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{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Poland}}
{{otheruses3|] and ]}}
{{Redirect-several|Warsaw|Warszawa|Warschau|City of Warsaw}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Warsaw
| native_name = {{native name|pl|Warszawa}}
| native_name_lang = pl
| settlement_type = ] and ]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/4
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Aleja Niepdleglosci Warsaw 2022 aerial (cropped).jpg
| alt1 = Warsaw business district from Novotel
| caption1 = The ] district
| image2 = 2017-05-27_Plac_Zamkowy_w_Warszawie_1.jpg
| alt2 = Royal Castle and Sigismund's Column
| caption2 = ] and ]
| image3 = Warszawa, ul. Nowy Świat 72-74 20170517 004.jpg
| alt3 = Staszic Palace and Nicolaus Copernicus Monument
| caption3 = ]
| image4 = Pałac na Wodzie,Łazienki Królewskie,Warszawa.jpg
| alt4 = Łazienki Park
| caption4 = ]
| image5 = Garden facade of the Wilanów Palace, 2019, 03.jpg
| alt5 = Wilanów Palace
| caption5 = ]
| image6 = Market Square Warsaw (22594p) (cropped).jpg
| alt6 = Main Market Square
| caption6 = ]
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Warsaw.svg
| image_shield = POL Warszawa COA.svg
| image_blank_emblem = Warsaw_logo_2022.svg
| nickname = ''Phoenix City''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rayasam |first1=Renuka |title=This once-dark city is becoming the darling of Europe |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20160504-this-once-dark-city-is-becoming-the-darling-of-europe |work=BBC |date=10 May 2016}}</ref>
| motto = ''Semper invicta''{{spaces|2}}<small>(] "Ever invincible")</small>
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=280|frame-height=280|frame-coord=SWITCH:{{coord|qid=Q270}}###{{coord|qid=Q54169}}###{{coord|qid=Q36}}###{{coord|qid=Q46}}|zoom=SWITCH:9;6;5;3|type=SWITCH:shape-inverse;shape;point;point|marker=city|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#5f5f5f|id2=SWITCH:Q270;Q54169;Q36;Q46|type2=shape|fill2=#ffffff|fill-opacity2=SWITCH:0;0.1;0.1;0.1|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#5f5f5f|stroke-opacity2=SWITCH:0;1;1;1|switch=Warsaw;Masovian Voivodeship;Poland;Europe}}
| coordinates = {{coord|52|13|48|N|21|00|40|E|region:PL_type:city(1,800,000)|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = ]
| subdivision_name = ]
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_type2 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ]
| subdivision_name2 = ''City county''
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 13th century
| established_title1 = City rights
| established_date1 = 1323
| parts_style = coll
| parts_type = ]
| parts = ]
| seat_type = ]
| seat = ]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = ]
| leader_name = ] (])
| leader_title1 = ]
| leader_name1 = ]
| leader_title3 = ]
| leader_name3 = ]
| government_type = ]
| governing_body = ]
| area_total_km2 = 517.24
| area_urban_km2 = 546.00
| area_metro_km2 = 6,100.43
| elevation_m = 78–116
| elevation_ft = 328
| population_total = {{increase}} 1,862,402 (])<ref name="GUS - Bank Danych Lokalnych">{{Cite web|url=https://warszawa.stat.gov.pl/warszawa/ |title=Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie / Warszawa }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_density_km2 = 3601
| population_urban = 2028000<ref name=Demographia>{{citation|title=Demographia World Urban Areas 19th Annual: 2023 08|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|website=demographia.com}}</ref>
| population_density_urban_km2 = 3714
| population_metro = 3269510<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_R_D2JAN/default/table?lang=en |title=Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region |publisher=] |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>
| population_density_metro_km2 = 509.1
| population_rank = ] <br/>]
| population_demonym = Varsovian
| demographics_type1 = ]
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = ] and ]
| demographics1_info1 = €77.957 billion (2021)
| demographics1_title2 = Metro
| demographics1_info2 = €114.436 billion (2022)
| blank_name = ]
| blank_info = zł 24.368 billion <br />(€5.4 billion)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warszawa.stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/warszawa/en/defaultstronaopisowa/734/1/1/21_wwa_16_finanse_publiczne.pdf|title=EXPENDITURE OF THE CAPITAL CITY OF WARSAW BUDGET BY TYPE|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222111010/https://warszawa.stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/warszawa/en/defaultstronaopisowa/734/1/1/21_wwa_16_finanse_publiczne.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 00-001 to 04-999
| area_code = +48 22
| website = {{URL|en.um.warszawa.pl|warszawa.pl}}
| footnotes = {{designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = ]
| designation1_date = 1980 <small>(4th ])</small>
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria = ii, vi
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = UNESCO region
| designation1_free1value = ]
}}
| timezone = ]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = ]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| official_name = Capital City of Warsaw<br/>{{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{langx|pl|miasto stołeczne Warszawa}}}}}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = International airports
| blank1_info_sec1 = ] (])<br /> ] (]) (not in Warsaw)
| blank2_name_sec1 = ]
| blank2_info_sec1 = ]
| shield_size = 70px
| blank_emblem_type = ]
}}
]


'''Warsaw''',{{efn|English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɔːr|s|ɔː}}, {{Respell|WOR|saw}}; {{langx|pl|Warszawa}} {{IPA|pl|varˈʂava||Pl-Warszawa.ogg}}; {{langx|la|Varsovia}} or {{lang|la|Varsavia}}}} officially the '''Capital City of Warsaw''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20180001817 |title=''Journal of Laws of Poland'', position 1817, 2018 |access-date=30 August 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830113953/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20180001817 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|{{langx|pl|miasto stołeczne Warszawa|links=no}} {{IPA|pl|ˈmjastɔ stɔˈwɛt͡ʂnɛ varˈʂava||Pl-miasto stołeczne.ogg}}, abbreviation: {{lang|pl|m.st. Warszawa}}.}} is the capital and ] of ]. The metropolis stands on the ] in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at 1.86&nbsp;million residents within a ] of 3.27&nbsp;million residents, which makes Warsaw the ] in the ].<ref name="GUS - Bank Danych Lokalnych"/> The city area measures {{convert|517|km2|abbr=on}} and comprises ], while the metropolitan area covers {{convert|6100|km2|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name=goeuro2012/> Warsaw is classified as an ] ],<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |department=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> a major cultural, political and economic hub, and the country's seat of government. It is also the capital of the ].
'''Warsaw''' (]: ] ], see also ], in full '''The Capital City of Warsaw''', ]: ''Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa'') is the capital of ] and its largest city. It is located on the ] river roughly 350 km from both the ] coast and the ]. Its population as of ] was estimated at 1,676,600, with an urban agglomeration of approximately 2,400,000. The area of this city comprises 516.9 km², with an urban aglomeration of 1226.6 km².


Warsaw traces its origins to a small fishing town in ]. The city rose to prominence in the late 16th century, when ] decided to move the Polish capital and his royal court from ]. Warsaw served as the de facto capital of the ] until 1795, and subsequently as the seat of ]'s ]. The 19th century and its ] brought a demographic boom, which made it one of the largest and most densely populated cities in Europe. Known then for its elegant architecture and boulevards, Warsaw was ] and ] at the start of ] in 1939.<ref name="coat_of_arms"/><ref name="Czerkawski"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youramazingplaces.com/warsaw-phoenix-city/ |title=Warsaw – Phoenix City Rebuilt From the Ashes |date=26 December 2014 |work=youramazingplaces.com |access-date=17 September 2015 |archive-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224104224/http://www.youramazingplaces.com/warsaw-phoenix-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Much of the historic city was destroyed and its diverse population decimated by the ] in 1943, the general ] in 1944, and ].
The city, also the capital of ], is home to many industries (manufacturing, steel, electrical engineering, automotive); it features 66 institutions of higher learning, including ], ], the Higher School of Business and the Medical Academy. Warsaw is home to over 30 theatres, including the National Theatre and Opera and the National Philharmonic Orchestra.


Warsaw is served by three international airports, the busiest being ], as well as ] and ]. Major public transport services operating in the city include the ], ], ] and an extensive ]. The city is a significant economic centre for the region, with the ] being the largest in ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fio.pl/stocks-investments/stocks/stocks-poland |title=Warsaw Stock Exchange, Poland, stocks, investing online – Fio bank |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409203454/https://www.fio.pl/stocks-investments/stocks/stocks-poland |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Warsaw: The Region's Key Market |url=http://www.wcms2015.com/en/press-release?more=280997652 |website=Warsaw Capital Market Summit 2015 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065456/http://www.wcms2015.com/en/press-release?more=280997652 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the base for ], the ] for external border security, and ], one of the principal institutions of the ]. Warsaw has one of Europe's highest ], and the ] is the tallest building in the European Union.
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{{Infobox Poland|
The city's primary educational and cultural institutions comprise the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ], the largest of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communications-unlimited.nl/the-grand-theater-in-warsaw-one-of-the-largest-theatres-in-europe-and-one-of-the-biggest-stages-in-the-world/ |title=The Grand Theater in Warsaw: one of the largest theatres in Europe and one of the biggest stages in the world – |website=communications-unlimited.nl |date=27 May 2016 |access-date=14 November 2017 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406205035/http://www.communications-unlimited.nl/the-grand-theater-in-warsaw-one-of-the-largest-theatres-in-europe-and-one-of-the-biggest-stages-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The reconstructed ], which represents a variety of European architectural styles, was listed as a ] in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldlyresort.com/warsaw-city-of-classical-music-and-varied-architecture-in-poland-1334.html |title=Warsaw, City of Classical Music and Varied Architecture in Poland – Worldly Resort |last=WorldlyTraveller |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=10 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510152430/http://www.worldlyresort.com/warsaw-city-of-classical-music-and-varied-architecture-in-poland-1334.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other landmarks include the ], ], the ], the ], ], ], and numerous churches and mansions along the ]. Warsaw is a green capital, with around a quarter of the city's area occupied by parks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.poland.travel/en/holiday-ideas/warsaw-is-a-green-city-2 |title=Warsaw is a green city |first=Paulina |last=Skoczeń |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409201114/https://www.poland.travel/en/holiday-ideas/warsaw-is-a-green-city-2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="eastern europe capital">{{cite news |author=Charly Wilder |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/22/travel/what-to-do-in-36-hours-in-warsaw-poland.html |title=36 Hours in Warsaw, Poland |work=The New York Times |date=23 December 2015 |access-date=29 December 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228162630/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/22/travel/what-to-do-in-36-hours-in-warsaw-poland.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In sports, the city is home to ] football club and hosts the annual ].
city_name=Warsaw|

motto=''Contemnit procellas'' (It defies the storms)<br>''Semper invicta'' (Always invincible)|
==Toponymy and names==
voivodship=]|
Warsaw's name in the ] is {{lang|pl|Warszawa}}. Other previous spellings of the name may have included: {{lang|pl|Warszewa}}, {{lang|pl|Warszowa}}, {{lang|pl|Worszewa}} or {{lang|pl|Werszewa}}.<ref>Samuel Bogumił Linde, Slownik jẹzyka polskiego (1808)</ref><ref>Julian Weinberg, Polacy w Rodzinie Sławian (1878)</ref> The exact origin and meaning of the name is uncertain and has not been fully determined.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=Warsaw |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |website=etymonline.com |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923144805/http://etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=Warsaw |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/linguistica/article/view/6271 |title=Pre-Slavic toponomastic layer of Northern Mazovia: corrections and addenda (the Narew drainage) |first=Zbigniew |last=Babik |date=31 December 2015 |journal=Linguistica |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=29–46 |via=revije.ff.uni-lj.si |doi=10.4312/linguistica.55.1.29-46 |doi-access=free |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202044430/https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/linguistica/article/view/6271 |url-status=live }}</ref> Originally, Warszawa was the name of a small fishing settlement on the banks of the ] river. One hypothesis states that {{lang|pl|Warszawa}} means "belonging to Warsz", {{lang|pl|Warsz}} being a shortened form of the masculine ] name Warcisław, which etymologically is linked with ].<ref name=Rymut/> However the ending -awa is unusual for a large city; the names of Polish cities derived from personal names usually end in -ów/owo/ew/ewo (e.g. Piotrków, Adamów).
council=Rada miasta st. Warszawy|

mayor=]|
] attributes the city name to ]. There are several versions of the legend with their appearance. According to one version, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula with whom fisherman Wars fell in love.<ref name=warsaw-legend/><ref name=syrenka_historia/> The official city name in full is {{lang|pl|miasto stołeczne Warszawa}} ("The Capital City of Warsaw").<ref name=prawo_lex/>
area=516,9|urban area=1226,6|

population=1,676,600|
A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a ''Varsovian'' – in Polish {{lang|pl|warszawiak}}, {{lang|pl|warszawianin}} (male), {{lang|pl|warszawianka}} (female), {{lang|pl|warszawiacy}}, and {{lang|pl|warszawianie}} (plural).
agglomeration=2,400,000|

density=3258|
{{For|the name of Warsaw in various languages|wikt:Warsaw}}
date_founded=] century|

city_rights=turn of the ] century|
==History==
latitude=52°15' N| <!-- please _don't_ increase precision -->
{{Main|History of Warsaw}}
longitude=21°00' E|
{{For timeline}}
area_code=22|

car_plates=WA to WZ|
===1300–1800===
twin_towns=], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]|
] to the right. The church was founded in 1390, and is one of the city's ancient and most important landmarks.]]
website=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/|
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location_pic=Warszawa Mapa.png|
The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in ] (9th/10th century) and ] (12th/13th century).<ref name="history"/> After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new fortified settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called "Warszowa". The Prince of ], Bolesław II of Masovia, established the modern-day city in about 1300 and the first historical document attesting to the existence of a ]y dates to 1313.<ref name="views">{{cite book |author=Dobrosław Kobielski |title=Widoki dawnej Warszawy (Views of Old Warsaw) |year=1984 |publisher=Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza |location=Warsaw |isbn=83-03-00702-5 |language=pl}}</ref> With the completion of ] in 1390, Warsaw became one of the seats of the ] and was officially made capital of the ] in 1413.<ref name="history"/> The economy then predominantly rested on craftsmanship or trade, and the town housed approximately 4,500 people at the time.
flag_pic=Flag of Warsaw.png|

coa_pic=Grand CoA Warsaw.png|
During the 15th century, the population migrated and spread beyond the northern city wall into a newly formed self-governing precinct called ]. The existing older settlement became eventually known as the ]. Both possessed their own town charter and independent councils. The aim of establishing a separate district was to accommodate new incomers or "undesirables" who were not permitted to settle in Old Town, particularly ].<ref name="Davies">{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |title=God's Playground |url=https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0 |url-access=registration |edition=2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-19-925339-0}}</ref> Social and financial disparities between the classes in the two precincts led to a minor revolt in 1525.<ref name="views"/> Following the sudden death of ] and the extinction of the local ducal line, Masovia was incorporated into the ] in 1526.<ref name="history"/> ], wife of ], was widely accused of poisoning the duke to uphold Polish rule over Warsaw.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muzeumwarszawy.pl/obiekt/fragment-szaty-ksiazat-mazowieckich/ |title=Fragment szaty książąt mazowieckich |website=Muzeum Warszawy |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808001447/https://muzeumwarszawy.pl/obiekt/fragment-szaty-ksiazat-mazowieckich/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://przekroj.pl/nauka/malo-czarujacy-koniec-piastow-mazowieckich-adam-weglowski |title=Mało czarujący koniec Piastów mazowieckich – Kwartalnik Przekrój |website=przekroj.pl |date=20 February 2018 |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028113311/https://przekroj.pl/nauka/malo-czarujacy-koniec-piastow-mazowieckich-adam-weglowski |url-status=live }}</ref>
colour_scheme=background:#cccccc;|

In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of a ] and held that privilege permanently from 1569.<ref name="history"/> The city's rising importance encouraged the construction of a new set of defenses, including the landmark ]. Renowned ] were brought to Warsaw to reshape the ], the streets and the marketplace, resulting in the Old Town's early Italianate appearance. In 1573, the city gave its name to the ] which formally established religious freedom in the ]. Due to its central location between the capitals of the Commonwealth's two component parts, Poland and Lithuania, which were ] and ] respectively, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the ] when ] transferred his royal court in 1596.<ref name="history"/> In the subsequent years the town significantly expanded to the south and westwards. Several private independent districts ('']'') were the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which they ruled by their own laws. Between 1655 and 1658 the city was besieged and pillaged by the Swedish, ] and ]n forces.<ref name="history"/><ref name=Ascheron/> The conduct of the ] (1700–1721) also forced Warsaw to pay heavy tributes to the invading armies.<ref name="timeline"/>

] in 1778. Painted by ].]]

The reign of ] and ] was a time of great development for Warsaw, which turned into an early-capitalist city. The ] monarchs employed many German architects, sculptors and engineers, who rebuilt the city in a style similar to ]. The year 1727 marked the opening of the ] in Warsaw, the first publicly accessible park.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zom.waw.pl/statics/static-maps/file/Ogr%c3%b3d%20Saski%20PDF_1439287908.pdf |title=Ogród Saski|language=pl|access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208160642/https://zom.waw.pl/statics/static-maps/file/Ogr%C3%B3d%20Saski%20PDF_1439287908.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The ], the first Polish public library and the largest at the time, was founded in 1747.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://free.polbox.pl/p/psbor/eniema.htm |title=The Bygone Warsaw |date=14 March 2008 |access-date=18 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314193715/http://free.polbox.pl/p/psbor/eniema.htm |archive-date=14 March 2008}}</ref> ], who remodelled the interior of the ], also made Warsaw a centre of culture and the arts.<ref name=Rozek/><ref name=Stanley/> He extended the ] and ordered the construction or refurbishment of numerous palaces, mansions and richly-decorated tenements. This earned Warsaw the nickname ''Paris of the North''.<ref name=Golna/>

Warsaw remained the capital of the ] until 1795 when it was annexed by the ] in the third and final ];<ref>Crowley, David (2003). ''''. London: Reaktion Books. p.&nbsp;10.</ref> it subsequently became the capital of the province of ]. During this time, ] spent his exile in Warsaw under the pseudonym ''Comte de Lille''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sobieszczański |first=Franciszek Maksymilian |date=1974 |title=Rys historyczno-statystyczny wzrostu i stanu miasta Warszawy |location=Warsaw|publisher=Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy |pages=131, 452–453 |oclc=1163562236 |language=pl}}</ref>

===1800–1939===
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], designed by ] and finished in 1886]]
Warsaw was made the capital of a newly created ], known as the ], after a portion of Poland's territory was liberated from Prussia, Russia and Austria by ] in 1806.<ref name="history"/> Following Napoleon's defeat and exile, the 1815 ] assigned Warsaw to ], a ] within the easternmost sector (or partition) under a ] with ].<ref name="history"/> The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.

With the violation of the ], the 1830 ] broke out against foreign influence. The Polish-Russian war of 1831 ended in the uprising's defeat and in the curtailment of Congress Poland's autonomy.<ref name="history"/> On 27 February 1861, a Warsaw crowd protesting against Russian control over Congress Poland was fired upon by Russian troops.<ref name=Naliwajek/><ref name="obrien"/> Five people were killed. The Underground ] resided in Warsaw during the ] in 1863–64.<ref name="obrien"/>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 230
| image1 = Warszawa. Ul. Marszalkowska. 191- (67220595) (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = ], {{circa}} 1912
| image2 = Warszawa, Filharmonia. ante 1906 (12981792) (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = ], before 1906
}} }}


Warsaw flourished throughout the 19th century under Mayor ] (1875–92), who was appointed by ]. Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer ] and his son, ], as well as the expansion and modernisation of trams, street lighting, and gas infrastructure.<ref name="history"/> Between 1850 and 1882, the population grew by 134% to 383,000 as a result of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. Many migrated from surrounding rural Masovian towns and villages to the city for employment opportunities. The western borough of ] was transformed from an agricultural periphery occupied mostly by small farms and windmills (mills being the namesake of Wola's central neighbourhood ]) to an industrial and manufacturing centre.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34885,3653279.html?disableRedirects=true |title=Wyborcza.pl |website=warszawa.wyborcza.pl |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622133846/https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34885,3653279.html?disableRedirects=true |url-status=live }}</ref> ], textile and glassware factories were commonplace, with chimneys dominating the westernmost skyline.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sarp.warszawa.pl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/H.Radziejowska_Wola_przemys%C5%82.pdf |title=Wola przemysł|language=pl|access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923145313/https://sarp.warszawa.pl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/H.Radziejowska_Wola_przemys%C5%82.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
]


Like ], Warsaw's population was subjected to income segmentation. Gentrification of inner suburbs forced poorer residents to move across the river into ] or ] and ] districts, similar to the ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,17781069,Gentryfikacja_w_Warszawie__nie_patrzec_slepo_na__wzorce.html?disableRedirects=true |title=Wyborcza.pl |website=warszawa.wyborcza.pl |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622165610/https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,17781069,Gentryfikacja_w_Warszawie__nie_patrzec_slepo_na__wzorce.html?disableRedirects=true |url-status=live }}</ref> Poorer religious and ethnic minorities, such as the Jews, settled in the crowded parts of northern Warsaw, in ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.masaperlowa.pl/zydowska-warszawa-wspolczesnie/ |title=Żydowska Warszawa. Współcześnie |date=12 April 2018 |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622164018/http://www.masaperlowa.pl/zydowska-warszawa-wspolczesnie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] of 1897 recorded 626,000 people living in Warsaw, making it the third-largest city of the Empire after ] and Moscow as well as the largest city in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianhistoryblog.org/2016/05/visualizing-the-1897-census-in-pie-charts/ |title=Visualizing the 1897 Census in Pie Charts – Russian History Blog |website=russianhistoryblog.org |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927085628/http://russianhistoryblog.org/2016/05/visualizing-the-1897-census-in-pie-charts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Grand architectural complexes and structures were also erected in the city centre, including the ], the ] and tenements along ].
== Location ==


], a renowned department store during the ]]]
Warsaw ]s the ] river, approximately 350 kilometres from both the ] and the ]. It is located in the heartland of the ]. Average altitude is 100 m above sea level, although there are some hills (mostly artificial) located within the confines of the city.


During ], Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918. The ] concluded that defeated Germany is to withdraw from all foreign areas, which included Warsaw.<ref name=Wandycz/> Germany did so, and underground leader ] returned to Warsaw on the same day which marked the beginning of the ], the first truly sovereign Polish state after 1795. In the course of the ] (1919–1921), the 1920 ] was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city. Poland successfully defended the capital, stopped the brunt of the Bolshevik ] and temporarily halted the "]" to other parts of Europe.<ref name=Zamoyski/>
== Climate ==


The interwar period (1918–1939) was a time of major development in the city's infrastructure. New ] housing estates were built in ] to de-clutter the densely populated inner suburbs. In 1921, Warsaw's total area was estimated at only 124.7&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> with 1 million inhabitants–over 8,000 people/km<sup>2</sup> made Warsaw more densely populated than contemporary London.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://datablog.pl/wykres-powierzchnia-warszawy-w-latach-1921-2008/#:~:text=Historyczne%20dane%20G%C5%82%C3%B3wnego%20Urz%C4%99du%20Statystycznego,ona%20oko%C5%82o%20517%20km%20kwadratowych. |title=Powierzchnia Warszawy w latach 1921-2008 |date=16 February 2015 |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621102100/http://datablog.pl/wykres-powierzchnia-warszawy-w-latach-1921-2008/#:~:text=Historyczne%20dane%20G%C5%82%C3%B3wnego%20Urz%C4%99du%20Statystycznego,ona%20oko%C5%82o%20517%20km%20kwadratowych. |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] was constructed for railway (1921–1931), connecting both parts of the city across the ]. ] (1932–1939) was not completed due to the outbreak of the ].
Warsaw's climate is ]. The average temperature is 8 degrees ] (-3 ] in January and 19 °C in July). Yearly rainfall averages 680 ], the most rainy month being July.


] was the ] between 1934 and 1939.
== History ==


===Second World War===
]
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Warsaw Old Town 1945.jpg
| caption1 = Ruins of Old Town.
| image2 = Ruiny getta warszawskiego w drugiej połowie lat 40.jpg
| caption2 = Ruins of Northern District.
| footer = After the ] over 85% of the buildings lay in ruins, including the ] and the ].<ref name="last_glimpse"/>
}}
After the German ] on 1 September 1939 started the Second World War, Warsaw ] until 27 September. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the ], a German ] colonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population – several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city{{spaced ndash}}were herded into the ].<ref name=ushmm/> In July 1942, the Jews of the Warsaw Ghetto began to be deported en masse to the ] extermination camps, particularly ].<ref name=ushmm/> The city would become the centre of urban resistance to Nazi rule in occupied Europe.<ref name=Snyder/> When the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of ]'s "]" on 19 April 1943, Jewish fighters launched the ].<ref name="ghettouprising"/> Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the ghetto held out for almost a month.<ref name="ghettouprising"/> When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were massacred, with only a few managing to escape or hide.<ref name="ghettouprising"/><ref name=aish/>


] took place in 1944. The ] attempted to liberate Warsaw from the Germans before the arrival of the ].<ref name=britannica/>]]
The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were ] (]/] century) and ] (]/] century). After Jazdów was raided in ] by ], the Duke of ], a new similar settlement was lodged on the grounds of a small fishing village called Warszowa. In the beginning of the ] century it became one of the seats of the ], in ] becoming the capital of Masovia. Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the ] in ]. In ] Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the ], permanent since ]. In ] Warsaw gave its name to the ], an agreement by the ] to tolerate different religious faiths in the Kingdom of Poland.


By July 1944, the ] was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Nazis toward Warsaw.<ref name="uprising"/> The ] in London gave orders to the underground ] to try to seize control of Warsaw before the Red Army arrived. Thus, on 1 August 1944, as the Red Army was nearing the city, the ] began.<ref name="uprising"/> The armed struggle, planned to last 48 hours, was partially successful, however, it went on for 63 days. Eventually, the Home Army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate.<ref name="uprising"/> They were transported to ] camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled.<ref name="uprising"/> Polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000.<ref name=Borkiewicz/>
Due to its central location between the ]'s capitals of ] and ], Warsaw became the capital of ] in ], when King ] moved the capital from Cracow. Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until ], when it was annexed by the ] to become the capital of the province of ]. Liberated by ]'s army in ], Warsaw was made the capital of the newly created ]. Following the decisions of the ] of ], Warsaw became the center of the ], a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with the ].


Hitler, ignoring the agreed terms of the capitulation, ordered the ] and the library and museum collections taken to Germany or burned.<ref name="uprising"/> Monuments and government buildings were blown up by special German troops known as ''Verbrennungs- und Vernichtungskommando'' ("Burning and Destruction Detachments").<ref name="uprising"/> About 85% of the city was destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle.<ref name=warsawuprising_com/>
] in the early 1900's. ]]


On 17 January 1945&nbsp;– after the beginning of the ] of the ]&nbsp;– Soviet troops and Polish troops of the ] entered the ruins of Warsaw, and liberated Warsaw's suburbs from German occupation.<ref name=Adamczyk/> The city was swiftly freed by the Soviet Army, which rapidly advanced towards ], as German forces regrouped at a more westward position.
Following the repeated violations of the Polish constitution by the ]ns, the ] ] broke out. However, the Polish-Russian war of ] ended in the uprising's defeat and in the curtailment of the Kingdom's autonomy.


===1945–1989===
On ] ] a Warsaw crowd protesting the Russian rule over Poland was fired upon by the Russian troops. Five people were killed.
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Kościół św. Aleksandra w Warszawie przed 1939.jpg
| image2 = Kościół św. Aleksandra w Warszawie 2022a.jpg
| footer = ] at ] before the war and today - many monuments were rebuilt in a changed form
}}
In 1945, after the bombings, revolts, fighting, and demolition had ended, most of Warsaw lay in ruins. The area of the former ghetto was razed to the ground, with only a sea of rubble remaining. The immense destruction prompted a temporary transfer of the new government and its officials to ], which became the transitional seat of power. Nevertheless, Warsaw officially resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life.


After World War II, the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign was initiated and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the major housing shortage. ]-styled apartment buildings were seen as a solution to avoid Warsaw's former density problem and to create more green spaces. Some of the buildings from the 19th century that had survived in a reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless demolished in the 1950s and 1960s, like the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/warsaws-lost-architecture-portrayed-in-miniature/ |title=Warsaw's lost architecture portrayed in miniature |website=] |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322044051/http://www.timesofisrael.com/warsaws-lost-architecture-portrayed-in-miniature/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=malachowskiego_4&r3=0 |title=Pałac Leopolda Kronenberga |work=warszawa1939.pl |access-date=29 July 2008 |language=pl |archive-date=6 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206061000/http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=malachowskiego_4&r3=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] (central) region's urban system was completely reshaped; former cobblestone streets were ]ed and significantly widened for traffic use. Many notable streets such as Gęsia, Nalewki and Wielka disappeared as a result of these changes and some were split in half due to the construction of ] (Parade Square), one of the largest of its kind in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsAhAQAAIAAJ&q=plac+defilad+warszawa+jednym+z+najwiekszym+plac%C3%B3w+w+europie |isbn=9788370221607 |title=200 lat muzealnictwa warszawskiego: Dzieje i perspektywy : Materiały sesji naukowej, Zamek Królewski w Warszawie, 16-17 listopada 2005 roku |year=2006 |publisher=Arx Regia |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405003604/https://books.google.com/books?id=FsAhAQAAIAAJ&q=plac+defilad+warszawa+jednym+z+najwiekszym+plac%C3%B3w+w+europie |url-status=live }}</ref>
Warsaw become the capital of the newly independent ] again in ].


Much of the central district was also designated for future skyscrapers. The 237-metre ] resembling New York's ] was built as a gift from the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warszawa.naszemiasto.pl/palac-kultury-i-nauki-najmniej-lubiany-symbol-warszawy/ar/c1-3824033 |title=Pałac Kultury i Nauki – najmniej lubiany symbol Warszawy |first=Przemysław |last=Ziemichód |date=2 June 2017 |website=Warszawa Nasze Miasto |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622081749/https://warszawa.naszemiasto.pl/palac-kultury-i-nauki-najmniej-lubiany-symbol-warszawy/ar/c1-3824033 |url-status=live }}</ref> Warsaw's urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Crowley |title=Warsaw |year=2003 |page=156 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=18-61891-79-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC&q=warsaw+modern+architecture&pg=PA156 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818053519/https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC&q=warsaw+modern+architecture&pg=PA156 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite wartime destruction and post-war remodelling, many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form.
Warsaw flourished in the late nineteenth century under Mayor ] (]–]), a Russian-born general appointed by Tsar ]. Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer ] and his son, ], as well as the expansion and modernization of ], ] and ].


] is visible in the background.]]
]


]'s visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding ] and encouraged the growing ] fervor there.<ref name="destination"/> In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in ] in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to "renew the face" of Poland.<ref name="destination"/> These words were meaningful for Varsovians and Poles who understood them as the incentive for liberal-democratic reforms.<ref name="destination"/>
In the course of the ] of ], the huge ] was fought on the Eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital of Poland was successfully defended and the ] defeated.


===1989–present===
Warsaw is notable among ]'s capital cities not for its size, age, or beauty, but for its indestructibility. It is a ] that has risen repeatedly from the ashes. Having suffered dreadful damage during the ] and ] wars of ]–], it was again assaulted in ], when the ]n army massacred the population of the right-bank suburb of Praga. Its most remarkable act of survival, though, was its rebirth following its almost complete destruction during the ].
In 1995, the ] opened with a single line.<ref>{{cite web |title=Warsaw Metro |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/warsawmetro/ |website=Railway Technology}}</ref> A second line was opened in March 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/warszawa-opens-second-metro-line.html |title=Warszawa opens second metro line |first=DVV Media |last=UK |work=railwaygazette.com |access-date=13 April 2015 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418035101/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/warszawa-opens-second-metro-line.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 September 2022, three new Warsaw metro stations were opened, increasing the number of Warsaw Metro stations to 36 and its length to 38.3 kilometers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inforegio - 3 subsequent stations of Warsaw's Metro Line 2 up and running! |url=https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/newsroom/news/2022/09/28-09-2022-3-subsequent-stations-of-warsaw-s-metro-line-2-up-and-running |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> In February 2023, Warsaw's mayor, ], announced plans to more than double the size of the city's metro system by 2050.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tilles |first1=Daniel |title=Warsaw unveils plans to more than double size of metro |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/02/14/warsaw-unveils-plans-to-more-than-double-size-of-metro/ |website=Notes From Poland |date=14 February 2023}}</ref>


{{As of |alt=With the entry of Poland into the ] in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Impact of Poland's EU Accession on its Economy |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/105205/335.pdf |website=files.ethz.ch}}</ref>|2023|01}} Warsaw is experiencing the large economic boom.<ref name=polandtrade/> The opening fixture of ] took place in Warsaw<ref name=poland2012/> and the city also hosted the ]<ref>{{cite web |title=WARSAW CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE - NOVEMBER 2013 |url=https://unfccc.int/conference/warsaw-climate-change-conference-november-2013 |website=unfccc.int |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926102710/https://unfccc.int/conference/warsaw-climate-change-conference-november-2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=NATO summit, Warsaw, Poland, 8-9 July 2016 |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2016/07/08-09/ |website=consilium.europa.eu |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926102709/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2016/07/08-09/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of August 2022, Warsaw had received around 180,000 refugees from Ukraine, because of the ]. The amount means a tenth of the Polish capital's population of 1.8 million — the second-largest single group of Ukrainian refugees.<ref>{{cite news |title='Time stopped': Ukrainians long to go home as war drags on |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-poland-migration-00b1b341c356c26db266c64e4e2b5541 |work=AP News |date=22 August 2022 |language=en |access-date=26 September 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403160458/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-poland-migration-00b1b341c356c26db266c64e4e2b5541 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The ] began when ] invaded western Poland on ] ]. On ] eastern Poland was invaded by the ]. Poland capitulated after 6 weeks of fighting. Western Poland was incorporated into the German ], eastern Poland into the USSR, while central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the ], a ] colonial administration. In the course of the ], Warsaw was ], and in the course of the ] approximately 10 to 15% of its buildings were destroyed.


