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{{Short description|Peninsula in the harbour channel of Gdańsk, Poland}}
]
{{For|the 1967 Polish film|Westerplatte (film)}}
] ]]]
{{More citations needed|date=May 2012}}
'''Westerplatte''' is a ] in ], ], located on ] coast at the river mouth of the ] (one of the ] delta ]), in the Gdańsk harbour channel. From ] to ] it was the location of a Polish Military Transit Depot (WST), sanctioned within the territory of the ] (now Gdańsk).


{{Use British English|date=October 2022}}
It is famous as the place of ], the first major battle of the ] in 1939.
] in memory of the Polish defenders]]
'''Westerplatte''' ({{IPA|pl|vɛstɛrˈplatɛ}}, {{IPA|pl|ˈvɛstɛrplatɛ|}},<ref>{{cite web |author=Pan Literka |date=2014-12-29 |title=Westerplatte. Jak poprawnie wymawiać tę nazwę? |url=https://obcyjezykpolski.pl/westerplatte-jak-poprawnie-wymawiac-te-nazwe/ |accessdate=2024-04-21 |work=Obcy język polski |language=pl}}</ref> {{IPA|de|ˈvɛstɐplatə}}) is a ] in ], ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Westerplatte |url=https://its-poland.com/attraction/westerplatte#:~:text=Westerplatte%20is%20a%20peninsula%20in%20the%20delta%20of%20Wis%C5%82a%20Martwa%20and%20Gulf%20of%20Gda%C5%84sk. |website=ITS Poland |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref> located on the ] coast mouth of the ] (one of the ] delta ]), in the Gdańsk harbour channel. From 1926 to 1939, it was the location of a Polish Military Transit Depot (WST), sanctioned within the territory of the ] (now Gdańsk).


It is famous for the ], which was the first clash between Polish and German forces during the ] and thus the beginning and the first battle of World War II.
⚫ ==The transit depot==
In ] the Council of the ] allowed Poland to keep 88 soldiers on Westerplatte. By September 1939 the crew of Westerplatte had increased to 182 soldiers. They were armed with one 75 mm ], two ], four ] and a number of ]s. There were no real ], only several concrete ]s hidden in the peninsula's forest.


==History==
The Polish garrison was separated from ] (Gdańsk) by the harbor channel, with only a narrow ] connecting the area to the mainland. In case of war, the defenders were supposed to withstand a sustained attack for 12 hours after which a relief from the main units of the Polish Army were to arrive.


===Resort===
In 1933 Poland tried to involve France in a "]" against Germany, in light of German rearmament and violations of the ]. The Polish dictator ] offered to provide a faked "incident" in Westerplatte as casus belli to justify the invasion of Germany.
The resort was established on the Westerplatte peninsula around 1830 which had a beach, a forested park, a seaside bath complex and health spa facilities.
The offer was rejected, French continued their policy of ], and instead the Germans would create the ] 6 year later to justify their invasion of Poland, beginning the ].


⚫ ===The transit depot===
The Polish garrison's commanding officer was ] ], the executive officer was ] ].
Following the reestablishment of Polish independence in the ], much of the surrounding region became a part of the ]. The city of Danzig (present day ]), a historically important port city, at that time predominantly ethnically German, became an independent city state, the ]. The Free City was nominally run by the ], but over time became increasingly allied with Germany.<ref name="Parish2009">{{cite book|author=Matthew Parish|title=Free City in the Balkans: Reconstructing a Divided Society in Bosnia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA210|date=30 October 2009|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-273-8|page=210}}</ref><ref name="Fox2008">{{cite book|author=Gregory H . Fox|title=Humanitarian Occupation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqEtn_nFmyEC&pg=PA21|date=21 February 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46973-9|page=21}}</ref>


