the ] in 1812, in the 19th century modern ]an influences came mainly intermediated by the Russian culture. The resulting mélange has produced a rich cultural tradition. Although foreign contacts were an inevitable consequence of the region's geography, their influence only served to enhance a vital and resilient popular culture.


The geographical area that is now modern Moldova was formed under the conditions of contacts with the ] population, and later under the rule of the ]. In 1812, the territory of modern Moldova was liberated from Ottoman rule and incorporated into the ]n province of the ], which had a great influence on the development of the culture of the region. After the ] in 1918, ] annexed the nation for 22 years, and the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed on the left bank of the Dniester, as a result of which culture developed under a stronger Russian influence under Soviet administrative control, as well as by ethnic Russian or Russian-speaking immigration.
By 1918, Bessarabia, as was one of the least-developed, and least-educated European regions of the Russian Empire. In 1930, its ] was less than 40 percent, according to a Romanian ]. Especially low was the literacy rate for women: less than 10% in 1918 to just under 50% in 1940.{{cn}} The interwar Romanian rule brought Romanianization campaigns, with limited results, but leading to the closing of the cultural establishments of the large minorities. After 1940, the Soviet authorities supported extensive campaings for the eradication of illiteracy (not the least to spread ]) and industrialization, and promoted the cultural individuality of the region.


By 1918, Bessarabia was one of the least developed, and least educated European regions of the ]. Although Soviet authorities promoted education, the region's cultural ties with ] were slowly eroded due to administrative policies. With many ethnic Romanian intellectuals, either ], being killed after 1940, or being deported both during and after ], Bessarabia's cultural and educational situation changed drastically and became more ].
Soviet authorities developed urban cultural and scientific centers and institutions. They also promoted the Russian language and culture. However, this didn't result in a supression of the local culture, and the folk arts flourished. Music and dance, particularly encouraged by Soviet authorities, were made into a showcase.

After the 1960s, Soviet authorities developed urban cultural and scientific institutions that were subsequently filled with Russians, and diverse ethnic groups from across the Soviet Union. Much of the urban culture came from Moscow, while the primarily rural ethnic Romanian population was allowed to express itself in ] and ].


==Folk culture== ==Folk culture==
]
]]]
Although the ] flourished, similarities with Romanian culture were hidden. Music and dance, particularly encouraged by Soviet authorities, were made into a showcase, but were subtly changed to hide their Romanian origins. For example, the national ], in which the traditional Romanian ] (''opinca'') was replaced by the ].


Moldova's ] is extremely rich, and the ancient folk ], the "]", plays a central role in the traditional culture. Another old ballad is "Meşterul Manole". Folk traditions, including ] and ], continue to be practiced in rural areas. The folk culture tradition is promoted at the national level and is represented by, among other groups, the republic's dance company, Joc, and by the folk choir, ]. Moldova's traditional ] is very rich. The ancient folk ], such as "]" and "]", play a central role in this traditional culture. Folk traditions, including ] and ], continue to be practiced in rural areas. The folk culture tradition is promoted at the national level and is represented by, among other groups, the folk choir, ].


==Literary culture== ==Literary culture==
{{main|Literature of Moldova}}
⚫ The first books, religious texts, of the Principality of Moldavia appeared in the mid-17th century. Prominent figures in Moldavia's cultural development include ], ], ], metropolitan of Kiev ], scholars ], ] (1673–1723), and ], ], ], ], ], historian and ] ] (1836–1907), author ] (1837–1889), and poet ] (1850–1889).


⚫ Varlaam published the first books. Dosoftei founded numerous schools and published a lot. Cantemir wrote the first thorough geographical, ethnographical, and economic description of Moldavia in '']'' (], c. 1714).
⚫ The first Moldovan books (religious texts) appeared in the mid-]. Prominent figures in Moldova's cultural development include mitropolitans ] and ], ], ], mitropolitan of Kiev ], ]s ], ] (1673-1723), and ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] ] (1836-1907), author ] (1837-89), and poet ] (1850-89).


⚫ Modern writers include ], ], ], ],] and ]. In 1991, a total of 520 books were published in Moldova, of which 402 were in ], 108 in Russian, eight in ], and two in ].
⚫ Varlaam published the first books. Dosoftei founded numerous schools and published a lot. Cantemir wrote the first thorough geographical, ethnographical and economic description of the country in ] (], 1714).