==Geography==
Warsaw became an occupied city under the control of the Nazi ]. All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population — several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city — herded into the ]. When the order came to liquidate the Ghetto as part of ]'s "]", Jewish fighters launched the ]. Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the Ghetto held out for almost a month. When the fighting ended, the survivors were massacred.


===Location and topography===
] ]]
]<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION -->


Warsaw lies in east-central Poland about {{convert|300|km|abbr=on}} from the ] and about {{convert|260|km|abbr=on}} from the ], {{convert|523|km|abbr=on}} east of Berlin, Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.howstuffworks.com/europe/geography-of-warsaw.htm |title=Geography of Warsaw |work=geography.howstuffworks.com |access-date=27 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712225552/http://geography.howstuffworks.com/europe/geography-of-warsaw.htm |archive-date=12 July 2011}}</ref> The city straddles the ] River. It is located in the heartland of the ], and its average elevation is {{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. The highest point on the West side of the city lies at a height of {{convert|115.7|m|abbr=on}} ("Redutowa" bus depot, district of Wola), on the East side&nbsp;– {{convert|122.1|m|abbr=on}} ("Groszówka" estate, district of Wesoła, by the eastern border). The lowest point lies at a height {{convert|75.6|m|abbr=on}} (at the right bank of the Vistula, by the eastern border of Warsaw). There are some hills (mostly artificial) located within the confines of the city&nbsp;– e.g. Warsaw Uprising Hill ({{convert|121|m|abbr=on}}) and Szczęśliwice hill ({{convert|138|m|abbr=on}}&nbsp;– the highest point of Warsaw in general).
During ] and ] the tide of the war turned, as the ], which had been at war with Germany since ], inflicted a number of severe defeats on the German army. By July ] the ]s were deep into the Polish territory, pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw. Knowing that ] was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland, the ] based in ] gave orders to the underground ] (AK) to try to seize the control of Warsaw from the Nazis just before the Soviets arrive. Thus, on ] ], as the Soviet army was nearing the city very fast, the ] and the general population started the ].


] in the ]. The city is located on the mostly flat ], but the city centre is at a higher elevation than the suburbs.]]
]


Warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces. The Vistula River is the specific axis of Warsaw, which divides the city into two parts, left and right. The left one is situated both on the ] plateau ({{convert|10|to|25|m|abbr=on}} above Vistula level) and on the Vistula terraces (max. {{convert|6.5|m|abbr=on}} above Vistula level). The significant element of the relief, in this part of Warsaw, is the edge of moraine plateau called Warsaw Escarpment. It is {{convert|20|to|25|m|abbr=on}} high in the Old Town and Central district and about {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} in the north and south of Warsaw. It goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark.
Despite Stalin's hostility towards Poland, the ] had expected that the Soviet troops would assist them against their common German enemy. However, after the Red Army captured the right-bank Warsaw, the Soviet offensive was stopped, while the Germans went on to ruthlessly suppress the uprising. Although the insurgency, planned to last 48 hours, held out for 63 days, eventually the Home Army fighters were forced to capitulate. They were transported to the ] camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled. Hitler, ignoring the negotiated terms of the capitulation, ordered the entire city to be razed to the ground, and the library and museum collections burned. When on ] ] the Soviets crossed Vistula and entered the left-bank Warsaw, 85% of the city had been destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle. The surviving Home Army fighters were rounded up by the ] and either killed or deported to Siberia.


The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of ]s. The pattern of the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consists mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one is the floodplain terrace. The contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground ] with water systems coming from the old Vistula&nbsp;– riverbed. They consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches. The right side of Warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms. There are several levels of the Vistula plain terraces (flooded as well as formerly flooded), and only a small part is a not-so-visible moraine escarpment. ] sand with a number of dunes parted by ] swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace. These are mainly forested areas (]).
After the war, ]'s ] set up by Stalin made Warsaw the capital of the ] '']'', and the city was resettled and rebuilt. A lot of ]s (]s) can be found in Warsaw. Few of the inhabitants of the pre-war Poland returned: Hundreds of thousands were dead, thousands more in exile from the new regime. Nonetheless, the city resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's center of political and economic life. Many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form. In ], the historic Old Town of Warsaw was inscribed onto ]'s ] list.


===Climate===
In ] the ] finally opened, and with the entry of Poland into the ] in ], Warsaw is currently experiencing the biggest economic boom of its history.
]]]
Warsaw experiences an ] (]: ''Cfb)'' or ] (]: ''Dfb)'' climate, depending on the isotherm used;<ref>{{Cite web |title=City: Introduction and characteristics |url=https://infrastruktura.um.warszawa.pl/sites/infrastruktura.um.warszawa.pl/files/introduction_warsaw_0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031303/https://transport.um.warszawa.pl/infrastruktura |archive-date=8 January 2022 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=Infrastuktura – Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Warsaw, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=57321&cityname=Warsaw,+Poland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122011121/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=57321&cityname=Warsaw,+Poland |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=Weatherbase}}</ref> although the city used to be humid continental regardless of isotherm prior to the recent effect of ] and the city's ].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWEWDQAAQBAJ&q=warsaw+koppen+cfb&pg=PA115 |title=Discrete Optimization in Architecture: Building Envelope |last=Zawidzki |first=Machi |date=15 September 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811013911 |language=en |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031330/https://books.google.com/books?id=lWEWDQAAQBAJ&q=warsaw+koppen+cfb&pg=PA115 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lindner-Cendrowska |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Błażejczyk |first2=Krzysztof |date=2018 |title=Impact of selected personal factors on seasonal variability of recreationist weather perceptions and preferences in Warsaw (Poland) |journal=International Journal of Biometeorology |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=113–125 |doi=10.1007/s00484-016-1220-1 |issn=0020-7128 |pmc=5752755 |pmid=27498882 |bibcode=2018IJBm...62..113L}}</ref><ref name="noaa">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12375.TXT |title=Warsaw (12375) - WMO Weather Station |access-date=29 December 2018 |publisher=]}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
</ref> Meanwhile, by the genetic climate classification of ], it has a ] "fusion" climate, with both oceanic and continental features.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vividmaps.com/2015/05/climates-classification-by-wincenty.html |title=Climates classification by Wincenty Okołowicz |last=Alex |date=10 May 2015 |website=Vivid Maps |language=en-US |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322142951/https://www.vividmaps.com/2015/05/climates-classification-by-wincenty.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


The city has cold, sometimes snowy, cloudy winters, and warm, relatively sunny but frequently stormy summers. Spring and autumn can be unpredictable, highly prone to sudden weather changes; however, temperatures are usually mild, especially around May and September.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/temperatures.php |title=Average Temperatures in Warsaw, Poland Temperature |website=warsaw.climatemps.com |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830082352/http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/temperatures.php |archive-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The daily average temperature ranges between {{convert|-1.5|°C|°F|0}} in January and {{convert|19.7|°C|1|abbr=on}} in July and the mean year temperature is {{convert|9.0|°C}}. Temperatures may reach {{convert|30|°C|0|abbr=on}} in the summer, although the effects of hot weather are usually offset by relatively low dew points and large diurnal temperature differences. Warsaw is Europe's sixth driest major city (driest in ]), with yearly rainfall averaging {{convert|550|mm|abbr=on}}, the wettest month being July.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Europe/driest-cities.php |title=European Cities With Driest Weather – Current Results |website=www.currentresults.com |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411125946/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Europe/driest-cities.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Famous people ===


{{Weather box
] by ]]]
| location = Warsaw (]), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
| collapsed = y
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan record high C = 18.9
| Feb record high C = 18.3
| Mar record high C = 22.9
| Apr record high C = 30.4
| May record high C = 32.8
| Jun record high C = 35.3
| Jul record high C = 35.9
| Aug record high C = 37.0
| Sep record high C = 34.5
| Oct record high C = 25.9
| Nov record high C = 19.2
| Dec record high C = 15.4
| year record high C = 37.0
| Jan avg record high C = 8.6
| Feb avg record high C = 10.1
| Mar avg record high C = 16.6
| Apr avg record high C = 23.9
| May avg record high C = 27.6
| Jun avg record high C = 30.7
| Jul avg record high C = 32.2
| Aug avg record high C = 32.0
| Sep avg record high C = 26.7
| Oct avg record high C = 21.7
| Nov avg record high C = 14.8
| Dec avg record high C = 9.4
| year avg record high C = 33.7
| Jan avg record low C = -15.5
| Feb avg record low C = -12.9
| Mar avg record low C = -8.2
| Apr avg record low C = -2.9
| May avg record low C = 1.4
| Jun avg record low C = 6.7
| Jul avg record low C = 9.0
| Aug avg record low C = 7.8
| Sep avg record low C = 2.7
| Oct avg record low C = -2.9
| Nov avg record low C = -6.4
| Dec avg record low C = -11.7
| year avg record low C = -17.8
| Jan high C = 1.0
| Feb high C = 2.6
| Mar high C = 7.4
| Apr high C = 14.6
| May high C = 19.8
| Jun high C = 23.1
| Jul high C = 25.2
| Aug high C = 24.7
| Sep high C = 19.1
| Oct high C = 12.9
| Nov high C = 6.5
| Dec high C = 2.3
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = -1.5
| Feb mean C = -0.4
| Mar mean C = 3.2
| Apr mean C = 9.2
| May mean C = 14.3
| Jun mean C = 17.7
| Jul mean C = 19.7
| Aug mean C = 19.1
| Sep mean C = 14.0
| Oct mean C = 8.7
| Nov mean C = 3.8
| Dec mean C = -0.1
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = -4.0
| Feb low C = -3.3
| Mar low C = -0.6
| Apr low C = 4.0
| May low C = 8.8
| Jun low C = 12.4
| Jul low C = 14.5
| Aug low C = 13.8
| Sep low C = 9.5
| Oct low C = 5.0
| Nov low C = 1.3
| Dec low C = -2.5
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = -30.7
| Feb record low C = -27.6
| Mar record low C = -22.6
| Apr record low C = -6.9
| May record low C = -3.1
| Jun record low C = 1.8
| Jul record low C = 4.6
| Aug record low C = 3.0
| Sep record low C = -1.6
| Oct record low C = -9.6
| Nov record low C = -17.0
| Dec record low C = -24.8
| year record low C = -30.7
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 31.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 29.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 29.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 35.1
| May precipitation mm = 55.5
| Jun precipitation mm = 63.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 82.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 60.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 50.4
| Oct precipitation mm = 40.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 36.0
| Dec precipitation mm = 36.1
| year precipitation mm =
| Jan snow depth cm = 6.4
| Feb snow depth cm = 6.6
| Mar snow depth cm = 4.0
| Apr snow depth cm = 1.0
| May snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.2
| Nov snow depth cm = 2.4
| Dec snow depth cm = 3.7
| year snow depth cm =
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.20
| Feb precipitation days = 14.44
| Mar precipitation days = 12.83
| Apr precipitation days = 10.97
| May precipitation days = 12.93
| Jun precipitation days = 12.53
| Jul precipitation days = 12.53
| Aug precipitation days = 11.37
| Sep precipitation days = 10.87
| Oct precipitation days = 12.27
| Nov precipitation days = 13.10
| Dec precipitation days = 15.03
| year precipitation days = 155.07
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 18.3
| Feb snow days = 15.5
| Mar snow days = 10.2
| Apr snow days = 6.7
| May snow days = 1.4
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 2.2
| Oct snow days = 4.5
| Nov snow days = 6.8
| Dec snow days = 13.7
| year snow days = 68.0
| Jan humidity = 86.8
| Feb humidity = 83.6
| Mar humidity = 75.8
| Apr humidity = 67.6
| May humidity = 68.3
| Jun humidity = 69.3
| Jul humidity = 70.9
| Aug humidity = 71.6
| Sep humidity = 78.9
| Oct humidity = 83.6
| Nov humidity = 88.5
| Dec humidity = 86.6
| year humidity = 77.8
| Jan sun = 44.6
| Feb sun = 66.5
| Mar sun = 139.4
| Apr sun = 210.1
| May sun = 272.4
| Jun sun = 288.8
| Jul sun = 295.4
| Aug sun = 280.2
| Sep sun = 193.1
| Oct sun = 122.6
| Nov sun = 50.6
| Dec sun = 33.6
| year sun = 1998.1
| Jan uv = 1
| Feb uv = 1
| Mar uv = 2
| Apr uv = 4
| May uv = 5
| Jun uv = 6
| Jul uv = 6
| Aug uv = 5
| Sep uv = 4
| Oct uv = 2
| Nov uv = 1
| Dec uv = 0
| Jan dew point C = -3
| Feb dew point C = -3
| Mar dew point C = -1
| Apr dew point C = 3
| May dew point C = 8
| Jun dew point C = 11
| Jul dew point C = 14
| Aug dew point C = 13
| Sep dew point C = 10
| Oct dew point C = 6
| Nov dew point C = 2
| Dec dew point C = -2
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = WARSZAWA Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 19 March 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085015/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = WARSZAWA Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 19 March 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085007/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = WARSZAWA Średnia wilgotność
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 19 March 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085013/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352200375&par=rh&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Weather Atlas (UV),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/warsaw-climate|title=Warsaw, Poland - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011308/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/warsaw-climate|url-status=live}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985-2015)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/poland/warsaw/climate
| title = Climate & Weather Averages in Warsaw, Poland
| publisher = Time and Date
| access-date = 24 July 2022
| archive-date = 24 July 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220724100810/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/poland/warsaw/climate
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box|location = Warsaw-Bielany, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan record high C = 18.9
| Feb record high C = 18.3
| Mar record high C = 23.1
| Apr record high C = 30.5
| May record high C = 32.9
| Jun record high C = 36.2
| Jul record high C = 36.9
| Aug record high C = 38.0
| Sep record high C = 34.3
| Oct record high C = 26.4
| Nov record high C = 19.2
| Dec record high C = 15.4
| year record high C = 38.0
| Jan avg record high C = 8.7
| Feb avg record high C = 10.4
| Mar avg record high C = 17.2
| Apr avg record high C = 24.5
| May avg record high C = 28.3
| Jun avg record high C = 31.2
| Jul avg record high C = 32.6
| Aug avg record high C = 32.3
| Sep avg record high C = 27.1
| Oct avg record high C = 22.1
| Nov avg record high C = 15.0
| Dec avg record high C = 9.8
| year avg record high C = 34.2
| Jan high C = 1.4
| Feb high C = 3.1
| Mar high C = 7.9
| Apr high C = 15.1
| May high C = 20.4
| Jun high C = 23.5
| Jul high C = 25.6
| Aug high C = 25.1
| Sep high C = 19.5
| Oct high C = 13.3
| Nov high C = 6.9
| Dec high C = 2.7
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = -1.1
| Feb mean C = -0.1
| Mar mean C = 3.6
| Apr mean C = 9.7
| May mean C = 14.8
| Jun mean C = 18.2
| Jul mean C = 20.2
| Aug mean C = 19.4
| Sep mean C = 14.2
| Oct mean C = 8.9
| Nov mean C = 4.2
| Dec mean C = 0.3
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = -3.3
| Feb low C = -2.6
| Mar low C = 0.2
| Apr low C = 4.9
| May low C = 9.3
| Jun low C = 12.9
| Jul low C = 14.9
| Aug low C = 14.5
| Sep low C = 10.2
| Oct low C = 5.7
| Nov low C = 2.0
| Dec low C = -1.8
| year low C =
| Jan avg record low C = -14.3
| Feb avg record low C = -11.3
| Mar avg record low C = -6.9
| Apr avg record low C = -1.6
| May avg record low C = 2.6
| Jun avg record low C = 7.3
| Jul avg record low C = 10.2
| Aug avg record low C = 9.0
| Sep avg record low C = 3.8
| Oct avg record low C = -1.9
| Nov avg record low C = -5.1
| Dec avg record low C = -10.4
| year avg record low C = -16.8
| Jan record low C = -27.9
| Feb record low C = -28.0
| Mar record low C = -18.1
| Apr record low C = -5.5
| May record low C = -2.6
| Jun record low C = 2.8
| Jul record low C = 6.5
| Aug record low C = 5.1
| Sep record low C = -1.3
| Oct record low C = -8.3
| Nov record low C = -15.9
| Dec record low C = -24.8
| year record low C = -28.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 35.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 34.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 34.2
| Apr precipitation mm = 36.8
| May precipitation mm = 58.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 67.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 81.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 63.3
| Sep precipitation mm = 50.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 42.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 40.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 41.7
| year precipitation mm = 587.9
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.2
| Feb precipitation days = 14.2
| Mar precipitation days = 13.3
| Apr precipitation days = 11.3
| May precipitation days = 13.5
| Jun precipitation days = 13.6
| Jul precipitation days = 13.7
| Aug precipitation days = 12.5
| Sep precipitation days = 11.7
| Oct precipitation days = 13.1
| Nov precipitation days = 14.1
| Dec precipitation days = 15.7
| year precipitation days = 162.9
| Jan humidity = 85.0
| Feb humidity = 82.5
| Mar humidity = 75.8
| Apr humidity = 66.5
| May humidity = 66.5
| Jun humidity = 66.9
| Jul humidity = 69.9
| Aug humidity = 70.9
| Sep humidity = 79.5
| Oct humidity = 83.1
| Nov humidity = 86.4
| Dec humidity = 86.4
| year humidity = 76.7
| source 1 = meteomodel.pl<ref name="Meteomodel2">{{cite web|url=https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=252200150&par=tm&max_empty=3|title=Meteomodel. Dane. Średnie i sumy miesięczne|date=30 July 2022|access-date=21 January 2022|publisher=meteomodel.pl|archive-date=19 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919141602/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=252200150&par=tm&max_empty=3|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Warsaw
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
| style = "background:#E2E200;color:#000000;"|8.0
| style = "background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
| style = "background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
| style = "background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
| style = "background:#FFFF77;color:#000000;"|16.0
| style = "background:#FFFF88;color:#000000;"|17.0
| style = "background:#FFFF77;color:#000000;"|16.0
| style = "background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;"|15.0
| style = "background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
| style = "background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
| style = "background:#E9E900;color:#000000;"|9.0
| style = "background:#E2E200;color:#000000;"|8.0
| style = "background:#FFFF3A;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.4
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas (sunshine data)<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/warsaw-climate |title=Warsaw, Poland – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011308/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/warsaw-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
<div style="width: 80%;"></div>


==Cityscape==
Famous people born, living or working in Warsaw:
===Urbanism and architecture===
{{Main|Architecture of Warsaw}}
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Warsaw's long and eclectic history left a noticeable mark on its architecture and urban form. Unlike most Polish cities, Warsaw's cityscape is mostly ] – modern glass buildings are towering above older historical edifices which is a common feature of ]n metropolises. Warsaw is among the European cities with the highest number of skyscrapers and is home to ]. Skyscrapers are mostly centered around the ] district, with many located in the commercial district of ]. A ] emerged within the last decades; the majority of Warsaw's residents live outside the commercial city centre and commute by ], bus or tram.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b07CCAAAQBAJ&q=model+koncentryczny+warszawa&pg=PA29 |title=PRZEKSZTAŁCENIA PRZESTRZENNEGO ROZMIESZCZENIA ZASOBÓW MIESZKANIOWYCH W WARSZAWIE W LATACH 1945–2008 |first=Marcin |last=Stępniak |date=25 March 2015 |publisher=IGiPZ PAN |isbn=9788361590361 |via=Google Books |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816230648/https://books.google.com/books?id=b07CCAAAQBAJ&q=model+koncentryczny+warszawa&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref> ]s and apartments in the central neighbourhoods are often reserved for commercial activity or temporary (tourist, student) accommodation. The nearest residential zones are predominantly located on the outskirts of the inner borough, in ], ] and ] or along the ] in ].<ref name="auto"/>
* ] (]–]?), singer and actor
* ] (b. ]), political scientist, advisor to the ] president ]
* ], (]–]), the greatest ]
* ], (]–]), pioneer researcher into radioactivity, two-time ] winner
* ] (]–]), the first Polish cookbook author
* ] (]–]), novelist and drama writer
* ] (b. ]), internationally acclaimed film director
* ], (]–]), songwriter, poet and author
* ], (b. ]), politician, ] activist
* ] (b. ]), writer and journalist
* ] (]–]), internationally acclaimed film director
* ], (]–]), free jazz pioneer, composer
* ] (]–]), a ] spy during the ]
* ] (]–]), mathematician
* ] (]–]), athlete, champion at the ]
* ] (]–]), painter
* ], (]–]), ]
* ] (]–]), writer and novelist, ] winner
* ] (]–]), mathematician
* ] (]–]?), heroic mayor of Warsaw ]–], murdered by the Nazis
* ] (]–]) clergyman, writer, publicist, translator, philosopher and ] activist;
* ], (]–]), ] and author of '']''
* ] aka ''Witkacy'' (]–]), writer and painter
* ] (]–]), science-fiction writer


{{multiple image
== Population ==
| width = 280
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Interior of the Main Building of the Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, 04.jpg
| image2 = Interiors of Złote Tarasy, Warsaw, Poland, 2019, 04.jpg
| footer = Old and new–] courtyard (above) and ] mall (below)
}}


A seat of ] since the end of the 16th century, Warsaw remained a small city with only privately owned palaces, mansions, villas and several streets of townhouses. These displayed a richness of color and architectonic details. The finest German, Italian and Dutch architects were employed, among them ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Az48AAAAMAAJ&q=warszawa+architekt+z+w%C5%82och,+niemiec+niderland%C3%B3w |title=Cztery wieki Mazowsza: Szkice z dziejów, 1526-1914 |year=1968 |publisher=Nasza Księgarnia |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031304/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Cztery_wieki_Mazowsza/Az48AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=warszawa+architekt+z+w%C5%82och%2C+niemiec+niderland%C3%B3w&dq=warszawa+architekt+z+w%C5%82och%2C+niemiec+niderland%C3%B3w&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> The buildings situated in the vicinity of the ] represent nearly every European architectural style and ]. Warsaw has excellent examples of architecture from the ], ], ] and ] periods, all of which are located within walking distance of the centre. This architectural richness has led to Warsaw being described by some commentators as a "]".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Galloway |first1=Lindsey |title=The secrets hiding in Warsaw, the Paris of the East |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180304-the-secrets-hiding-in-warsaw-the-paris-of-the-east |website=www.bbc.com |publisher=] |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531040740/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180304-the-secrets-hiding-in-warsaw-the-paris-of-the-east |archive-date=31 May 2023 |language=en |date=5 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Historical population ===


Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the ] houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are ] (1390), a typical example of the so-called Masovian ] style; ] (1411); the Burbach ] (14th century);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=43&dz_id=2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070528001130/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=43&dz_id=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2007 |title=A town house of the Burbach family |work=eGuide / Treasures of Warsaw on-line |access-date=23 February 2009}}</ref> Gunpowder Tower (after 1379); and ]'s ''Curia Maior'' (1407–1410). The most notable examples of ] in the city are the house of the Baryczko merchant family (1562), a building called "The Negro" (early 17th century), and Salwator tenement (1632), all situated on the ]. The most interesting examples of ] architecture are the ] (1596–1619) and the ] (1609–1626).
]]]


] is a unique example of Warsaw's architectural heritage, combining ] and ] designs.]]
* ]: 30,000 (estimated)
* ]: 120,000
* ]: 63,400
* ]: 139,700
* ]: 163,600
* ]: 383,000
* ]: 686,000
* ]: 1,003,000
* ]: 1,300,000
* ]: 422,000 <small>(in September)</small>
* ]: 1,000,000
* ]: 1,139,200
* ]: 1,315,600
* ]: 1,436,100
* ]: 1,596,100
* ]: 1,611,800
* ]: 1,707,100 (after incorporating ])
* ]: 1,676,600 (urban agglomeration 2,400,000)


] arrived in Warsaw at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries with the artists from the court circle of King ] (the early Warsaw Baroque is referred to as Vasa Baroque). Among the first structures of the early Baroque, the most important are ] and ], the first secular monument in the form of a column in modern history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zyciestolicy.com.pl/wyremontuja-kolumne-zygmunta-iii-wazy-za-ponad-230-tys-zlotych/ |title=Wyremontują kolumnę Zygmunta III Wazy za ponad 230 tys. złotych! |first=przez |last=Redakcja |date=21 January 2020 |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622120624/https://zyciestolicy.com.pl/wyremontuja-kolumne-zygmunta-iii-wazy-za-ponad-230-tys-zlotych/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At that time, part of the ] was rebuilt in this style, the ] and numerous Baroque palaces on the ] escarpment were constructed. In the architecture of Catholic churches, the ] type became a novelty, exemplified by the ], the ] and the ].<ref name="barok"/>
== Municipal government ==


Warsaw Baroque from the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries was characterized by building facades with a predominance of vertical elements close to the wall and numerous ]. The most important architect working in Warsaw at that time was ]. His projects include the ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The most significant Baroque building of this period is the ], built on the order of King ].<ref name="barok"/>
=== Administrative division ===


The late Baroque era was the epoch of the ] (1697–1763). During this time, three major spatial projects were realized: the 880-meter Piaseczyński Canal on the axis of ], the ] and the ]. The ] also dates from this period.<ref name="barok">{{Cite web|url=https://edukacjamedialna.edu.pl/lekcje/warszawski-barok/|title=Warszawski barok|website=edukacjamedialna.edu.pl|access-date=21 January 2024|archive-date=8 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708093526/https://edukacjamedialna.edu.pl/lekcje/warszawski-barok/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
] with the Powiat of Warsaw marked]]
Warsaw is a municipal '']'' (''county'') and is further divided into 18 districts, each one known as a ''dzielnica'' (), each one with its own administrative body. Each of the districts is divided into neighborhoods which are not officially recognized by the city but known by most Varsovians. The best known neighborhoods are ] and ] in the district of ].


]]]
Warsaw districts (since ]):
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] (since ]; a separate city before then)
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


The ] began to be the main style in the capital's architecture in Warsaw in the second half of the 18th century thanks to King ]. It can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms teamed with a great inspiration from the Roman period. The best-known architect who worked in Warsaw at the time was ], who designed the ]. Other significant buildings from this period include ], ], ].
Notable suburbs include (number of inhabitants given in brackets):
] map of Warsaw]]
* ] (24,900)
* ] (50,600)
* ] (19,000)
* ] (27,200)
* ] (44,000)
* ] (25,200)
* ] (23,700)
* ] (53,000)
* ] (36,500)
* ] (31,900)


Also in the first half of the 19th century, ] dominated the architecture of Warsaw. Old buildings were rebuilt and new ones were built in this style. The neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture; the most notable examples are the ], buildings located at ], headquarters of the ] (]), ], the ]. Many classicist tenement houses were built on Senatorska Street and along ]. After the outbreak of the ], the ] was constructed in the north of the city, and the ] underwent a complete reconstruction, where the central body of the building was demolished and replaced by a monumental 11-bay ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://varsavianista.pl/index.php/2023/12/11/rozwoj-warszawy-w-drugiej-polowie-xix-w/|title=Architektura warszawska pierwszej połowy XIX w. |website=varsavianista.pl |author=Jerzy S. Majewski |date=11 December 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>
=== The mayor (the President of Warsaw) ===
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300
::''<small>See also: ]</small>''
| image1 = Kamienica Wolfa Krongolda w Warszawie 2023 (cropped).jpg
], the current ]]]
| image2 = Gmach Stowarzyszenia Techników w Warszawie 2021 (cropped).jpg
Following the ''Warsaw Act'' (''Ustawa warszawska'') of ], ], the President of Warsaw carries out the executive duties in the city. His prerogative is, among others, governing the city-owned property that constitutes a major part of the city. The current President of Warsaw is ].
| image3 = Plac Unii Lubelskiej widok w kierunku wylotu Bagateli (cropped).jpg
| image4 = Kamienica Wilhelma Rakmana w Warszawie 2022.jpg
| footer = Multi-story tenement houses made up the majority of Warsaw's buildings at the end of the 19th century. Clockwise from upper left: Krongold Tenement House, Technicians' Association Building, Rakman Tenement House, tenement houses at Union of Lublin Square.
}}


In the mid-19th century, the industrial revolution reached Warsaw, leading to the mass use of iron as a building material. In 1845, the ] was opened. Another important aspect of the developing city was ensuring access to water and sewage disposal. The first modern Warsaw water supply system was launched in 1855, designed by one of the most outstanding architects of that period – ], who designed also ]. The dynamic development of the railway became a factor that enabled equally dynamic development of Warsaw's industry. Among the establishments built at that time were the ] and the extensive ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://varsavianista.pl/index.php/2023/12/21/architektura-warszawska-pierwszej-polowy-xix-w|title=Rozwój Warszawy w drugiej połowie XIX w. |website=varsavianista.pl |author=Ryszard Mączewski |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>
=== Municipal government ===
], built between 1931 and 1933 in the ] style, was the first ] in Poland and the second tallest building in Europe at the time of its completion.<ref name="prudential">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tubylotustalo.pl/mapa-tbts/39-prudential|title=Prudential - Opis miejsca|website=www.tubylotustalo.pl|access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>]]


In the architecture of the 1920s, national historicism and other historical forms were dominant. ] forms also appeared, and towards the end of the decade, avant-garde functionalism emerged. The creation of urban plans for the capital of Poland can be traced back to 1916, when, after the ] from Warsaw and the beginnings of the German occupation, the territories of the surrounding municipalities were annexed to the city. Even before Poland regained its independence, parallel to the creation of the administration of the future state, the first urban visions were emerging. These included, among others, the construction of a representative government district in the southern part of ]. However, major changes in urban planning and the architectural landscape of the city only began in the mid-1920s. The forming state structures needed headquarters, leading to the construction of many monumental public buildings, including the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the State Agricultural Bank, the ], the directorate of the ], the ], and the campus of the ]. New districts were also established in ], ], and ], often designed around a central square with radiating streets (], ]). Examples of new large urban projects are the Staszic and ] in ].<ref name="20s">{{Cite web |url=https://varsavianista.pl/index.php/2023/12/29/architektura-warszawy-lat-20-xx-w/ |title=Architektura Warszawy lat 20. XX w. |website=varsavianista.pl |author=Jerzy S. Majewski |date=29 December 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>
The ''Warsaw Act'' abolished all the former counties around Warsaw and formed one ''city ]'' with a unified municipal government.
] from 1952 is an example of eclectic ].]]


Exceptional examples of the ] architecture of the later periods were not restored by the ] authorities after the war or were remodelled into a socialist realist style (like ] edifice originally inspired by ] in ]). Despite that, the ] (Polytechnic) building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=politechnika&r3=0 |title=Politechnika Warszawska |work=warszawa1939.pl |access-date=27 February 2009 |language=pl |archive-date=30 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830182514/http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=politechnika&r3=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture. Some 19th-century industrial and brick workhouse buildings in the Praga district were restored, though many have been poorly maintained or demolished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-warsaw.pl/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=551&kat=3 |title=As good as new |work=The official website of the City of Warsaw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520104216/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=551&kat=3 |archive-date=20 May 2008 |date=1 March 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Notable examples of post-war architecture include the ], a ] and ] skyscraper based on the ] in New York. The ] with its monumental ] architecture (MDM estate) was modelled on the grand squares of Paris, London, Moscow and ].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sampo Ruoppila |title=Processes of Residential Differentiation in Socialist Cities |year=2004 |pages=9–10 |publisher=European Journal of Spatial Development |url=http://www.nordregio.se/ejsd/refereed9.pdf |access-date=10 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819093244/http://www.nordregio.se/EJSD/refereed9.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2010}}</ref> Italianate ] colonnades based on those at ] were also erected on ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://podroze.se.pl/polska/mazowieckie/warszawa/warszawa-plac-zbawiciela-restauracje-zakupy/1537/ |title=Warszawa: Modny Plac Zbawiciela, orientalne restauracje i wielkie zakupy |website=podroze.se.pl |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621103146/https://podroze.se.pl/polska/mazowieckie/warszawa/warszawa-plac-zbawiciela-restauracje-zakupy/1537/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Legislative power in Warsaw is vested in a ] City Council (''Rada Miasta''), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government. Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor (the President of Warsaw), who may sign them into law. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote.