In 1921, the ] granted Poland the right to install an ] near Gdańsk, and station a garrison there.<ref name="JanOsm">{{cite book|author1=Edmund Jan·Osmańczyk|author2=Edmund Jan Osmańczyk|author3=Rupert Lee|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: T to Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSxS2MmQsewC&pg=PA2684|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93924-9|page=2684}}</ref> Despite some objections from the Free City, this right was confirmed in 1925, where the location was agreed on with the choice of Westerplatte.<ref name="JanOsm"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://muzeum1939.pl/en/exhibition-westerplatte/845.html|title=Exhibition on Westerplatte|last1=Garba|first1=Bartłomiej|last2=Westphal|first2=Marcin|date=2017-03-30|website=muzeum1939.pl|publisher=Museum of the Second World War|language=en|access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref> Westerplatte was primarily separated from the New Port of the ] by the harbour channel, with only a small ] connecting them to the mainland; the Polish-held part of the Westerplatte was separated from the territory of Danzig by a brick wall.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="muzeum1939.pl" /> The depot was completed in November 1925 and became operational in January 1926.<ref name=":0" /> The Polish garrison's size was set at 88 soldiers, and Poland was not allowed to construct fortifications.<ref name=":0" />
⚫ ==Battle of Westerplatte==
⚫ {{details|Battle of Westerplatte}}
]
]


On 6 March 1933, in what became known as the westernmost incident (or crisis), the Polish government landed a marine battalion, briefly strengthening the outpost to about 200 men. This was done to demonstrate the Polish resolve to defend the outpost in response to recent comments by German politicians and media figures about the need of border adjustment and Poland and France were secretly discussing ] against Germany; on a local level this was also done to put pressure on the Danzig government which was trying to renounce prior agreement on shared Danzig-Polish control over harbor police and take sole control of that unit.<ref name="Weinberg2010" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crockett|first=Jameson W.|date=2009|title=The Polish Blitz, More than a Mere Footnote to History: Poland and Preventive War with Germany, 1933|journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft|volume=20|issue=4|pages=561–579|doi=10.1080/09592290903455667|s2cid=153437646 }}</ref> Polish troops were withdrawn by 16 March, after protests from the League, Danzig and Germany, in exchange for Danzig withdrawing its objections to the harbor police agreement.<ref name="Weinberg2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5FiQbU_nAkC&pg=PA50|title=Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933-1939: The Road to World War II|author=Gerhard L. Weinberg|date=1 March 2010|publisher=Enigma Books|isbn=978-1-929631-91-9|page=50}}</ref> According to another source, on 14 March 1933 the League did authorize Poland to strengthen the garrison.<ref name="JanOsm" />
On ] ], at 0445 local time, as Germany began its ], ] started to shell the Polish garrison. This was followed by a repelled attack by German ]. Another two assaults that day were repelled as well. Over the coming days, the Germans repeatedly bombarded Westerplatte with ] and heavy ] along with dive-bombing raids by ]s. Repeated attacks of 3500 German soldiers were repelled by the 180 Polish soldiers for seven days. On September 7th Major ] decided to surrender due to lack of ammunition and supplies and realization no help was going to come from the Polish Army. As a sign of honor for the soldiers of Westerplatte, German commander, Gen. Eberhardt, allowed Mjr. Sucharski to keep his officer's sword while being taken prisoner.


Over the years, the Poles also constructed clandestine ]s.<ref name=":0" /> These were not very impressive: there were no real ]s or tunnels, but only five small concrete outposts (guardhouses) hidden in the peninsula's forest and a large ] prepared for defence, supported by a network of field fortifications such as ]es and ]s.<ref name="muzeum1939.pl">{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Several of the buildings were reinforced with concrete.<ref name=Zaloga>{{cite book|author=Steven J. Zaloga|title=Poland 1939: The birth of Blitzkrieg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Q-vgAACAAJ|date=19 August 2002|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=978-1-84176-408-5}}</ref>{{rp|54}} With tensions rising, in early 1939, the garrison was placed on alert.<ref name=":0" />
==Aftermath==
⚫ The ruins of the defenders' barracks and guardhouses are still there. After the war, one of the guardhouses (#1) was converted into a museum. Two, 280mm, shells from the ''Schleswig-Holstein'' prop up its entrance.


⚫ ===Battle of Westerplatte===
Polish poet ] wrote a widely known poem about this battle, A Song of the Soldiers of Westerplatte (''Pieśń o żołnierzach Westerplatte'').
⚫ {{Further|Battle of Westerplatte}}
On 1 September 1939, only minutes after the ] (air force) had begun the ] by dropping bombs in a series of raids on the city of ] by ]s, at 04:48<ref>planned on 4:45, delayed by 3 minutes.</ref> local time, the battleship '']'', then on a courtesy visit to the Free City of Danzig, without warning opened fire on the Polish garrison. This was followed by an attack by ''Oblt.'' ]’s storm unit from the Schleswig-Holstein and the '']''. Soon after crossing the artillery-breached brick wall, the attackers were ambushed by the Polish defenders, with small arms, mortar and machine-gun fire from concealed and well-positioned firing points that caught them in a crossfire. Another two assaults that day were repelled as well, with the Germans suffering unexpectedly high losses.