⚫ In the early 1990s, Moldova had twelve professional theaters. All performed in Romanian, except the A.P. Chekhov Russian Drama Theater in ], and the Russian Drama and Comedy Theater in ], both of which performed solely in Russian, and the Licurici Republic Puppet Theater, in Chişinău, which performed in both Romanian and Russian. Members of ethnic minorities manage a number of folklore groups and amateur theaters throughout the country.
⚫ Modern writers include ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. In 1991, a total of 520 books were published in Moldova, of which 402 were in Moldovan, 108 in Russian, eight in ], and two in ].


==Cuisine==
⚫ In the early 1990s, Moldova had twelve professional theaters. All performed in Moldovan, except the A.P. Chekhov Russian Drama Theater in ], and the Russian Drama and Comedy Theater in ], both of which performed solely in Russian, and the Licurici Republic Puppet Theater (in Chişinău), which performed in both Romanian and Russian. Although, among those controlled tendencies by Soviets, artists in music formed art-bands, such as "Ciocîrlia" led by ] and "Lăutarii" of Nicolae Botgros. Members of ethnic minorities manage a number of folklore groups and amateur theaters throughout the country.
]), accompanied by ] and ].]]
{{Main|Moldovan cuisine}}
{{See also|Moldovan wine}}
Moldovan cuisine consists mainly of traditional European foods, such as beef, pork, ], ], cheese, and a variety of cereal grains. Popular alcoholic beverages are '']'' (Moldovan ]), beer, and local wine.

Very popular dishes include '']'' (a type of dumpling filled with meat and vegetables, which is wrapped in a dough wrapper, and served with a spicy ]), '']'' (a sour soup consisting of meat and vegetables, served with ], ], or rice), '']'' (another type of dumpling, filled with meat and onions, but sometimes ]s, ]s, and sauerkraut are added), '']'' (made with ]s, tomatoes, and other vegetables to form a stew), and '']'' (a dish made with ], accompanied by sauerkraut and ''mămăligă'').

Other common foods in Moldova include grilled meats, other grains, ], and '']'' (a type of polenta made with ], and mashed into a ]).

==Sports==
{{Main|Sport in Moldova}}
{{See also|Football in Moldova|Rugby union in Moldova}}


==See also== ==See also==
*] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
<!-- * ] /dead/-->

==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Culture of Moldova}}
⚫ * {{en}}
* {{in lang|en}}
⚫ * {{en}}
⚫ * {{in lang|en}}
⚫ * {{in lang|en}}

{{Moldova topics}}
{{Culture of Europe}} {{Culture of Europe}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of Moldova}}
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]
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Latest revision as of 14:28, 30 October 2024

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A Moldovan postage stamp from 1992, depicting traditional pottery
A painting of Stephen the Great and his wife Marițica Bibescu, surrounded by family
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The culture of Moldova is unique and influenced by the Romanian origins of its majority population, as well as the Slavic and minority Gagauz populations. The traditional Latin origins of Romanian culture reach back to the 2nd century, the period of Roman colonization in Dacia.

During the centuries following the Roman withdrawal in 271, the population of the region was influenced by contact with the Byzantine Empire, Slavic peoples, Hungarian people, and later by the Ottoman Turks. Slavic migration into the region began in the 6th century and continued gradually through the early 19th century. A heavy Polish influence occurred from the 14th through 16th centuries, when the Principality of Moldova was connected to Poland by a trade route and was briefly a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland. Since the 18th century, several waves of Poles emigrated to the land which constitutes the majority of modern Moldova. Beginning in the 19th century, a strong Western European (particularly French) influence came to be evident in literature and the arts. The resulting melting pot has produced a rich cultural tradition. Although foreign contact was an inevitable consequence of the region's geographical location, their influence only served to enhance a vital and resilient popular culture. Despite the many foreign influences on Moldovan culture, the country's traditional Romanian roots remain strong.

The population of what once was the Principality of Moldavia (1359–1859) had come to identify itself widely as "Moldovan" by the 14th century, but continued to maintain close cultural links with other Romanian groups. After 1812, the eastern Moldovans, those inhabiting Bessarabia and Transnistria, were also influenced by Slavic culture during the periods of 1812–1917, and during 1940–1989 they were influenced by Russia.

The geographical area that is now modern Moldova was formed under the conditions of contacts with the East Slavic population, and later under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1812, the territory of modern Moldova was liberated from Ottoman rule and incorporated into the Bessarabian province of the Russian Empire, which had a great influence on the development of the culture of the region. After the October Revolution in 1918, Romania annexed the nation for 22 years, and the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed on the left bank of the Dniester, as a result of which culture developed under a stronger Russian influence under Soviet administrative control, as well as by ethnic Russian or Russian-speaking immigration.