] in Warsaw is represented by the Metropolitan Office Building at ] and ] tower, both by ],<ref name=Metropolitan/> ] (BUW) by Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski, featuring a garden on its roof and view of the Vistula River, ] office building by ], ] residential skyscraper by ], ] by ] and ], consisting of seven overlapping domes retail and business centre. Jointly with Moscow, Istanbul, Frankfurt, London, Paris and Rotterdam, Warsaw is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in Europe.<ref name="scraper">{{cite web |year=2015 |editor=James Newman |title=Europes Top Skyscraper Cities |url=http://www.skyscrapernews.com/britains.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102536/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/britains.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |work=The Top 500 |publisher=SkyscraperNews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/create.php?search=yes&page=0&type_building=on&status_COM=on&list_continent=EU&list_country=PL&list_city=PL-WAW&list_height=150&list_company=&completionsthrough=on&list_year= |title=Warsaw – The Skyscraper Center |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190314/http://skyscrapercenter.com/create.php?search=yes&page=0&type_building=on&status_COM=on&list_continent=EU&list_country=PL&list_city=PL-WAW&list_height=150&list_company=&completionsthrough=on&list_year= |url-status=live}}</ref>
Each of the 18 separate city districts has its own council (''Rada dzielnicy''). Their duties are focused on aiding the President and the City Council, as well as supervising various municipal companies, city-owned property and schools. The head of each of the District Councils is named the Mayor (''Burmistrz'') and is elected by the local council from the candidates proposed by the President of Warsaw.


== Politics == ===Landmarks===
] in ], a ]]]
]]]
{|style="float:left;"
::''Main article: ]
| {{hidden|headercss = width: 285px; background: #B5B5B5;|contentcss=|header=Map of Warsaw Old Town|content=[[File:Old Town in Warsaw map.png|left|thumb|upright=1.25|{{ordered list
As the capital of Poland, Warsaw is the political center of the country. All state agencies are located there, including the ], the ] and the Supreme Court. In the Polish parliament both the city and the area are represented by 31 ]s (out of 460). Additionally, two politicians were recently elected ]s.
| 1 = Stone stairs
| 2 = ]
| 3 = ]
| 4 = Defensive walls
| 5 = Salwator tenement
| 6 = Museum of Leather Crafts
| 7 = St. Anne's tenement
| 8 = Fukier tenement
| 9 = Museum of Literature
| 10 = Museum of Artistic and Precision Crafts
| 11 = ]
| 12 = Gothic Bridge
| 13 = Pelican house
| 14 = ]
| 15 = ]
| 16 = Canonicity
| 17 = ]
| 18 = ]
| 19 = East&nbsp;– West Route tunnel
| 20 = Dung Hill
| 21 = Warsaw Mermaid statue
| 22 = ]
}}]]
}}
|}
Although contemporary Warsaw is a fairly young city compared to other European capitals, it has numerous ]s and architectural monuments dating back centuries. Apart from the ] area, reconstructed after World War II, each borough has something to offer. Among the most notable landmarks of the Old Town are the ], ], ], and the ].


Further south is the so-called ], with many historical churches, ] and ] palaces, most notably the ], and the ] campus. The former royal residence of King ] at ] is notable for its Baroque architecture and eloquent palatial garden.<ref name=wilanow-palac/>
== Transport ==


] ] façade]]
]]]
Although Warsaw was heavily damaged during ] and reconstruction in the ] widened many streets, the city is currently plagued with traffic problems. Public transportation in Warsaw is as efficient as it is ubiquitous, serving the city with buses, tramways, and a recently opened metro.
]


In many places in the city the ] and ] resonates down through time.<ref name="judaica"/> Among them the most notable are the ], the ], ]'s Orphanage and the picturesque Próżna Street.<ref name="judaica"/> The tragic pages of Warsaw's history are commemorated in places such as the ], the ], fragments of the ghetto wall on Sienna Street and a mound in memory of the ].<ref name="judaica"/>
=== Roads and highways ===


Many places commemorate the heroic history of Warsaw such as ], a German ] prison now occupied by a ] of Memory of ]dom and a museum. The ], a 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of the ], was a place of martyrdom for the Poles. Another important monument, the statue of ] located at the ramparts of the Old Town, commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising, while the ] by Wincenty Kućma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of World War II.<ref name="heroic"/><ref name=Montagu/>
Warsaw lacks a good circular road system and most of the East-West traffic goes directly through the city center. Currently two circular roads are under construction. The first (called OEW, or ''Obwodnica Etapowa Warszawy'') is to lead the traffic approximately 10 kilometres from the city center through the city streets and two newly-built bridges (). The other is to become a part of both the A-2 (]-]) and the A-7 (]–]) ]s and run through a tunnel under the southern area of ]. It is to become available between ] and ].


In Warsaw there are many places connected with the life and work of ] who was born near the city in ]. The heart of the Polish composer is sealed inside Warsaw's ].<ref name=Holy_Cross/> During the summer time the ] in Łazienki Park is a place where pianists give concerts to the park audience.<ref name=Chopin_Monument/>
=== Airports ===


Also many references to ], her work and her family can be found in Warsaw; Curie's birthplace at the ], the working places where she did her first scientific works<ref name=aip1/> and the ] at Wawelska Street for the research and the treatment of which she founded in 1925.<ref name=aip2/>
Warsaw has one international Airport, ], located just 10 km away from the city center. With over 60 international and domestic flights a day and with over 5 million passengers a year it is by far the biggest airport in Poland. Immediately adjacent to the main Frederic Chopin Airport terminal complex is the Etiuda terminal which serves both domestic routes and the international routes flown by low-cost carriers.
{{clear}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Castle Square (9632847640).jpg|] with the ] and ]
File:Bazylika Świętego Krzyża w Warszawie 2021.jpg|Inside ] there is an epitaph with ] heart
File:Warszawa kościół pokarmelicki.jpg|] has an original 18th-century façade.
File:2017-05-27 Pałac Krasińskich 2.jpg|], a branch of the ]
File:Kościół Akademicki św. Anny.jpg|]
File:Warszawa, ul. Kanonia 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14 20170518 001.jpg|Canon Square (''Kanonia'') with the narrowest townhouse in Europe
File:Warszawa, Rynek Nowego Miasta 2 20170516 001.jpg|] at ]
File:Ulica Krakowskie Przedmieście w Warszawie 2019c.jpg|]
File:Pałac Staszica w Warszawie 2021.jpg|], the seat of the ]
File:Barbakan w Warszawie - 03.jpg|], a remaining relic of historic fortifications
File:Pałac Kazimierzowski w Warszawie 2019c.jpg|] housed the ] whose alumni included ]
File:Wilanów JJT16 7968 — 1.jpg|], once a royal residence
File:Pałac Jabłonowskich w Warszawie 2020a.jpg|], former city hall
File:Zamek Ujazdowski1.jpg|]
</gallery>


===Cemeteries===
There are also plans for a second international airport to be built, mostly for service to other ] countries. It is to be located either just outside of the city limits at the site of one of the former military airports or in one of the suburbs to the North or to the West.
] in ]]]
The oldest ] in Warsaw is ], established in 1790. It is one of Poland's national necropolises.<ref name="cmentarze">{{Cite web |url= https://dzieje.pl/wiadomosci/warszawskie-cmentarze-czyli-historia-polski-i-warszawy-w-pigulce |title=Warszawskie cmentarze, czyli historia Polski i Warszawy w pigułce |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>


The cemetery covers an area of 43 ha. On the day of consecration of the Powązki Cemetery, the foundation stone was laid for the construction of the church of ], designed by the royal architect ]. Catacombs were intended to be a prestigious resting place intended mainly for the nobles, such as ], ], ]. Over a million people are buried at Stare Powązki. In the Avenue of Merit there are the graves of insurgents and soldiers, independence activists, writers, poets, scientists, artists and thinkers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://um.warszawa.pl/-/stare-powazki-wszystkie-groby-policzone-i-opisane |title=Stare Powązki – wszystkie groby policzone i opisane |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref> The nearby ] was established in 1912 for soldiers stationed in Warsaw. After ], the cemetery became a burial place for people associated with the ] - politicians, officials and military personnel.<ref name="cmentarze"/>
] on the Zamkowy Square in the ] area]]


The complex of non-Roman Catholic cemeteries consists of ], ], ], ] and Muslim Tatar Cemetery.<ref name="cmentarze"/> Other significant Warsaw necropolises are: ] ], ], ]. There are two large municipal cemeteries in the city – ] and Southern Communal Cemetery.
=== Mass transit ===


===Memorials===
The public transportation system in Warsaw consists of three branches (]es, ]s and ]) united in the (''Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego'' or the City Transportation Office). Additional lines are operated by private companies and the state-owned railways.
The city's symbol is the ] placed in the capital's coat of arms. There are three mermaid monuments in Warsaw: one on the banks of the ], the second on the ], and the third in ]. The oldest monument in Warsaw is the ]. It was built in 1644 according to the design of the Italians: Augustine Locci and Constantin Tencall. The King of Poland ] stands on a 22-meter high tower, holding a cross and a sword in his hand. The monument was destroyed and rebuilt many times.<ref name="pomniki">{{Cite web |url= https://viacitymap.pl/Miasta/Warszawa/Artykuly/Wazne-pomniki-w-Warszawie |title=Ważne pomniki w Warszawie |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>


], once part of the ] of ]]]
=====Buses=====


Many monuments commemorate heroic and tragic moments in the history of Poland and Warsaw. ] located in ] was built on the initiative of General ] in the arcades of the ]. In 1925, the ashes of the unknown soldier who died during the ] were placed under the colonnade, then urns with soil from 24 battlefields were buried here. Among the monuments related to the ] are ] that commemorates the heroes of Warsaw from 1939 to 1945, ], Monument to the ] and ] in front of the Supreme Court building at ]. ] commemorates the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://viacitymap.pl/Miasta/Warszawa/Artykuly/Wazne-pomniki-w-Warszawie |title=WARSZAWSKIE POMNIKI |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>
Bus service covers the entire city, with 176 routes totalling 2,603 kilometres in length, and with 1,659 vehicles in service. The central bus stop is located next to Warszawa Centralna railway station and the Centrum Metro station. Between midnight and 5 am the city is served by 14 night lines. The first digit of the line's number indicates its type:
*1** - normal line (operates all day, seven days a week, stops at every bus stop on the route)
*2** - special line (only on special occasions, e.g. the cemetery lines on ], or as a replacement for a metro or streetcar line that is temporarily out of order)
*3** - period line - normal (operates only at selected hours and on certain days, usually during peak hours, stops at every stop on the route)
*4** - period line - fast (operates only at selected hours and on certain days, usually during peak hours, stops only at selected stops)
*5** - fast line (operates all day, seven days a week, stops only at selected stops)
*6** - night line (operates at night only, all stops are on-demand)
*7** - suburb line (operates all day, seven days a week, goes outside the borders of Warsaw)
*8** - suburb period line (operates only at selected hours and on certain days, usually during peak hours, goes outside the borders of Warsaw)
*E-* - express line (stops only at major stops)


In 1929, a ] was constructed in the Royal ]. Every summer at its foot classical music concerts featuring world-famous pianists take place. Other important monuments are: ], ], Marie Curie Monument, ], ], ], ], ].<ref name="pomniki"/>
==== Streetcars ====
] of ]]]


===Flora and fauna===
The first ] line in Warsaw was opened on ] ]. On ] ], all the lines, previously horse-powered, were electrified. In the interbellum the tramway was nationalized and the net was extended significantly. After the ] the service was halted for approximately three months due to war losses. Heavy aerial bombardment during the siege of Warsaw and requisition of all modern cars by the new German authorities postponed the reintroduction of service. However, by ] the trams were back on track. In ] the present colors of the cars were introduced (yellow and red, in accordance with the ] colors. This was done to demoralize the Poles in the city by attempting to wipe out all traces of the white and red colors of Poland. Up until this point, the trams were painted either in a white and red mixture, or entirely red).
Green space covers almost a quarter of Warsaw's total area.<ref name="warsaw_tour">{{cite web |author=Warsaw Tourist Office |url=http://www.warsawtour.pl/en/warsaw-for-everyone/parks-gardens-2075.html |title=Parks & Gardens |work=warsawtour.pl |access-date=23 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112140506/http://www.warsawtour.pl/en/warsaw-for-everyone/parks-gardens-2075.html |archive-date=12 January 2010 |url-status=dead}} "Warsaw is a green city. Almost a quarter of its area is {{sic|comprised|hide=y|of}} fields, parks, green squares and lush gardens, making Warsaw a European metropolis that truly offers its visitors a breath of fresh air."</ref> These range from small neighborhood parks and green spaces along streets or in courtyards, to tree-lined avenues, large historic parks, nature conservation areas and urban forests at the fringe of the city. There are as many as 82 parks in the city;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/parki-5.php |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516221538/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/parki-5.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2016 |title=Parki i lasy Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |access-date=25 February 2009 |language=pl}}</ref> the oldest ones were once part of representative palaces and include the ] and ] Gardens, ] (Royal Baths Park) and ] Parkland.
], also referred to as the ''Palace on the Isle'']]


The Saxon Garden, covering an area of 15.5 ha, formally served as a royal garden to the now nonexistent ]. In 1727, it was made into one of the world's first public parks and later remodelled in the forest-like ]. The ] is situated at the east end of the park near the central fountain, on ]. With its benches, flower carpets and a central pond, the Krasiński Palace Garden was once a notable strolling destination for most Varsovians. The Łazienki Park covers an area of 76 ha and its unique character and history is reflected in the ] (pavilions, sculptures, bridges, water cascades) and vegetation (domestic and foreign species of trees and shrubs). The presence of ], ] and squirrels at Łazienki attracts tourists and locals. The Wilanów Palace Parkland on the outskirts of Warsaw traces it history to the second half of the 17th century and covers an area of 43 ha. Its ] corresponds to the ancient, Baroque forms of the palace.
Following the ] the tram net was consistently destroyed by the Germans until the liberation of the ruins in January ]. The streets were filled with rubble, the tram stations destroyed and the cars either burnt or transported to Germany. However, the first streetcar line was opened again for the public on ] ].


] (riverside forest) in the upper reaches of the Warsaw Vistula, near ]]]
Following the ] the tram net in Warsaw was in fast development. The track net reached all the principal parts of the city. However, in the ] the official policy of both Polish and ] authorities promoted usage of Soviet oil and exportation of Polish coal. The availability of coal on the home market was decreased and the tramway net was shortened while more buses were bought. Until ] only 28 lines were preserved.
The Botanical Garden and the ] rooftop garden host an extensive collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while a ] in the New Orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/?mi_id=148&dz_id=14 |title=Nowa Pomarańczarnia |work=ePrzewodnik / Perełki Warszawy on-line |access-date=24 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208182537/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/?mi_id=148&dz_id=14 |archive-date=8 February 2006 |language=pl |url-status=dead}}</ref> ] (once a racetrack), ] and ] are also located within the city borders. The oldest ] borough was established between 1865 and 1871.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zielona.um.warszawa.pl/tereny-zielone/park-praski |title=Park Praski |work=zielona.um.warszawa.pl |access-date=19 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313065613/http://zielona.um.warszawa.pl/tereny-zielone/park-praski |archive-date=13 March 2010 |language=pl |url-status=dead}} ''Powstał w latach 1865–1871, według projektu Jana Dobrowolskiego, na prawym brzegu Wisły.''</ref>


The flora of Warsaw may be considered very rich in species on city standards. This is mainly due to the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas (natural forests, wetlands along the Vistula) as well as ], ]s and forests. The nearby ] is the last remaining part of the Masovian ] and is protected by law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bpn.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=230&Itemid=170 |title=Nature reserves as a refuge of Grifola frondosa (DICKS.: FR.) GRAY in central Poland |work=bpn.com.pl |access-date=24 February 2009 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812201420/http://bpn.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=230&Itemid=170 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] are by the southern city border and are visited by the residents of southern boroughs such as ]. There are 13 natural reserves in the vicinity and just {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=off}} from Warsaw, the environment features a perfectly preserved ] with a habitat of animals like the ], ] and hundreds of bird species.<ref name=Kayaking/> There are also several lakes in Warsaw&nbsp;– mainly the ]s at ] and ].
Currently the ''Tramwaje Warszawskie'' company runs 863 cars on almost 470 kilometres of track. Twenty-nine lines run across the city with additional lines opened on special occasions (such as public holidays or ]).


The ] covers an area of {{convert|40|ha|acre|abbr=off}}.<ref name="zoo">{{cite web |url=http://www.zoo.waw.pl/ |title=Warsaw Zoo |work=zoo.waw.pl |access-date=24 February 2009 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428115417/https://zoo.waw.pl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are about 5,000 animals representing nearly 500 species.<ref name="zoo" /> Although officially created in 1928,<ref name="zoo" /> it traces back its roots to 17th century private menageries, often open to the public.<ref name="New_Zoo_Revue" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Zoo and aquarium history: ancient animal collections to zoological gardens |year=2000 |editor=Vernon N. Kisling |pages=118–119 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=0-8493-2100-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413152253/https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Trolleybuses ====
<gallery mode="packed">
].]]
File:Palac Lazienki,Warszawa,Polska,UE. - panoramio (5).jpg|] in ]
After the ] most of the communication network in Warsaw was destroyed. The streets were filled with rubble, and the streetcar infrastructure was either transported to Germany by the ] or destroyed.
File:Warszawa-Ogród Saski fontanna.jpg|] with the central fountain
Ogród BUW w Warszawie 2019b.jpg|Entrance to ] located on the roof of ]
File:Squirrel by mareckr.jpg|A ] in one of Warsaw's parks
File:2019 Warszawa Pole Mokotowskie, 11.jpg|]
File:Ogród Krasińskich w Warszawie BK.JPG|Krasiński Garden
File:Warszawa, Park Skaryszewski z góry.jpg|] in ]
File:Rezerwat Olszynka Grochowska, Kanał Kawęczyński, olchy, Warszawa.jpg|Olszynka Grochowska Nature Reserve
File:Kanał Sobieskiego, rezerwat przyrody Morysin, Wilanów, Warszawa 10.jpg|Morysin Nature Reserve
</gallery>


==Demographics==
However, the city entered the path of quick reconstruction and was in need of a transport network both cheap and efficient. In ] several dozens of ]es were brought in from the ] and first two lines were soon opened. The trolleybuses were using ex-tramway lines and the lines ran from ] square (''Plac Unii Lubelskiej'') to Warszawa Gdańska train station, and from Łazienkowska depot to the city center (Piękna street area).
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION -->
]
], Warsaw was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born residents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://migrationsmap.net/#/POL/arrivals |title=Migrations Map: Where are migrants coming from? Where have migrants left? |work=MigrationsMap.net |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211025416/http://migrationsmap.net/#/POL/arrivals |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to the Polish majority, there was a large and thriving Jewish minority. According to the ], out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (equivalent to 34%).<ref name=Zimmerman/> Prior to the Second World War, Warsaw hosted the world's second largest Jewish population after ] – approximately 30 percent of the city's total population in the late 1930s.<ref name="ushmm"/> In 1933, 833,500 out of 1,178,914 people declared ] as their mother tongue.<ref name=Brockhaus/> There was also a notable ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wielkahistoria.pl/sklad-narodowosciowy-ii-rzeczpospolitej-wykresy-z-1926-roku/ |title=Narodowości w II RP na przedwojennych wykresach. Gdzie było najmniej Polaków, a gdzie najwięcej? |date=27 October 2019 |website=WielkaHistoria |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623005720/https://wielkahistoria.pl/sklad-narodowosciowy-ii-rzeczpospolitej-wykresy-z-1926-roku/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ethnic composition of contemporary Warsaw is incomparable to the diversity that existed for nearly 300 years.<ref name="ushmm"/> Most of the modern-day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation. In the ], 98.78% of Warsaw residents identified themselves as ], 0.46% as ], 0.31% as ] and 0.21% as ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=Przynależność narodowo-etniczna - dane NSP 2021 dla kraju i jednostek podziału terytorialnego |url=https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/6536/10/1/1/przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_-_dane_nsp_2021_dla_kraju_i_jednostek_podzialu_terytorialnego.xlsx |website=Statistics Poland}}</ref>
{{Historical populations
|1700|30000
|1792|120000
|1800|63400
|1830|139700
|1850|163600
|1882|383000
|1901|711988
|1909|764054
|1925|1003000
|1933|1178914
|1939|1300900
|1945|422000
|29=1950|30=803888|31=1960|32=1139189|33=1970|34=1314892|35=1978|36=1555406|37=1988|38=1655272|39=2002|40=1689201|41=2011|42=1700612|43=2021|44=1860281|footnote=source<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Warszawa | title=Warszawa (Mazowieckie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia | access-date=8 June 2022 | archive-date=1 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201100513/https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Warszawa | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1950 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/V23BYCLDIL473QC8MPYRQGUYFKVYDV.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1960 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/81YKKICKRTXKV5LAER54LARGAJ6BEJ.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1970 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/76EMNHPUX2B49GMQEDMCT2V3K4HFFT.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Poland - National Censuses|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/}}</ref>
}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+Foreign residents (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Mapa – Rok |url=https://migracje.gov.pl/statystyki/zakres/polska/ |website=migracje.gov.pl |access-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022081007/https://migracje.gov.pl/statystyki/zakres/polska/|archive-date=22 October 2023|language=pl-PL |date=2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Nationality||Population
|-
|{{flagcountry|Ukraine}}||102,634
|-
|{{flagcountry|Belarus}}||41,834
|-
|{{flagcountry|Vietnam}}||7,773
|-
|{{flagcountry|India}}||7,438
|-
|{{flagcountry|Russia}}||6,032
|-
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}||4,179
|-
|{{flagcountry|Georgia}}||3,867
|-
|{{flagcountry|China}}||4,037
|-
|{{flagcountry|France}}||2,088
|-
|{{flagcountry|Italy}}||1,891
|}


In 1939, approximately 1,300,000 people resided in Warsaw;<ref name=Tihran/> by 1945 the population had dropped to 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth rate was high and the city soon began to suffer from the lack of flats and dwellings to house new incomers. The first remedial measure was the enlargement of Warsaw's total area (1951)&nbsp;– however the city authorities were still forced to introduce limitations; only the spouses and children of permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (renowned specialists, artists, engineers) were permitted to stay. This negatively affected the image of an average Warsaw citizen, who was perceived as more privileged than those migrating from rural areas, towns or other cities. While all restrictions on residency registration were scrapped in 1990, the negative opinion of Varsovians in some form continues to this day.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}<!-- DO NOT ADD REFERENCES TO ARTICLES FROM 2008 -->
In March ] a second line was opened (''Plac Saski''–''Bonifraterska''), but was closed and replaced by streetcars in December. However, the reconstruction of the tramway was halted, mostly for political reasons, and until ] 5 new trolleybus lines were opened, covering most of the city center.


] is an example of the development of a strongly polarized region. The capital, along with its immediate surroundings, concentrates over half of the demographic potential of the ], 2/3 of residents with higher education, and 3/4 of larger economic entities employing more than 50 workers.
See:
Current demographic development trends are as follows:<ref name= "demografia">{{Cite web |url=https://rcin.org.pl/Content/157600/WA51_188627_r2020-t92-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Sleszyns.pdf|title=Prognoza demograficzna dla Warszawy |year=2020 |author1= Przemysław Śleszyński|author2= Łukasz Kubiak|author3= Ewa Korcelli-Olejniczak|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
* a clear increase in the number of residents after the ], from 1.6 to about 2.0 million inhabitants (including unregistered population), mainly due to positive migration balance.
* the highest ] attractiveness in the country for many decades, causing a strong drain of people in the mobile age (18–44 years), including a relatively more frequent influx of women, resulting in high ]
* processes of internal deconcentration of population, consisting of centrifugal migration direction (from central districts to external ones, from external districts to ]). Between 1989 and 2017, 213 thousand registered people moved from Warsaw to the suburbs, and in the opposite direction it was only 110 thousand.
* a clear aging of the population: at the end of 2017, people aged 60 and over constituted 27.2% of the registered population, and those aged 70 and over – 13.5%, while for example in 2002, it was respectively 21.5 and 11.5%
In the coming years, an increase in the city's population is predicted, with migration being the main factor determining the state and structure of Warsaw's population, including mainly internal (national) and external (foreign) influx. Changes in the population are not uniform for the entire Warsaw and in the division into districts, the predicted demographic changes will have a varied course. A decrease in population is forecasted in some central districts (], ]) and an increase in other districts.<ref name= "demografia"/>


===Immigrant population===
] started a period of fast decline in both the number of trolleybuses and the trolleybus lines in Warsaw. ] policies under ] assumed that as much Polish coal as possible be exported while the oil be imported at very low prices from the ]. It was decided that production of electricity should be lowered in order to spare resources and by ] ] all trolleybus lines in Warsaw were closed.
In 2019, it was estimated that 40,000 people living in Warsaw were foreign-born. Of those, ], ], ], and ] were the most prominent groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,19778457,caly-swiat-mieszka-w-warszawie-ratusz-policzyl-cudzoziemcow.html |title=Warszawa lubiana przez cudzoziemców. Ilu ich mieszka w stolicy? | publisher=gazeta.pl |access-date=22 October 2016 |archive-date=6 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106232520/http://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,19778457,caly-swiat-mieszka-w-warszawie-ratusz-policzyl-cudzoziemcow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After ], over 1.1 million refugees from Ukraine passed through Warsaw, and at the beginning of March 2022, approximately 40,000 people applied for help every day. According to official data, over 104,000 of Ukrainian citizens who arrived in the first days after the outbreak of the war still reside in the city, including 17,000 young people and children attending urban educational institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://um.warszawa.pl/-/rok-wojny-i-pomocy-ukrainie|title=Rok wojny i pomocy Ukrainie|website=um.warszawa.pl|access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> Due to the ], the immigrant population has increased significantly to about 340,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/03/17/warsaws-population-has-risen-17-due-to-refugees-from-ukraine/|title=Warsaw's population has risen 17% due to refugees from Ukraine|date=17 March 2022|publisher=notesfrompoland.com|access-date=20 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420010850/https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/03/17/warsaws-population-has-risen-17-due-to-refugees-from-ukraine/|url-status=live}}</ref>
] Monument, ].]]
The last period of Warsaw trolleybus transportation started in ], when it was decided that the existing cars could be used as a means of mass transit between Warsaw and the southern suburb of ]. An additional line was planned through ] (now a part of the city), ] and ]. However, the contemporary economic crisis made construction of the latter line impossible, and only the ] line was opened on ] ].


===Religion===
After the system transformation of ] it became apparent that the trolleybuses were in dire need of replacement (those used were built in early ]), and that the maintenance costs of running a single line were very high. On ] ] the Warsaw City Council decided that all services on the 51 and 651 lines be halted. In July ] the trolleybus depot in Piaseczno was closed and the remaining cars sold to ], ] (where most of them languish in a field behind the main area of a trolleybus depot awaiting refurbishment and return to service; a lack of funds prevents this from going ahead) and to various museums.
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION -->
{{See also|Places of worship in Warsaw}}


{{Pie chart
See:
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Warsaw (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Tablice z ostatecznymi danymi w zakresie przynależności narodowo-etnicznej, języka używanego w domu oraz przynależności do wyznania religijnego |url=https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/tablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego,10,1.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR09A3bD9fsbgYim9Xk19XYb3dVO8noT0NCKM6mIzX9iAdTNom3cNrrqaYk_aem_ASg_YSNm_J14IA6y8IV6X2EBi_XLI53kO7kcuLJJKxtW2c4a0pFOqaC2r_qFITjibSLVMPPMe0X7Iyi5_FSadL8x |access-date=May 16, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
| label1 = ]
| value1 = 51
| color1 = Purple
| label2 = ]
| value2 = 0.6
| color2 = Blue
| label3 = ]
| value3 = 0.4
| color3 = Red
| label4 = Other Christian
| value4 = 0.1
| color4 = Orange
| label5 = Other
| value5 = 0.2
| color5 = Green
| label6 = Undeclared
| value6 = 29
| color6 = White
| label7 = ]
| value7 = 19
| color7 = Grey
}}


Throughout its existence, Warsaw had been a multi-cultural and multi-religious city.<ref>{{cite book |author=Geert Mak |title=In Europe: travels through the twentieth century |year=2008 |page=427 |publisher=Pantheon Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-307-28057-2 |quote=Today Warsaw is a monocultural city, which is some people's ideal. But before 1939 it was a typically multicultural society. Those were the city's most productive years. We lost that multicultural character during the war.}}</ref> According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek Orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hermann Julius Meyer |title=Meyers Konversations-Lexikon |year=1909 |page=388 |location=Leipzig and Vienna |publisher=Bibliographisches Institut |edition=6th |volume=20 |language=de}}</ref> Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 ] (0.4%).<ref>{{cite book |author=Erich Zechlin |title=Die Bevölkerungs- und Grundbesitzverteilung im Zartum Polen |trans-title=The distribution of population and property in tsaristic Poland |year=1916 |pages=82–83 |publisher=Reimer |location=Berlin |language=de}}</ref> This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the ] in 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.<ref>{{cite book |author=Marian S. Mazgaj |title=Church and State in Communist Poland: A History, 1944–1989 |year=2010 |page= |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5904-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/churchstatecommu00mazg |url-access=limited}}</ref>
==== Metro ====


The ] and the ] are the two ecclesiastical districts active in the city which serve the large ] population of 1.4 million.<ref>''Konferencja Episkopatu Polski, Informator 2017'', Biblos 2017, {{ISBN|978-83-7793-478-4}}</ref> The ] is one of six in Poland; its main house of worship is the ] from 1782, one of Warsaw's most important and historic landmarks. The ] (]) is leading the ]. The main tserkva of the ] is Praga's ] from 1869. The Jewish Commune of Warsaw (''Gmina Wyznaniowa Żydowska'') is one of eight in the country; Chief Rabbi of Poland ] resides in the city. There are also 3 active ]s, one of which is the pre-war ] designated for ]. An Islamic Cultural Centre in ] and a small ] in ] serve the Muslims.
''For detailed info on the Warsaw ] see: ].''


There are several ]s in the city, including: ] with her image crowned in 1651 in the presence of ]. Another patron of the city is ], bernardine from the ]. The greatest cult is that of ], patron of the metropolis of Warsaw, whose ]s are in the sanctuary of St. Andrew Bobola in ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/41792/nd/Kult-swietych-patronow-Warszawy|title=Kult świętych patronów Warszawy| website= niedziela.pl|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
=== Railway ===
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Important places of worship">
File:Kościół pw. św. Floriana, Warszawa.jpg|]
File:Bazylika_archikatedralna_św._Jana_Chrzciciela_w_Warszawie_2020.jpg|]
File:2019 Warszawa Katedra polowa Wojska Polskiego.jpg|]
File:Sobór metropolitalny Świętej Równej Apostołom Marii Magdaleny w Warszawie 2016.jpg|Orthodox ]
File:Ewangelicko-augsburski kościół Świętej Trójcy w Warszawie 2019a.jpg|Lutheran ]
File:20190803 112927 Nożyk Synagogue in Warsaw.jpg|]
File:Kościół Najświętszego Zbawiciela w Warszawie 2019c.jpg|]
File:Kościół św. Franciszka Serafickiego w Warszawie.jpg|] in ]
</gallery>


==Government and politics==
The first railroad reached Warsaw in ] (the Warsaw-] line). Nowadays
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION -->
Warsaw is one of the main railway nodes and exchange points in Poland. Cheap and fairly efficient, the PKP (''Polskie Koleje Państwowe'', or Polish State-owned Railways) are one of the principal means of transport in Poland.
], the seat of the ]]]
As the capital of Poland, Warsaw is the political centre of the country. Almost all central government institutions are located there, including the ], both houses of the ] (the ] called ] and the ] called ]), the ], the ], the ], and the ]. Warsaw is also host to many major international organizations, including ] and the ] (the oldest and principal institution of the ]).<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/contact/ |title = Fronex Official Website |access-date = 2024-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.osce.org/odihr/contacts |title = OSCE Official Website |access-date = 2024-06-02}}</ref>


The city is represented in the parliament by 20 ] (out of 460) and 4 ]s (out of 100). In addition, Warsaw together with its metropolitan area elects 6 ] (Members of the European Parliament) out of 705.
The main train station is '''Warszawa Centralna'''. Both the domestic and the international connections run from there to almost every major city in Poland and Europe. There are also 5 additional major train stations and a number of smaller stations for suburban lines.