Over the coming days, the Germans repeatedly bombarded Westerplatte with ] and heavy ] along with ] raids by Stukas. Repeated attacks by 570 German soldiers were repelled by the 180 Polish soldiers for seven days. Major ] had been informed that no help from the Polish Army would come. Cut off, with no reinforcements or chance of resupply, he continued his defence, keeping the main German force stalled at Westerplatte and so preventing further attacks along the Polish coast.

On 7 September, the Major decided to surrender, due to lack of ammunition and supplies. As a sign of honour for the soldiers of Westerplatte, the German commander, Gen. ], allowed Major Sucharski to keep his sword while being taken prisoner.

===Post-war===
⚫ The ruins of the defenders' barracks and guardhouses are still there. After the war, one of the guardhouses (#1) was converted into a museum. Two 280mm shells from the ''Schleswig-Holstein'' prop up its entrance.

A Monument of the Coast Defenders (''Pomnik Obrońców Wybrzeża'') was unveiled in 1966.

] dedicated to the 1939 battle was created in 2015.


<gallery> <gallery>
⚫ File:Westerplatte_Graves1.JPG|Memorials to fallen soldiers.
Image:Polen juli 2005 052.jpg|Monument at Westerplatte.
File:Westerplatte barrack.jpg|Barrack ruins at Westerplatte.
⚫ Image:Westerplatte_Graves1.JPG|Memorials to fallen soldiers.
Image:Westerplatte barrack.jpg|Barrack ruins at Westerplatte. File:00565 Westerplatte barrakcks basement.jpg|Basement of ruined barrack
File:Westerplatte_monument.jpg|Monument seen from the mainland
File:Westerplatte Nigdy Wiecej Wojny.jpg|War: Never Again (''Nigdy więcej wojny'')
File:79th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II (3).jpg|An honour guard at Westerplatte in 2018.
</gallery> </gallery>


== See also == == See also ==
*] * ]
*The ] * ]
* The ]
*]
*The ] * The ]
⚫ * The German ]
*], ].
*The ]
*The ]/]
*The Polish ]
⚫ *The German ]


==Further reading== ==Further reading==

===Sources and documents=== ===Sources and documents===
* {{cite book * {{cite book
| author = Stanisława Górnikiewicz-Kurowska (red.) | author = Stanisława Górnikiewicz-Kurowska (red.)
| title = Znaki pamięci : listy westerplatczyków (1940-1993) | title = Znaki pamięci : listy westerplatczyków (1940-1993)
| publisher = "Marpress" | work = Marpress
| year = 1994 | year = 1994
| id = ISBN 83-85349-21-9}} | isbn = 978-83-85349-21-1}}
* {{cite book * {{cite book
| author = Jacek Żebrowski (red.) | author = Jacek Żebrowski (red.)
Line 57: Line 68:
| publisher = Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek | publisher = Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
| year = 2001 | year = 2001
| id = ISBN 83-7322-123-9}} | isbn = 978-83-7322-123-9}}


===Guidebooks=== ===Guidebooks===
Line 65: Line 76:
| location= Warsaw | publisher=Wydawnictwo PTTK "Kraj" | location= Warsaw | publisher=Wydawnictwo PTTK "Kraj"
| year =1988 | year =1988
| id = ISBN 83-7005-192-8}} | isbn = 978-83-7005-192-1}}
* {{cite book | author = Rafał Witkowski * {{cite book | author = Rafał Witkowski
| title = Westerplatte : informator historyczny | title = Westerplatte : informator historyczny
| publisher = Gdańsk: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza | publisher = Gdańsk: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza
| year =1989 | year =1989
| id = ISBN 83-03-01772-1}} | isbn = 978-83-03-01772-7}}


===Fiction=== ===Fiction===
Line 78: Line 89:
| publisher = Milton Media | publisher = Milton Media
| year =2004 | year =2004
| id = ISBN 83-920878-0-1}} | isbn = 978-83-920878-0-9}}