By 1918, Bessarabia was one of the least developed, and least educated European regions of the Russian Empire. Although Soviet authorities promoted education, the region's cultural ties with Romania were slowly eroded due to administrative policies. With many ethnic Romanian intellectuals, either fleeing, being killed after 1940, or being deported both during and after World War II, Bessarabia's cultural and educational situation changed drastically and became more Russified.

After the 1960s, Soviet authorities developed urban cultural and scientific institutions that were subsequently filled with Russians, and diverse ethnic groups from across the Soviet Union. Much of the urban culture came from Moscow, while the primarily rural ethnic Romanian population was allowed to express itself in folklore and folk art.

Folk culture

Wedding in the village Tașlîc, 1960s
Traditional Moldovan costumes in Chișinău

Although the folk arts flourished, similarities with Romanian culture were hidden. Music and dance, particularly encouraged by Soviet authorities, were made into a showcase, but were subtly changed to hide their Romanian origins. For example, the national folk costume, in which the traditional Romanian moccasin (opinca) was replaced by the Russian boot.

Moldova's traditional folk culture is very rich. The ancient folk ballads, such as "Mioriţa" and "Meşterul Manole", play a central role in this traditional culture. Folk traditions, including ceramics and weaving, continue to be practiced in rural areas. The folk culture tradition is promoted at the national level and is represented by, among other groups, the folk choir, Doina.

Literary culture

Main article: Literature of Moldova

The first books, religious texts, of the Principality of Moldavia appeared in the mid-17th century. Prominent figures in Moldavia's cultural development include Dosoftei, Grigore Ureche, Miron Costin, metropolitan of Kiev Petru Movilă, scholars Nicolae Milescu-Spãtaru, Dimitrie Cantemir (1673–1723), and Ion Neculce, Gavriil Bănulescu-Bodoni, Alexandru Donici, Constantin Stamati, Costache Negruzzi, historian and philologist Bogdan P. Hasdeu (1836–1907), author Ion Creangă (1837–1889), and poet Mihai Eminescu (1850–1889).

Varlaam published the first books. Dosoftei founded numerous schools and published a lot. Cantemir wrote the first thorough geographical, ethnographical, and economic description of Moldavia in Descriptio Moldaviae (Berlin, c. 1714).

Modern writers include Vladimir Beşleagă, Nicolae Dabija, Ion Druţă, Victor Teleucă,Victor Ciobanu and Grigore Vieru. In 1991, a total of 520 books were published in Moldova, of which 402 were in Romanian, 108 in Russian, eight in Gagauz, and two in Bulgarian.

In the early 1990s, Moldova had twelve professional theaters. All performed in Romanian, except the A.P. Chekhov Russian Drama Theater in Chişinău, and the Russian Drama and Comedy Theater in Tiraspol, both of which performed solely in Russian, and the Licurici Republic Puppet Theater, in Chişinău, which performed in both Romanian and Russian. Members of ethnic minorities manage a number of folklore groups and amateur theaters throughout the country.

Cuisine

A popular Moldovan dish of Stuffed Cabbage Rolls (sarma), accompanied by sauerkraut and mămăligă.
Main article: Moldovan cuisine See also: Moldovan wine

Moldovan cuisine consists mainly of traditional European foods, such as beef, pork, potatoes, cabbage, cheese, and a variety of cereal grains. Popular alcoholic beverages are divin (Moldovan brandy), beer, and local wine.

Very popular dishes include manti (a type of dumpling filled with meat and vegetables, which is wrapped in a dough wrapper, and served with a spicy sour cream), ciorbă (a sour soup consisting of meat and vegetables, served with sauerkraut, polenta, or rice), pelmeni (another type of dumpling, filled with meat and onions, but sometimes mushrooms, turnips, and sauerkraut are added), borscht (made with beets, tomatoes, and other vegetables to form a stew), and sarma (a dish made with stuffed cabbage rolls, accompanied by sauerkraut and mămăligă).

Other common foods in Moldova include grilled meats, other grains, dairy products, and mămăligă (a type of polenta made with cornmeal, and mashed into a porridge).

Sports

Main article: Sport in Moldova See also: Football in Moldova and Rugby union in Moldova

See also

References

  1. Moldova's Culture
  2. "Slavs in Moldova Bio". University of Maryland. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  3. Marcin Kosienkowski, "Polska a Mołdawia i Naddniestrze"
  4. "Moldovan Culture and Traditions". Moldova Travel. Retrieved November 2, 2023.

External links

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