===Municipal government===
The railway crosses under the city through a tunnel (''tunel średnicowy''). It is approximately 2.2 km long and runs directly under the city center. It is a part of an east-west line connecting the Warszawa Zachodnia, Warszawa Centralna and Warszawa Wschodnia train stations through the tunnel and a railway bridge over the ] river. There are plans for converting this line into ].
{{see also|Warsaw City Council|List of city mayors of Warsaw}}
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION -->
] Commission Palace, the house of the city's government]]


The first city mayor of Warsaw was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696).<ref name=Petrozolin/> The municipal self-government existed in Warsaw until World War II and was restored in 1990 (during the communist times, the National City Council&nbsp;– ''Miejska Rada Narodowa''&nbsp;– governed in Warsaw). Since 1990, the structure of city government has been modified several times.<ref name="admin">{{cite web |url=http://e-warsaw.pl/2/index.php?id=568 |title=Administration |work=e-warsaw.pl |access-date=31 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181549/http://e-warsaw.pl/2/index.php?id=568 |archive-date=18 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw city mayors simultaneously led the ]. In the years 1990–1994, the city mayor of Warsaw was elected by the ].<ref name="djordjevic"/> Subsequently, a controversial reform was introduced, transforming the city in the years of 1994–1999 into a loose municipal union of several gminas, dominated by one of them, the gmina Centrum encompassing the entire inner city. During this period, the mayor of gmina Centrum who was elected by its council was automatically designated as the city mayor of Warsaw, in spite of representing only a fraction of the population of the city. The city was becoming increasingly unmanageable, especially after the administrative reform of Poland in 1999 which further complicated the local government structure of Warsaw. In 2002, the new ''Warsaw Act'' of the Polish parliament restored Warsaw as a single urban gmina with the status of a city with powiat rights, led by a unified local government. At the same time, a significant reform was implemented in all Polish municipal governments, introducing direct elections of the wójt/town mayor/city mayor in all Polish gminas.<ref name="djordjevic"/> The first city mayor of Warsaw elected according to these rules was ], who however resigned ahead of term when he was elected ] in 2005.
The principal train stations are:


Warsaw has thereafter remained an ] with the status of a ].<ref name="admin"/> ] in Warsaw is vested in a ] ] (''Rada Miasta''), which comprises 60 members.<ref name="admin"/> Council members are elected directly every five years (since ]). Like most legislative bodies, the city council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.<ref name="admin"/> The city mayor exercises the executive power in the city, being the superior of all unelected municipal- or county-level officials and other employees and supervising all subsidiary entities of the city. The incumbent ] is ].
* Warszawa Centralna
* Warszawa Gdańska
* Warszawa Wileńska
* Warszawa Zachodnia
* Warszawa Wschodnia


The ''Warsaw Act'' imposes a mandatory division into 18 auxiliary units called ''dzielnica'' (district) on the city. In spite of remaining an integral part of the city as an entity, the districts have a degree of autonomy legally guaranteed through a form of an own local self-government exercising some powers devolved by law from the city. They have the duty to assist the city mayor and the City Council in their tasks, such as supervising some municipal companies, city-owned property or schools. Each of the 18 city districts has an own council (''rada dzielnicy'')<ref name="admin"/> which elects an executive board (''zarząd dzielnicy'') headed by a district mayor (''burmistrz dzielnicy''), the latter elected by the council among several candidates nominated by the city mayor of Warsaw among the council's members.
== Sports ==
::''<small>Main article: ]''</small>
]
]
* ] - men's ] team (est. ]), (Polish Champion: ], ]; ] winner: ], ]; ] winner: ]; 1st league in 2005/2006 season)
* ] - men's ] team (est. ]), (Polish Champion: ], ], ], ], ], ], ]; ] winner: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]; ] winner: ], ], ]; 1st league in 2005/2006 season)


<gallery mode="packed" caption="Headquarters of Polish government agencies in Warsaw">
== Culture ==
File:Pałac Prezydencki w Warszawie korpus główny 2019.jpg|The ], official seat of the ]
File:Belweder (2).JPG|], residential seat of the ]
File:Gmach Kancelarii Prezesa Rady Ministrów kwiecień 2017.jpg|]
File:Sejm RP.jpg|], the ] and the ]
File:Warszawa 9471.jpg|]
File:Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny w Warszawie 2020.jpg|]
File:Pałac Ministra Skarbu w Warszawie 2018.jpg|The seat of the administration of the ]
File:Pałac Mostowskich w Warszawie 05.JPG|], the seat of Warsaw's police headquarters
File:Warszawa, ul. Miodowa 15 20170518 002.jpg|The main gate of the ]
File:Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi Wspolna.jpg|]
File:Gmach Ministerstwa Finansów w Warszawie 2017.jpg|]
File:Pałac Potockich w Warszawie 2021.jpg|Gates of ] housed in ]
</gallery>


=== Theatre === ===Districts===
{|class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!District||Population||Area
|-
| ]||align = right|225,496||{{convert|35.42|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
|]||align=right|186,623||{{convert|22.38|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|154,596||{{convert|73.00|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|151,345||{{convert|43.79|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|150,977||{{convert|19.26|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|132,803||{{convert|32.34|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|128,995||{{convert|24.95|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|123,957||{{convert|24.33|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
|]||align=right|101,030||{{convert|15.57|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|86,854||{{convert|79.71|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|80,587||{{convert|9.72|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
|]||align=right|67,814||{{convert|9.35|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
|]||align=right|60,387||{{convert|11.31|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|58,724||{{convert|8.47|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|51,603||{{convert|36.73|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|49,332||{{convert|28.63|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|26,454||{{convert|22.94|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| ]||align = right|24,768||{{convert|19.30|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|-
| '''Total'''||align = right|1,862,345<ref name="raport o stanie miasta 2022">{{cite web |url=https://um.warszawa.pl/documents/56602/0/Raport+o+stanie+miasta+22_10_lipca.pdf/d05cd24e-c9f1-40ea-f35c-7a19ecee75b1?t=1689054386540|title=Raport o stanie miasta Warszawa 2022. |publisher=Warsaw City Hall |website=um.warszawa.pl |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=pl}}</ref>||{{convert|521.81|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|}
{{Warsaw districts}}
{{clear}}


As a result, Warsaw has thereafter continued as an ] holding status of a ], divided into 18 districts (''dzielnica''),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-warsaw.pl/images/mapa_dzielnice.gif |title=WarsawTour – Official Tourist Portal of Warsaw |first=Stołeczne Biuro |last=Turystyki |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=13 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050413200754/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/images/mapa_dzielnice.gif |url-status=dead}}</ref> auxiliary municipal units established within the city as an entity as its integral parts, though with some limited powers devolved from the city to their own local self-governments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/dzielnice.htm |title=Dzielnice |work=um.warszawa.pl |access-date=11 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701114815/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/dzielnice.htm |archive-date=1 July 2008 |language=pl |url-status=dead}}</ref> Each of the districts is customarily subdivided into several neighbourhoods lacking any meaningful legal or administrative powers. The central district of ] includes the two founding neighbourhoods of the city, called the ] (''Stare Miasto'') and the ] (''Nowe Miasto'').<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mark Baker |author2=Kit F. Chung |title=Frommer's Poland |year=2011 |page=80 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-04-70964-24-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHmx1w5fhYQC&q=warsaw+Old+Town+%28Stare+Miasto%29+and+New+Town+%28Nowe+Miasto%29&pg=PA80 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031334/https://books.google.com/books?id=QHmx1w5fhYQC&q=warsaw+Old+Town+%28Stare+Miasto%29+and+New+Town+%28Nowe+Miasto%29&pg=PA80 |url-status=live }}</ref>
]]]
Warsaw is home to over 30 major theatres that are spread throughout the city, including the ] (founded in ]) and the ] () (established ]).


<gallery mode="packed" caption="Districts of Warsaw">
Warsaw also attracts many young and off-stream directors and ] who add to the city's theatre culture. Their productions can be seen mostly in the smaller theatres and ''Houses of Culture'' (''Dom Kultury'') located mostly outside of the ]. Presently, one of the most successful is the '']'' (formerly ''Teatr Rozmaitości''), one of the most notable scenes in Poland.
File:Plac Konstytucji Warsaw 2022 aerial.jpg|], the central district of Warsaw, houses the most important state and municipal institutions and most tourist attractions.
File:Fabryka Norblina 2022.jpg|], once an industrial district, is now becoming the business center of the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://odpirson.otwartedrzwi.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ZA%C5%9A-DZIELNICE-WARSZAWY.pdf |title = Dzielnice Warszawy. Zorganizowana aktywność w środowisku. |access-date = 2024-01-17}}</ref> The photo shows the revitalized Norblin Factory.
File:Fieldorfa Street Wasaw aerial 2023.jpg|], the most densely populated district of Warsaw (8,839 people/km<sup>2</sup>), is composed mainly of apartment blocks built during the times of the ].<ref name="GUS 2022">{{cite web |url = https://warszawa.stat.gov.pl/opracowania-biezace/komunikaty-i-biuletyny/inne-opracowania/przeglad-statystyczny-warszawy-4-kwartal-2022-r-,5,48.html |title = Przegląd Statystyczny Warszawy. 4 kwartał 2022 r. |publisher = Główny Urząd Statystyczny |access-date = 2024-01-17}}</ref>
File:Plac Narutowicza Warsaw 2023 skyline aerial.jpg|], a residential district that developed most intensively in the ].<ref>{{cite book |title = Encyklopedia Warszawy |publisher = Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN |year = 1994 |location=Warsaw|isbn = 83-01-08836-2}}</ref> The photo shows ], the central point of the district.
File:Aleja Rzeczypospolitej Warsaw 2022 aerial.jpg|], the district with the highest ] (7.2/1000 inhabitants).<ref name="GUS 2022"/>
</gallery>


==Economy==
=== Museums and art galleries ===
{{Main|Economy of Poland}}
], a former ] from the early 20th century]]
Warsaw is the leading economic and financial hub of the ] and the ]. In 2021, the city's gross metropolitan product (GDP) was estimated at €100 billion, which places Warsaw ] among the ]s in the ] with largest GDP.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | title=EU regions by GDP | publisher=Eurostat | access-date=27 February 2023 | archive-date=27 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213552/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | url-status=live }}</ref> Warsaw generates almost 1/5 of the ] and the country's national income.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://forsal.pl/artykuly/1390382,pkb-wojewodztw-w-polsce-dane-mapa-wykresy.html |title=PKB w regionach Polski. Warszawa ciągnie polską gospodarkę |date=8 January 2019 | publisher=forsal.pl |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125162725/https://forsal.pl/artykuly/1390382,pkb-wojewodztw-w-polsce-dane-mapa-wykresy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, Warsaw was classified as a ], because Warsaw is a major global city that links economic regions into the world economy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/alpha-beta-and-gamma-cities/ |title=Alpha, Beta and Gamma Cities (Updated 2020); Spotted by Locals Blog |date=24 July 2020 |website=Spotted by Locals |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205055048/https://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/alpha-beta-and-gamma-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


Warsaw's city centre (]) and commercial ] district are home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. Warsaw's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally, regionally, and nationally. In 2019 Warsaw was one of the top destinations for foreign investors in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kafkadesk.org/2019/06/24/warsaw-among-top-10-most-attractive-european-cities-for-foreign-investors/ |title=Warsaw among top 10 most attractive European cities for foreign investors |date=24 June 2019 | publisher=Kafkadesk |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207062851/https://kafkadesk.org/2019/06/24/warsaw-among-top-10-most-attractive-european-cities-for-foreign-investors/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
There are many museums and art galleries in Warsaw, most notable are the ], ], ], ]. The biggest of them, the ] has numerous divisions located in many parts of Warsaw, most notably in the ] and the ].


{{multiple image
Since 2004 the ] ] is open to the public.
| total_width = 260
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Varso Tower Warsaw 22(cropped).jpg
| image2 = Warsaw Spire 2019.jpg
| footer = ] and ] are the skyscrapers with the largest office space
}}


The average monthly gross salary in the enterprise sector in the last quarter of 2022 amounted to 8,104 ] and was 404 ] higher than the average in the ] and as much as 1,450 ] higher than in Poland. The highest gross salary was received by employees working in the information and communication section (11,701.47 ]). There are 525,475 registered business entities in Warsaw, most of them in the districts of ], ], ] and ], 1.1 million people work in the enterprise sector. Warsaw has a well-developed office base, the office space is 6.27 million m2. The largest office buildings are ] (63,800 m<sup>2</sup>), ] (60 000 m<sup>2</sup>), Forest Tower (51,500 m<sup>2</sup>) and P180 (32,000 m<sup>2</sup>), the largest projects under construction are ] (47,000 m<sup>2</sup>) and ] (38,000 m<sup>2</sup>). The space resources of shopping centers in the Warsaw agglomeration in amount to over 1.7 million m<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="turystyka">{{Cite web |url=https://warsawtour.pl/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Turystyka_w_Warszawie_Raport_2022.pdf |title=Turystyka w Warszawie - raport 2022 |publisher=City Hall of Warsaw |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
=== Film ===
::<small>''Main article: ]''</small>
Since World War II Warsaw has been the second most important center of film production in Poland. As the capital of Poland it has also been featured in countless movies, both Polish and foreign. Movies such as '']'' and '']'' by ], '']'' by ], '']'' by ] or '']'' by ] used Warsaw either as the background, or as the main protagonist.


In October 2019 Warsaw's unemployment rate was 1.3%, the lowest in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rdc.pl/informacje/urzad-statystyczny-stopa-bezrobocia-w-warszawie-i-w-mazowieckiem-bez-zmian/ |title=Bezrobocie w Warszawie i na Mazowszu bez zmian |website=Warszawa i Mazowsze - najnowsze wiadomości w RDC |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205081807/https://www.rdc.pl/informacje/urzad-statystyczny-stopa-bezrobocia-w-warszawie-i-w-mazowieckiem-bez-zmian/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shopping and ] is an important component of Warsaw's economy. The retail streets in Warsaw are ] (''Nowy Świat'') along with ]. These streets and their neighboring areas host many luxury stores and popular restaurants. However, most retailers choose to operate in the central shopping centres and ]s such as ], ] and ].<ref> {{Dead link|date=December 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> ] as well as designer labels can be found in the Vitkac Department Store and around ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vitkac.com/us |title=Vitkac - Luxury, Premium & Contemporary Shopping | publisher=www.vitkac.com |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125105122/https://www.vitkac.com/us |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Education ==


===Warsaw Stock Exchange===
::<small>''For a full list of Warsaw-based institutions of higher education see: ]''</small>
{{Main|Warsaw Stock Exchange}}
]


Warsaw's first ] was established in 1817 and continued trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of a communist ] and the reintroduction of a ].<ref name="stock"/> Today, the ] (WSE) is, according to many indicators,<ref name=CEE/> the largest market in the region, with 433 companies listed and total capitalisation of 1 trillion ] as of 26 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gpw.pl/statystyki-gpw|title=Główny Rynek GPW - Statystyki GPW|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031340/https://www.gpw.pl/statystyki-gpw|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1991 until 2000, the stock exchange was, ironically, located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the communist ] (PZPR).<ref name=Tourism/>
]]]
Warsaw is one of the most important education centers of Poland. It is home to four major ] and over 62 smaller schools of higher education. The most important are:


===Industry===
* ] (''Uniwersytet Warszawski'')
{{multiple image
* ] (''Politechnika Warszawska'')
| total_width = 260
* ] (''Szkoła Główna Handlowa'')
| align = left
* ] (''Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego'')
| image1 = Elektrownia Powiśle.jpg
* ] (''Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego'')
| alt1 = Powiśle Power Plant
* ] (''Akademia Medyczna w Warszawie'')
| image2 = Koneser Warszawska Wytwórnia Wódek, Poland, 2019, 31.jpg
* ] (''Akademia Obrony Narodowej'')
| alt2 = Praga Koneser Center
* ] (''Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w Warszawie'')
| footer = Examples of revitalized industrial facilities: Powiśle Power Plant (left) and ] within the former ] (right)
* ] (''Akademia Muzyczna im. Fryderyka Chopina'')
}}
* ] (''Akademia Teatralna im. Aleksandra Zelwerowicza'')
The most prominent industries and industrial sectors include high-tech, electrotechnical, chemical, cosmetic, construction, food processing, printing, ], machinery and clothing. The majority of production plants and facilities are concentrated within the WOP Warsaw Industrial Precinct (''Warszawski Okręg Przemysłowy'') which is situated around the city's peripheral localities such as ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hierophant-nox.com/warszawski-okreg-przemyslowy/ |title=Warszawski Okręg Przemysłowy &#124; hierophant-nox |date=20 November 2018 |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206015436/http://www.hierophant-nox.com/warszawski-okreg-przemyslowy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Warsaw has developed a particularly strong ]/sector, representing around 13% of the total retail stock in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://smg.cbre.com/retail/city/warsaw#regional-statistics |title=Understanding Retail Destinations in Warsaw | publisher= CBRE |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127141018/https://smg.cbre.com/retail/city/warsaw#regional-statistics |url-status=dead}}</ref>


Following World War II, the authorities decided that the city will be transformed into a major centre for ] and manufacturing. As a result, numerous large factories and production facilities were built in and around the city. Among the largest were ''Huta Warszawa'' ], now ]), the ], and the ] (FSO) car factory. The now-defunct FSO, established in 1951, was once Warsaw's most successful corporation. Notable vehicles assembled there over the decades include the ], ], ] and the ]. In 1995, the factory was purchased by the ]n car manufacturer ], which assembled its models in Warsaw for the European market.
''See also:'' ]


===Tourism===
The overall number of students of all grades of education in Warsaw is almost 500,000 (29.2% of the city population; 2002). The number of university students is over 255,000.
{{multiple image
| total_width = 230
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Hotel Europejski w Raffles Warszawie 2019.jpg
| caption1 = ]
| image2 = Hotel Polonia Palace w Warszawie 2022.jpg
| caption2 = ]
}}
The estimated number of tourist arrivals to Warsaw in 2022 was over 9 million. Most tourists came from the ] (347,000), ] (321,000), the ] (206,000) and ] (145,000). Additionally, Warsaw was visited by 5.8 million one-day tourists, giving a total of over 14.8 million tourists in 2022. The above data does not include ] who came to Warsaw in connection with the ]. The accommodation base consists of 1,010 hotels offering over 56,000 beds. The estimated contribution of the tourism economy to Warsaw's ] is 12.9 billion PLN, and the tourism industry employs 87,703 people.<ref name="turystyka"/>


144,220 people used Warsaw Tourist Lines in 2022 - almost 14,000 more than previous year. In the summer, Warsaw residents and tourists could use ferries across the Vistula, a ship to Serock, bus and tram lines operated with historic rolling stock, and a narrow-gauge railway. The most popular attraction among tourists was the ], which was visited by 5,265,110 tourists.<ref name="turystyka"/>
== Economy ==


Warsaw is an important center for conferences and congresses. The Warsaw Convention Bureau collected information on 9,000 events in 2022, which gathered a total of 1,240,467 participants in Warsaw.<ref name="turystyka"/>
=== Business and commerce ===


===Media and film===
Warsaw, and especially its downtown area of ] is not only home to many national institutions and government agencies, but also plays host to a huge number of both domestic and international companies. In ] 268,307 companies were registered in the city. Warsaw is seen as the heart of Poland by foreign investors whose financial participation in the city's development was estimated to be over 650 million ] a year (]). Warsaw produces more than 4.1% of Poland's income.
{{See also|List of films set in Warsaw}}
Warsaw is the media centre of Poland, and the location of the main headquarters of ] and other numerous local and national TV and ], such as ] (Polish Radio), ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name=broadbandtvnews/> Warsaw also has a sizable movie and television industry. The city houses several movie companies and ].


Since May 1661 the first Polish newspaper, the '']'', was printed in Warsaw. The city is also the printing capital of Poland with a wide variety of domestic and foreign periodicals expressing diverse views, and domestic newspapers are extremely competitive. '']'', {{Lang|pl|]}} and '']'', Poland's large nationwide daily newspapers,<ref name=instytut/> have their headquarters in Warsaw.
At the same time the unemployment rate is one of the lowest in Poland, not exceeding 6.5%, according to the official figures.


Since World War II, Warsaw has been the most important centre of film production in Poland. Among the movie companies are TOR, Czołówka, Zebra and ] which is behind several international movie productions.<ref name="pisf"/> The city itself has featured in numerous movies, both Polish and foreign, for example: ] and '']'' by ] and '']'' by ], also including ] winner ] by ].<ref name=thepianistmovie/> It is also home to the National Film Archive, which, since 1955, has been collecting and preserving Polish film culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fn.org.pl/en/page/231/about-the-national-film-archive.html |title=About the National Film Archive |publisher=National Film Archive |access-date=27 September 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927160201/http://www.fn.org.pl/en/page/231/about-the-national-film-archive.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The city itself collects 5,162,324 ]s in taxes and direct government grants.


==Education==
It has been said that Warsaw, together with ], ] and ], is one of the tallest cities in Europe. 11 tallest skyscrapers of Poland, 9 of which are office buildings, are located in Warsaw. The centrally located tallest structure, the ], is the 4th tallest building in the European Union.
{{Main|Education in Warsaw}}
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{|style="float:right;"
]
|{{hidden
| headercss = width: 325px; background: #B5B5B5;
| contentcss =
| header = Higher education in Warsaw
| content =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Name and year established'''
* ] (1816)
* ] (1826)
* ] (1906)
* ] (1816)
* ] (1999)
* ] (1809/1950)
* ] (1844)
* ] (1946)
* ] (1947/1990)
* ] (1951)
* ] (1929)
* ] (1810)
* ] (1993)<!-- An academy, as even their Polish website or facebook page says -->
* ] (1996)
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE INSTITUTIONS HERE For a full list of institutions of higher education based in Warsaw, see Education in Warsaw -->
}}
|}
Warsaw holds some of the finest institutions of higher education in Poland. It is home to four major universities and over 62 smaller schools of higher education.<ref name="gus"/> The overall number of students of all grades of education in Warsaw is almost 500,000 (29.2% of the city population; 2002). The number of university students is over 280,000.<ref name=Studia/> Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities.


]]]
=== Stock Exchange ===
The ] was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in ].<ref name=uw_edu/> The university is the largest in the country, and often regarded as one of the most prestigious, with international recognition in mathematics and science.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why University of Warsaw? {{!}} University of Warsaw |url=https://en.uw.edu.pl/about-university/why-university-of-warsaw/ |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=en.uw.edu.pl |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727221023/https://en.uw.edu.pl/about-university/why-university-of-warsaw/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The top 29 best universities in Poland: 2023 rankings |url=https://www.study.eu/best-universities/poland |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=www.study.eu |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727221022/https://www.study.eu/best-universities/poland |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Szkół Wyższych Perspektywy 2023 |url=https://ranking.perspektywy.pl/ |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=ranking.perspektywy.pl |language=pl |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928211654/https://2023.ranking.perspektywy.pl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ] is the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in ].<ref name=onelab/> Other institutions for higher education include the ], the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious; the ] University, the highest military academic institution in Poland; the ], the oldest and largest music school in Poland and one of the largest in Europe;<ref name=infochopin/> the ], the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country;<ref name=sgh_waw/> the ], the largest agricultural university, founded in 1818;<ref name="sggw" /> and the ], the first private secular university in the country.


Warsaw has numerous libraries, many of which contain vast collections of historic documents. The most important library in terms of historic document collections is the ]. The library holds 8.2&nbsp;million volumes in its collection.<ref name=bn_org/> Formed in 1928,<ref name="fyifrance"/> it sees itself as a successor to the ], the biggest in Poland and one of the first and biggest libraries in the world.<ref name="fyifrance"/><ref name=utoronto/>
Although Warsaw was home to a stock exchange since ], in ], because of political changes after World War II, it couldn't be recreated. It only started operating again in April ], after the reintroduction of the free-market economy and democracy. It is now the biggest stock exchange in Central and Eastern Europe, with more than 130 companies listed. The main indexes of its performance are ] and ].


Another important library – the University Library, founded in 1816,<ref name=buw/> is home to over two million items.<ref name=Zbiory/> The building was designed by architects Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski and opened on 15 December 1999.<ref name=Library/> It is surrounded by green. The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002. It is one of the largest roof gardens in Europe with an area of more than {{convert|10000|m²|abbr=on}}, and plants covering {{convert|5111|m²|abbr=on}}.<ref name="garden"/> As the university garden it is open to the public every day.<ref name="garden"/>
History likes funny twists — it's worth mentioning that from ] until ] the ] was situated in the building previously used as the headquarters of the ] (]).


<gallery mode="packed" caption="Higher education institutions in Warsaw">
=== Industry ===
File:Gmach Główny Politechniki Warszawskiej 2018.jpg|] main building
File:Pałac Czapskich w Warszawie 2021.jpg|]
File:Akademia Sztuki Wojennej (cropped).jpg|]
File:Biblioteka Uniwersytecka w Warszawie 2018 (cropped).jpg|]
File:Akademia Teatralna im. Aleksandra Zelwerowicza w Warszawie 2017.jpg|]
File:SGH Warsaw 2023 aerial.jpg|] Campus
File:Pasteura 5.jpg|Faculty of Physics, ]
File:Budynek łazienek Teodozji Majewskiej 2020 (cropped).jpg|Faculty of Journalism, ]
</gallery>


==Transport==
Following the destruction of the city in ] and its reconstruction, the communist authorities decided that Warsaw be rebuilt as a major industrial center. Several hundred major factories were build in the city or just outside of it. Most notable were the ''Huta Warszawa'' Steel Works and two car factories.
{{Main |Transport in Warsaw|Infrastructure in Warsaw}}
Warsaw is a considerable transport hub linking ], Central and Eastern Europe. The city has a good ] and a continuously expanding perpendicular ] running north to south and east to west. The ] is one of the biggest in Europe, with a total length of {{convert|133|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ZTM 2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ztm.waw.pl/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/www_-BIULETYN-GRUDZIEN_2022-3.pdf |title=Informator statystyczny 2022 - nr XII (grudzień)|language=pl |publisher=Warszawski Transport Publiczny |access-date=18 January 2024 }}</ref> As a result of increased foreign investment, economic growth and EU funding, the city has undertaken the construction of new roads, ] and bridges.<ref name=Jeziorski/> The supervising body is the City Roads Authority (ZDM – ''Zarząd Dróg Miejskich'').
]
] and ] in the distance]]
The table presents statistics on public transport in Warsaw.<ref>{{cite web |title=Informator statystyczny 2023 - raport roczny |url=https://www.ztm.waw.pl/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/13-BIULETYN-DODATEK-ROCZNY-2023.pdf |access-date=18 February 2024 |publisher=Warszawski Transport Publiczny |language=pl}}</ref><ref name="ZTM 2022" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;" | System
! scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;" | Stations / Lines / Net length
! scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;" | Annual ridership
! scope="col" style="background:gold; color:navy;" | Operator / Notes
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| 39 / 2 / {{cvt|41|km}}
| 199,974,995 <small>(2023)</small>
| ] / Underground rail system
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| 538 / 24 / {{cvt|133|km}}
| 248,903,710 <small>(2023)</small>
| ] / Lines marked with one- or dwo-digit number
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| 3227 / 301 / {{cvt|3024|km}}
| 452,220,927 <small>(2023)</small>
| ] / Extensive services in all boroughs / 41 Night lines / Lines marked with three-digit number
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| 198 / 9 / {{cvt|116|km}}
| 15,161,224 <small>(2023)</small>
| ] / Overground ] rail system
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| 45 stations within the city
| <small>36,018,918 (2023)</small>
| ] / Regional carrier / Within the city limits a common ticket with other means of public transport / Number of passengers using stations located in Warsaw
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| 2 / 28 / {{cvt|33|km}}
| 3,516,550 <small>(2023)</small>
| ] / Operates on a separate railway line
|}


Warsaw lacks a complete ] system and most traffic goes directly through the city centre, leading to the eleventh highest level of congestion in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/list?citySize=LARGE&continent=EU&country=ALL |title=TomTom Traffic Index |publisher=TomTom |year=2018 |access-date=6 August 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313133819/https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/list?citySize=LARGE&continent=EU&country=ALL |url-status=live }}</ref> The Warsaw ring road has been planned to consist of four ]: ] (south), ] (north-west) and ] (east). S8, S2 and a small 3&nbsp;km section of S17 are open. Additionally, the S2 and S8 have a ] with the ] and the S2 has a short concurrency with the S8. A second ring road consisting of the ] (south) and ] (north) is also planned but it is unknown when construction will start.
However, as the communist economical system deteriorated, most of them lost any significance. In the years following ], in the course of a peaceful transformation of both political and economical system in Poland, most of these went bankrupt. Nowadays, the (formerly ''Huta Warszawa'') is the only major factory remaining.


The ] opened in June 2012, stretches west from Warsaw and is a direct motorway connection with Łódź, ] and ultimately with Berlin.
== Tourist attractions ==
]
:''Main article: ]''


]]]
Although Warsaw is a relatively new city, it has a lot of tourist attractions. Apart from the ] quarter, carefully reconstructed after ], each of the borrough has something to offer. Among the most notable landmarks of the Old Town are the ], ] and the ].
The city has three ]: ], located just {{convert|10|km|mi}} from the city centre, ], located just {{convert|90|km|mi}} south of Warsaw, which serves mainly low-cost and charter operations and finally ], located {{convert|35|km|mi}} to the north, opened in July 2012. With around 100 international and domestic flights a day and with 7,440,056 passengers served in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air passenger transport by main airports in each reporting country |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/AVIA_PAOA__custom_3263723/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=bb0c53f4-3e09-4a12-94d6-21b67640a062 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=Eurostat |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509205723/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/AVIA_PAOA__custom_3263723/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=bb0c53f4-3e09-4a12-94d6-21b67640a062 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it has also been called "the most important and largest airport in Central Europe".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airport-business.com/2015/12/pole-position-developing-the-most-important-and-largest-airport-in-central-europe/ |title=Pole position: Developing "the most important and largest airport in Central Europe" |work=airport-business.com |date=17 December 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326031157/http://www.airport-business.com/2015/12/pole-position-developing-the-most-important-and-largest-airport-in-central-europe/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


Public transport also extends to ] ] line, urban railway ], ] ] (Mazovian Railways),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/transport.htm |title=Public transport |work=e-warsaw.pl |access-date=22 August 2008 |archive-date=10 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710025442/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/transport.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> and ]s (]). The buses, trams, urban railway and Metro are managed by the ] and are collectively known as Warsaw Public Transport.
Further south is the so-called Royal Road, with lots of notable ] palaces, the ] and the ] campus. Also the popular ] is worth mentioning.


Long distance and intercity trains are operated by ] (PKP). There are also some suburban bus lines run by private operators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291-1119275973157/td-ut5.pdf |title=From monopoly towards market |publisher=World Bank |access-date=22 August 2008 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180159/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291-1119275973157/td-ut5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ] service covers the entire city, with approximately 256 routes totalling above {{convert|3000|km|}}, and with some 1,700 vehicles.
The oldest Warsaw's public park, the ], is located within 10 minutes distance from the old town. Other such oasis of silence and serenity is the ], one of the oldest cemeteries in Europe, filled with hundreds of precious sculptured, some of them by the most renown artists of 19th and 20th centuries. Since it serves all religious communities of Warsaw, be it Catholics, Jews, Muslims or Protestants, it is often called a ]. Nearby is the ], one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in Europe.


The first section of the ] was opened in 1995 initially with a total of 11 stations.<ref name="metro">{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.waw.pl/page.php?id=111 |title=A History of Subway Construction |work=metro.waw.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210054546/http://www.metro.waw.pl/page.php?id=111&PHPSESSID=9eb61f8f4408e4e6260cabb63fc4daa3 |archive-date=10 December 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2024, it has 39 stations running a distance of approximately {{convert|41|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.waw.pl/page.php?id=56 |title=Technical and Operating Data of the Existing Subway Section |work=metro.waw.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117051410/http://www.metro.waw.pl/page.php?id=56&PHPSESSID=12053adabbe490da1246a5eaaacb78d8 |archive-date=17 January 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
], with the ] visible in the background]]


The main railway station is ] serving both domestic traffic to almost every major city in Poland, and international connections. There are also five other major railway stations and a number of smaller suburban stations.
To the north of the city center the museum of the former ] is located, which is also a popular locality often visited by foreign tourists. Also the borough of ] is famous for its architecture from the 1920s and 1930s. Between Żoliborz and the ] the ] is located, which is one of the priceless monuments of ] military architecture in Poland. Also the former royal residencec of king ] in ] and ] are notable for their ] architecture and beautiful parks.