===Other=== ===Other===
Line 86: Line 97:
| location= Warsaw | publisher=Książka i Wiedza | location= Warsaw | publisher=Książka i Wiedza
| year =1982 | year =1982
| id = }} }}
* {{cite book * {{cite book
| author = Zbigniew Flisowski (red.) | author = Zbigniew Flisowski (red.)
Line 92: Line 103:
| location= Warsaw | publisher=Wydawnictwa MON | location= Warsaw | publisher=Wydawnictwa MON
| year =1989 | year =1989
| id = ISBN 83-11-07694-4}} | isbn = 978-83-11-07694-5}}
* {{cite book * {{cite book
| author = Maria and Zbigniew Flisowscy | author = Maria and Zbigniew Flisowscy
Line 98: Line 109:
| location= Warsaw | publisher=Nasza Księgarnia | location= Warsaw | publisher=Nasza Księgarnia
| year =1985 | year =1985
| id = ISBN 83-10-08779-9}} | isbn = 978-83-10-08779-9}}
* {{cite book * {{cite book
| author = Władysław Kluz | author = Władysław Kluz
Line 104: Line 115:
| location= Warsaw | publisher=Akademia Teologii Katolickiej | location= Warsaw | publisher=Akademia Teologii Katolickiej
| year =1989 | year =1989
| id = }} }}
* {{cite book * {{cite book
| author = Mirosław Gliński | author = Mirosław Gliński
Line 110: Line 121:
| publisher = Gdańsk: Muzeum Historii Miasta Gdańska : Wydaw. Gdańskie | publisher = Gdańsk: Muzeum Historii Miasta Gdańska : Wydaw. Gdańskie
| year =1998 | year =1998
| id = ISBN 83-85843-76-0}} | isbn = 978-83-85843-76-4}}
* {{cite book * {{cite book
| author = Stanisława Górnikiewicz-Kurowska | author = Stanisława Górnikiewicz-Kurowska
Line 116: Line 127:
| publisher = Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie | publisher = Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie
| year =1988 | year =1988
| id = ISBN 83-215-7237-5}} | isbn = 978-83-215-7237-6}}
* {{cite book * {{cite book
| author = Stanisława Górnikiewicz-Kurowska | author = Stanisława Górnikiewicz-Kurowska
| title = Westerplatczycy : losy obrońców Wojskowej Składnicy Tranzytowej | title = Westerplatczycy : losy obrońców Wojskowej Składnicy Tranzytowej
| publisher = Gdańsk: "Marpress" | publisher = Gdańsk: "Marpress"
| year =1999 | id = ISBN 83-87291-53-6}} | year =1999 | isbn = 978-83-87291-53-2}}
* {{cite book * {{cite book
| author = Andrzej Drzycimski | author = Andrzej Drzycimski
| title = Wojna zaczęła się na Westerplatte | state = | title = Wojna zaczęła się na Westerplatte
| publisher = Gdańsk: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza | publisher = Gdańsk: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza
| year =1989 | year =1989
| id = ISBN 83-03-02403-5}} | isbn = 978-83-03-02403-9}}
* {{cite book * {{cite book
| author = ] | author = Andrzej Drzycimski
| author-link = Andrzej Drzycimski
| title = Major Henryk Sucharski | title = Major Henryk Sucharski
| publisher = Wrocław: ] | publisher = Wrocław: ]
| year =1990 | year =1990
| id = ISBN 83-04-03374-7}} | isbn = 978-83-04-03374-0}}
* {{cite book * {{cite book
| author = ] | author = Melchior Wańkowicz
| author-link = Melchior Wankowicz
| title = Westerplatte | state = Warsaw | title = Westerplatte | location = Warsaw
| publisher = Pax | publisher = Pax
| year = 1990 | year = 1990
| id = ISBN 83-211-1113-0}} | isbn = 978-83-211-1113-1}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{commons|Westerplatte}} {{Commons category|Westerplatte}}
*
* *
* *
* *
*
*


{{Gdańsk}}
{{coor title dms|54|24|27|N|18|40|17|E|region:PL_type:isle}} {{Coord|54|24|27|N|18|40|17|E|region:PL_type:isle|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
]

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 10:19, 19 November 2024

Peninsula in the harbour channel of Gdańsk, Poland For the 1967 Polish film, see Westerplatte (film).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Westerplatte Monument in memory of the Polish defenders

Westerplatte (Polish pronunciation: [vɛstɛrˈplatɛ], [ˈvɛstɛrplatɛ], German pronunciation: [ˈvɛstɐplatə]) is a peninsula in Gdańsk, Poland, located on the Baltic Sea coast mouth of the Dead Vistula (one of the Vistula delta estuaries), in the Gdańsk harbour channel. From 1926 to 1939, it was the location of a Polish Military Transit Depot (WST), sanctioned within the territory of the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk).

It is famous for the Battle of Westerplatte, which was the first clash between Polish and German forces during the invasion of Poland and thus the beginning and the first battle of World War II.

History

Resort

The resort was established on the Westerplatte peninsula around 1830 which had a beach, a forested park, a seaside bath complex and health spa facilities.

The transit depot

Following the reestablishment of Polish independence in the aftermath of World War I, much of the surrounding region became a part of the Second Polish Republic. The city of Danzig (present day Gdańsk), a historically important port city, at that time predominantly ethnically German, became an independent city state, the Free City of Danzig. The Free City was nominally run by the League of Nations, but over time became increasingly allied with Germany.

In 1921, the League of Nations granted Poland the right to install an ammunition depot near Gdańsk, and station a garrison there. Despite some objections from the Free City, this right was confirmed in 1925, where the location was agreed on with the choice of Westerplatte. Westerplatte was primarily separated from the New Port of the Free City of Danzig by the harbour channel, with only a small pier connecting them to the mainland; the Polish-held part of the Westerplatte was separated from the territory of Danzig by a brick wall. The depot was completed in November 1925 and became operational in January 1926. The Polish garrison's size was set at 88 soldiers, and Poland was not allowed to construct fortifications.

On 6 March 1933, in what became known as the westernmost incident (or crisis), the Polish government landed a marine battalion, briefly strengthening the outpost to about 200 men. This was done to demonstrate the Polish resolve to defend the outpost in response to recent comments by German politicians and media figures about the need of border adjustment and Poland and France were secretly discussing preventive war against Germany; on a local level this was also done to put pressure on the Danzig government which was trying to renounce prior agreement on shared Danzig-Polish control over harbor police and take sole control of that unit. Polish troops were withdrawn by 16 March, after protests from the League, Danzig and Germany, in exchange for Danzig withdrawing its objections to the harbor police agreement. According to another source, on 14 March 1933 the League did authorize Poland to strengthen the garrison.

Over the years, the Poles also constructed clandestine fortifications. These were not very impressive: there were no real bunkers or tunnels, but only five small concrete outposts (guardhouses) hidden in the peninsula's forest and a large barracks prepared for defence, supported by a network of field fortifications such as trenches and barricades. Several of the buildings were reinforced with concrete. With tensions rising, in early 1939, the garrison was placed on alert.

Battle of Westerplatte

Further information: Battle of Westerplatte

On 1 September 1939, only minutes after the German Luftwaffe (air force) had begun the invasion of Poland by dropping bombs in a series of raids on the city of Wieluń by Junkers Ju 87 Stukas, at 04:48 local time, the battleship Schleswig-Holstein, then on a courtesy visit to the Free City of Danzig, without warning opened fire on the Polish garrison. This was followed by an attack by Oblt. Wilhelm Henningsen’s storm unit from the Schleswig-Holstein and the Marinestosstruppkompanie. Soon after crossing the artillery-breached brick wall, the attackers were ambushed by the Polish defenders, with small arms, mortar and machine-gun fire from concealed and well-positioned firing points that caught them in a crossfire. Another two assaults that day were repelled as well, with the Germans suffering unexpectedly high losses.

Over the coming days, the Germans repeatedly bombarded Westerplatte with naval artillery and heavy field artillery along with dive-bombing raids by Stukas. Repeated attacks by 570 German soldiers were repelled by the 180 Polish soldiers for seven days. Major Henryk Sucharski had been informed that no help from the Polish Army would come. Cut off, with no reinforcements or chance of resupply, he continued his defence, keeping the main German force stalled at Westerplatte and so preventing further attacks along the Polish coast.

On 7 September, the Major decided to surrender, due to lack of ammunition and supplies. As a sign of honour for the soldiers of Westerplatte, the German commander, Gen. Eberhardt, allowed Major Sucharski to keep his sword while being taken prisoner.

Post-war

The ruins of the defenders' barracks and guardhouses are still there. After the war, one of the guardhouses (#1) was converted into a museum. Two 280mm shells from the Schleswig-Holstein prop up its entrance.

A Monument of the Coast Defenders (Pomnik Obrońców Wybrzeża) was unveiled in 1966.

Westerplatte Museum dedicated to the 1939 battle was created in 2015.