<gallery mode="packed" caption="Public transport in Warsaw">
However, Warsaw is perhaps the most famous for several buildings from modern history. Apart from the ], a ] skyscrapper located exactly in the city center, the ] which is the biggest ] in Europe also attracts many tourists. For those who seek dramatic contrasts the borough of Central ] is often the best choice. Called by the Varsovians the ''Bermuda Triangle'' for high crime rate, it is a place where almost completely demolished houses stand right next to modern apartment buildings and shopping malls.
File:C12 Nowy Świat-Uniwersytet - peron, Otwarcie M2, 2015-03-08.jpg|], ]
File:MANLion'sCityCNG 7204.jpg|]
File:Pesa 128N "Jazz-Duo", -3607, Tramwaje Warszawskie (32852697973).jpg|]
File:ED250-010.jpg|] ] at ]
File:27WE-007.jpg|] at ] station
File:PESA Sundeck & Bombardier, Koleje Mazowieckie (26575134031).jpg|] trains at ]
File:Stacja Veturilo Kopernika-Oboźna 2023.jpg|] bicycle rack at Oboźna Street
File:C12 N 18.jpg| Entrance to the metro station
</gallery>


==Culture==
])]]
===Music and theatre===
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION -->
] in Warsaw. It is one of the largest theatres in Europe, featuring one of the biggest stages in the world.]]
Thanks to numerous musical venues, including the ], the ], the ] and the ], as well as the Roma and Buffo music theatres and the ] in the ], Warsaw hosts many events and festivals. Among the events worth particular attention are: the ], the International Contemporary Music Festival ], the Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, the International ] Vocal Competition, the Mozart Festival, and the Festival of Old Music.<ref name="salter"/>


Warsaw is also considered one of the European hubs of underground electronic music with a very attractive house and techno music scene.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/apr/03/new-europe-poland-clubs |title=New Europe: Poles dancing |work=The Guardian |date=3 April 2011 |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093844/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/apr/03/new-europe-poland-clubs |url-status=live }}</ref>
]


Warsaw is home to over 30 major theatres spread throughout the city, including the ] (founded in 1765) and the ] (established 1778).<ref name=teatrwielki1/>
== See also ==


] is a venue for the ]]]
* ]

* ]
Warsaw also attracts many young and off-stream directors and performers who add to the city's theatrical culture. Their productions may be viewed mostly in smaller theatres and ''Houses of Culture'' (''Domy Kultury''), mostly outside '']'' (Central Warsaw). Warsaw hosts the International Theatrical Meetings.
* ]

From 1833 to the outbreak of World War II, Plac Teatralny ''(])'' was the country's cultural hub and home to the various theatres.<ref name="teatrwielki"/> Plac Teatralny and its environs was the venue for numerous parades, celebrations of state holidays, carnival balls and concerts.

The main building housed the ] from 1833 to 1834, the Rozmaitości Theatre from 1836 to 1924 and then the National Theatre, the Reduta Theatre from 1919 to 1924, and from 1928 to 1939{{spaced ndash}}the Nowy Theatre, which staged productions of contemporary poetical drama, including those directed by ].<ref name="teatrwielki"/>

Nearby, in Ogród Saski (the ]), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939,<ref name=Letni/> and in the ], the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and ]'s musical theatre Melodram. The ] Theatre (1922–26) was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts{{spaced ndash}}the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department.<ref name="teatrwielki"/>

===Museums and art galleries===
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{|style="float:left;"
|{{hidden
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| contentcss =
| header = Museums in Warsaw
| content =
* ]
* ] National Gallery of Art
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE INSTITUTIONS HERE -->
}}
|}There are over 60 museums and galleries in Warsaw which are accessible to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gracetour.waw.pl/przewodnik-po-warszawie/muzea-warszawy/#:~:text=I%20tak%20przy%20kolejnych%20wycieczkach,z%20nich%20nie%20zosta%C5%82o%20zaprezentowanych. |title=Muzea Warszawy |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206035105/https://www.gracetour.waw.pl/przewodnik-po-warszawie/muzea-warszawy/#:~:text=I%20tak%20przy%20kolejnych%20wycieczkach,z%20nich%20nie%20zosta%C5%82o%20zaprezentowanych. |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the positions are the world's first ] boasting one of the largest collections of art ]s in the world,<ref name=postermuseum/> and the ]. Among the most prestigious ones are the ] with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity until the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection,<ref name=Schwarz/> and the ] whose set portrays the history of arms.

The collections of ] and ] palaces focus on the paintings of the "old masters", as do those of the Royal Castle which displays the ] including two paintings by Rembrandt.<ref name=Wetering/> The Palace in ], a former rural residence of Duke ], is another venue with its interiors and park accessible to tourists.

The famous ] is an interactive science museum containing over 450 exhibits, enabling visitors to carry out experiments and discover the laws of science for themselves. Warsaw does not have a natural history museum. Yet, it hosts small museums of ] and ], which play a similar role.

Holding Poland's largest private collection of art, the ]<ref>Official name: ''Museum of John Paul II Collection''</ref> displays works from such varied artists as ], ], ], ], ], and ]<ref name="muzeummalarstwa" /> along with some copies of masterpieces of European painting.

A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and ] can be found in the ] and in the ] which preserves the memory of that crime.<ref name=Baker/> The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the ]. The ] preserves patriotic and political objects connected with Poland's struggles for independence. Dating back to 1936 the ] contains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of Warsaw from its origins until today.

The 17th century Royal ] houses the Centre for Contemporary Art, with some permanent and temporary exhibitions, concerts, shows and creative workshops. The Centre realizes about 500 projects a year. The ] National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises exhibitions of ] by Polish and ] and promotes art in many other ways. Since 2011, ] is held on the last weekend of September.

28 September 2023 the opening of the new building of the ] located at the ] took place.

The city also possesses some oddities such as the ], the ],<ref name=Exhibitions/> the ], the ], and a Motorisation Museum in ].<ref name=motoryzacji/>
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Museums in Warsaw">
File:Zachęta - budynek.jpg|]
File:Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego 2023.jpg|]
File:Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie - panoramio - Mister No.jpg|]
File:MHP (drone view) (3).jpg|]
File:2022 Warszawa flagi Ukrainy i Polski, Muzeum Polin, 5.jpg|] opened in 2013
File:Zamek Ostrogskich w Warszawie 2022.jpg|The 17th-century ] houses the ].
File:Kamienica Łyszkiewicza w Warszawie 2020.jpg|], housed in the tenement house where she was born
File:Muzeum Kopernika - panoramio.jpg|], ]
</gallery>

===Cuisine and food===
] chocolate cake originated in Warsaw and is an icon of the city.]]
Warsaw's culinary tradition was shaped by its once multicultural population; its cuisine is distinct from that of other cities and towns in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://metrowarszawa.gazeta.pl/metrowarszawa/56,141634,20718074,krolu-zloty-gdzie-na-cymesy-w-tych-knajpach-zjesz-prawdziwe.html |title=Królu złoty, gdzie na cymesy? W tych knajpach zjesz prawdziwe, warszawskie potrawy |website=metro.waw |date=4 June 2017 |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206172424/https://metrowarszawa.gazeta.pl/metrowarszawa/56,141634,20718074,krolu-zloty-gdzie-na-cymesy-w-tych-knajpach-zjesz-prawdziwe.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.polskieskarby.pl/szlak-kulinarny/warszawa |title=Warszawa |website=Polskie Skarby Kulinarne |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207093606/https://www.polskieskarby.pl/szlak-kulinarny/warszawa |url-status=live }}</ref> Strong ] and ] influences were cultivated over the years, in particular ], ], ], ] and French ]-based pastries or cakes.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://warsawtour.pl/warszawskie-specjaly/ |title=Warszawskie specjały - oficjalny portal turystyczny stolicy Polski |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206130041/https://warsawtour.pl/warszawskie-specjaly/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Traditional Varsovian food is hearty and includes a ] for entrée, a ] dumpling for main and the iconic ] (voo-zetka) chocolate cream pie for dessert.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warszawa.naszemiasto.pl/tradycyjne-warszawskie-potrawy-od-cynaderek-po-zygmuntowke/ar/c17-3710290 |title=Tradycyjne warszawskie potrawy. Od Cynaderek po Zygmuntówkę |date=19 April 2016 |website=Warszawa Nasze Miasto |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206140126/https://warszawa.naszemiasto.pl/tradycyjne-warszawskie-potrawy-od-cynaderek-po-zygmuntowke/ar/c17-3710290 |url-status=live }}</ref> ] and ] were the classical dishes in Warsaw's restaurants throughout the 1920s and the 1930s.<ref name="auto2"/>

Much like ] or ], Warsaw once possessed a prominent ] which dated back to the early 18th century, and the city's cafeterias were a place for socializing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kawiarnie.warszawa.pl/historia-kawiarni-w-polsce |title=Historia kawiarni w Polsce. |website=www.kawiarnie.warszawa.pl |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206172053/http://www.kawiarnie.warszawa.pl/historia-kawiarni-w-polsce |url-status=live }}</ref> The historic ] Chocolate Lounge on Szpitalna Street remains one of the most renowned spots for social gatherings. Cafeterias, confectioneries and patisseries such as ], ] and ] are predominantly found along the Royal Route on ]. Thousands of Warsaw's residents also flock annually to the pastry workshops (''pączkarnia'') to buy ] doughnuts on ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/Polska/Warszawa/Tlusty-czwartek-Warszawska-cukiernia-Zagozdzinski-wprowadza-limity-na-kupno-paczkow |title=Tłusty czwartek: Warszawska cukiernia Zagoździński wprowadza limity na kupno pączków - Wiadomości |date=18 February 2020 |website=wiadomosci.radiozet.pl |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207103300/https://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/Polska/Warszawa/Tlusty-czwartek-Warszawska-cukiernia-Zagozdzinski-wprowadza-limity-na-kupno-paczkow |url-status=live }}</ref>

] Chocolate Lounge on Szpitalna Street]]

Restaurants offering authentic ] are concentrated around the Old Town district. Various ]s of ] or ] origin (] and ]) are also sold primarily in the Old Town.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/7,54420,22031343,starowka-tylko-dla-turystow-sprawdzamy-kto-ja-odwiedza.html?disableRedirects=true |title=Wyborcza.pl |website=warszawa.wyborcza.pl |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510014437/https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/7,54420,22031343,starowka-tylko-dla-turystow-sprawdzamy-kto-ja-odwiedza.html?disableRedirects=true |url-status=live }}</ref> Hala Koszyki is a popular meeting place in Warsaw noted for its food hall.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/warsaw-best-restaurants-bars-things-to-do-hotels-city-break-guide-poland-a8430631.html |work=The Independent |title=WARSAW CITY GUIDE: WHERE TO EAT, DRINK, SHOP AND STAY IN POLAND'S CAPITAL |date=9 July 2018 |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116193623/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/warsaw-best-restaurants-bars-things-to-do-hotels-city-break-guide-poland-a8430631.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 20th century, Warsaw was famed for its state-owned ]s ('']'') which offered cheap ] in the form of home dinners. Examples of dishes popularized by these canteens include ], ]s, ], ] and many others. Contemporary fast food giants like ], ], ] and ] are the successors to milk bars, though some reemerged in recent years due to widespread ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wawalove.wp.pl/wraca-moda-na-bary-mleczne-reaktywacja-baru-gdanskiego-6178764019673217a |title=Wraca moda na bary mleczne. Reaktywacja Baru Gdańskiego |first=Katarzyna |last=Zając-Malarowska |date=11 April 2017 |website=wawalove.wp.pl |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207164347/https://wawalove.wp.pl/wraca-moda-na-bary-mleczne-reaktywacja-baru-gdanskiego-6178764019673217a |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gourmet and ] establishments are situated in the vicinity of the downtown area or in the ] neighbourhood. Thirteen Varsovian restaurants were appreciated by the ], with two receiving a michelin star in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://haveabite.in/article/wyroznienia-michelin-2018-zobaczcie-zmiany-krakowie-pelna-lista-restauracji/ |title=Wyróżnienia MICHELIN 2019! Pełna lista restauracji - Kraków i Warszawa |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207051119/http://haveabite.in/article/wyroznienia-michelin-2018-zobaczcie-zmiany-krakowie-pelna-lista-restauracji/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guide.michelin.com/pl/en/restaurants/the-plate-michelin |title=The MICHELIN Plate: Good cooking – the MICHELIN Guide Poland |website=MICHELIN Guide |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127202719/https://guide.michelin.com/pl/en/restaurants/the-plate-michelin |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, ] named Warsaw one of the top cities for ] in Europe. Śródmieście Południowe (Southern Downtown) and its "hipster food culture" was singled out as the epicenter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodd |first=Liz |date=6 February 2021 |title=The eight best cities for vegans |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2021/02/the-eight-best-cities-for-vegans |url-status=live |access-date=19 June 2021 |website=National Geographic |language=en-gb |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628142621/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2021/02/the-eight-best-cities-for-vegans }}</ref>

===Events===
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]
Several commemorative events take place every year, notably the ] featuring music concerts. One of the more popular events is the ] of the ] (in Polish known as the Three Kings) on ], shortly after the ]. Paper crowns are usually worn by spectators throughout the day. The event, which runs along the Royal Route, is attended by Warsaw's highest officials and by the Polish president who resides nearby.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://niedziela.pl/artykul/26573 |title=Orszaki Trzech Króli na ulicach 515 polskich miast |website=niedziela.pl |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031309/https://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/26573 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orszak.org/historia-orszaku-trzech-kroli |title=Orszak Trzech Króli / Historia Orszaku Trzech Króli |website=orszak.org |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103093025/http://orszak.org/historia-orszaku-trzech-kroli |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer's Night for a festival called ] (Polish for ''Wreaths'') have also become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw.<ref name="sobotka">{{cite web |author=Staś Kmieć |url=http://www.polamjournal.com/Library/Holidays/Sobotka/sobotka.html |title=Midsummer's Eve |work=polamjournal.com |access-date=2 February 2009 |archive-date=28 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928111507/http://polamjournal.com/Library/Holidays/Sobotka/sobotka.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="wreath">{{cite web |author=Staś Kmieć |url=http://www.aktivist.pl/wydarzenie/eventId,393787,wianki-2008-wydarzenie.html |title=Wianki 2008 |work=aktivist.pl |access-date=2 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417070237/http://www.aktivist.pl/wydarzenie/eventId%2C393787%2Cwianki-2008-wydarzenie.html |archive-date=17 April 2009 |language=pl |url-status=dead}}</ref> The festival traces its roots to a peaceful ] ritual where maidens would float their ]s of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom.<ref name="sobotka"/> By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today.<ref name="sobotka"/> The city council organize concerts and other events.<ref name="wreath"/> Each Midsummer's Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, and looking for the ], there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.<ref name="wreath"/>

Warsaw Multimedia Fountain Park is located in an enchanting place, near the Old Town and the Vistula. The 'Water – Light – Sound' multimedia shows take place each Friday and Saturday from May until September at 9.30&nbsp;pm (May and – 9 October pm). On other weekdays, the shows do not include lasers and sound.

The ], an annual festival that takes place every October.<ref name="wff">{{cite web |url=http://www.wff.pl/en/o-festiwalu/ |title=Warsaw Film Festival |work=wff.pl |access-date=16 February 2009 |archive-date=24 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924191121/http://www.wff.pl/en/o-festiwalu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Films are usually screened in their original language with Polish subtitles and participating cinemas include Kinoteka (Palace of Science and Culture), ] at ] and Kultura. Over 100 films are shown throughout the festival, and awards are given to the best and most popular films.<ref name="wff"/>

===Warsaw Mermaid===
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{{Main|Coat of arms of Warsaw}}
] on the cover of one of Warsaw's accounting books]]

The mermaid (''syrenka'') is Warsaw's symbol<ref name=ucl/> and can be found on statues throughout the city and on ]. This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century.<ref name=Mermaid/> The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390, consisting of a round seal bordered with the Latin inscription ''Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis'' (Seal of the city of Warsaw).<ref name="herb"/> City records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a ] with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws.<ref name=Bratosiewicz/> In 1653 the poet Zygmunt Laukowski asks the question:

{{Rquote|center|Warsaw of strong walls; why was the emblem Mermaid with sharp sword, given you by the kings?|Zygmunt Laukowski<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biega.com/syrena.html |title=Warsaw Mermaid&nbsp;– Syrena |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-date=25 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041430/http://biega.com/syrena.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

]]]

The Mermaid Statue stands in the very centre of Old Town Square, surrounded by a fountain. Due to vandalism, the original statue had been moved to the grounds of the Museum of Warsaw – the statue in the square is a copy.
This is not the only mermaid in Warsaw. Another is located on the bank of the Vistula River near Świętokrzyski Bridge and another on Karowa Street.

The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of ]'s daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of ]. The second mermaid reached the mouth of the ] River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant also heard her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.<ref name="legend"/>

Another legend says that a mermaid once swam to Warsaw from the ] for the love of the Griffin, the ancient defender of the city, who was killed in a struggle against the ] of the 17th century. The mermaid, wishing to avenge his death, took the position of defender of Warsaw, becoming the symbol of the city.<ref name="legend"/>

Every member of the ] of the UK's light ] wears the ''Maid of Warsaw'', the crest of the City of Warsaw, on the left sleeve of his No. 2 (Service) Dress.<ref name=qohmuseum/> Members of ] of the United Kingdom also wear the ''Maid of Warsaw'' on the left sleeve of their No. 2 (Service) Dress.<ref name=RAF/>

==Sports==
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{{Main|Sport in Warsaw}}
] semi-final match between ] and ] on 28 June 2012]]

On 9 April 2008, the Mayor of Warsaw, ], obtained from the mayor of ] ] a challenge award&nbsp;– a ] awarded to Warsaw as the European capital of Sport in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aces-europa.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=i8gr5Zb1M8I%3D&tabid=55&mid=379 |title=European Capitals of Sport |work=aces-europa.eu |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153058/https://www.aces-europa.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=i8gr5Zb1M8I%3D&tabid=55&mid=379 |archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref>

The ], a 58,580-seat-capacity football (soccer) stadium, replaced Warsaw's recently demolished ].<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Ryan Lucas |url=http://sports.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/euro/story.asp?i=20080630175055520000101&ref=hea&tm= |title=UEFA turns attention to Euro 2012 |magazine=Sports Illustrated |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708171207/http://sports.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/euro/story.asp?i=20080630175055520000101&ref=hea&tm= |archive-date=8 July 2011}}</ref> The National Stadium hosted the opening match, two group matches, a quarter-final, and a semi-final of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.e2012.org/en/4_51.html |title=Warsaw |work=e2012.org |access-date=31 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803222406/http://www.e2012.org/en/4_51.html |archive-date=3 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are many sports centres in the city as well. Most of these facilities are swimming pools and sports halls, many of them built by the municipality in the past several years. The main indoor venue is ], used for a variety of indoor sports (it was a venue for the ]<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807052744/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6328/_/index.html |date=7 August 2016 }}, ARCHIVE.FIBA.com. Retrieved 5 June 2016.</ref> but it is also used as an indoor skating rink). There is also an open-air skating rink (Stegny) and a horse racetrack (Służewiec).

The best of the city's swimming centres is at Wodny Park Warszawianka, {{convert|4|km|0|abbr=on}} south of the centre at Merliniego Street, where there's an Olympic-sized pool as well as water slides and children's areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wodnypark.com.pl/index.php?lang=en |title=Wodny Park |work=wodnypark.com.pl |access-date=31 January 2009 |archive-date=28 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428142436/http://www.wodnypark.com.pl/index.php?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

] football club]]

Among the Varsovian football teams, the most recognisable is ]&nbsp;– the army club with a nationwide following play at the ], just southeast of the centre at ]. Established in 1916, they have won the ] fifteen times (most recently in 2021) and won the ] nineteen times. In the ] season, they reached the quarter-finals, where they lost to Greek club ].

Their local rivals, ], have significantly fewer supporters, yet they managed to win the country's championship two times (in 1946 and 2000) and won the cup twice as well. Polonia's home venue is located at Konwiktorska Street, a ten-minute walk north from the ]. Polonia was relegated from the country's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation. They are now playing in the first league (2nd tier in Poland).

] was one of the country's best teams in 50s and 60s. They are now participating in ], the highest-tier level of the Polish basketball.

==Famous people==
{{further|List of people from Warsaw}}
{{further|Category:People from Warsaw}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Marie Curie c1920.jpg
| image2 = Benoit Mandelbrot, TED 2010 (3x4 cropped).jpg
| image3 = Samuel Goldwyn - Jul 1919 EH.jpg
| image4 = Robert Lewandowski FCB.jpg
| footer = Famous people born in Warsaw, '''clockwise from upper left''': ], ], ] and ]
}}

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One of the most famous people born in Warsaw was ], who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize.<ref name=nobelprize/> Famous musicians include ], ] and ]. Though Chopin was born in the village of ], about {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=on}} from Warsaw, he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old.<ref name=Lawrynowicz/> ], a Polish general and hero of the ], was born here in 1745.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483059/Kazimierz-Pulaski |title=Kazimierz Pulaski – Polish patriot and United States army officer |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=13 April 2015 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403174849/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483059/Kazimierz-Pulaski |url-status=live }}</ref> Other important people, who lived in Warsaw (although were not born here) are also ] and ].

] was a famous artist born in Warsaw.<ref name="lempicka"/> She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki.<ref name=marchand/> Better than anyone else she represented the ] style in painting and art.<ref name="lempicka"/> Another notable artist born in the city was ]. He was associated with ] and ] movements and recognized as a key figure in the history of Polish postwar ].<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |last=Grimes |first=William |date=9 November 2015 |title=Wojciech Fangor, Painter Who Emerged From Postwar Poland, Dies at 92 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/10/arts/design/wojciech-fangor-painter-who-emerged-from-postwar-poland-dies-at-92.html |access-date=6 January 2023 |work=]}}</ref> ], the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was ], the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the ].<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

] poet and essayist ], one of the foremost members of the ] school of poetry was born in Warsaw while it was part of the ]. Other notables include ], the founder of ], mathematician ], physicist ], biochemist ], and ], an Israeli physician who was the first President of ]. Warsaw was the beloved city of ], which he described in many of his novels:<ref name=jewish-theatre/> "Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever", he wrote.<ref name=Burgin/> Notable sportspeople born in Warsaw include footballers ]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/robert-lewandowski_prs141648/person.shtml |title=Robert Lewandowski |access-date=1 December 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901011429/https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/robert-lewandowski_prs141648/person.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and ]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asroma.com/en/news/46712/13-things-you-need-to-know-about-wojciech-szczesny |title=13 things you need to know about Wojciech Szczesny |website=asroma.com |date=29 July 2015 |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref> as well as tennis player ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/326408/iga-swiatek |title=Iga Świątek |access-date=1 December 2020 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705044830/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/326408/title/iga-swiatek-0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International relations==
===Twin towns and sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
Warsaw is ] with:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy |website=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Warsaw |language=pl |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507200516/https://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} ], Kazakhstan (2002)
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany (1991)
*{{flagicon|USA}} ], United States (1960)
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany (1989)
*{{flagicon|VIE}} ], Vietnam (2000)
*{{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine (1994)
*{{flagicon|LVA}} ], Latvia (2002)
*{{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil (1997)
*{{flagicon|KOR}} ], South Korea (1996)
*{{flagicon|TWN}} ], Taiwan (1995)
*{{flagicon|ISR}} ], Israel (1992)
*{{flagicon|LTU}} ], Lithuania (1998)
<!--rest - not twinning-->
{{div col end}}

Former twin towns:
*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia (1997–2022)<ref name="auto3">{{cite web| url = https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996| language = pl| title = Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom| date = 3 March 2022| access-date = 5 March 2022| archive-date = 11 May 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220511060219/https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996| url-status = live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia (1993–2022)<ref name="auto3"/>

===Partnership and friendship===
Warsaw also cooperates with:<ref name=twins/>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|HUN}} ], Hungary (2005)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} ], Argentina (1992)<ref>{{cite web |title=Convenios Internacionales |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |website=buenosaires.gob.ar |publisher=Buenos Aires |language=es |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803135328/https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GBR}} ], United Kingdom (1957)<ref>{{cite web |title=Warsaw, Poland |url=https://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory_record/6225/warsaw_poland/category/732/europe |website=coventry.gov.uk |publisher=Coventry City Council |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826071202/https://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory_record/6225/warsaw_poland/category/732/europe |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|NED}} ], Netherlands (1991)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} ], Japan (1990)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} ], China (1993)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} ], France (1990)
*{{flagicon|TUR}} ], Turkey (1991)
*{{flagicon|ESP}} ], Spain (1981)<ref>{{cite web |title=Agreements with cities |url=https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |website=madrid.es |publisher=Madrid |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|PHI}} ], Philippines (2006)
*{{flagicon|NOR}} ], Norway (2006)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} ], France (1999)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784 |title=Friendship and cooperation agreements |publisher=Marie de Paris |location=Paris |access-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403161510/http://next.paris.fr/english/paris-a-city-with-an-international-profile/international-action-cooperation/friendship-and-cooperation-agreements/rub_8139_stand_29940_port_18784 |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} ], France (1995)
*{{flagicon|CAN}} ], Canada (1990)
*{{flagicon|AUT}} ], Austria (1991)
*{{flagicon|ARM}} ], Armenia (2013)<ref>{{cite web |title=Partner cities |url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/ |website=yerevan.am |publisher=Yerevan |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329102031/http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

Former partner cities:
*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia (1997–2022)<ref name="auto3"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Poland|European Union}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Various ]<!-- Link to disambiguation page, please do not change -->
* Various ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==Notes==
== External links ==
{{Notelist}}


==References==
*
{{reflist|refs=
*
<ref name=Adamczyk>{{cite book |quote=The Soviet troops, ordered by Stalin to wait until the Germans had destroyed the remnants of Polish resistance, then moved into what was left of Warsaw, flushed out the remaining Germans, and proclaimed themselves liberators of the city. |author=Wesley Adamczyk |title=When God looked the other way: an odyssey of war, exile, and redemption |year=2004 |page=170 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-00443-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77sneNTXojQC&pg=PA170 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031336/https://books.google.com/books?id=77sneNTXojQC&pg=PA170 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*

*
<ref name=aip1>{{cite web |url=http://www.aip.org/history/curie/polgirl2.htm |title=Polish Girlhood (1867–1891) |work=aip.org |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=25 February 2009 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102134102/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/polgirl2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*

*
<ref name=aip2>{{cite web |url=http://www.aip.org/history/curie/radinst1.htm |title=The Radium Institute (1919–1934) |work=aip.org |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date=25 February 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028083629/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/radinst1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*

* {{wikitravel}}
<ref name=aish>{{cite web |url=http://www.aish.com/holocaust/overview/he05n27.htm |title=The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |work=aish.com |access-date=29 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623220055/http://www.aish.com/holocaust/overview/he05n27.htm |archive-date=23 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*

* (Polish)
<ref name=Ascheron>{{cite web |author=Neal Ascheron |url=http://www.halat.pl/poland2.html |title=The Struggles for Poland |work=halat.pl |access-date=24 July 2008 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021011905/http://www.halat.pl/poland2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* (Polish)

*
<ref name=Baker>{{cite book |author1=Mark Baker |author2=Kit F. Chung |title=Frommer's Poland |year=2009 |page=79 |publisher=Frommer's |isbn=978-0-470-15819-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypJ5fzK_uSkC |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031335/https://books.google.com/books?id=ypJ5fzK_uSkC |url-status=live }}</ref>
*

*
<!-- <ref name=Blewaska>{{cite web |author=Joanna Blewąska |url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,5999966,Warszawa_da_sie_lubic_.html |title=Warszawa da się lubić? |work=Gazeta Wyborcza |date=28 November 2008 |access-date=29 September 2010 |language=pl |archive-date=11 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611074414/http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,5999966,Warszawa_da_sie_lubic_.html |url-status=live }}</ref> -->
*

*
<ref name=bn_org>{{cite web |url=http://www.bn.org.pl/index.php?id=4 |title=Historia zbiorów |work=bn.org.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |language=pl |archive-date=1 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201230908/http://bn.org.pl/index.php?id=4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*

*
<ref name=Borkiewicz>{{cite book |first=Adam |last=Borkiewicz |title=Powstanie warszawskie 1944: zarys działań natury wojskowej |year=1957 |publisher=PAX |location=Warsaw}}</ref>
*

*
<ref name=Bratosiewicz>{{cite web |author=Ewa Bratosiewicz |url=http://www.warsaw-guide.invito.pl/index.php?str=x41 |title=Other symbols of Warsaw |work=warsaw-guide.invito.pl |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-date=1 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501224649/http://warsaw-guide.invito.pl/index.php?str=x41 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*

*
<ref name=broadbandtvnews>{{cite web |author=Chris Dziadul |url=http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2007/10/05/a-decade-of-progress/ |title=A decade of progress |work=broadbandtvnews.com |date=5 October 2007 |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820132900/http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2007/10/05/a-decade-of-progress/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*

*
<ref name=Brockhaus>{{cite book |author=F.A. Brockhaus Verlag Leipzig |title=Der Grosse Brockhaus: Handbuch des Wissens |year=1935 |page=25 |publisher=Brockhaus |edition=15th |volume=20 |language=de}}</ref>

<ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/636161/Warsaw-Uprising |title=Warsaw Uprising |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=5 February 2009 |archive-date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216123931/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/636161/Warsaw-Uprising |url-status=live }} ''Hoping to gain control of Warsaw before the Red Army could "liberate" it, the Home Army followed the Soviet suggestion to revolt''.</ref>

<ref name=Burgin>{{cite book |author1=Richard Burgin |author2=Issac Bashevis Singer |title=Issac bashevis Singer Talks... About Everything |year=1978 |page=46 |publisher=]}} in: {{cite book |author1=David Neal Miller |author2=Isaac Bashevis Singer |title=Recovering the canon: essays on Isaac Bashevis Singer |year=1986 |page=40 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-07681-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6hNoUXlCXwC&q=Warsaw+has+just+now+been+destroyed.+No+one+will+ever+see+the+Warsaw+I+knew.+Let+me+just+write+about+it.+Let+this+Warsaw+not+not+disappear+forever&pg=PA40 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031333/https://books.google.com/books?id=O6hNoUXlCXwC&q=Warsaw+has+just+now+been+destroyed.+No+one+will+ever+see+the+Warsaw+I+knew.+Let+me+just+write+about+it.+Let+this+Warsaw+not+not+disappear+forever&pg=PA40 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=buw>{{cite web |url=http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=32&Itemid=76 |title=Historia |work=buw.uw.edu.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |language=pl |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707062433/http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=32&Itemid=76 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Chopin_Monument>{{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=165&dz_id=16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070528001130/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=165&dz_id=16 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2007 |title=Frédéric Chopin Monument |work=eGuide / Treasures of Warsaw on-line |access-date=23 February 2009}}</ref>