  • Memorials to fallen soldiers. Memorials to fallen soldiers.
  • Barrack ruins at Westerplatte. Barrack ruins at Westerplatte.
  • Basement of ruined barrack Basement of ruined barrack
  • Monument seen from the mainland Monument seen from the mainland
  • War: Never Again (Nigdy więcej wojny) War: Never Again (Nigdy więcej wojny)
  • An honour guard at Westerplatte in 2018. An honour guard at Westerplatte in 2018.

See also

Further reading

Sources and documents

  • Stanisława Górnikiewicz-Kurowska (red.) (1994). Znaki pamięci : listy westerplatczyków (1940-1993). ISBN 978-83-85349-21-1. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Jacek Żebrowski (red.) (2001). Dziennik działań bojowych pancernika "Schleswig-Holstein" 8.09.-2.10.1939 r. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. ISBN 978-83-7322-123-9.

Guidebooks

  • Franciszek Mamuszka (1988). Westerplatte : przewodnik historyczny. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo PTTK "Kraj". ISBN 978-83-7005-192-1.
  • Rafał Witkowski (1989). Westerplatte : informator historyczny. Gdańsk: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. ISBN 978-83-03-01772-7.

Fiction

  • Mariusz Wójtowicz-Podhorski, Krzysztof Wyrzykowski (2004). Westerplatte: Załoga śmierci. Milton Media. ISBN 978-83-920878-0-9.

Other

  • Zbigniew Flisowski (1982). Tu, na Westerplatte. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.
  • Zbigniew Flisowski (red.) (1989). Westerplatte. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa MON. ISBN 978-83-11-07694-5.
  • Maria and Zbigniew Flisowscy (1985). Bastion u wrót Gdańska. Warsaw: Nasza Księgarnia. ISBN 978-83-10-08779-9.
  • Władysław Kluz (1989). Honor : mjr Henryk Sucharski. Warsaw: Akademia Teologii Katolickiej.
  • Mirosław Gliński (1998). Westerplatte. Gdańsk: Muzeum Historii Miasta Gdańska : Wydaw. Gdańskie. ISBN 978-83-85843-76-4.
  • Stanisława Górnikiewicz-Kurowska (1988). Lwy z Westerplatte. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie. ISBN 978-83-215-7237-6.
  • Stanisława Górnikiewicz-Kurowska (1999). Westerplatczycy : losy obrońców Wojskowej Składnicy Tranzytowej. Gdańsk: "Marpress". ISBN 978-83-87291-53-2.
  • Andrzej Drzycimski (1989). Wojna zaczęła się na Westerplatte. Gdańsk: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. ISBN 978-83-03-02403-9.
  • Andrzej Drzycimski (1990). Major Henryk Sucharski. Wrocław: Ossolineum. ISBN 978-83-04-03374-0.
  • Melchior Wańkowicz (1990). Westerplatte. Warsaw: Pax. ISBN 978-83-211-1113-1.

References

  1. Pan Literka (2014-12-29). "Westerplatte. Jak poprawnie wymawiać tę nazwę?". Obcy język polski (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  2. "Westerplatte". ITS Poland. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  3. Matthew Parish (30 October 2009). Free City in the Balkans: Reconstructing a Divided Society in Bosnia. I.B.Tauris. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-85771-273-8.
  4. Gregory H . Fox (21 February 2008). Humanitarian Occupation. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-139-46973-9.
  5. ^ Edmund Jan·Osmańczyk; Edmund Jan Osmańczyk; Rupert Lee (2003). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: T to Z. Taylor & Francis. p. 2684. ISBN 978-0-415-93924-9.
  6. ^ Garba, Bartłomiej; Westphal, Marcin (2017-03-30). "Exhibition on Westerplatte". muzeum1939.pl. Museum of the Second World War. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
  7. ^ (English) Janusz Marszalec, Westerplatte, p. 4
  8. ^ Gerhard L. Weinberg (1 March 2010). Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933-1939: The Road to World War II. Enigma Books. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-929631-91-9.
  9. Crockett, Jameson W. (2009). "The Polish Blitz, More than a Mere Footnote to History: Poland and Preventive War with Germany, 1933". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 20 (4): 561–579. doi:10.1080/09592290903455667. S2CID 153437646.
  10. Steven J. Zaloga (19 August 2002). Poland 1939: The birth of Blitzkrieg. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-84176-408-5.
  11. planned on 4:45, delayed by 3 minutes.

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