<ref name=CEE>{{cite web |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/18028 |title=Big Chance for the Capital |work=Warsaw&nbsp;– CEE Financial Hub Conference |publisher=warsawvoice.pl |date=11 June 2008 |access-date=28 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206014654/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/18028 |archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=coat_of_arms>{{cite web |url=http://bip.warszawa.pl/English/Main_Menu/capital_city_of_warsaw/coat_of_arms_colours.htm |title=Coat of Arms and Colours of the Capital City of Warsaw |work=bip.warszawa.pl |access-date=14 January 2009 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423062848/http://bip.warszawa.pl/English/Main_Menu/capital_city_of_warsaw/coat_of_arms_colours.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Czerkawski>{{cite book |first1=Andrzej |last1=Czerkawski |first2=Tadeusz |last2=Jurga |title=Dla ciebie ojczyzno |year=1969 |page=435 |publisher=Sport i Turystyka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dM8qAQAAIAAJ&q=1940 |quote=ORDER OF VALOUR "VIRTUTI MILITARI", FIFTH CLASS Capital City of Warsaw 1940 To the inhabitants of the Capital City of Warsaw – in recognition of their heroism and unshakable bravery in the struggle with the Nazi aggressor. |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031308/https://books.google.com/books?id=dM8qAQAAIAAJ&q=1940 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="destination">{{cite web |url=http://www.destinationwarsaw.com/site.php5/Show/135.html |title=Pope in Warsaw |work=destinationwarsaw.com |access-date=5 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202115249/http://destinationwarsaw.com/site.php5/Show/135.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="djordjevic">{{cite book |author=Masa Djordjevic |title=Politics of Urban Development Planning: Building Urban Governance in Post-Socialist Warsaw? |year=2006 |page=8 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |url=http://pl.scribd.com/doc/59582800/Djordjevic-Masa-Paper |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509230513/http://pl.scribd.com/doc/59582800/Djordjevic-Masa-Paper |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Exhibitions>{{cite web |url=http://www.warsaw.com/v/exhibitions/ |title=Exhibitions |work=warsaw.com |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-date=1 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201010139/http://www.warsaw.com/v/exhibitions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="fyifrance">{{cite web |author=Maria Witt |url=http://www.fyifrance.com/f102005c.htm |title=The Zaluski Collection in Warsaw |work=The Strange Life of One of the Greatest European Libraries of the Eighteenth Century |publisher=FYI France |date=15 September – 15 October 2005 |access-date=17 February 2008 |archive-date=8 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208031623/http://www.fyifrance.com/f102005c.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="garden">{{cite web |url=http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=286&Itemid=91 |title=Garden |work=buw.uw.edu.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722222011/http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=286&Itemid=91 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ghettouprising">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/wgupris.htm |title=The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |work=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=29 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517043736/http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/wgupris.htm |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=goeuro2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.goeuro2012.com/html/warsaw.html |title=Warsaw |work=goeuro2012.com |access-date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603015458/http://www.goeuro2012.com/html/warsaw.html |archive-date=3 June 2008 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

<ref name=qohmuseum>{{cite web |url=http://www.qohmuseum.org.uk/maid.htm |title=The Maid of Warsaw |work=The Queen's Own Hussars Museum |access-date=10 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012215137/http://www.qohmuseum.org.uk/maid.htm |archive-date=12 October 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Golna>{{cite book |author=Cornelia Golna |title=City of man's desire: a novel of Constantinople |year=2004 |page=318 |publisher=Go-Bos Press |isbn=90-804114-4-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHXGa8HSQIQC |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031337/https://books.google.com/books?id=xHXGa8HSQIQC |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="gus">{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_as_statitical_yearbook_of_the_rep_of_poland_2008.pdf |title=Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2008 |work=stat.gov.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207061813/http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_as_statitical_yearbook_of_the_rep_of_poland_2008.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="herb">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/herb.htm |title=History of Warsaw's Coat of Arms |work=e.warsaw.pl |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-date=14 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514225200/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/herb.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="heroic">{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=174&dz_id=17 |title=Heroic City |work=um.warszawa.pl |access-date=26 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704051628/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=174&dz_id=17 |archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/historia.htm |title=Warsaw's history |work=e-warsaw.pl |access-date=24 July 2008 |archive-date=9 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109154021/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/historia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Holy_Cross>{{cite web |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=112&dz_id=16 |title=Church of the Holy Cross |work=eGuide / Treasures of Warsaw on-line |access-date=23 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218162926/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=112&dz_id=16 |archive-date=18 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=infochopin>{{cite web |url=http://www.infochopin.pl/en/miejsca.php/99/ |title=The Fryderyk Chopin University of Music |work=infochopin.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524211059/http://www.infochopin.pl/en/miejsca.php/99/ |archive-date=24 May 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=instytut>{{cite web |url=http://www.instytut.com.pl/IMM/o_firmie/Press_release_media_August2008.pdf |title=Press release |work=instytut.com.pl |date=6 October 2008 |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224204345/http://www.instytut.com.pl/IMM/o_firmie/Press_release_media_August2008.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=jewish-theatre>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=2973 |title=The 5th Festival of Jewish Culture 'Singer's Warsaw' |work=jewish-theatre.com |access-date=4 March 2009 |language=pl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105135153/http://jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=2973 |archive-date=5 November 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Vilensky.html |title=Moshe Vilensky |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=31 July 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717051917/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Vilensky.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Jeziorski>{{cite web |author=Michal Jeziorski |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/14144 |title=Improving Infrastructure |work=warsawvoice.pl |date=7 March 2007 |access-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627221201/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/14144 |archive-date=27 June 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="judaica">{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=270&dz_id=18 |title=Warsaw Judaica |work=um.warszawa.pl |access-date=26 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805045632/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=270&dz_id=18 |archive-date=5 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=Kayaking>{{cite web |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/12179/ |title=Kayaking on the Vistula |work=warsawvoice.pl |date=30 August 2006 |access-date=24 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926133856/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/12179 |archive-date=26 September 2006}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name=Kopinski>{{cite web |author=Michał Kopiński |url=http://poznan.gazeta.pl/poznan/1,36001,6000225.html |title=Warszawa da się lubić? Nie w Poznaniu |work=poznan.gazeta.pl/poznan |date=28 November 2008 |access-date=29 September 2010 |language=pl |archive-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304050450/http://poznan.gazeta.pl/poznan/1,36001,6000225.html |url-status=live }}</ref> -->

<ref name="last_glimpse">{{cite web |author=M.M. |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/11932/ |title=Warsaw: A Last Glimpse |work=warsawvoice.pl |date=2 August 2006 |access-date=29 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926112803/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/11932 |archive-date=26 September 2006}}</ref>

<ref name=Lawrynowicz>{{cite web |author=Joanna Ławrynowicz |url=http://www.infochopin.pl/en/artykuly.php/1/ |title=Frederick Francois Chopin, the most eminent Polish composer |work=infochopin.pl |access-date=10 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516080239/http://www.infochopin.pl/en/artykuly.php/1/ |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="legend">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/herb-1.htm |title=History of Warsaw's Coat of Arms |work=e-warsaw.pl |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-date=29 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529212011/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/miasto/herb-1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="lempicka">{{cite book |author1=Uta Grosenick |author2=Ilka Becker |title=Women artists in the 20th and 21st century |year=2001 |page=576 |publisher=Taschen |isbn=3-8228-5854-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSvSfCmzo2wC |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820043224/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSvSfCmzo2wC |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Letni>{{cite web |url=http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=letni&r3=0 |title=Teatr Letni |work=warszawa1939.pl |access-date=14 February 2008 |language=pl |archive-date=29 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629153452/http://www.warszawa1939.pl/index.php?r1=letni&r3=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Library>{{cite web |url=http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=285&Itemid=91 |title=Library building |work=buw.uw.edu.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707061555/http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=285&Itemid=91 |url-status=live }}</ref>

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<ref name=Ludnosc>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |title=Ludność w gminach. Stan w dniu 31 marca 2011 r. – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011 r. |publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny |access-date=20 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127094758/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |archive-date=27 November 2011}}</ref>
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<ref name=marchand>{{cite web |url=http://www.marchand.pl/artysta.php?id=134&biografia=f&l=pl |title=Tamara Łempicka |work=marchand.pl |access-date=22 January 2009 |language=pl |archive-date=12 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212155928/http://www.marchand.pl/artysta.php?id=134&biografia=f&l=pl |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Mermaid>{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=47&dz_id=2 |title=Warsaw Mermaid's Statue |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207092210/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/perelki/index_en.php?mi_id=47&dz_id=2 |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=Metropolitan>{{cite web |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/4682/ |title=Metropolitan Life |work=warsawvoice.pl |date=4 February 2004 |access-date=23 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525210342/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/4682 |archive-date=25 May 2006}}</ref>

<ref name=Montagu>{{cite book |author1=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |author2=Norman Henry Gibbs |author3=J. M. A. Gwyer |author4=John Patrick William Ehrman |author5=Michael Eliot Howard |title=Grand strategy |year=1976 |editor=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |page= |chapter=History of the Second World War; United Kingdom military series 5 |publisher=H. M. Stationery Office |url=https://archive.org/details/grandstrategy02butl |url-access=registration}}</ref>

<ref name=motoryzacji>{{cite web |url=http://www.muzeum-motoryzacji.com.pl/podstrony/hist_muzeum_ang.html |title=Museum history |work=muzeum-motoryzacji.com.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129094040/http://muzeum-motoryzacji.com.pl/podstrony/hist_muzeum_ang.html |archive-date=29 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=muzeummalarstwa>{{cite web |url=http://www.muzeummalarstwa.pl/collection.htm |title=Museum of John Paul II Collection |work=muzeummalarstwa.pl |access-date=24 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229194215/http://www.muzeummalarstwa.pl/collection.htm |archive-date=29 December 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Naliwajek>{{in lang|fr}} Zbigniew Naliwajek. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301022929/http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=RLC&ID_NUMPUBLIE=RLC_307&ID_ARTICLE=RLC_307_0325 |date=1 March 2012 }}. Revue de littérature comparée 3/2003 (n°307), p. 325-338.</ref>

<ref name=New_Zoo_Revue>Warsaw Zoo opened 11 March 1928, on Ratuszowa Street. It was not the first ]logical garden in Warsaw; King ] kept a court menagerie in ]. Several private zoos were also established in Warsaw in the 19th century. {{cite web |url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/2044/ |title=New Zoo Revue |work=warsawvoice.pl |date=24 April 2003 |access-date=9 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118091706/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/2044/ |archive-date=18 January 2005}}</ref>

<ref name=nobelprize>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html |title=Marie Curie&nbsp;– The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=10 July 2008 |archive-date=10 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710121624/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="obrien">{{cite book |author=Augustin P. O'Brien |title=Petersburg and Warsaw: Scenes Witnessed During a Residence in Poland and Russia in 1863–64 |year=1864 |publisher=R. Bentley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WlYBAAAAQAAJ&q=Petersburg+and+Warsaw:+scenes+witnessed |access-date=28 January 2009 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031313/https://books.google.com/books?id=WlYBAAAAQAAJ&q=Petersburg+and+Warsaw%3A+scenes+witnessed |url-status=live }}</ref>

<!--<ref name=Olechno>{{cite web |author=Piotr Olechno |url=http://www.polskatimes.pl/warszawa/40061,sen-zamiast-warszawianki,id,t.html |title=Sen zamiast Warszawianki |work=polskatimes.pl |date=28 August 2008 |access-date=3 March 2009 |language=pl}}</ref> -->

<ref name=onelab>{{cite web |url=http://www.onelab.eu/index.php/about/management/steering-committee/122-warsaw-university-of-technology-wut.html |title=Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) |work=onelab.eu |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720170006/http://www.onelab.eu/index.php/about/management/steering-committee/122-warsaw-university-of-technology-wut.html |archive-date=20 July 2011}} ''With over 30,000 students served by over 2,000 professors and instructors, WUT is the largest and the highest-ranking engineering university in Poland.''</ref>

<ref name=Petrozolin>{{cite book |author=Barbara Petrozolin-Skowrońska |title=Warsaw Encyclopedia |year=1994 |page=94 |chapter=Encyklopedia Warszawy |publisher=] |isbn=83-01-08836-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjjjAAAAMAAJ |language=pl |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031333/https://books.google.com/books?id=BjjjAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="pisf">{{cite web |url=http://www.pisf.pl/pliki/47/ed/47ed315731f90c9/pg2008_i.pdf |title=Poland film production guide 2008 |work=pisf.pl |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224204345/http://www.pisf.pl/pliki/47/ed/47ed315731f90c9/pg2008_i.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

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<ref name=POL>{{cite web |url=http://demografia.stat.gov.pl/bazademografia/Downloader.aspx?file=pl_lud_2015_14_09.zip&sys=lud |title=Population in Poland. Size and structure by territorial division as of December 31, 2015 |language=pl |access-date=26 May 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921135222/http://demografia.stat.gov.pl/bazademografia/Downloader.aspx?file=pl_lud_2015_14_09.zip&sys=lud |url-status=live }}</ref>
Not in use-->

<ref name=poland2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.poland2012.net/stadiums-in-poland/ |title=The National Stadium in Warsaw |work=poland2012.net |access-date=24 July 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=polandtrade>{{cite web |url=http://www.polandtrade.com.hk/new/eng/news_september2004.htm |title=Attracting foreign investments |work=polandtrade.com.hk |access-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108193020/http://www.polandtrade.com.hk/new/eng/news_september2004.htm |archive-date=8 November 2007}}</ref>

<ref name=postermuseum>{{cite web |url=http://www.postermuseum.pl/en/page/show/history |title=The Poster Museum at Wilanów |work=postermuseum.pl |access-date=10 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525031921/http://www.postermuseum.pl/en/page/show/history |archive-date=25 May 2011}}</ref>

<ref name=prawo_lex>{{cite web |url=http://www.prawo.lex.pl/bap/samorzad/Dz.U.2002.41.361.html |title=Ustawa o ustroju miasta stołecznego Warszawy |work=prawo.lex.pl |access-date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101150852/http://www.prawo.lex.pl/bap/samorzad/Dz.U.2002.41.361.html |archive-date=1 January 2007 |language=pl |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=RAF>{{cite web |url=http://www2.army.mod.uk/linkedfiles/soldierwelfare/supportagencies/aws/communityguides/swf_sa_aws_cg_w/raf_odiham_2008/raf_odiham_section_1.pdf |title=RAF Odiham |publisher=army.mod.uk |page=16 |access-date=10 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910003105/http://www2.army.mod.uk/linkedfiles/soldierwelfare/supportagencies/aws/communityguides/swf_sa_aws_cg_w/raf_odiham_2008/raf_odiham_section_1.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Rozek>{{cite book |author1=Michał Rożek |author2=Doris Ronowicz |title=Cracow: a treasury of Polish culture and art |year=1988 |page=74 |publisher=Interpress Publishers |isbn=83-223-2245-3}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name=rsi>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.rsi.pl/dokument.php?dzial=2143&id=48006&PHPSESSID=f6c400ad7970068b81fd2708234f8f93 |title=Short and long history of the Powiązki Cemetery |access-date=11 February 2008 |language=pl}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> -->

<ref name=Rymut>{{cite book |author=Kazimierz Rymut |title=Nazwy miast Polski |year=1987 |publisher=Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich |isbn=83-04-02436-5 |author-link=Kazimierz Rymut |language=pl}}</ref>

<ref name="salter">{{cite book |author1=Mark Salter |author2=Jonathan Bousfield |title=Poland |year=2002 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=1-85828-849-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgQ0B1CNYfQC&q=guide+warsaw&pg=PA70 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818015439/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgQ0B1CNYfQC&q=guide+warsaw&pg=PA70 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Schwarz>{{cite book |first=Birgit |last=Schwarz |title=Geniewahn: Hitler und die Kunst |year=2009 |page=312 |publisher=Böhlau Verlag Wien |isbn=978-32-05783-07-7 |quote=Mehrere Gemälde aus dem Berghof befinden sich heute im Nationalmuseum in Warschau. Bordones Venus und Amor etwa (Abb. 100) ebenso wie der Madonnen-Tondo Bugiardinis (Abb. 62) oder ein großes Ruinenbild von Pannini, das in der verglasten Veranda gehangen hatte (Abb. 113).}}</ref>

<ref name=sggw>{{cite web |url=http://www.sggw.pl/2009/10/12/warsaw-university-of-life-sciences/?lang=en |title=Warsaw University of Life Sciences |work=sggw.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127084347/http://www.sggw.pl/2009/10/12/warsaw-university-of-life-sciences/?lang=en |archive-date=27 November 2012}} ''Warsaw University of Life Sciences&nbsp;– SGGW (WULS&nbsp;– SGGW) is the oldest agricultural academic school in Poland, its history dates back to 1816.''</ref>

<ref name=sgh_waw>{{cite web |url=http://www.sgh.waw.pl/en/ogolne-en/ |title=Warsaw School of Economics&nbsp;– Overview |work=sgh.waw.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |archive-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519091513/http://www.sgh.waw.pl/en/ogolne-en |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Snyder>{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |year=2010 |title=Bloodlands |location=London |publisher=The Bodley Head |page=}}</ref>

<ref name=Stanley>{{cite web |author=John Stanley |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200403/ai_n9363971/?tag=content;col1 |title=Literary Activities and Attitudes in the Stanislavian Age in Poland (1764–1795): A Social System? |via=Find Articles |date=March–June 2004 |access-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514133024/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200403/ai_n9363971/?tag=content%3Bcol1 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="stock">{{cite web |url=http://www.gpw.pl/historia_en |title=History |work=gpw.pl |access-date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=4 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904105341/http://www.gpw.pl/historia_en |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Studia>{{cite web |url=http://miasta.gazeta.pl/krakow/1,37650,5009717.html |title=Studia w liczbach: Warszawa bije Kraków |work=miasta.gazeta.pl |date=10 March 2008 |access-date=30 January 2009 |language=pl |archive-date=19 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219222401/http://miasta.gazeta.pl/krakow/1%2C37650%2C5009717.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=syrenka_historia>{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/historia.htm |title=Historia Warszawy |access-date=11 February 2008 |language=pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513082637/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/miasto/historia.htm |archive-date=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="teatrwielki">{{cite web |url=http://www.teatrwielki.pl/show_book.php?book=historia&nlang=en |title=The Theatre's history |work=teatrwielki.pl |year=1998 |access-date=21 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418103152/http://www.teatrwielki.pl/show_book.php?book=historia&nlang=en |archive-date=18 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=teatrwielki1>{{cite web |url=http://www.teatrwielki.pl/show_book.php?book=historia |title=Teatr Wielki-Polish National Opera |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208223208/http://www.teatrwielki.pl/show_book.php?book=historia |archive-date=8 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=thepianistmovie>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepianistmovie.com/index2.html |title=The Pianist |work=thepianistmovie.com |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822051023/http://www.thepianistmovie.com/index2.html |archive-date=22 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=Tihran>{{cite book |author=Dānishgāh-i Tihrān. Faculty of Fine Arts |title=International Conference on Reconstruction of War-Damaged Areas: 6–16 March 1986 : Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran |year=1990 |page=148 |publisher=University of Tehran Press}}</ref>

<ref name="timeline">{{cite book |author1=Marian Marek Drozdowski |author2=Andrzej Zahorski |title=Historia Warszawy |year=2004 |location=Warsaw |publisher=Jeden Świat |isbn=83-89632-04-7 |language=pl}}</ref>

<ref name=Tourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.poland.gov.pl/Poland,and,Poles,545.html |title=Tourism |work=poland.gov.pl |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828133109/http://poland.gov.pl/Poland,and,Poles,545.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=ucl>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/atlas/polish/mywarsaw/warsaw10.html |title=The Mermaid |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310204657/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/atlas/polish/mywarsaw/warsaw10.html |archive-date=10 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name=unesco>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/30 |title=Historic Centre of Warsaw |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=24 July 2008 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315182313/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/30/ |url-status=live }}</ref> -->

<ref name="uprising">{{cite web |url=http://www.warsawuprising.com/timeline.htm |title=Warsaw Uprising of 1944 |work=warsawuprising.com |access-date=14 July 2008 |archive-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803215556/http://www.warsawuprising.com/timeline.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=ushmm>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069 |title=Warsaw |work=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=29 July 2008 |archive-date=16 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316161116/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=utoronto>{{cite web |author=S.D. Chrostowska |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/14/chrostowska14.shtml |title=Polish Literary Criticism Circa 1772: A Genre Perspective |work=utoronto.ca |access-date=17 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115045/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/14/chrostowska14.shtml |archive-date=3 February 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=uw_edu>{{cite web |url=http://www.uw.edu.pl/en/page.php/about_uw/rese.html |title=University of Warsaw |work=uw.edu.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118224224/http://uw.edu.pl/en/page.php/about_uw/rese.html |archive-date=18 January 2009}}</ref>

<ref name=Wandycz>{{cite book |author=Piotr S. Wandycz |title=France and Her Eastern Allies, 1919–1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNMIo36qQXwC&pg=PA18 |year=1962 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |page=18 |isbn=9780816658862 |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101210523/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNMIo36qQXwC&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=warsaw-legend>{{cite web |url=http://www.warsaw-life.com/poland/warsaw-legend |title=The Warsaw Mermaid |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616121209/http://www.local-life.com/warsaw/articles/warsaw-legend |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=warsawuprising_com>{{cite web |url=http://www.warsawuprising.com/faq.htm#Warsaw%20Ghetto%20Uprising |title=Warsaw Uprising of 1944 |work=warsawuprising.com |access-date=14 July 2008 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929145555/http://www.warsawuprising.com/faq.htm#Warsaw%20Ghetto%20Uprising |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Wetering>{{cite book |first=Ernst |last=Wetering, van de |title=A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings IV: Self-Portraits |year=2005 |page=245 |publisher=Springer |isbn=14-02032-80-3}}</ref>

<ref name=wilanow-palac>{{cite web |url=http://www.wilanow-palac.art.pl/index.php?id=343&menuid=136 |title=Palace |work=wilanow-palac.art.pl |access-date=21 February 2008 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217003405/http://www.wilanow-palac.pl/palace.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<!--ref name=Yearbooks>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/index_ENG_HTML.htm |title=Demographic Yearbooks of Poland 1939–1979, 1980–1994 |work=stat.gov.pl |publisher=Central Statistical Office of Poland |access-date=29 August 2008}}</ref-->

<ref name=Zamoyski>Adam Zamoyski, ''Warsaw 1920: Lenin's Failed Conquest of Europe'' (2008)</ref>

<ref name=Zbiory>{{cite web |url=http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=56&Itemid=121 |title=Zbiory główne |work=buw.uw.edu.pl |access-date=30 January 2009 |language=pl |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707063431/http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=56&Itemid=121 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Zimmerman>{{cite book |author=Joshua D. Zimmerman |title=Poles, Jews and the politics of nationality |year=2004 |page=16 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=0-299-19464-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&q=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025223/https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&q=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Crowley |first=David |title=Warsaw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC |access-date=28 August 2011 |year=2003 |publisher=] |isbn=1-86189-179-2 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108031329/https://books.google.com/books?id=E4cM2Hf8KYsC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Olchowik-Adamowska |first1=Liliana |last2=Ławecki |first2=Tomasz |title=Travellers Warsaw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXbqAQAACAAJ |access-date=11 March 2010 |edition=First |date=1 April 2006 |publisher=] |location=], United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84157-492-9 |ref=Adamowska69 |archive-date=19 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219155140/http://books.google.com/books?id=xXbqAQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116190910/http://www.e-warsaw.pl/index.php |date=16 November 2007 }} includes 360° panoramas of the {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504151614/http://www.um.warszawa.pl/en |date=4 May 2012 }}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616152325/http://mokotow.policja.waw.pl/?page=Structure&id=131 |date=16 June 2011 }} (part of Warsaw Metropolitan Police)
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405081905/http://www.warsawguide.com/ |date=5 April 2012 }} Online City Guide for Warsaw in Poland. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
*
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Main|Timeline of Warsaw#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Warsaw}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Warsaw}}
* {{Official website|http://www.um.warszawa.pl/en}} {{in lang|en}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Warsaw | volume= 28 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link= Peter Kropotkin| last2= Bealby |first2= John Thomas| pages = 334&ndash;335 |short= 1}}

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Latest revision as of 22:54, 3 January 2025

Capital and largest city of Poland Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation), Warszawa (disambiguation), Warschau (disambiguation), and City of Warsaw (disambiguation).

Capital city and county in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland
Warsaw Warszawa (Polish)
Capital city and county
Capital City of Warsaw
Polish: miasto stołeczne Warszawa
Warsaw business district from NovotelThe Downtown districtRoyal Castle and Sigismund's ColumnRoyal Castle and Sigismund's ColumnStaszic Palace and Nicolaus Copernicus MonumentNicolaus Copernicus MonumentŁazienki ParkŁazienki ParkWilanów PalaceWilanów PalaceMain Market SquareMain Market Square
Flag of WarsawFlagCoat of arms of WarsawCoat of armsOfficial logo of WarsawBrandmark
Nickname: Phoenix City
Motto: Semper invicta  (Latin "Ever invincible")
Show WarsawShow Masovian VoivodeshipShow PolandShow Europe
Coordinates: 52°13′48″N 21°00′40″E / 52.23000°N 21.01111°E / 52.23000; 21.01111
CountryPoland
VoivodeshipMasovian
CountyCity county
Founded13th century
City rights1323
City HallCommission Palace
Districts18 districts
Government
 • TypeMayor–council government
 • BodyWarsaw City Council
 • City mayorRafał Trzaskowski (PO)
 • Sejm of Poland20 members
 • EPWarsaw constituency
Area
 • Capital city and county517.24 km (199.71 sq mi)
 • Urban546.00 km (210.81 sq mi)
 • Metro6,100.43 km (2,355.39 sq mi)
Elevation78–116 m (328 ft)
Population
 • Capital city and countyIncrease 1,862,402 (1st)
 • Rank1st in Poland
7th in European Union
 • Density3,601/km (9,330/sq mi)
 • Urban2,028,000
 • Urban density3,714/km (9,620/sq mi)
 • Metro3,269,510
 • Metro density509.1/km (1,319/sq mi)
DemonymVarsovian
GDP
 • Capital city and county€77.957 billion (2021)
 • Metro€114.436 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code00-001 to 04-999
Area code+48 22
City budgetzł 24.368 billion
(€5.4 billion)
International airportsChopin (WAW)
Modlin (WMI) (not in Warsaw)
Rapid transit systemMetro
Websitewarszawa.pl
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official nameHistoric Centre of Warsaw
TypeCultural
Criteriaii, vi
Designated1980 (4th session)
Reference no.30
UNESCO regionEurope
Varsovian Trumpet Call

Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at 1.86 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.27 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 7th most-populous city in the European Union. The city area measures 517 km (200 sq mi) and comprises 18 districts, while the metropolitan area covers 6,100 km (2,355 sq mi). Warsaw is classified as an alpha global city, a major cultural, political and economic hub, and the country's seat of government. It is also the capital of the Masovian Voivodeship.

Warsaw traces its origins to a small fishing town in Masovia. The city rose to prominence in the late 16th century, when Sigismund III decided to move the Polish capital and his royal court from Kraków. Warsaw served as the de facto capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795, and subsequently as the seat of Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. The 19th century and its Industrial Revolution brought a demographic boom, which made it one of the largest and most densely populated cities in Europe. Known then for its elegant architecture and boulevards, Warsaw was bombed and besieged at the start of World War II in 1939. Much of the historic city was destroyed and its diverse population decimated by the Ghetto Uprising in 1943, the general Warsaw Uprising in 1944, and systematic razing.

Warsaw is served by three international airports, the busiest being Warsaw Chopin, as well as Warsaw Modlin and Warsaw Radom Airport. Major public transport services operating in the city include the Warsaw Metro, buses, commuter rail service and an extensive tram network. The city is a significant economic centre for the region, with the Warsaw Stock Exchange being the largest in Central and Eastern Europe. It is the base for Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security, and ODIHR, one of the principal institutions of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Warsaw has one of Europe's highest concentrations of skyscrapers, and the Varso Place is the tallest building in the European Union.

The city's primary educational and cultural institutions comprise the University of Warsaw, the Warsaw University of Technology, the SGH Warsaw School of Economics, the Chopin University of Music, the Polish Academy of Sciences, the National Philharmonic Orchestra, the National Museum, and the Warsaw Grand Theatre, the largest of its kind in the world. The reconstructed Old Town, which represents a variety of European architectural styles, was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1980. Other landmarks include the Royal Castle, Sigismund's Column, the Wilanów Palace, the Palace on the Isle, St. John's Archcathedral, Main Market Square, and numerous churches and mansions along the Royal Route. Warsaw is a green capital, with around a quarter of the city's area occupied by parks. In sports, the city is home to Legia Warsaw football club and hosts the annual Warsaw Marathon.

Toponymy and names

Warsaw's name in the Polish language is Warszawa. Other previous spellings of the name may have included: Warszewa, Warszowa, Worszewa or Werszewa. The exact origin and meaning of the name is uncertain and has not been fully determined. Originally, Warszawa was the name of a small fishing settlement on the banks of the Vistula river. One hypothesis states that Warszawa means "belonging to Warsz", Warsz being a shortened form of the masculine Old Polish name Warcisław, which etymologically is linked with Wrocław. However the ending -awa is unusual for a large city; the names of Polish cities derived from personal names usually end in -ów/owo/ew/ewo (e.g. Piotrków, Adamów).

Folk etymology attributes the city name to Wars and Sawa. There are several versions of the legend with their appearance. According to one version, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula with whom fisherman Wars fell in love. The official city name in full is miasto stołeczne Warszawa ("The Capital City of Warsaw").

A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian – in Polish warszawiak, warszawianin (male), warszawianka (female), warszawiacy, and warszawianie (plural).

For the name of Warsaw in various languages, see wikt:Warsaw.

History

Main article: History of Warsaw For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Warsaw.

1300–1800

A paper engraving of 16th-century Warsaw showing St. John's Archcathedral to the right. The church was founded in 1390, and is one of the city's ancient and most important landmarks.

The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new fortified settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called "Warszowa". The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of Masovia, established the modern-day city in about 1300 and the first historical document attesting to the existence of a castellany dates to 1313. With the completion of St John's Cathedral in 1390, Warsaw became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia and was officially made capital of the Masovian Duchy in 1413. The economy then predominantly rested on craftsmanship or trade, and the town housed approximately 4,500 people at the time.

During the 15th century, the population migrated and spread beyond the northern city wall into a newly formed self-governing precinct called New Town. The existing older settlement became eventually known as the Old Town. Both possessed their own town charter and independent councils. The aim of establishing a separate district was to accommodate new incomers or "undesirables" who were not permitted to settle in Old Town, particularly Jews. Social and financial disparities between the classes in the two precincts led to a minor revolt in 1525. Following the sudden death of Janusz III and the extinction of the local ducal line, Masovia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland in 1526. Bona Sforza, wife of Sigismund I of Poland, was widely accused of poisoning the duke to uphold Polish rule over Warsaw.

In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of a General Sejm and held that privilege permanently from 1569. The city's rising importance encouraged the construction of a new set of defenses, including the landmark Barbican. Renowned Italian architects were brought to Warsaw to reshape the Royal Castle, the streets and the marketplace, resulting in the Old Town's early Italianate appearance. In 1573, the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation which formally established religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to its central location between the capitals of the Commonwealth's two component parts, Poland and Lithuania, which were Kraków and Vilnius respectively, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the Polish Crown when Sigismund III Vasa transferred his royal court in 1596. In the subsequent years the town significantly expanded to the south and westwards. Several private independent districts (jurydyka) were the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which they ruled by their own laws. Between 1655 and 1658 the city was besieged and pillaged by the Swedish, Brandenburgian and Transylvanian forces. The conduct of the Great Northern War (1700–1721) also forced Warsaw to pay heavy tributes to the invading armies.

Warsaw New Town in 1778. Painted by Bernardo Bellotto.

The reign of Augustus II and Augustus III was a time of great development for Warsaw, which turned into an early-capitalist city. The Saxon monarchs employed many German architects, sculptors and engineers, who rebuilt the city in a style similar to Dresden. The year 1727 marked the opening of the Saxon Garden in Warsaw, the first publicly accessible park. The Załuski Library, the first Polish public library and the largest at the time, was founded in 1747. Stanisław II Augustus, who remodelled the interior of the Royal Castle, also made Warsaw a centre of culture and the arts. He extended the Royal Baths Park and ordered the construction or refurbishment of numerous palaces, mansions and richly-decorated tenements. This earned Warsaw the nickname Paris of the North.

Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795 when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the third and final partition of Poland; it subsequently became the capital of the province of South Prussia. During this time, Louis XVIII of France spent his exile in Warsaw under the pseudonym Comte de Lille.

1800–1939

Water Filters, designed by William Lindley and finished in 1886

Warsaw was made the capital of a newly created French client state, known as the Duchy of Warsaw, after a portion of Poland's territory was liberated from Prussia, Russia and Austria by Napoleon in 1806. Following Napoleon's defeat and exile, the 1815 Congress of Vienna assigned Warsaw to Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy within the easternmost sector (or partition) under a personal union with Imperial Russia. The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.

With the violation of the Polish constitution, the 1830 November Uprising broke out against foreign influence. The Polish-Russian war of 1831 ended in the uprising's defeat and in the curtailment of Congress Poland's autonomy. On 27 February 1861, a Warsaw crowd protesting against Russian control over Congress Poland was fired upon by Russian troops. Five people were killed. The Underground Polish National Government resided in Warsaw during the January Uprising in 1863–64.

Marszałkowska Street, c. 1912National Philharmonic, before 1906

Warsaw flourished throughout the 19th century under Mayor Sokrates Starynkiewicz (1875–92), who was appointed by Alexander III. Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer William Lindley and his son, William Heerlein Lindley, as well as the expansion and modernisation of trams, street lighting, and gas infrastructure. Between 1850 and 1882, the population grew by 134% to 383,000 as a result of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. Many migrated from surrounding rural Masovian towns and villages to the city for employment opportunities. The western borough of Wola was transformed from an agricultural periphery occupied mostly by small farms and windmills (mills being the namesake of Wola's central neighbourhood Młynów) to an industrial and manufacturing centre. Metallurgical, textile and glassware factories were commonplace, with chimneys dominating the westernmost skyline.

Like London, Warsaw's population was subjected to income segmentation. Gentrification of inner suburbs forced poorer residents to move across the river into Praga or Powiśle and Solec districts, similar to the East End of London and London Docklands. Poorer religious and ethnic minorities, such as the Jews, settled in the crowded parts of northern Warsaw, in Muranów. The Imperial Census of 1897 recorded 626,000 people living in Warsaw, making it the third-largest city of the Empire after St. Petersburg and Moscow as well as the largest city in the region. Grand architectural complexes and structures were also erected in the city centre, including the Warsaw Philharmonic, the Church of the Holiest Saviour and tenements along Marszałkowska Street.

Boguslaw Herse Fashion House, a renowned department store during the interbellum period

During World War I, Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918. The Armistice of 11 November 1918 concluded that defeated Germany is to withdraw from all foreign areas, which included Warsaw. Germany did so, and underground leader Józef Piłsudski returned to Warsaw on the same day which marked the beginning of the Second Polish Republic, the first truly sovereign Polish state after 1795. In the course of the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921), the 1920 Battle of Warsaw was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city. Poland successfully defended the capital, stopped the brunt of the Bolshevik Red Army and temporarily halted the "export of the communist revolution" to other parts of Europe.

The interwar period (1918–1939) was a time of major development in the city's infrastructure. New modernist housing estates were built in Mokotów to de-clutter the densely populated inner suburbs. In 1921, Warsaw's total area was estimated at only 124.7 km with 1 million inhabitants–over 8,000 people/km made Warsaw more densely populated than contemporary London. The Średnicowy Bridge was constructed for railway (1921–1931), connecting both parts of the city across the Vistula. Warszawa Główna railway station (1932–1939) was not completed due to the outbreak of the Second World War.

Stefan Starzyński was the Mayor of Warsaw between 1934 and 1939.

Second World War

Ruins of Old Town.Ruins of Northern District.After the destruction of Warsaw over 85% of the buildings lay in ruins, including the Old Town and the Royal Castle.

After the German Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 started the Second World War, Warsaw was defended until 27 September. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a German Nazi colonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population – several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city – were herded into the Warsaw Ghetto. In July 1942, the Jews of the Warsaw Ghetto began to be deported en masse to the Aktion Reinhard extermination camps, particularly Treblinka. The city would become the centre of urban resistance to Nazi rule in occupied Europe. When the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of Hitler's "Final Solution" on 19 April 1943, Jewish fighters launched the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the ghetto held out for almost a month. When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were massacred, with only a few managing to escape or hide.

The Warsaw Uprising took place in 1944. The Polish Home Army attempted to liberate Warsaw from the Germans before the arrival of the Red Army.

By July 1944, the Red Army was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Nazis toward Warsaw. The Polish government-in-exile in London gave orders to the underground Home Army (AK) to try to seize control of Warsaw before the Red Army arrived. Thus, on 1 August 1944, as the Red Army was nearing the city, the Warsaw uprising began. The armed struggle, planned to last 48 hours, was partially successful, however, it went on for 63 days. Eventually, the Home Army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate. They were transported to PoW camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled. Polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000.

Hitler, ignoring the agreed terms of the capitulation, ordered the entire city to be razed to the ground and the library and museum collections taken to Germany or burned. Monuments and government buildings were blown up by special German troops known as Verbrennungs- und Vernichtungskommando ("Burning and Destruction Detachments"). About 85% of the city was destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle.

On 17 January 1945 – after the beginning of the Vistula–Oder Offensive of the Red Army – Soviet troops and Polish troops of the First Polish Army entered the ruins of Warsaw, and liberated Warsaw's suburbs from German occupation. The city was swiftly freed by the Soviet Army, which rapidly advanced towards Łódź, as German forces regrouped at a more westward position.

1945–1989

St. Alexander's Church at Three Crosses Square before the war and today - many monuments were rebuilt in a changed form

In 1945, after the bombings, revolts, fighting, and demolition had ended, most of Warsaw lay in ruins. The area of the former ghetto was razed to the ground, with only a sea of rubble remaining. The immense destruction prompted a temporary transfer of the new government and its officials to Łódź, which became the transitional seat of power. Nevertheless, Warsaw officially resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life.

After World War II, the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign was initiated and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the major housing shortage. Plattenbau-styled apartment buildings were seen as a solution to avoid Warsaw's former density problem and to create more green spaces. Some of the buildings from the 19th century that had survived in a reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless demolished in the 1950s and 1960s, like the Kronenberg Palace. The Śródmieście (central) region's urban system was completely reshaped; former cobblestone streets were asphalted and significantly widened for traffic use. Many notable streets such as Gęsia, Nalewki and Wielka disappeared as a result of these changes and some were split in half due to the construction of Plac Defilad (Parade Square), one of the largest of its kind in Europe.

Much of the central district was also designated for future skyscrapers. The 237-metre Palace of Culture and Science resembling New York's Empire State Building was built as a gift from the Soviet Union. Warsaw's urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture. Despite wartime destruction and post-war remodelling, many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form.

Warsaw in 1981; the Palace of Culture and Science is visible in the background.

John Paul II's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding "Solidarity" movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there. In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to "renew the face" of Poland. These words were meaningful for Varsovians and Poles who understood them as the incentive for liberal-democratic reforms.

1989–present

In 1995, the Warsaw Metro opened with a single line. A second line was opened in March 2015. On 28 September 2022, three new Warsaw metro stations were opened, increasing the number of Warsaw Metro stations to 36 and its length to 38.3 kilometers. In February 2023, Warsaw's mayor, Rafał Trzaskowski, announced plans to more than double the size of the city's metro system by 2050.

With the entry of Poland into the European Union in 2004, Warsaw is experiencing the large economic boom. The opening fixture of UEFA Euro 2012 took place in Warsaw and the city also hosted the 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference and the 2016 NATO Summit. As of August 2022, Warsaw had received around 180,000 refugees from Ukraine, because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The amount means a tenth of the Polish capital's population of 1.8 million — the second-largest single group of Ukrainian refugees.

Geography

Location and topography

Warsaw, as seen from the ESA Sentinel-2

Warsaw lies in east-central Poland about 300 km (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523 km (325 mi) east of Berlin, Germany. The city straddles the Vistula River. It is located in the heartland of the Masovian Plain, and its average elevation is 100 m (330 ft) above sea level. The highest point on the West side of the city lies at a height of 115.7 m (380 ft) ("Redutowa" bus depot, district of Wola), on the East side – 122.1 m (401 ft) ("Groszówka" estate, district of Wesoła, by the eastern border). The lowest point lies at a height 75.6 m (248 ft) (at the right bank of the Vistula, by the eastern border of Warsaw). There are some hills (mostly artificial) located within the confines of the city – e.g. Warsaw Uprising Hill (121 m (397 ft)) and Szczęśliwice hill (138 m (453 ft) – the highest point of Warsaw in general).

View of Grzybowski Square in the central district of Warsaw. The city is located on the mostly flat Masovian Plain, but the city centre is at a higher elevation than the suburbs.

Warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces. The Vistula River is the specific axis of Warsaw, which divides the city into two parts, left and right. The left one is situated both on the moraine plateau (10 to 25 m (33 to 82 ft) above Vistula level) and on the Vistula terraces (max. 6.5 m (21 ft) above Vistula level). The significant element of the relief, in this part of Warsaw, is the edge of moraine plateau called Warsaw Escarpment. It is 20 to 25 m (66 to 82 ft) high in the Old Town and Central district and about 10 m (33 ft) in the north and south of Warsaw. It goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark.

The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits. The pattern of the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consists mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one is the floodplain terrace. The contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground depressions with water systems coming from the old Vistula – riverbed. They consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches. The right side of Warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms. There are several levels of the Vistula plain terraces (flooded as well as formerly flooded), and only a small part is a not-so-visible moraine escarpment. Aeolian sand with a number of dunes parted by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace. These are mainly forested areas (pine forest).

Climate

Autumn in Warsaw's Royal Baths

Warsaw experiences an oceanic (Köppen: Cfb) or humid continental (Köppen: Dfb) climate, depending on the isotherm used; although the city used to be humid continental regardless of isotherm prior to the recent effect of climate change and the city's urban heat island. Meanwhile, by the genetic climate classification of Wincenty Okołowicz, it has a temperate "fusion" climate, with both oceanic and continental features.

The city has cold, sometimes snowy, cloudy winters, and warm, relatively sunny but frequently stormy summers. Spring and autumn can be unpredictable, highly prone to sudden weather changes; however, temperatures are usually mild, especially around May and September. The daily average temperature ranges between −1.5 °C (29 °F) in January and 19.7 °C (67.5 °F) in July and the mean year temperature is 9.0 °C (48.2 °F). Temperatures may reach 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer, although the effects of hot weather are usually offset by relatively low dew points and large diurnal temperature differences. Warsaw is Europe's sixth driest major city (driest in Central Europe), with yearly rainfall averaging 550 mm (22 in), the wettest month being July.

Climate data for Warsaw (WAW), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.9
(66.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		22.9
(73.2) 		30.4
(86.7) 		32.8
(91.0) 		35.3
(95.5) 		35.9
(96.6) 		37.0
(98.6) 		34.5
(94.1) 		25.9
(78.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		15.4
(59.7) 		37.0
(98.6)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 		10.1
(50.2) 		16.6
(61.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		30.7
(87.3) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.0
(89.6) 		26.7
(80.1) 		21.7
(71.1) 		14.8
(58.6) 		9.4
(48.9) 		33.7
(92.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		2.6
(36.7) 		7.4
(45.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.8
(67.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.2
(77.4) 		24.7
(76.5) 		19.1
(66.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		6.5
(43.7) 		2.3
(36.1) 		13.3
(55.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		9.2
(48.6) 		14.3
(57.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		8.7
(47.7) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		9.0
(48.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		4.0
(39.2) 		8.8
(47.8) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		13.8
(56.8) 		9.5
(49.1) 		5.0
(41.0) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		4.9
(40.8)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −15.5
(4.1) 		−12.9
(8.8) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		1.4
(34.5) 		6.7
(44.1) 		9.0
(48.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		2.7
(36.9) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−17.8
(0.0)
Record low °C (°F) −30.7
(−23.3) 		−27.6
(−17.7) 		−22.6
(−8.7) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		1.8
(35.2) 		4.6
(40.3) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−17.0
(1.4) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−30.7
(−23.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 31.0
(1.22) 		29.8
(1.17) 		29.0
(1.14) 		35.1
(1.38) 		55.5
(2.19) 		63.9
(2.52) 		82.2
(3.24) 		60.6
(2.39) 		50.4
(1.98) 		40.2
(1.58) 		36.0
(1.42) 		36.1
(1.42) 		549.8
(21.65)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 6.4
(2.5) 		6.6
(2.6) 		4.0
(1.6) 		1.0
(0.4) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.1) 		2.4
(0.9) 		3.7
(1.5) 		6.6
(2.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.20 14.44 12.83 10.97 12.93 12.53 12.53 11.37 10.87 12.27 13.10 15.03 155.07
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 18.3 15.5 10.2 6.7 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 4.5 6.8 13.7 68.0
Average relative humidity (%) 86.8 83.6 75.8 67.6 68.3 69.3 70.9 71.6 78.9 83.6 88.5 86.6 77.8
Average dew point °C (°F) −3
(27) 		−3
(27) 		−1
(30) 		3
(37) 		8
(46) 		11
(52) 		14
(57) 		13
(55) 		10
(50) 		6
(43) 		2
(36) 		−2
(28) 		5
(41)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 44.6 66.5 139.4 210.1 272.4 288.8 295.4 280.2 193.1 122.6 50.6 33.6 1,998.1
Average ultraviolet index 1 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020) Weather Atlas (UV), Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985-2015)
Climate data for Warsaw-Bielany, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.9
(66.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		30.5
(86.9) 		32.9
(91.2) 		36.2
(97.2) 		36.9
(98.4) 		38.0
(100.4) 		34.3
(93.7) 		26.4
(79.5) 		19.2
(66.6) 		15.4
(59.7) 		38.0
(100.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7) 		10.4
(50.7) 		17.2
(63.0) 		24.5
(76.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		31.2
(88.2) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.3
(90.1) 		27.1
(80.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		34.2
(93.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		3.1
(37.6) 		7.9
(46.2) 		15.1
(59.2) 		20.4
(68.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.1
(77.2) 		19.5
(67.1) 		13.3
(55.9) 		6.9
(44.4) 		2.7
(36.9) 		13.7
(56.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.8
(58.6) 		18.2
(64.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		19.4
(66.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		8.9
(48.0) 		4.2
(39.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		9.4
(48.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		0.2
(32.4) 		4.9
(40.8) 		9.3
(48.7) 		12.9
(55.2) 		14.9
(58.8) 		14.5
(58.1) 		10.2
(50.4) 		5.7
(42.3) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		5.6
(42.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −14.3
(6.3) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		2.6
(36.7) 		7.3
(45.1) 		10.2
(50.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−16.8
(1.8)
Record low °C (°F) −27.9
(−18.2) 		−28.0
(−18.4) 		−18.1
(−0.6) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		2.8
(37.0) 		6.5
(43.7) 		5.1
(41.2) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−15.9
(3.4) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−28.0
(−18.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.6
(1.40) 		34.4
(1.35) 		34.2
(1.35) 		36.8
(1.45) 		58.1
(2.29) 		67.8
(2.67) 		81.5
(3.21) 		63.3
(2.49) 		50.9
(2.00) 		42.6
(1.68) 		40.8
(1.61) 		41.7
(1.64) 		587.9
(23.15)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.2 14.2 13.3 11.3 13.5 13.6 13.7 12.5 11.7 13.1 14.1 15.7 162.9
Average relative humidity (%) 85.0 82.5 75.8 66.5 66.5 66.9 69.9 70.9 79.5 83.1 86.4 86.4 76.7
Source: meteomodel.pl
Climate data for Warsaw
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily daylight hours 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 17.0 16.0 15.0 13.0 11.0 9.0 8.0 12.4
Source: Weather Atlas (sunshine data)

Cityscape

Urbanism and architecture

Main article: Architecture of Warsaw

Warsaw's long and eclectic history left a noticeable mark on its architecture and urban form. Unlike most Polish cities, Warsaw's cityscape is mostly contemporary – modern glass buildings are towering above older historical edifices which is a common feature of North American metropolises. Warsaw is among the European cities with the highest number of skyscrapers and is home to European Union's tallest building. Skyscrapers are mostly centered around the Śródmieście district, with many located in the commercial district of Wola. A concentric zone pattern emerged within the last decades; the majority of Warsaw's residents live outside the commercial city centre and commute by metro, bus or tram. Tenements and apartments in the central neighbourhoods are often reserved for commercial activity or temporary (tourist, student) accommodation. The nearest residential zones are predominantly located on the outskirts of the inner borough, in Ochota, Mokotów and Żoliborz or along the Vistula in Powiśle.

Old and new–Warsaw Polytechnic courtyard (above) and Złote Tarasy mall (below)

A seat of Polish monarchs since the end of the 16th century, Warsaw remained a small city with only privately owned palaces, mansions, villas and several streets of townhouses. These displayed a richness of color and architectonic details. The finest German, Italian and Dutch architects were employed, among them Tylman van Gameren, Andreas Schlüter, Jakub Fontana, and Enrico Marconi. The buildings situated in the vicinity of the Warsaw Old Town represent nearly every European architectural style and historical period. Warsaw has excellent examples of architecture from the Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical periods, all of which are located within walking distance of the centre. This architectural richness has led to Warsaw being described by some commentators as a "Paris of the East".

Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St John's Cathedral (1390), a typical example of the so-called Masovian Brick Gothic style; St Mary's Church (1411); the Burbach townhouse (14th century); Gunpowder Tower (after 1379); and Royal Castle's Curia Maior (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of the Baryczko merchant family (1562), a building called "The Negro" (early 17th century), and Salwator tenement (1632), all situated on the Old Market Place. The most interesting examples of Mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626).

Hotel Bristol is a unique example of Warsaw's architectural heritage, combining Art Nouveau and Neo-Renaissance designs.

Baroque architecture arrived in Warsaw at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries with the artists from the court circle of King Sigismund III Vasa (the early Warsaw Baroque is referred to as Vasa Baroque). Among the first structures of the early Baroque, the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church and Sigismund's Column, the first secular monument in the form of a column in modern history. At that time, part of the Royal Castle was rebuilt in this style, the Ujazdów Castle and numerous Baroque palaces on the Vistula escarpment were constructed. In the architecture of Catholic churches, the Counter-Reformation type became a novelty, exemplified by the Church of St. Anthony of Padua, the Carmelite Church and the Holy Cross Church.

Warsaw Baroque from the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries was characterized by building facades with a predominance of vertical elements close to the wall and numerous ornaments. The most important architect working in Warsaw at that time was Tylman van Gameren. His projects include the Krasiński Palace, Palace of the Four Winds, Ostrogski Palace, Czapski Palace, Brühl Palace, and St. Kazimierz Church. The most significant Baroque building of this period is the Wilanów Palace, built on the order of King John III Sobieski.

The late Baroque era was the epoch of the Saxon Kings (1697–1763). During this time, three major spatial projects were realized: the 880-meter Piaseczyński Canal on the axis of Ujazdów Castle, the Ujazdów Calvary and the Saxon Axis. The Visitationist Church also dates from this period.

Baroque organ at St. Anne's Church

The neoclassical architecture began to be the main style in the capital's architecture in Warsaw in the second half of the 18th century thanks to King Stanisław August Poniatowski. It can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms teamed with a great inspiration from the Roman period. The best-known architect who worked in Warsaw at the time was Domenico Merlini, who designed the Palace on the Isle. Other significant buildings from this period include Królikarnia, Holy Trinity Church, St. Anne's Church, Warsaw.

Also in the first half of the 19th century, neoclassicism dominated the architecture of Warsaw. Old buildings were rebuilt and new ones were built in this style. The neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture; the most notable examples are the Great Theater, buildings located at Bank Square, headquarters of the Warsaw Society of Friends of Sciences (Staszic Palace), St. Alexander's Church, the Belweder. Many classicist tenement houses were built on Senatorska Street and along Nowy Świat Street. After the outbreak of the November Uprising, the Warsaw Citadel was constructed in the north of the city, and the Saxon Palace underwent a complete reconstruction, where the central body of the building was demolished and replaced by a monumental 11-bay colonnade.

Multi-story tenement houses made up the majority of Warsaw's buildings at the end of the 19th century. Clockwise from upper left: Krongold Tenement House, Technicians' Association Building, Rakman Tenement House, tenement houses at Union of Lublin Square.

In the mid-19th century, the industrial revolution reached Warsaw, leading to the mass use of iron as a building material. In 1845, the Warsaw-Vienna Railway Station was opened. Another important aspect of the developing city was ensuring access to water and sewage disposal. The first modern Warsaw water supply system was launched in 1855, designed by one of the most outstanding architects of that period – Enrico Marconi, who designed also All Saints Church. The dynamic development of the railway became a factor that enabled equally dynamic development of Warsaw's industry. Among the establishments built at that time were the Wedel factory and the extensive Municipal Gasworks complex.

Prudential House, built between 1931 and 1933 in the Art Deco style, was the first skyscraper in Poland and the second tallest building in Europe at the time of its completion.

In the architecture of the 1920s, national historicism and other historical forms were dominant. Art Deco forms also appeared, and towards the end of the decade, avant-garde functionalism emerged. The creation of urban plans for the capital of Poland can be traced back to 1916, when, after the retreat of the Russians from Warsaw and the beginnings of the German occupation, the territories of the surrounding municipalities were annexed to the city. Even before Poland regained its independence, parallel to the creation of the administration of the future state, the first urban visions were emerging. These included, among others, the construction of a representative government district in the southern part of Śródmieście. However, major changes in urban planning and the architectural landscape of the city only began in the mid-1920s. The forming state structures needed headquarters, leading to the construction of many monumental public buildings, including the buildings of the Sejm and the Senate, the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education, the Ministry of Public Works, the National Museum, the State Geological Institute, the State Agricultural Bank, the Domestic Economy Bank, the directorate of the Polish State Railways, the Supreme Audit Office, and the campus of the Warsaw School of Economics. New districts were also established in Żoliborz, Ochota, and Mokotów, often designed around a central square with radiating streets (Narutowicz Square, Wilson Square). Examples of new large urban projects are the Staszic and Lubecki colonies in Ochota.

The Government Presidium of the Polish People's Republic from 1952 is an example of eclectic modernism.

Exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war or were remodelled into a socialist realist style (like Warsaw Philharmonic edifice originally inspired by Palais Garnier in Paris). Despite that, the Warsaw University of Technology (Polytechnic) building. is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture. Some 19th-century industrial and brick workhouse buildings in the Praga district were restored, though many have been poorly maintained or demolished. Notable examples of post-war architecture include the Palace of Culture and Science, a soc-realist and art deco skyscraper based on the Empire State Building in New York. The Constitution Square with its monumental socialist realism architecture (MDM estate) was modelled on the grand squares of Paris, London, Moscow and Rome. Italianate tuscan-styled colonnades based on those at Piazza della Repubblica in Rome were also erected on Saviour Square.

Contemporary architecture in Warsaw is represented by the Metropolitan Office Building at Pilsudski Square and Varso tower, both by Norman Foster, Warsaw University Library (BUW) by Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski, featuring a garden on its roof and view of the Vistula River, Rondo 1 office building by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Złota 44 residential skyscraper by Daniel Libeskind, Museum of the History of Polish Jews by Rainer Mahlamäki and Golden Terraces, consisting of seven overlapping domes retail and business centre. Jointly with Moscow, Istanbul, Frankfurt, London, Paris and Rotterdam, Warsaw is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in Europe.

Landmarks

Main Market Square in Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Map of Warsaw Old Town
  1. Stone stairs
  2. Museum of Warsaw
  3. Barbican
  4. Defensive walls
  5. Salwator tenement
  6. Museum of Leather Crafts
  7. St. Anne's tenement
  8. Fukier tenement
  9. Museum of Literature
  10. Museum of Artistic and Precision Crafts
  11. St. Mary's Church
  12. Gothic Bridge
  13. Pelican house
  14. St. John's Cathedral
  15. Jesuit Church
  16. Canonicity
  17. Royal Castle
  18. Copper-Roof Palace
  19. East – West Route tunnel
  20. Dung Hill
  21. Warsaw Mermaid statue
  22. Sigismund's Column

Although contemporary Warsaw is a fairly young city compared to other European capitals, it has numerous tourist attractions and architectural monuments dating back centuries. Apart from the Warsaw Old Town area, reconstructed after World War II, each borough has something to offer. Among the most notable landmarks of the Old Town are the Royal Castle, Sigismund's Column, Market Square, and the Barbican.

Further south is the so-called Royal Route, with many historical churches, Baroque and Classicist palaces, most notably the Presidential Palace, and the University of Warsaw campus. The former royal residence of King John III Sobieski at Wilanów is notable for its Baroque architecture and eloquent palatial garden.

Royal Castle's Baroque façade

In many places in the city the Jewish culture and history resonates down through time. Among them the most notable are the Jewish theater, the Nożyk Synagogue, Janusz Korczak's Orphanage and the picturesque Próżna Street. The tragic pages of Warsaw's history are commemorated in places such as the Monument to the Ghetto Heroes, the Umschlagplatz, fragments of the ghetto wall on Sienna Street and a mound in memory of the Jewish Combat Organization.

Many places commemorate the heroic history of Warsaw such as Pawiak, a German Gestapo prison now occupied by a Mausoleum of Memory of Martyrdom and a museum. The Warsaw Citadel, a 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of the November Uprising, was a place of martyrdom for the Poles. Another important monument, the statue of Little Insurrectionist located at the ramparts of the Old Town, commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising, while the Warsaw Uprising Monument by Wincenty Kućma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of World War II.

In Warsaw there are many places connected with the life and work of Frédéric Chopin who was born near the city in Żelazowa Wola. The heart of the Polish composer is sealed inside Warsaw's Holy Cross Church. During the summer time the Chopin Statue in Łazienki Park is a place where pianists give concerts to the park audience.

Also many references to Marie Curie, her work and her family can be found in Warsaw; Curie's birthplace at the Warsaw New Town, the working places where she did her first scientific works and the Radium Institute at Wawelska Street for the research and the treatment of which she founded in 1925.

Cemeteries

Church of Saint Charles Borromeo in Stare Powązki

The oldest necropolis in Warsaw is Stare Powązki, established in 1790. It is one of Poland's national necropolises.

The cemetery covers an area of 43 ha. On the day of consecration of the Powązki Cemetery, the foundation stone was laid for the construction of the church of Saint Charles Borromeo, designed by the royal architect Domenico Merlini. Catacombs were intended to be a prestigious resting place intended mainly for the nobles, such as Michał Poniatowski, Hugo Kołłątaj, Michał Kazimierz Ogiński. Over a million people are buried at Stare Powązki. In the Avenue of Merit there are the graves of insurgents and soldiers, independence activists, writers, poets, scientists, artists and thinkers. The nearby Powązki Military Cemetery was established in 1912 for soldiers stationed in Warsaw. After World War II, the cemetery became a burial place for people associated with the Polish People's Republic - politicians, officials and military personnel.

The complex of non-Roman Catholic cemeteries consists of Evangelical–Augsburg Cemetery, Evangelical Reformed Cemetery, Jewish Cemetery, Orthodox Cemetery and Muslim Tatar Cemetery. Other significant Warsaw necropolises are: Bródno Cemetery Warsaw Insurgents Cemetery, Służew Old Cemetery, Służew New Cemetery. There are two large municipal cemeteries in the city – Northern Communal Cemetery and Southern Communal Cemetery.

Memorials

The city's symbol is the mermaid placed in the capital's coat of arms. There are three mermaid monuments in Warsaw: one on the banks of the Vistula, the second on the Old Town Square, and the third in Praga-Południe. The oldest monument in Warsaw is the Sigismund's Column. It was built in 1644 according to the design of the Italians: Augustine Locci and Constantin Tencall. The King of Poland Sigismund III Vasa stands on a 22-meter high tower, holding a cross and a sword in his hand. The monument was destroyed and rebuilt many times.

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, once part of the colonnade of Saxon Palace

Many monuments commemorate heroic and tragic moments in the history of Poland and Warsaw. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier located in Piłsudski Square was built on the initiative of General Władysław Sikorski in the arcades of the Saxon Palace. In 1925, the ashes of the unknown soldier who died during the defense of Lviv were placed under the colonnade, then urns with soil from 24 battlefields were buried here. Among the monuments related to the World War II are Nike Monument that commemorates the heroes of Warsaw from 1939 to 1945, Monument to the Polish Underground State and Home Army, Monument to the Little Insurrectionist and Warsaw Uprising Monument in front of the Supreme Court building at Krasiński Square. Monument to the Ghetto Heroes commemorates the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943.

In 1929, a monument to Frédéric Chopin was constructed in the Royal Łazienki Park. Every summer at its foot classical music concerts featuring world-famous pianists take place. Other important monuments are: Adam Mickiewicz Monument, Tadeusz Kościuszko Monument, Marie Curie Monument, Prince Józef Poniatowski Monument, Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Stefan Starzyński Monument, Józef Piłsudski Monument, Janusz Korczak Monument.

Flora and fauna

Green space covers almost a quarter of Warsaw's total area. These range from small neighborhood parks and green spaces along streets or in courtyards, to tree-lined avenues, large historic parks, nature conservation areas and urban forests at the fringe of the city. There are as many as 82 parks in the city; the oldest ones were once part of representative palaces and include the Saxon and Krasiński Gardens, Łazienki Park (Royal Baths Park) and Wilanów Palace Parkland.

Łazienki Palace, also referred to as the Palace on the Isle

The Saxon Garden, covering an area of 15.5 ha, formally served as a royal garden to the now nonexistent Saxon Palace. In 1727, it was made into one of the world's first public parks and later remodelled in the forest-like English style. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is situated at the east end of the park near the central fountain, on Piłsudski Square. With its benches, flower carpets and a central pond, the Krasiński Palace Garden was once a notable strolling destination for most Varsovians. The Łazienki Park covers an area of 76 ha and its unique character and history is reflected in the landscape architecture (pavilions, sculptures, bridges, water cascades) and vegetation (domestic and foreign species of trees and shrubs). The presence of peacocks, pheasants and squirrels at Łazienki attracts tourists and locals. The Wilanów Palace Parkland on the outskirts of Warsaw traces it history to the second half of the 17th century and covers an area of 43 ha. Its French-styled alleys corresponds to the ancient, Baroque forms of the palace.

A characteristic riparian zone (riverside forest) in the upper reaches of the Warsaw Vistula, near Siekierki Bridge

The Botanical Garden and the University Library rooftop garden host an extensive collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while a palm house in the New Orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world. Mokotów Field (once a racetrack), Ujazdów Park and Skaryszewski Park are also located within the city borders. The oldest park in the Praga borough was established between 1865 and 1871.

The flora of Warsaw may be considered very rich in species on city standards. This is mainly due to the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas (natural forests, wetlands along the Vistula) as well as arable land, meadows and forests. The nearby Kampinos Nature Reserve is the last remaining part of the Masovian Primeval Forest and is protected by law. The Kabaty Woods are by the southern city border and are visited by the residents of southern boroughs such as Ursynów. There are 13 natural reserves in the vicinity and just 15 kilometres (9 miles) from Warsaw, the environment features a perfectly preserved ecosystem with a habitat of animals like the otter, beavers and hundreds of bird species. There are also several lakes in Warsaw – mainly the oxbow lakes at Czerniaków and Kamionek.

The Warsaw Zoo covers an area of 40 hectares (99 acres). There are about 5,000 animals representing nearly 500 species. Although officially created in 1928, it traces back its roots to 17th century private menageries, often open to the public.

Demographics

Warsaw population pyramid in 2021

Demographically, Warsaw was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born residents. In addition to the Polish majority, there was a large and thriving Jewish minority. According to the Imperial Census of 1897, out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (equivalent to 34%). Prior to the Second World War, Warsaw hosted the world's second largest Jewish population after New York – approximately 30 percent of the city's total population in the late 1930s. In 1933, 833,500 out of 1,178,914 people declared Polish as their mother tongue. There was also a notable German community. The ethnic composition of contemporary Warsaw is incomparable to the diversity that existed for nearly 300 years. Most of the modern-day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation. In the 2021 census, 98.78% of Warsaw residents identified themselves as Polish, 0.46% as Ukrainian, 0.31% as Belarusian and 0.21% as Jewish.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
170030,000—    
1792120,000+300.0%
180063,400−47.2%
1830139,700+120.3%
1850163,600+17.1%
1882383,000+134.1%
1901711,988+85.9%
1909764,054+7.3%
19251,003,000+31.3%
19331,178,914+17.5%
19391,300,900+10.3%
1945422,000−67.6%
1950803,888+90.5%
19601,139,189+41.7%
19701,314,892+15.4%
19781,555,406+18.3%
19881,655,272+6.4%
20021,689,201+2.0%
20111,700,612+0.7%
20211,860,281+9.4%
source
Foreign residents (2024)
Nationality Population
 Ukraine 102,634
 Belarus 41,834
 Vietnam 7,773
 India 7,438
 Russia 6,032
 Turkey 4,179
 Georgia 3,867
 China 4,037
 France 2,088
 Italy 1,891

In 1939, approximately 1,300,000 people resided in Warsaw; by 1945 the population had dropped to 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth rate was high and the city soon began to suffer from the lack of flats and dwellings to house new incomers. The first remedial measure was the enlargement of Warsaw's total area (1951) – however the city authorities were still forced to introduce limitations; only the spouses and children of permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (renowned specialists, artists, engineers) were permitted to stay. This negatively affected the image of an average Warsaw citizen, who was perceived as more privileged than those migrating from rural areas, towns or other cities. While all restrictions on residency registration were scrapped in 1990, the negative opinion of Varsovians in some form continues to this day.

Warsaw metropolitan area is an example of the development of a strongly polarized region. The capital, along with its immediate surroundings, concentrates over half of the demographic potential of the Masovian Voivodeship, 2/3 of residents with higher education, and 3/4 of larger economic entities employing more than 50 workers. Current demographic development trends are as follows:

  • a clear increase in the number of residents after the 1989 transformations, from 1.6 to about 2.0 million inhabitants (including unregistered population), mainly due to positive migration balance.
  • the highest migration attractiveness in the country for many decades, causing a strong drain of people in the mobile age (18–44 years), including a relatively more frequent influx of women, resulting in high feminization
  • processes of internal deconcentration of population, consisting of centrifugal migration direction (from central districts to external ones, from external districts to suburban areas). Between 1989 and 2017, 213 thousand registered people moved from Warsaw to the suburbs, and in the opposite direction it was only 110 thousand.
  • a clear aging of the population: at the end of 2017, people aged 60 and over constituted 27.2% of the registered population, and those aged 70 and over – 13.5%, while for example in 2002, it was respectively 21.5 and 11.5%

In the coming years, an increase in the city's population is predicted, with migration being the main factor determining the state and structure of Warsaw's population, including mainly internal (national) and external (foreign) influx. Changes in the population are not uniform for the entire Warsaw and in the division into districts, the predicted demographic changes will have a varied course. A decrease in population is forecasted in some central districts (Praga-Północ, Śródmieście) and an increase in other districts.

Immigrant population

In 2019, it was estimated that 40,000 people living in Warsaw were foreign-born. Of those, Ukrainians, Vietnamese, Belarusians, and Russians were the most prominent groups. After Russia's aggression against Ukraine, over 1.1 million refugees from Ukraine passed through Warsaw, and at the beginning of March 2022, approximately 40,000 people applied for help every day. According to official data, over 104,000 of Ukrainian citizens who arrived in the first days after the outbreak of the war still reside in the city, including 17,000 young people and children attending urban educational institutions. Due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the immigrant population has increased significantly to about 340,000.

Religion

See also: Places of worship in Warsaw

Religion in Warsaw (2021)

  Catholicism (51%)  Protestantism (0.6%)  Eastern Orthodoxy (0.4%)  Other Christian (0.1%)  Other (0.2%)  Undeclared (29%)  Irreligion (19%)

Throughout its existence, Warsaw had been a multi-cultural and multi-religious city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek Orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.

The archdiocese of Warsaw and the Diocese of Warsaw-Praga are the two ecclesiastical districts active in the city which serve the large Roman Catholic population of 1.4 million. The Lutheran Diocese of Warsaw is one of six in Poland; its main house of worship is the Holy Trinity Church from 1782, one of Warsaw's most important and historic landmarks. The Evangelical Reformed Parish (Calvinist) is leading the Polish Reformed Church. The main tserkva of the Orthodox Christians is Praga's Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene from 1869. The Jewish Commune of Warsaw (Gmina Wyznaniowa Żydowska) is one of eight in the country; Chief Rabbi of Poland Michael Schudrich resides in the city. There are also 3 active synagogues, one of which is the pre-war Nożyk Synagogue designated for Orthodox Jews. An Islamic Cultural Centre in Ochota and a small mosque in Wilanów serve the Muslims.

There are several Marian shrines in the city, including: sanctuary of the Gracious Mother of God with her image crowned in 1651 in the presence of King John Casimir. Another patron of the city is Blessed Władysław of Gielniów, bernardine from the St. Anne's Church. The greatest cult is that of St. Andrew Bobola, patron of the metropolis of Warsaw, whose relics are in the sanctuary of St. Andrew Bobola in Mokotów.

Government and politics

Młodziejowski Palace, the seat of the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights

As the capital of Poland, Warsaw is the political centre of the country. Almost all central government institutions are located there, including the Chancellery of the President, both houses of the Polish Parliament (the lower house called Sejm and the upper house called Senate), the Chancellery of the Prime Minister, the Constitutional Tribunal, the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Administrative Court. Warsaw is also host to many major international organizations, including Frontex and the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (the oldest and principal institution of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe).

The city is represented in the parliament by 20 members of Sejm (out of 460) and 4 senators (out of 100). In addition, Warsaw together with its metropolitan area elects 6 MEPs (Members of the European Parliament) out of 705.

Municipal government

See also: Warsaw City Council and List of city mayors of Warsaw
Neoclassical Commission Palace, the house of the city's government

The first city mayor of Warsaw was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696). The municipal self-government existed in Warsaw until World War II and was restored in 1990 (during the communist times, the National City Council – Miejska Rada Narodowa – governed in Warsaw). Since 1990, the structure of city government has been modified several times. Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw city mayors simultaneously led the Warsaw Voivodeship. In the years 1990–1994, the city mayor of Warsaw was elected by the city council. Subsequently, a controversial reform was introduced, transforming the city in the years of 1994–1999 into a loose municipal union of several gminas, dominated by one of them, the gmina Centrum encompassing the entire inner city. During this period, the mayor of gmina Centrum who was elected by its council was automatically designated as the city mayor of Warsaw, in spite of representing only a fraction of the population of the city. The city was becoming increasingly unmanageable, especially after the administrative reform of Poland in 1999 which further complicated the local government structure of Warsaw. In 2002, the new Warsaw Act of the Polish parliament restored Warsaw as a single urban gmina with the status of a city with powiat rights, led by a unified local government. At the same time, a significant reform was implemented in all Polish municipal governments, introducing direct elections of the wójt/town mayor/city mayor in all Polish gminas. The first city mayor of Warsaw elected according to these rules was Lech Kaczyński, who however resigned ahead of term when he was elected President of Polish Republic in 2005.

Warsaw has thereafter remained an urban gmina with the status of a city with powiat rights. Legislative power in Warsaw is vested in a unicameral Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every five years (since 2018 election). Like most legislative bodies, the city council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government. The city mayor exercises the executive power in the city, being the superior of all unelected municipal- or county-level officials and other employees and supervising all subsidiary entities of the city. The incumbent city mayor of Warsaw is Rafał Trzaskowski.

The Warsaw Act imposes a mandatory division into 18 auxiliary units called dzielnica (district) on the city. In spite of remaining an integral part of the city as an entity, the districts have a degree of autonomy legally guaranteed through a form of an own local self-government exercising some powers devolved by law from the city. They have the duty to assist the city mayor and the City Council in their tasks, such as supervising some municipal companies, city-owned property or schools. Each of the 18 city districts has an own council (rada dzielnicy) which elects an executive board (zarząd dzielnicy) headed by a district mayor (burmistrz dzielnicy), the latter elected by the council among several candidates nominated by the city mayor of Warsaw among the council's members.

Districts

District Population Area
Mokotów 225,496 35.42 km (13.68 sq mi)
Praga Południe 186,623 22.38 km (8.64 sq mi)
Białołęka 154,596 73.00 km (28.19 sq mi)
Ursynów 151,345 43.79 km (16.91 sq mi)
Wola 150,977 19.26 km (7.44 sq mi)
Bielany 132,803 32.34 km (12.49 sq mi)
Bemowo 128,995 24.95 km (9.63 sq mi)
Targówek 123,957 24.33 km (9.39 sq mi)
Śródmieście 101,030 15.57 km (6.01 sq mi)
Wawer 86,854 79.71 km (30.78 sq mi)
Ochota 80,587 9.72 km (3.75 sq mi)
Ursus 67,814 9.35 km (3.61 sq mi)
Praga Północ 60,387 11.31 km (4.37 sq mi)
Żoliborz 58,724 8.47 km (3.27 sq mi)
Wilanów 51,603 36.73 km (14.18 sq mi)
Włochy 49,332 28.63 km (11.05 sq mi)
Wesoła 26,454 22.94 km (8.86 sq mi)
Rembertów 24,768 19.30 km (7.45 sq mi)
Total 1,862,345 521.81 km (201.47 sq mi)

Białołęka Bielany Bemowo Żoliborz Praga-Północ Targówek Śródmieście Wola Ochota Włochy Ursus Mokotów Wawer Praga-Południe Rembertów Wesoła Ursynów Wilanów

As a result, Warsaw has thereafter continued as an urban gmina holding status of a city with powiat rights, divided into 18 districts (dzielnica), auxiliary municipal units established within the city as an entity as its integral parts, though with some limited powers devolved from the city to their own local self-governments. Each of the districts is customarily subdivided into several neighbourhoods lacking any meaningful legal or administrative powers. The central district of Śródmieście includes the two founding neighbourhoods of the city, called the Old Town (Stare Miasto) and the New Town (Nowe Miasto).

  • Districts of Warsaw
  • Śródmieście, the central district of Warsaw, houses the most important state and municipal institutions and most tourist attractions. Śródmieście, the central district of Warsaw, houses the most important state and municipal institutions and most tourist attractions.
  • Wola, once an industrial district, is now becoming the business center of the capital. The photo shows the revitalized Norblin Factory. Wola, once an industrial district, is now becoming the business center of the capital. The photo shows the revitalized Norblin Factory.
  • Praga-Południe, the most densely populated district of Warsaw (8,839 people/km2), is composed mainly of apartment blocks built during the times of the Polish People's Republic. Praga-Południe, the most densely populated district of Warsaw (8,839 people/km), is composed mainly of apartment blocks built during the times of the Polish People's Republic.
  • Ochota, a residential district that developed most intensively in the interwar period. The photo shows Narutowicz Square, the central point of the district. Ochota, a residential district that developed most intensively in the interwar period. The photo shows Narutowicz Square, the central point of the district.
  • Wilanów, the district with the highest rate of natural increase (7.2/1000 inhabitants). Wilanów, the district with the highest rate of natural increase (7.2/1000 inhabitants).

Economy

Main article: Economy of Poland
Hala Koszyki, a former market hall from the early 20th century

Warsaw is the leading economic and financial hub of the Visegrád Group and the Three Seas Initiative. In 2021, the city's gross metropolitan product (GDP) was estimated at €100 billion, which places Warsaw 20th among the metropolitan areas in the European Union with largest GDP. Warsaw generates almost 1/5 of the Polish GDP and the country's national income. In 2020, Warsaw was classified as a global city, because Warsaw is a major global city that links economic regions into the world economy.

Warsaw's city centre (Śródmieście) and commercial Wola district are home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. Warsaw's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally, regionally, and nationally. In 2019 Warsaw was one of the top destinations for foreign investors in Europe.

Varso and Warsaw Spire are the skyscrapers with the largest office space

The average monthly gross salary in the enterprise sector in the last quarter of 2022 amounted to 8,104 PLN and was 404 PLN higher than the average in the Masovian Voivodeship and as much as 1,450 PLN higher than in Poland. The highest gross salary was received by employees working in the information and communication section (11,701.47 PLN). There are 525,475 registered business entities in Warsaw, most of them in the districts of Śródmieście, Mokotów, Wola and Praga-Południe, 1.1 million people work in the enterprise sector. Warsaw has a well-developed office base, the office space is 6.27 million m2. The largest office buildings are Varso (63,800 m), Warsaw Spire (60 000 m), Forest Tower (51,500 m) and P180 (32,000 m), the largest projects under construction are The Bridge (47,000 m) and Skyliner II (38,000 m). The space resources of shopping centers in the Warsaw agglomeration in amount to over 1.7 million m.

In October 2019 Warsaw's unemployment rate was 1.3%, the lowest in the country. Shopping and consumerism is an important component of Warsaw's economy. The retail streets in Warsaw are New World Street (Nowy Świat) along with Krakowskie Przedmieście. These streets and their neighboring areas host many luxury stores and popular restaurants. However, most retailers choose to operate in the central shopping centres and malls such as Złote Tarasy-Golden Terraces, Galeria Mokotów and Westfield Arkadia. Luxury goods as well as designer labels can be found in the Vitkac Department Store and around Frascati.

Warsaw Stock Exchange

Main article: Warsaw Stock Exchange
The Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest in Central Europe.

Warsaw's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of a communist planned economy and the reintroduction of a free-market economy. Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is, according to many indicators, the largest market in the region, with 433 companies listed and total capitalisation of 1 trillion PLN as of 26 November 2020. From 1991 until 2000, the stock exchange was, ironically, located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR).

Industry

Powiśle Power PlantPraga Koneser CenterExamples of revitalized industrial facilities: Powiśle Power Plant (left) and Praga Koneser Center within the former Warsaw Vodka Factory (right)

The most prominent industries and industrial sectors include high-tech, electrotechnical, chemical, cosmetic, construction, food processing, printing, metallurgy, machinery and clothing. The majority of production plants and facilities are concentrated within the WOP Warsaw Industrial Precinct (Warszawski Okręg Przemysłowy) which is situated around the city's peripheral localities such as Praga, Pruszków, Sochaczew, Piaseczno, Marki and Żyrardów. Warsaw has developed a particularly strong retail market/sector, representing around 13% of the total retail stock in the country.

Following World War II, the authorities decided that the city will be transformed into a major centre for heavy industry and manufacturing. As a result, numerous large factories and production facilities were built in and around the city. Among the largest were Huta Warszawa steel works, now arcelor), the Ursus SA, and the Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych (FSO) car factory. The now-defunct FSO, established in 1951, was once Warsaw's most successful corporation. Notable vehicles assembled there over the decades include the FSO Warszawa, FSO Syrena, Polski Fiat 125p and the FSO Polonez. In 1995, the factory was purchased by the South Korean car manufacturer Daewoo, which assembled its models in Warsaw for the European market.

Tourism

Hotel EuropejskiHotel Polonia Palace

The estimated number of tourist arrivals to Warsaw in 2022 was over 9 million. Most tourists came from the United Kingdom (347,000), Germany (321,000), the United States (206,000) and France (145,000). Additionally, Warsaw was visited by 5.8 million one-day tourists, giving a total of over 14.8 million tourists in 2022. The above data does not include Ukrainian citizens who came to Warsaw in connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The accommodation base consists of 1,010 hotels offering over 56,000 beds. The estimated contribution of the tourism economy to Warsaw's GDP is 12.9 billion PLN, and the tourism industry employs 87,703 people.

144,220 people used Warsaw Tourist Lines in 2022 - almost 14,000 more than previous year. In the summer, Warsaw residents and tourists could use ferries across the Vistula, a ship to Serock, bus and tram lines operated with historic rolling stock, and a narrow-gauge railway. The most popular attraction among tourists was the Royal Łazienki Museum, which was visited by 5,265,110 tourists.

Warsaw is an important center for conferences and congresses. The Warsaw Convention Bureau collected information on 9,000 events in 2022, which gathered a total of 1,240,467 participants in Warsaw.

Media and film

See also: List of films set in Warsaw

Warsaw is the media centre of Poland, and the location of the main headquarters of TVP and other numerous local and national TV and radio stations, such as Polskie Radio (Polish Radio), TVN, Polsat, TV4, TV Puls, Canal+ Poland, Cyfra+ and MTV Poland. Warsaw also has a sizable movie and television industry. The city houses several movie companies and studios.

Since May 1661 the first Polish newspaper, the Polish Ordinary Mercury, was printed in Warsaw. The city is also the printing capital of Poland with a wide variety of domestic and foreign periodicals expressing diverse views, and domestic newspapers are extremely competitive. Rzeczpospolita, Gazeta Wyborcza and Dziennik Polska-Europa-Świat, Poland's large nationwide daily newspapers, have their headquarters in Warsaw.

Since World War II, Warsaw has been the most important centre of film production in Poland. Among the movie companies are TOR, Czołówka, Zebra and Kadr which is behind several international movie productions. The city itself has featured in numerous movies, both Polish and foreign, for example: Kanał and Korczak by Andrzej Wajda and The Decalogue by Krzysztof Kieślowski, also including Oscar winner The Pianist by Roman Polański. It is also home to the National Film Archive, which, since 1955, has been collecting and preserving Polish film culture.

Education

Main article: Education in Warsaw
Higher education in Warsaw

   Name and year established

Warsaw holds some of the finest institutions of higher education in Poland. It is home to four major universities and over 62 smaller schools of higher education. The overall number of students of all grades of education in Warsaw is almost 500,000 (29.2% of the city population; 2002). The number of university students is over 280,000. Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities.

The main gate of the University of Warsaw

The University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in Kraków. The university is the largest in the country, and often regarded as one of the most prestigious, with international recognition in mathematics and science. Warsaw University of Technology is the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in East-Central Europe. Other institutions for higher education include the Medical University of Warsaw, the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious; the National Defence University, the highest military academic institution in Poland; the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music, the oldest and largest music school in Poland and one of the largest in Europe; the Warsaw School of Economics, the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country; the Warsaw University of Life Sciences, the largest agricultural university, founded in 1818; and the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, the first private secular university in the country.

Warsaw has numerous libraries, many of which contain vast collections of historic documents. The most important library in terms of historic document collections is the National Library of Poland. The library holds 8.2 million volumes in its collection. Formed in 1928, it sees itself as a successor to the Załuski Library, the biggest in Poland and one of the first and biggest libraries in the world.

Another important library – the University Library, founded in 1816, is home to over two million items. The building was designed by architects Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski and opened on 15 December 1999. It is surrounded by green. The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002. It is one of the largest roof gardens in Europe with an area of more than 10,000 m (110,000 sq ft), and plants covering 5,111 m (55,010 sq ft). As the university garden it is open to the public every day.

Transport

Main articles: Transport in Warsaw and Infrastructure in Warsaw

Warsaw is a considerable transport hub linking Western, Central and Eastern Europe. The city has a good network of buses and a continuously expanding perpendicular metro running north to south and east to west. The tram system is one of the biggest in Europe, with a total length of 133 km (83 mi). As a result of increased foreign investment, economic growth and EU funding, the city has undertaken the construction of new roads, flyovers and bridges. The supervising body is the City Roads Authority (ZDM – Zarząd Dróg Miejskich).

S8 in Warsaw
There are 11 bridges over the Vistula within the city. In the photo, Poniatowski Bridge and Świętokrzyski Bridge in the distance

The table presents statistics on public transport in Warsaw.

System Stations / Lines / Net length Annual ridership Operator / Notes
Metro 39 / 2 / 41 km (25 mi) 199,974,995 (2023) ZTM / Underground rail system
Trams 538 / 24 / 133 km (83 mi) 248,903,710 (2023) ZTM / Lines marked with one- or dwo-digit number
Bus 3227 / 301 / 3,024 km (1,879 mi) 452,220,927 (2023) ZTM / Extensive services in all boroughs / 41 Night lines / Lines marked with three-digit number
Fast Urban Railway 198 / 9 / 116 km (72 mi) 15,161,224 (2023) ZTM / Overground rapid transit rail system
Koleje Mazowieckie 45 stations within the city 36,018,918 (2023) KM / Regional carrier / Within the city limits a common ticket with other means of public transport / Number of passengers using stations located in Warsaw
Commuter Railway 2 / 28 / 33 km (21 mi) 3,516,550 (2023) WKD / Operates on a separate railway line

Warsaw lacks a complete ring road system and most traffic goes directly through the city centre, leading to the eleventh highest level of congestion in Europe. The Warsaw ring road has been planned to consist of four express roads: S2 (south), S8 (north-west) and S17 (east). S8, S2 and a small 3 km section of S17 are open. Additionally, the S2 and S8 have a concurrency with the S7 and the S2 has a short concurrency with the S8. A second ring road consisting of the A50 motorway (south) and S50 expressway (north) is also planned but it is unknown when construction will start.

The A2 motorway opened in June 2012, stretches west from Warsaw and is a direct motorway connection with Łódź, Poznań and ultimately with Berlin.

Warsaw Chopin Airport

The city has three international airports: Warsaw Chopin Airport, located just 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city centre, Warsaw-Radom Airport, located just 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of Warsaw, which serves mainly low-cost and charter operations and finally Warsaw-Modlin Airport, located 35 kilometres (22 mi) to the north, opened in July 2012. With around 100 international and domestic flights a day and with 7,440,056 passengers served in 2021, and it has also been called "the most important and largest airport in Central Europe".

Public transport also extends to light rail Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa line, urban railway Szybka Kolej Miejska, regional rail Koleje Mazowieckie (Mazovian Railways), and bicycle sharing systems (Veturilo). The buses, trams, urban railway and Metro are managed by the Public Transport Authority and are collectively known as Warsaw Public Transport.

Long distance and intercity trains are operated by Polish State Railways (PKP). There are also some suburban bus lines run by private operators. Bus service covers the entire city, with approximately 256 routes totalling above 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi), and with some 1,700 vehicles.

The first section of the Warsaw Metro was opened in 1995 initially with a total of 11 stations. As of 2024, it has 39 stations running a distance of approximately 41 km (25 mi).

The main railway station is Warszawa Centralna serving both domestic traffic to almost every major city in Poland, and international connections. There are also five other major railway stations and a number of smaller suburban stations.

Culture

Music and theatre

The edifice of the Grand Theatre in Warsaw. It is one of the largest theatres in Europe, featuring one of the biggest stages in the world.

Thanks to numerous musical venues, including the Teatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, the Chamber Opera, the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre, as well as the Roma and Buffo music theatres and the Congress Hall in the Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw hosts many events and festivals. Among the events worth particular attention are: the International Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition, the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn, the Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, the International Stanisław Moniuszko Vocal Competition, the Mozart Festival, and the Festival of Old Music.

Warsaw is also considered one of the European hubs of underground electronic music with a very attractive house and techno music scene.

Warsaw is home to over 30 major theatres spread throughout the city, including the National Theatre (founded in 1765) and the Grand Theatre (established 1778).

Warsaw Philharmonic is a venue for the International Chopin Piano Competition

Warsaw also attracts many young and off-stream directors and performers who add to the city's theatrical culture. Their productions may be viewed mostly in smaller theatres and Houses of Culture (Domy Kultury), mostly outside Śródmieście (Central Warsaw). Warsaw hosts the International Theatrical Meetings.

From 1833 to the outbreak of World War II, Plac Teatralny (Theatre Square) was the country's cultural hub and home to the various theatres. Plac Teatralny and its environs was the venue for numerous parades, celebrations of state holidays, carnival balls and concerts.

The main building housed the Great Theatre from 1833 to 1834, the Rozmaitości Theatre from 1836 to 1924 and then the National Theatre, the Reduta Theatre from 1919 to 1924, and from 1928 to 1939 – the Nowy Theatre, which staged productions of contemporary poetical drama, including those directed by Leon Schiller.

Nearby, in Ogród Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre (1922–26) was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department.

Museums and art galleries

Museums in Warsaw

There are over 60 museums and galleries in Warsaw which are accessible to the public. Among the positions are the world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, and the Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Among the most prestigious ones are the National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity until the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and the Museum of the Polish Army whose set portrays the history of arms.

The collections of Łazienki and Wilanów palaces focus on the paintings of the "old masters", as do those of the Royal Castle which displays the Lanckoroński Collection including two paintings by Rembrandt. The Palace in Natolin, a former rural residence of Duke Czartoryski, is another venue with its interiors and park accessible to tourists.

The famous Copernicus Science Centre is an interactive science museum containing over 450 exhibits, enabling visitors to carry out experiments and discover the laws of science for themselves. Warsaw does not have a natural history museum. Yet, it hosts small museums of Evolution and the Earth, which play a similar role.

Holding Poland's largest private collection of art, the Carroll Porczyński Collection Museum displays works from such varied artists as Paris Bordone, Cornelis van Haarlem, José de Ribera, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Vincent van Gogh along with some copies of masterpieces of European painting.

A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katyń Museum which preserves the memory of that crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the Warsaw Fotoplastikon. The Museum of Independence preserves patriotic and political objects connected with Poland's struggles for independence. Dating back to 1936 the Warsaw Historical Museum contains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of Warsaw from its origins until today.

The 17th century Royal Ujazdów Castle houses the Centre for Contemporary Art, with some permanent and temporary exhibitions, concerts, shows and creative workshops. The Centre realizes about 500 projects a year. The Zachęta National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises exhibitions of modern art by Polish and International Artists and promotes art in many other ways. Since 2011, Warsaw Gallery Weekend is held on the last weekend of September.

28 September 2023 the opening of the new building of the Museum of Polish History located at the Warsaw Citadel took place.

The city also possesses some oddities such as the Neon Museum, the Museum of Caricature, the Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński, the Legia Warsaw Museum, and a Motorisation Museum in Otrębusy.

Cuisine and food

Wuzetka chocolate cake originated in Warsaw and is an icon of the city.

Warsaw's culinary tradition was shaped by its once multicultural population; its cuisine is distinct from that of other cities and towns in Poland. Strong Jewish and French influences were cultivated over the years, in particular herring, consommé, bagels, aspic and French meringue-based pastries or cakes. Traditional Varsovian food is hearty and includes a tripe soup for entrée, a pyza dumpling for main and the iconic wuzetka (voo-zetka) chocolate cream pie for dessert. Crayfish and fish in gelatin were the classical dishes in Warsaw's restaurants throughout the 1920s and the 1930s.

Much like Paris or Vienna, Warsaw once possessed a prominent café culture which dated back to the early 18th century, and the city's cafeterias were a place for socializing. The historic Wedel Chocolate Lounge on Szpitalna Street remains one of the most renowned spots for social gatherings. Cafeterias, confectioneries and patisseries such as Caffè Nero, Costa Coffee and Starbucks are predominantly found along the Royal Route on New World Street. Thousands of Warsaw's residents also flock annually to the pastry workshops (pączkarnia) to buy pączki doughnuts on Fat Thursday.

Interior of the Wedel Chocolate Lounge on Szpitalna Street

Restaurants offering authentic Polish cuisine are concentrated around the Old Town district. Various spit cakes of Czech or Hungarian origin (kürtőskalács and trdelník) are also sold primarily in the Old Town. Hala Koszyki is a popular meeting place in Warsaw noted for its food hall.

In the 20th century, Warsaw was famed for its state-owned milk bars (bar mleczny) which offered cheap fast food in the form of home dinners. Examples of dishes popularized by these canteens include tomato soup, schnitzels, frikadeller, mizeria salad and many others. Contemporary fast food giants like McDonald's, KFC, Subway and Burger King are the successors to milk bars, though some reemerged in recent years due to widespread nostalgia.

Gourmet and haute cuisine establishments are situated in the vicinity of the downtown area or in the Frascati neighbourhood. Thirteen Varsovian restaurants were appreciated by the Michelin Guide, with two receiving a michelin star in 2019.

In 2021, National Geographic named Warsaw one of the top cities for vegans in Europe. Śródmieście Południowe (Southern Downtown) and its "hipster food culture" was singled out as the epicenter.

Events

Annual procession of the Three Wise Men (Epiphany) at Warsaw's Castle Square

Several commemorative events take place every year, notably the Orange Warsaw Festival featuring music concerts. One of the more popular events is the procession of the Three Wise Men (in Polish known as the Three Kings) on Epiphany, shortly after the New Year. Paper crowns are usually worn by spectators throughout the day. The event, which runs along the Royal Route, is attended by Warsaw's highest officials and by the Polish president who resides nearby.

Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer's Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have also become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer's Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, and looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.

Warsaw Multimedia Fountain Park is located in an enchanting place, near the Old Town and the Vistula. The 'Water – Light – Sound' multimedia shows take place each Friday and Saturday from May until September at 9.30 pm (May and – 9 October pm). On other weekdays, the shows do not include lasers and sound.

The Warsaw Film festival, an annual festival that takes place every October. Films are usually screened in their original language with Polish subtitles and participating cinemas include Kinoteka (Palace of Science and Culture), Multikino at Golden Terraces and Kultura. Over 100 films are shown throughout the festival, and awards are given to the best and most popular films.

Warsaw Mermaid

Main article: Coat of arms of Warsaw
The 1659 coat of arms of Old Warsaw on the cover of one of Warsaw's accounting books

The mermaid (syrenka) is Warsaw's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city's coat of arms. This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century. The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390, consisting of a round seal bordered with the Latin inscription Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis (Seal of the city of Warsaw). City records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws. In 1653 the poet Zygmunt Laukowski asks the question:

Warsaw of strong walls; why was the emblem Mermaid with sharp sword, given you by the kings?

— Zygmunt Laukowski
1855 bronze sculpture of The Warsaw Mermaid in the Old Town Market Place

The Mermaid Statue stands in the very centre of Old Town Square, surrounded by a fountain. Due to vandalism, the original statue had been moved to the grounds of the Museum of Warsaw – the statue in the square is a copy. This is not the only mermaid in Warsaw. Another is located on the bank of the Vistula River near Świętokrzyski Bridge and another on Karowa Street.

The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen. The second mermaid reached the mouth of the Vistula River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant also heard her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.

Another legend says that a mermaid once swam to Warsaw from the Baltic Sea for the love of the Griffin, the ancient defender of the city, who was killed in a struggle against the Swedish invasions of the 17th century. The mermaid, wishing to avenge his death, took the position of defender of Warsaw, becoming the symbol of the city.

Every member of the Queen's Royal Hussars of the UK's light cavalry wears the Maid of Warsaw, the crest of the City of Warsaw, on the left sleeve of his No. 2 (Service) Dress. Members of 651 Squadron Army Air Corps of the United Kingdom also wear the Maid of Warsaw on the left sleeve of their No. 2 (Service) Dress.

Sports

Main article: Sport in Warsaw
The Interior of the National Stadium before the UEFA Euro 2012 semi-final match between Germany and Italy on 28 June 2012

On 9 April 2008, the Mayor of Warsaw, Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz, obtained from the mayor of Stuttgart Wolfgang Schuster a challenge award – a commemorative plaque awarded to Warsaw as the European capital of Sport in 2008.

The Kazimierz Górski National Stadium, a 58,580-seat-capacity football (soccer) stadium, replaced Warsaw's recently demolished 10th-Anniversary Stadium. The National Stadium hosted the opening match, two group matches, a quarter-final, and a semi-final of UEFA Euro 2012.

There are many sports centres in the city as well. Most of these facilities are swimming pools and sports halls, many of them built by the municipality in the past several years. The main indoor venue is Hala Torwar, used for a variety of indoor sports (it was a venue for the 2009 EuroBasket but it is also used as an indoor skating rink). There is also an open-air skating rink (Stegny) and a horse racetrack (Służewiec).

The best of the city's swimming centres is at Wodny Park Warszawianka, 4 km (2 mi) south of the centre at Merliniego Street, where there's an Olympic-sized pool as well as water slides and children's areas.

The Polish Army Stadium, the home ground of Legia Warsaw football club

Among the Varsovian football teams, the most recognisable is Legia Warsaw – the army club with a nationwide following play at the Polish Army Stadium, just southeast of the centre at Łazienkowska Street. Established in 1916, they have won the country's championship fifteen times (most recently in 2021) and won the Polish Cup nineteen times. In the 1995–96 UEFA Champions League season, they reached the quarter-finals, where they lost to Greek club Panathinaikos.

Their local rivals, Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer supporters, yet they managed to win the country's championship two times (in 1946 and 2000) and won the cup twice as well. Polonia's home venue is located at Konwiktorska Street, a ten-minute walk north from the Old Town. Polonia was relegated from the country's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation. They are now playing in the first league (2nd tier in Poland).

Legia Warsaw's basketball team was one of the country's best teams in 50s and 60s. They are now participating in PLK, the highest-tier level of the Polish basketball.

Famous people

Further information: List of people from Warsaw Further information: Category:People from Warsaw Famous people born in Warsaw, clockwise from upper left: Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Benoit Mandelbrot, Robert Lewandowski and Samuel Goldwyn

One of the most famous people born in Warsaw was Maria Skłodowska-Curie, who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize. Famous musicians include Władysław Szpilman, Frédéric Chopin and Witold Lutosławski. Though Chopin was born in the village of Żelazowa Wola, about 60 km (37 mi) from Warsaw, he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old. Casimir Pulaski, a Polish general and hero of the American Revolutionary War, was born here in 1745. Other important people, who lived in Warsaw (although were not born here) are also Rosa Luxemburg and L. L. Zamenhof.

Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki. Better than anyone else she represented the art deco style in painting and art. Another notable artist born in the city was Wojciech Fangor. He was associated with Op art and Color field movements and recognized as a key figure in the history of Polish postwar abstract art. Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory.

Russian Jewish poet and essayist Osip Mandelstam, one of the foremost members of the Acmeist school of poetry was born in Warsaw while it was part of the Russian Empire. Other notables include Samuel Goldwyn, the founder of Goldwyn Pictures, mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, physicist Joseph Rotblat, biochemist Casimir Funk, and Moshe Prywes, an Israeli physician who was the first President of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Warsaw was the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis Singer, which he described in many of his novels: "Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever", he wrote. Notable sportspeople born in Warsaw include footballers Robert Lewandowski and Wojciech Szczęsny as well as tennis player Iga Świątek.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Warsaw is twinned with:

Former twin towns:

Partnership and friendship

Warsaw also cooperates with:

Former partner cities:

See also

Notes

  1. English pronunciation: /ˈwɔːrsɔː/, WOR-saw; Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ; Latin: Varsovia or Varsavia
  2. Polish: miasto stołeczne Warszawa [ˈmjastɔ stɔˈwɛt͡ʂnɛ varˈʂava] , abbreviation: m.st. Warszawa.

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